{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zk55d8pb9f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Horta, Korinna, Multilateral Development, Banks and the Fate of Africa's Rain Forest"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Multilateral Development, Banks and the Fate of Africa's Rain Forest. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=14.747,17.339"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe you can see it on video later on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=17.339,20.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My talk's gonna be on mutual development banks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=20.377,23.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the environment in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=23.893,26.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The peoples of several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=26.693,30.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are still at this very moment suffering intensely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=30.5,33.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the legacy of the Cold War,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=33.607,36.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as in Angola, in Nigeria, in Somalia, in Zaire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=36.01,39.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Overall, however, the end of the Cold 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project,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1856.753,1859.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or for paying detailed attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1859.449,1861.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a project's harmful environmental 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Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1884.902,1887.024"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still have not noticed it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1887.024,1889.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the African context, the Bretton Woods Institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1889.793,1892.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have begun to call for good governance, transparency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1892.86,1896.851"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and participatory decision making in African governments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1896.851,1901.344"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While these are certainly very wonderful ideals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1901.344,1903.791"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not terribly 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policies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1914.951,1918.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the projects that they finance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1918.913,1921.619"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is rather apparent that the Bretton Woods 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undermine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1927.735,1930.675"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the continent's future prospects for development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1930.675,1934.355"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet these monumental decisions are being 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countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1939.954,1942.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are led to believe that their tax dollars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1942.197,1944.085"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are helping poor people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1944.085,1946.085"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Bretton Woods Institutions need good governance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1947.518,1950.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is unlikely to come about all by 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Institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1958.022,1959.892"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will celebrate their 50th anniversary,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1959.892,1962.338"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe we all should think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1962.338,1963.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about throwing a birthday party for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1963.72,1967.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1967.73,1969.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1984.452,1987.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In South America, Central America, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1987.757,1990.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What success have you had in changing the policies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1990.73,1995.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the World Bank-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1995.107,1996.489"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(drowned out by papers shuffling)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1996.489,1999.525"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if so, or what do you think...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=1999.525,2002.358"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, what has changed since the mid-1980s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2004.73,2008.519"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then started, really, in 1987 is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2008.519,2011.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the Bank even didn't have an environment 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them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2020.844,2023.106"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to consult local people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2023.106,2025.106"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the policy level we do have a lot of progress,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2027.949,2031.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it hasn't filtered through on the ground yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2031.207,2033.292"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just because there's pressure to lend money to make it move.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2033.292,2036.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, continue, it says, we need more change about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2036.397,2039.162"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have good policies, that's all we've managed so 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there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2047.463,2049.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's the United States finances a large share","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2051.781,2055.174"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of both the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2055.174,2058.146"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What spending does the U.S. Senate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2058.146,2059.829"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or House of Representatives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2059.829,2061.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is there any impetus towards change?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2061.69,2064.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, as a matter of act the only impetus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2064.533,2066.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for change in the institutions, ironically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2066.923,2069.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has come from the United 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country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2073.466,2075.938"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is Congress which has to appropriate the money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2075.938,2078.908"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the Treasury can give it to the 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administration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2084.184,2085.712"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been very sympathetic to calling for reforms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2085.712,2089.795"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at the present, the United States has 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what-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2177.206,2179.006"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(room ambiance drowns out speaker)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2179.006,2183.256"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You make a good point, but fortunately in this situation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2193.035,2198.035"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this situation is not so cynical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2198.121,2200.656"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Bank is making huge 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members,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2225.607,2229.252"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that can get the ear of a congressman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2229.252,2231.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Six million potential voters somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2231.973,2235.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it is not because the Bank's not making enough money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2235.06,2239.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we are calling for, also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2239.11,2241.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that alternative mechanisms be explored.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2241.37,2244.716"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not that there be a reduction of funding for money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2244.716,2247.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just that the money be better deployed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2247.77,2249.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because now it's Mr. Jaycox, the Vice President for Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2249.997,2254.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All it does, basically, is pay the ex-patriot consultants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2255.653,2259.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's very good for the employment 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much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2264.568,2267.568"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you were first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2269.074,2271.682"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Why are other countries 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Adjustment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2294.69,2297.829"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how countries stay current on their debt situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2297.829,2299.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They like all 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degree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2308.019,2311.355"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"withheld from the World Bank executive directors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2311.355,2313.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Executive directors are the ones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2313.997,2315.405"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who present in the individual countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2315.405,2318.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They don't have detailed information on 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wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2323.895,2326.904"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like the Kochibar project being a modern environmental loan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2326.904,2330.491"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they themselves don't have much 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project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2335.767,2337.856"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you look at the work alone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2337.856,2339.136"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$23 billion a year worth of projects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2339.136,2342.721"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's very many projects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2342.721,2344.585"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It would take a lot of staff and 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parliament.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2370.151,2371.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But once approved it's much more difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2371.883,2375.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get the attention of decision makers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2375.893,2379.226"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2381.982,2382.815"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Recognizing the efforts outside of the World Bank,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2384.867,2389.786"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thank you very much for...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2389.786,2391.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The World Bank is a bank,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2393.97,2396.364"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the bottom line is that...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2396.364,2398.864"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have no progress without the wealth 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south.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2418.109,2420.442"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somehow with the pollution of the satellites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2422.582,2426.332"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the local leaders will be influenced, we got a program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2427.39,2431.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My parents are not without today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2432.96,2436.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(room ambiance drowns out speaker)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2436.134,2440.384"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That split the south.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2443.149,2445.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had enough leaving Arizona.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2445.623,2448.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The south, there is desert species that-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2451.709,2454.802"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(room ambiance drowns out speaker)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2454.802,2459.052"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, this assistance was the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2474.484,2478.234"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that stuff that's built in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2480.685,2483.574"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is just, like, sanctuaries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2483.574,2485.824"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I see a relationship between","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2488.119,2491.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population density, population removed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2491.17,2494.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the development of (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2494.39,2498.596"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because the recipe is violence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2498.596,2501.068"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poor people have very like-mindedness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2501.068,2504.164"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(room ambiance drowns out speaker)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2504.164,2507.842"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that means to increase population density.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2507.842,2512.358"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's a very strong (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2512.358,2515.199"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People don't have many jobs to move to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2515.199,2517.549"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they have (indistinct) what they did, what's different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2517.549,2522.549"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is badly what government meant the impoverishment-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2524.568,2529.485"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(room ambiance drowns out speaker)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2530.717,2534.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do not think that the World Bank can help us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2545.185,2549.102"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did we know it was objective, it was somehow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2552.141,2555.945"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we got started with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2555.945,2557.862"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2561.922,2562.922"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e To give an example of exports and development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2565.359,2569.359"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and further them with the coffee, cocoa production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2570.683,2574.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you said that due to the policies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2576.785,2579.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the World Bank and the IMF that promote the exports.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2579.09,2583.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That they're a crutch, and they're real crooks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2586.422,2590.339"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Isn't it true that it takes seven or 10 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2591.903,2595.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to bring the cocoa plantation into production?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2595.487,2599.072"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And maybe since taking for granted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2599.072,2601.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coffee plantation production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2601.329,2603.955"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And isn't it also true that it was in about '86, '87","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2603.955,2608.955"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the coffee and cocoa cartel started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2608.975,2612.392"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So how is it that you're able to establish that connection?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2614.733,2619.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I didn't want to say that the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2619.966,2623.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the World Bank tells every single African country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2625.654,2628.041"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do the same basically, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2628.041,2630.056"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"export your primary commodity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2630.056,2632.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lead to the crash itself, but it contributed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2632.073,2634.801"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because it contributed to, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2634.801,2636.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the excess supply that already existed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2636.493,2638.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But like what you said, basically this export-like model","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2638.847,2643.514"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is based on the Colombian model,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2644.579,2646.311"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially in the French-speaking African countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2646.311,2648.819"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's a whole history already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2648.819,2650.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of converting forest into whatever the motherland needed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2650.883,2655.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's not just taking from Structured Adjustment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2656.994,2659.725"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it has aggravated preexisting situations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2659.725,2663.475"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially in Cote d'Ivoire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2664.881,2667.214"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2674.861,2676.511"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You bring up a good burden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2676.511,2678.087"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do we distinguish this system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2678.087,2679.655"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from what people would call neo-colonialism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2679.655,2682.538"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically what you describe is the rich countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2682.538,2685.056"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rape the poor countries materially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2685.056,2687.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wealthy take all the profits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2687.363,2689.504"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Isn't that what's going on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2689.504,2691.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(shuffling papers drown out speaker)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2691.3,2695.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I once asked this question to a Guinean environmentalist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2698.097,2703.014"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I asked them what the difference, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2704.363,2707.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between when the British Crown was here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2707.29,2710.709"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the situation you're having now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2710.709,2713.925"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they responded, \"Well, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2713.925,2716.146"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"when we were British subjects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2716.146,2718.729"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the situation was better than it is now.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2720.797,2722.896"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because there were still some individuals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2722.896,2725.082"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who wanted to do honor to the Crown, had a certain morale,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2725.082,2730.082"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and voices in terms of environmental destruction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2730.71,2734.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Didn't just want to rip off all the forest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2734.73,2737.466"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That were concerned about the long-term sustainability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2737.466,2741.494"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of whatever they were producing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2741.494,2743.246"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While the people who are coming in now promoted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2743.246,2746.508"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often through Structured Adjustment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2746.508,2748.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or complete project in Ghana.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2748.4,2750.949"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a very concrete forestry project, again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2750.949,2753.419"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that only benefited Lebanese sawmill owners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2753.419,2757.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, they just rip off everything,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2757.089,2758.815"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and once it's ripped off they-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=2758.815,2761.315"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27449/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/449/original/AV204176_Multilateral_Development_Banks_and_the_Fate_of_Africas_Rain_Forest_a.vtt?1622148522","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/449/original/AV204176_Multilateral_Development_Banks_and_the_Fate_of_Africas_Rain_Forest_a.vtt?1622148522"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27450","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204176_Multilateral_Development_Banks_and_the_Fate_of_Africas_Rain_Forest_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665/transcript/27450/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- First of all, thanks everybody for being here. I know we are competing with a historic debate on CNN tonight. Very interesting. Maybe you can see it on video later on. My talk's gonna be on mutual development banks and the environment in Africa. The peoples of several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are still at this very moment suffering intensely from the legacy of the Cold War, as in Angola, in Nigeria, in Somalia, in Zaire. Overall, however, the end of the Cold War has opened up an unprecedented opportunity in Africa, as well as on other continents, which is to focus on and furiously deal with what seems to be the most dangerous threat to mankind today, which is the threat that our planet's life support systems are facing. Air, water, plants, and wildlife are taking a terrible toll at at not just in the industrialized north. In Africa, increasing desertification, the devastation of tropical rain forests, and the extinction of the species they contain. The erosion of arable land and growing pollution in major urban areas are tremendous environmental challenges that need to be addressed with urgency. The livelihoods and health of millions of people across the continent are already threatened by the loss of soil, lack of clean water, the destruction of ecosystems, such as mangrove forests and rain forest. Without which there's no fish or wildlife, and therefore no fishing, and hunting, and gathering of other forest products that are so essential to sustaining healthy communities in that part of the continent. The myth that there's a trade off between environment and development, and that concern about the environment is a luxury of rich countries that Africans cannot afford can still be heard both here and in Africa. But nowhere is the intimate link between environment and development more evident than in Africa. The lasting food security will depend on a sustainable, agricultural resource base. There are many serious internal problems in Africa that are contributing to degradation of the continent's environmental resources. But these internal problems should not serve as an alibi for overlooking exogenous sectors that are responsible for unsustainable development in Africa. These exogenous sectors are rooted in questions of international trade, and debt, and inadequate development model supported by the international donor community. The focus of my presentation here will be on the international financial institutions, and how their role in Africa affects the continent's environment. These institutions are, first and foremost, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, also known as the Bretton Woods Institutions for the town in New Hampshire. Both of them were founded in 1944. The Bretton Woods Institutions waved more influence over the future of Africa than any single government or institution on earth. Another mutual development bank, junior to the Bretton Woods Institutions but important to the continent, is the African Development Bank. Although the African Development Bank is geographically located in Africa and claims for itself a uniquely African character, it's lending activities activities in Africa with regard to both economic policy reforms and the projects it is financing, mirror very closely World Bank activities in the region. Although the focus here is on the Bretton Woods Institutions, the criticism applies to the African Development Bank as well. Which in many instances has revealed itself as even more secretive, more elitist, and more exclusionary of the constituency it's supposed to serve, that is, Africa's poorest people, than the two Washington-based institutions. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are multilateral institutions, with a membership of about 175 countries. Unlike other UN-type institutions, the voting shares of countries in the Bretton Woods Institutions are directly proportional to the financial contributions that the countries are making to those two institutions. This ensures that the 23 northern industrial countries enjoy a comfortable majority of 60%, while the 135 developing countries share between them 30% of the voting shares. The United States is about 17% of the voting shares, is the largest contributor to both institutions. And the U.S. contribution, as well as the contribution of the other donors, consists of two different types of payments. One is money that is directly paid in, it is so called, Paid-in-Capital, that is your and my tax dollars. Or it consists of so-called collateral capital. That is countries put up as collateral, which allows the World Bank to borrow money on private capital markets, which then in turn it lends to developing countries. Should there ever be a situation where borrowing countries accumulate a lot of errors and are not in a position to repay their debt, Then the collateral capital will be called upon and the taxpayer will oblige and repay the money that was borrowed on capital markets. In this, the multilateral banks are sharply different from regular commercial banks. If their investments fail, they will be bailed out first by the developing countries themselves, who cannot afford to be on bad terms with the Bretton Woods Institutions, and therefore they will use all possible resources to pay off the Bretton Woods Institutions first. And should that fail, then the taxpayers in the northern countries are still there to cover the banks' risks. The two sister organizations, headquarters across the street from each other in downtown Washington, are not innocent bystanders in the unfolding ecological crisis in Africa. Working together, they have greatly increased their role in determining Africa's economic, social, and environmental future since the early 1980s. At this stage they are underwriting economies of about 30 African countries, with hundreds of millions of dollars through so-called Structured Adjustment Programs. The objective of Structured Adjustment Programs is to promote economic policy reforms that will lead to balancing both the domestic budget and the country's expensive payments. Well it's no question that African countries need implement economic reform measures, and pursue some type of adjustment, because no budget or no trade deficit in any country of the world can grow indefinitely. The economic policy prescriptions imposed on countries by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have not worked. Structured Adjustment Programs claim that the market reforms they promote will help lift people out of poverty. But the poor are most often excluded from markets, because they have no access to productive resources. Overall, Structured Adjustment has not only failed to achieve economic recovery, but it has contributed to a deepening of poverty of large scale on the population throughout the continent. And it has also contributed to increasing the already unmanageable foreign debt burden of the Sub-Saharan African countries, which has tripled between 1980 and 1992, to about $183 billion. Just to summarize very briefly. The economic conditionalities of Structured Adjustment Programs consists first of a drastic slashing of domestic expenditures, and then the relentless pursuit of increasing exports with very little considerations for the environmental and social consequences of these measures. Structured Adjustment Programs in various forms are the traditional domain of the International Monetary Fund, which dedicates itself exclusively to providing short and medium term loans to help countries in advance of payment problems in exchange for economic policy reforms. In addition, the World Bank uses about 1/5 of its resources, and one 1/5 that is any lending money of about $23 billion, for Structured Adjustment loans and the remaining 80% for investments in individual sectors, let's say the energy sector, or for specific projects, let's say a dam. The two Bretton Woods Institutions work in tandem. A country-signed agreement with the IMF, International Monetary Fund, is a a precondition for World Bank loans. Which in term are most often the precondition necessary to attract funding from bilateral donors or other sources, as well as the rescheduling of the country's foreign debt situation. Therefore, the power that the Bretton Woods Institutions wield in Africa goes far beyond the nominal sums of money they lend to governments. Any African country that does not want to isolate itself from the industrial countries needs to deal with the Bretton Woods Institutions and swallow the often bitter medicine of Structured Adjustment. But how do these economic reforms promoted through Structured Adjustment relate to the environment? There are basically three linkages between the two. The first is that Structured Adjustment increases the pressure on poor people. The \"slashing of domestic expenditures\", and technical jargon, it's called, \"curtailment of domestic absorption\", or \"development management\" or something like that, it means the reduction or abolishment of subsidies for basic necessities such as staple foods, a reduction healthcare services and education. The abolishment of minimum wages and workers rights. The unemployment of hundreds of thousands of civil servants and others without offering them any other alternatives of employment. The result is people who are badly nourished, who do not have the means to acquire adequate clothing. Who cannot pay the fees to send their children to school or to see a nurse. This vicious cycle of poverty leading to environmental degradation, which then, in turn, leads to even greater poverty is spreading on the African continent. Rising poverty is pushing increasing numbers of people into ecologically fragile areas and unsustainable activities. Rainforests are being burnt down to plant fields, although the vegetation is gone there will be no harvests after a few years, and farmers will be forced to burn down the next patch of forest. Steep slopes are being farmed, leading to erosion. Fallow periods are shortened, impoverishing the site's full activity, and vegetation is removed just because- The second linkage between Structured Adjustment Programs and the environment is the domestic budget cuts. Balancing the budget is done, first and foremost, by cutting spending in the so-called soft sectors, which are social support services. We mentioned already healthcare and education, but the environmental protection is another soft sector where budgets are slashed first. Even when countries have legislation for environmental protection, they often do not have the personnel and the resources to enforce the law. For example, let's see, while a Central African country with a lot of rainforests may have very good laws on the book designed to protect the rainforest from unsustainable logging by large-scale, foreign logging enterprises. The forest administration may not have the resources even to ever go out and visit the forest concession that is in the hands of the logging companies, unless the forest administration travels in the private airplanes of the logging executives. Which, of course, is not very conducive to forcing legislation. The third link, and a very important link between Structured Adjustment and the environment is the pressure to increase exports. The economic dogma that underlies Structured Adjustment is that countries can export reach of prosperity. For Africa this has meant increasing exports of natural resources and export commodities at an ecologically unsustainable pace. Ironically, the World Bank dispenses the same advice to basically all borrowing countries in Africa. Which is, export traditional primary commodities in which African countries are being seen as having a comparative advantage. These commodities happen to be coffee, cocoa, cotton, copper, and a few others. The result is that the ensuing oversupply of these commodities on the world market contributed to the collapse of prices. For example, between 1986 and, no, I'm sorry. Between 1986 and 1989, West Africa's cocoa exports increased by 1/4. At the same time, foreign exchange earnings for cocoa fell by 1/3 as prices for cocoa collapsed. But even if there had been a temporary increase in revenues from increased cocoa export, the long-term cost of having cut down more rainforest to achieve the increase in cocoa production would have outweighed any such short-lived gains. Cash grabs for exports are promoted to the detriment of local food production. Saharian countries produced bumper cotton crops in the drought years of the early 1980s, when famine was threatening a large part of the population. Cotton has meanwhile joined the other commodities whose prices have been boughten. The slump in commodity prices, including oil prices for African oil exporters such as Cameroon, Kongo, and Gabon, is leading both governments and the World Bank to look at the great Central African rainforest as a golden egg. The basic idea is to have timber exports replace the loss in foreign earnings that have resulted from the slump in the prices for the other commodities. Aside from Structured Adjustment, this irregular financing for projects or sectors that are the traditional domain of both the World Bank and the African Development Bank, although both use about 20% of their resources to finance Structured Adjustments. The two banks together approved loans for about $8 billion for Africa last year. Much of the money goes into environmentally very sensitive sectors, such as energy and forestry. And most often the investments are made without considering environmentally modern alternatives. The International Institute for Energy Conservation, a think-tank based in Washington, found that the multilateral development banks paid insufficient attention to energy efficiency, and that less than 1% of all their energy loans, which is billions of dollars a year, are for investments in energy conservation. In the case of the African Development Bank, it was found that a draft energy policy for the bank intended to guide the bank's investment decision in this sector emphasized nuclear energy for the continent, and basically didn't mention the potential of renewable energy. Maybe French influence there. The involvement of the banks in the forest sector is also problematic. In the mid-1980s, the destruction of the Amazon Rainforest began to get the world's attention. At the same time, the destruction of the West African Rainforest was proceeding faster, at a rate faster than anything the world had ever seen before. With a deforestation almost four times higher than the average for all tropical countries since 1975, West Africa's remaining intact forest have receded to just a few small islands in the middle of degraded forest lands. Cote d'Ivoire, called Ivory Coast in English translation, has been the country with the highest rate of deforestation in the world since the mid-1970s. At this stage the country is so severely deforested that reductions in rainfall and increasing drought conditions are leading to a fall in agricultural production of both exports and food crops. The forests were seeded for the production of export crops. Cote d'Ivoire became the world's largest exporter of cocoa, the third largest exporter of, no, the fifth largest exporter of coffee, and for many years was the third largest exporter of timber. This was the basis of the much-touted economic miracle of Cote d'Ivoire which until recently has been the portrayed as the development model for other African countries to emulate. The income generated by these exports was mostly shored into private wells of the dominant elites and their foreign associates. The environmental consequences of the development model pursued, and the foreign debt burden, which as more than doubled over the past eight years to $18 billion, will have to be borne by the country at large, affecting disproportionately the poorest segments of the population. In this context, in 1990 the World Bank approved an $18 million forestry sector loan for Cote d'Ivoire. These $80 million are not concessional funds. Cote d'Ivoire is borrowing them at a very high interest rate in very new market terms. Presumably it will have to export many more of the commodities that have increased deforestation in the first place in order to be able to pay back this loan. In an unprecedented move, the United States' government, in this case the World Bank's largest shareholder, did not vote for this project because it considered it an environmental threat to Cote d'Ivoire's remaining tropical forests. This was the first time than any country in the World Bank opposed a project for environmental grounds. However, the U.S. failed to obtain the support of other countries and the project is proceeding as we speak. The World Bank portrayed this project as a model environmental project whose goal was to protect Cote d'Ivoire's few remaining forest areas. The strategy of the project to achieve this goal is to hand a large chunk of these forests to private logging companies for \"sustainable management\", in quotation marks. Although the bank realizes that not much is known about how to sustainably extract timber from rainforest on a commercial scale. Logging is one of the main causes of deforestation, as the roads that are built to move the machinery and the trucks open up access to the forest, which then is being used by migrant farmers, who often are unfamiliar with the mostly infertile soils of the forests, and who, in order to survive, complete the destruction that began this logging by clearing the remaining trees for short-lived agricultural production. The logging companies benefiting from the World Bank's forestry sector loan are the same ones that have chopped down Cote d'Ivoire's forest in the past for big profits. At the same time, the Bank's financed project has ignored the rights and needs of the people whose livelihoods depend directly on small-scale uses of the forests. These people who are estimated to be several hundred thousand, are simply to be resettled elsewhere. The New York Times article of October 1991 mentioned that this project may involve the largest resettlement operation to be undertaken by the World Bank in Africa, affecting as many as half a million people. Now three years into the project, the Bank still does not know how many people will actually be forced to leave their homes and fields, nor has it identified any good agricultural land elsewhere that is not already being used by existing communities for the people to resettled to reestablish their livelihoods In some cases, Ivorian government authorities have told villages that they will have to move elsewhere without providing resources and land. The older people especially feel desperate. They themselves feel too old and too frail to start all over again in some new place. And they worry very much about the young people. The worry that the young won't have land and then that the young will be forced to become bandits. In response to international protests about this project, the World Bank is trying to make it more environment and people-friendly. It has, for example, insisted that the Government of Cote d'Ivoire form so-called Farmer Forest Commissions, which are intended to give affected people some kind of representation in the project. But in reality, these commissions are dominated by national and local government representatives from the close circle of Cote d'Ivoire's ruling party. With regard to the environment, the Bank project has set aside a few forest areas for the protection of biodiversity. Again, these lands have been made without ever finding out about the people living in those areas, much less consulting them before designing the project. In one of those forest areas to be protected under the World Bank loan, Ivorian officials have burnt down the existing fields and houses in the forest, telling the people that they will have to leave because that's what they say. The World Bank had bought the forest to create a zoo there. Zoo standing for biodiversity- Now with the depletion of West Africa's forests, the pressure on the forests of Central Africa is dramatically increasing. The shrinking profits for timber companies in West Africa, many of them are moving southward to get a share of the great rainforest that covers Zaire, Gabon, and Congo, and Southeastern Cameroon. These countries contain about 75% of Africa's remaining primary forest, representing the Earth's second largest, after the Amazon. The World Bank has forestry projects for three of them in the pipeline, and one, a $30 million project for Gabon, has already been approved. As a result of public opinion pressure, both the World Bank and the African Development Bank have promised not to fund commercial logging operations in tropical rainforests directly. However, the exploitation of tropical timber is so lucrative that private companies hardly need the banks' direct support What they need, however, is indirect support, such as the building of the roads and the deep-water ports to facilitate the export of logs. So far the banks have been happy to oblige. The rhetoric surrounding the project, however, is one of environmental protection as the Bank's main goal, not unlike the language described for the forestry sector loan of Cote d'Ivoire. What we are witnessing now is that the Bank, the World Bank, is seeking an increasing role in international environmental management. It is now the trustee and manager of the Global Environment Facility, which is a multilateral fund for projects that are intended to have benefits for the global environment, as opposed to the local environment, and to fund projects under the climate change and biodiversity conventions that have emerged from the Rio Summit. What happens, however, is that the projects funded under the Global Environment Facility are suffering exactly the same problems as the regular World Bank operations. They are top-down, they are driven by the need to move large amounts of money very quickly, and the pay scant attention to local realities. An example is the Global Environment Facility project for Kenya. The project, which is part of the Bank's biodiversity protection portfolio, was designed to preserve two species of primates in the Tana River Delta. The project was to resettle the human population of the project area, the Pokomo, who have lived in the area for many generations. Somehow the designers of the project are convinced that coexistence of the primates and the human villages was impossible, because humans would unavoidably destroy the monkeys. The designers of the project had ignored what Kenyan environmentalists had pointed out. That the primates were more concentrated near human settlements and that it was the local people in the first place who had called the attention of the researchers to the existence of these endemic primate species. Kenyan environmentalists and the villages joined forces in protesting the project. The Kenyan Government newspaper reported that local villagers had told World Bank officials that they did not want the project in its present form, and recommended that the Bank throw its money into the sea if it didn't know what to do with it. The Kenya example is symptomatic and provides important lessons on how Bank operations must change if the Bank's stated trend goes of helping poor people and protecting the environment are to be taken seriously at all. First and foremost the multilateral financial institutions must directly involve the people and communities affected by their programs early on in the project design and then throughout the life of the project. Until today, the knowledge and skills of the African farmer and of the indigenous forest-dwelling peoples, the ones who are most knowledgeable about the particularities of ecological relationships in the African environment are largely ignored by project planners. The current top-down approach of projects being perceived and designed mostly in some capital city with what may be one of Africa's most valuable assets, the creative resourcefulness of its people to solve their own problems. Ironically, Africa's poor, who are supposed beneficiaries of development projects, are most often further marginalized by the operations funded by multilateral institutions. In unusually frank speech in May of this year, the World Bank's Vice President for Africa, Mr. Edward Jaycox, acknowledged that the Bank, along with other donors in Africa, has been a destructive force that has systematically undermined the building of African capacity. Projects are not being designed to meet local needs. They're not adapted to local capacities to carry them out. According to Mr. Jaycox, Africa receives $4 billon a year for technical assistance. And all this money, every cent of it, is being used to pay the salaries of ex-patriot advisors. Moreover, the technical assistance provided by these estimated 100,000 ex-patriot advisors spread throughout the continent has not been requested by African countries. It is simply enforced from outside and has little or no relevance for the finding of solutions to the problems faced by the majority of African people in their day-to-day lives. Mr. Jaycox promises much needed reforms. Last year an internal workman evaluation report, the so-called Wapenhans Report, for the World Bank Vice President who was in charge of the taskforce who wrote this report, concluded that almost 40% of all World Bank projects were failures, basically, because they did not meet the economic rate of return they were intended to. The report blamed the Bank's culture on rapid project approval and it's lack of attention to actual project implementation for its worsening performance record. What happened is that Bank staff are promoted on the basis of how quickly they're able to put together big, large projects that require huge amounts of money. The more the better. This creates a very bad dynamic for actually consulting the intended beneficiaries of a project, or for paying detailed attention to a project's harmful environmental effect. All of which would be very time-consuming, and therefore not very conducive to advancing a person's career. Again, the Bank promises reforms. Environmental reforms have been promised since 1987. If any reforms are actually taking place in reality and not just at the return level, then the public, and especially the people of Africa, still have not noticed it. In the African context, the Bretton Woods Institutions have begun to call for good governance, transparency, and participatory decision making in African governments. While these are certainly very wonderful ideals, they're not terribly convincing when coming from institutions whose decision making is neither transparent, nor democratic, and which are not accountable to the communities which are deeply affected by the economic reform policies and the projects that they finance. It is rather apparent that the Bretton Woods Institutions are imposing an unproven economic framework on African countries that is likely to undermine the continent's future prospects for development. Yet these monumental decisions are being taken far removed from most of the affected people and also from the people in the donor countries who are led to believe that their tax dollars are helping poor people. The Bretton Woods Institutions need good governance, which is unlikely to come about all by itself without pressure from public opinion and from governments. Next year, the Bretton Woods Institutions will celebrate their 50th anniversary, and maybe we all should think about throwing a birthday party for them. Thank you. Yes.\r\n\r\n- What do you say is true pretty much throughout the world. In South America, Central America, et cetera. What success have you had in changing the policies of the World Bank- And if so, or what do you think...\r\n\r\n- Well, what has changed since the mid-1980s and then started, really, in 1987 is, before the Bank even didn't have an environment department. Now they do have an environment department. They have a lot of good environmental policies on the book. They have very good environmental impact assessment procedures requiring them to consult local people. At the policy level we do have a lot of progress, but it hasn't filtered through on the ground yet just because there's pressure to lend money to make it move. You know, continue, it says, we need more change about that. So we have good policies, that's all we've managed so far. And succeeded in stopping or changing a few projects, but it's only here and there.\r\n\r\n- It's the United States finances a large share of both the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. What spending does the U.S. Senate or House of Representatives, is there any impetus towards change?\r\n\r\n- Yes, as a matter of act the only impetus for change in the institutions, ironically, has come from the United States, and this has to do with the very funny Congressional appropriations process in this country. It is Congress which has to appropriate the money so that the Treasury can give it to the banks. And Congress, especially a Democratic Congress under the Republican administration, has been very sympathetic to calling for reforms. And at the present, the United States has decided that unless the World Bank grants public access to information on its projects, which is not the case at this stage, and forms an independent appeals commission where people who are affected by the projects can go and complain, it will rethink its funding for the World Bank. It's normally funding the World Bank in three year cycles, but the Congressional Appropriations Committee has decided that this time it will only fund two years and then we'll see if they made any progress. And if they didn't, you know, we at least threaten to cut funds and seek alternative mechanisms that could make better use of the money.\r\n\r\n- You've been closer, as I've said,\r\n\r\n- I have trouble, can you speak a little louder?\r\n\r\n- Is this U.S. progress more pursuant about how much money to put back it is paying? If indeed that we're making positive return on the investment that we will be above the green from what-\r\n\r\n- You make a good point, but fortunately in this situation, this situation is not so cynical. The Bank is making huge profits. It's making more profits than most commercial banks. Citibank, you know, it's profits are clear. They made a billion dollars last year in pure profits. What happens is that the Congressional committees are influenced to some degree by the environmental organizations that have formed a coalition representing, you know, most of these environmental organizations are membership organizations. They represent together maybe six million members, and that can get the ear of a congressman. Six million potential voters somewhere. And so it is not because the Bank's not making enough money. What we are calling for, also, is that alternative mechanisms be explored. Not that there be a reduction of funding for money, just that the money be better deployed, because now it's Mr. Jaycox, the Vice President for Africa. All it does, basically, is pay the ex-patriot consultants. And that's very good for the employment situation of academics in the northern countries, but doesn't help Africans very much. I think you were first.\r\n\r\n- Why are other countries unwilling to work more quickly on what's going on-\r\n\r\n- What happens is that other countries are worse informed about the World Bank. The governments know very little on the bottom. They know the overall strategic framework is very good for them, because this recycling of money, and Structured Adjustment, and how countries stay current on their debt situation. They like all that. But they are not about complete projects. They basically don't know anything about it, because the information that is being withheld from the public is also, to a large degree, withheld from the World Bank executive directors. Executive directors are the ones who present in the individual countries. They don't have detailed information on projects. What they get often is, you know, information that makes everything look very wonderful. Like the Kochibar project being a modern environmental loan. So they themselves don't have much information and they don't have the staff to actually look into the project. If you look at the work alone, $23 billion a year worth of projects, that's very many projects. It would take a lot of staff and people to look into what these really are. And most countries maybe have one or two persons working on this, so they just don't know. It's one reason. The other reasons, of course, in the United States it is a little bit easier to move the government just because of the Congressional Appropriations process. Because in a parliamentary system where the government basically has a free hand in deciding on how it's going to spend the money, it doesn't need to go through parliament. But once approved it's much more difficult to get the attention of decision makers. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Recognizing the efforts outside of the World Bank, thank you very much for... The World Bank is a bank, and the bottom line is that... We have no progress without the wealth attachments that come from the World Bank. Put it suddenly to prevent the World Bank from fucking with the south. Somehow with the pollution of the satellites, the local leaders will be influenced, we got a program. My parents are not without today. That split the south. I had enough leaving Arizona. The south, there is desert species that- And in fact, this assistance was the problem. So that stuff that's built in Africa is just, like, sanctuaries. Now, I see a relationship between population density, population removed, and the development of Because the recipe is violence. Poor people have very like-mindedness. And that means to increase population density. I think that's a very strong People don't have many jobs to move to, and they have what they did, what's different. And that is badly what government meant the impoverishment- I do not think that the World Bank can help us. Did we know it was objective, it was somehow, we got started with it.\r\n\r\n- Thank you.\r\n\r\n- To give an example of exports and development, and further them with the coffee, cocoa production. And you said that due to the policies of the World Bank and the IMF that promote the exports. That they're a crutch, and they're real crooks. Isn't it true that it takes seven or 10 years to bring the cocoa plantation into production? And maybe since taking for granted coffee plantation production. And isn't it also true that it was in about '86, '87 that the coffee and cocoa cartel started? So how is it that you're able to establish that connection?\r\n\r\n- Yes, I didn't want to say that the fact that the World Bank tells every single African country to do the same basically, you know, export your primary commodity, lead to the crash itself, but it contributed. Because it contributed to, you know, to the excess supply that already existed. But like what you said, basically this export-like model is based on the Colombian model, especially in the French-speaking African countries. So there's a whole history already of converting forest into whatever the motherland needed. So it's not just taking from Structured Adjustment, but it has aggravated preexisting situations, especially in Cote d'Ivoire. Yes.\r\n\r\n- You bring up a good burden. How do we distinguish this system from what people would call neo-colonialism? Basically what you describe is the rich countries rape the poor countries materially, the wealthy take all the profits. Isn't that what's going on?\r\n\r\n- I once asked this question to a Guinean environmentalist. I asked them what the difference, you know, between when the British Crown was here and the situation you're having now. And they responded, \"Well, you know, \"when we were British subjects, \"the situation was better than it is now.\" Because there were still some individuals who wanted to do honor to the Crown, had a certain morale, and voices in terms of environmental destruction. Didn't just want to rip off all the forest. That were concerned about the long-term sustainability of whatever they were producing. While the people who are coming in now promoted, often through Structured Adjustment or complete project in Ghana. That's a very concrete forestry project, again, that only benefited Lebanese sawmill owners. You know, they just rip off everything, and once it's ripped off they-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115665#t=0.0,2764.416"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e I think that the African team is probably,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=7.493,10.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better answer, thought a lot about this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=10.99,14.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that countries have to decide that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=15.272,17.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly for themselves, the present situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=17.993,19.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just doesn't seem to be very sustainable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=19.87,22.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my personal feeling is of course that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=22.22,24.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first of all you have to be local piece,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=24.25,27.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"insure long term full security","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=28.318,30.818"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for your own people, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=31.881,34.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know that if you had some excess production of something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=34.673,39.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then, you know, trade it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=39.26,41.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get it into debt maybe you'll find it handy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=41.11,44.042"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you know everyone has to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=44.042,46.375"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have their priorities straight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=47.243,48.788"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I don't know if that answers your question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=48.788,52.705"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Audience Member 1] What is the goal of the organization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=56.645,59.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in respect to initiatives (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=59.134,64.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e We are very, the organization is a big one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=70.64,74.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but only very few of us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=74.14,75.574"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of 100 professional staff in our organization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=75.574,77.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four of us work on international issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=77.88,80.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the founder of our program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=81.967,83.619"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) so few people and few resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=83.619,86.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tend to have impact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=86.89,88.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so we decided let's take a closer look at what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=88.45,91.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more general development things are doing because they,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=92.31,96.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the U.S. has a strong voice in them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=98.085,100.902"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And instead has a realistic mission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=100.902,103.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so what we do in my case is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=103.24,106.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I work very closely with non-governmental organizations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=106.04,109.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or community groups often academics in African countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=109.13,113.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And together with them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=113.6,115.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study certain projects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=116.728,119.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then together try to obtain changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=119.4,123.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or make sure that the bank listens to them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=123.15,127.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when bank missions go to the country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=127.09,129.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they get something out of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=129.123,131.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from somebody else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=131.303,132.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not just (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=132.203,137.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Audience Member 2] Who's funding the organization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=137.461,139.676"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we are membership organizations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=139.676,142.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 300,000 members,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=142.03,143.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's where most of the money comes from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=143.29,145.732"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there are also grants from foundations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=145.732,149.128"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is no corporate money, there is no government money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=149.128,151.716"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is no world bank money for sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=151.716,154.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=160.419,161.252"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Audience Member 3] You mention early on that (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=161.252,164.978"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=164.978,165.811"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Audience Member 3] What is the source of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=165.811,166.644"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its funds and (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=166.644,170.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Its source of...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=170.867,172.358"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, its source of funds is the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=172.358,174.792"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as for the world bank.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=174.792,175.906"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's basically, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=175.906,176.739"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is very little ethical capital at this moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=176.739,179.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At some stage there was a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=179.59,180.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nigerian money floating around,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=180.68,182.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this is not the case now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=182.2,183.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So basically, their funding also comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=183.8,186.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even directly from taxpayers' contributions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=186.41,188.702"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Northern countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=188.702,191.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or through calling and capital","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=191.15,193.432"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Northern governments put up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=193.432,195.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the funding is exactly the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=195.14,197.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from exactly the same sources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=197.07,200.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way the banks' governing board is set up is different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=200.22,203.465"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you do have a majority of Africans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=203.465,205.442"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sitting on that board.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=205.442,207.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the policies and projects that they promote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=207.837,210.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ain't very close to what the world bank does,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=212.693,215.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and unfortunately in my dealings with them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=216.746,219.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I found that they,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=219.673,221.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was often easier, let's say even to talk, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=221.22,226.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Western governments about participation of local people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=226.01,230.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, access to information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=230.18,231.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that really fell on deaf ears","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=232.7,234.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with executive directors at the African development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=234.87,237.218"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who just didn't want to know about those things at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=237.218,241.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is that it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=250.332,251.249"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=253.234,256.234"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27451/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/451/original/AV204176_Multilateral_Development_Banks_and_the_Fate_of_Africas_Rain_Forest_b.vtt?1622148527","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/451/original/AV204176_Multilateral_Development_Banks_and_the_Fate_of_Africas_Rain_Forest_b.vtt?1622148527"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27452","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204176_Multilateral_Development_Banks_and_the_Fate_of_Africas_Rain_Forest_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666/transcript/27452/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Presenter] I think that the African team is probably, better answer, thought a lot about this. I think that countries have to decide that certainly for themselves, the present situation just doesn't seem to be very sustainable, and my personal feeling is of course that first of all you have to be local piece, insure long term full security for your own people, et cetera. You know that if you had some excess production of something then, you know, trade it, get it into debt maybe you'll find it handy. But you know everyone has to have their priorities straight. So, I don't know if that answers your question.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member 1] What is the goal of the organization in respect to initiatives\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] We are very, the organization is a big one, but only very few of us out of 100 professional staff in our organization, four of us work on international issues. And the founder of our program so few people and few resources tend to have impact. And so we decided let's take a closer look at what the more general development things are doing because they, the U.S. has a strong voice in them. And instead has a realistic mission and so what we do in my case is, I work very closely with non-governmental organizations or community groups often academics in African countries. And together with them study certain projects, and then together try to obtain changes or make sure that the bank listens to them when bank missions go to the country, so that they get something out of them from somebody else and not just\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member 2] Who's funding the organization?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] Yes, we are membership organizations, about 300,000 members, and that's where most of the money comes from. And then there are also grants from foundations. There is no corporate money, there is no government money, there is no world bank money for sure. Yes?\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member 3] You mention early on that\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] Yes.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member 3] What is the source of its funds and\r\n\r\n- Its source of... Yes, its source of funds is the same as for the world bank. It's basically, you know, there is very little ethical capital at this moment. At some stage there was a lot of Nigerian money floating around, but this is not the case now. So basically, their funding also comes even directly from taxpayers' contributions in the Northern countries or through calling and capital that the Northern governments put up. So the funding is exactly the same from exactly the same sources. The way the banks' governing board is set up is different because you do have a majority of Africans sitting on that board. But the policies and projects that they promote ain't very close to what the world bank does, and unfortunately in my dealings with them, I found that they, it was often easier, let's say even to talk, you know, to Western governments about participation of local people, you know, access to information, things that really fell on deaf ears with executive directors at the African development who just didn't want to know about those things at all. Is that it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42988/file/115666#t=0.0,266.352"}]}]}]}