{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zk55d8pb84/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Basri, Gibor, The Birth of Stars and Planets"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["The Birth of Stars and Planets. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Our lecture, it's really a real pleasure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=6.107,8.541"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for us to have with us a very extinguished astronomer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=8.541,12.774"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gibor Basri from University of California, Berkeley.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=12.774,16.534"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basri is a native of Colorado, grew up in Fort Collins area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=16.534,21.534"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has a Bachelors Degree in physics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=25.072,27.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Stanford, PhD in astrophysics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=27.05,30.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the University of Colorado.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=30.98,34.445"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's been a, has a long list","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=34.445,36.778"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of distinguished awards, which I will take time to read","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=37.87,41.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but, he's been at the U.C. Berkeley since leaving CU.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=41.88,45.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible chatter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=49.324,52.324"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Basri.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=54.935,56.152"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=56.152,57.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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topic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=64.4,66.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's, one of the very general interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=66.07,69.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, you know, people have been wondering about how,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=69.79,73.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how the earth got here, and how the sun got here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=73.55,76.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since people have been wondering,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=76.3,78.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of course you've heard lots, of myths","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=78.61,81.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from various cultures, about the formation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=81.67,83.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the earth and the formation of the sun and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=83.96,87.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna give you the latest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=87.06,89.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the latest myth except this myth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=89.52,92.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is unlike the other myths,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=92.09,94.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that I'm gonna back this one up with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=94.09,96.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with lots of pictures of these things actually going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=96.06,99.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I think for the first time in human history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=99.4,103.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have the ability to actually see how, solar systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=103.34,108.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are made, and this is really only happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=108.39,110.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the past 20 years or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=110.73,112.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it's been an exciting time in astronomy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=112.67,115.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not over yet, there's a fair amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=115.29,118.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of advances that are gonna occur in the next 20 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=118.19,121.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That will tell us even more, about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=121.4,123.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how solar systems are formed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=123.53,126.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that it's, it's an appropriate time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=126.033,128.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to talk about this now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=128.36,130.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it also generates a lot of pretty pictures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=130.68,132.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I hope that there, I know there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=132.81,135.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are a variety of people here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=135.1,136.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will try not to go over anyone's head,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=136.78,140.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I will promise you, that at least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=140.21,141.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll see some pretty pictures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=141.82,143.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I actually do encourage people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=143.62,146.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to raise their hand during the lecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=146.82,150.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you, if I'm confusing you or you have a question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=150.0,152.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about something, go ahead and stop me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=152.71,155.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can always adjust the lecture to accommodate such things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=155.12,157.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, so please do, I prefer an interactive audiences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=157.87,161.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So with that, I go ahead and kill some of the 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chatter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=172.018,173.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If everyone's okay with this, we'll go with this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=173.93,176.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe we should focus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=177.921,179.754"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=184.36,185.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each one is different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=190.0,191.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe we turn the lens, yeah there we go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=192.87,195.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can tell that I'm an observer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=199.55,201.924"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=201.924,203.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"figure that out as opposed to a theorist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=203.44,205.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=207.76,208.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, probably most of you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=209.92,212.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the basic story behind star formation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=212.57,215.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a picture taken of the, the Milky Way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=218.51,222.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or galaxy, it's a pretty close up picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=222.42,224.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see lots and lots of stars, but you also see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=224.613,228.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, apparently there's a region","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=228.99,231.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here where stars are missing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=231.03,233.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in the, in the last century, when people saw this, they,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=233.43,236.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they actually thought stars were missing there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=236.51,238.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it was just some kind of hole in the galaxy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=238.38,242.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but today we know that this is actually a dark cloud,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=242.14,246.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is blocking the view of all the stars behind it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=246.52,249.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, the few stars that you see there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=249.59,251.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can now interpret this, as being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=251.96,253.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in front of this dark cloud,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=253.73,256.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all the stuff that wouldn't look like this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=256.31,259.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it weren't for this dark cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=259.37,261.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The dark cloud is made of what we call dust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=261.11,264.441"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's called dust, original name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=264.441,268.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's, it's not like the dust in your, under","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=268.33,271.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your bed exactly, it's much smaller.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=271.13,274.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are micron sized particles of silicates and graphites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=274.8,279.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are produced in the atmospheres, of red giant stars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=279.68,283.087"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the stars are dying and get very cool carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=283.087,287.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and silicon and condense out as the stars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=287.42,291.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it condenses out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=293.226,294.059"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is blown out into the interstellar medium,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=294.059,296.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and later it collects into clouds again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=296.62,299.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is one such cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=299.72,301.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Along with that dust is about a hundred times it's mass,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=301.87,306.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in gas, if we say gas and astronomy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=306.09,308.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We mean mostly hydrogen, 90% hydrogen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=308.76,312.751"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 10% helium by number,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=312.751,315.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is what the universe is made of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=315.41,317.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, so this is a, it's a cloud","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=317.8,320.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is not quite primordial stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=320.03,322.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's mostly hydrogen helium, but it has, this dust in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=322.17,326.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, these kinds of clouds didn't occur, early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=326.02,328.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the galaxy before the star has made the dust,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=328.96,331.657"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but these days, there's plenty of this dust around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=331.657,335.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the dust is just a marker here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=335.93,337.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a marker for a place in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=337.98,340.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the medium, between the stars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=340.34,341.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the interstellar medium, where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=341.76,344.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for one reason or another, and we don't understand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=344.33,346.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this fully, the stuff has become more dense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=346.53,351.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's been a collection into a cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=351.05,353.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And around this cloud is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=353.96,355.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a very diffused interstellar medium,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=355.42,357.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with not so much dust in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=357.66,359.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's kind of holding it in place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=360.17,361.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the site of star formation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=363.33,366.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one thing that we certainly know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=366.12,368.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that, star formation is an ongoing process in our galaxy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=368.24,372.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not as though the galaxy was made a long time ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=372.223,376.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all the stars, it's still full of gas and dust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=376.69,380.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's still producing stars that are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=380.34,382.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a rate of about two to 10 per year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=382.32,386.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two to 10 solar masses per year, somewhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=386.34,388.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the galaxy a star is formed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=388.59,391.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you'll hear later, it's not like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=391.76,392.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, one day, it's not there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=392.957,395.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the next day it's there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=395.1,396.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It takes, on average a few hundred thousand years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=396.25,399.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to actually collapse one of these clouds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=399.28,401.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into stars, but it's an ongoing process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=401.483,404.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's sort of the average formation rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=404.78,407.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here is another view, of an interstellar region","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=407.55,411.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where stars are made, this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=411.15,416.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is the famous Horsehead Nebula.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=416.14,418.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe I should do it this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=418.28,420.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It looks like a horse head,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=421.5,422.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is just a cloud of dust again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=423.94,428.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the dust is dark and blocks the light behind it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=428.36,430.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, you can see that this cloud here is in front of this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=430.66,434.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is red glowing fire behind it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=434.133,437.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but all of this stuff, is the stuff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=437.13,439.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of which stars should be and are in fact, they may.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=439.29,443.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this one is actually a region,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=443.36,445.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ongoing star formation right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=445.52,448.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the next cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=448.33,450.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This very bright star here, was made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=450.44,453.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that cloud, only a couple of million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=453.25,457.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you have to get used to, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=457.42,459.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the way astronomers talk about this stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=459.38,461.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I say a very short time, I mean, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=461.32,464.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a million years or less, and if I say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=464.28,466.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a long time, I mean a million years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=466.74,468.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, those are the timescales but you can 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stars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=479.07,481.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were formed there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=481.567,482.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these blue areas are being,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=482.4,484.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are just reflecting starlight much the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=484.67,487.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our sky is blue preferentially.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=487.14,490.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The red is the hydrogen itself glowing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=490.65,494.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the ultraviolet radiation from the star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=495.66,499.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So when you look at pictures of nebula, nebulae","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=499.8,502.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are seeing gas and dust, which is only seen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=502.15,507.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because stars are forming they're in white light.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=507.1,509.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, what I want to talk about today is the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=512.02,514.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the actual process by which, stars are made first of all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=514.63,517.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I will go on and talk about, wants to next stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=517.97,521.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about making planets too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=521.89,524.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's try the first slide, now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=524.49,527.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(background chatter)\nOh, okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=528.848,530.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There, when these clouds form in the interstellar medium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=538.727,543.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of them are, not all that dense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=543.67,546.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they're not dense enough in fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=546.85,548.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to collapse under their own weight and make stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=548.45,551.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But some fraction of them, become quite dense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=551.96,554.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they become what we call, molecular clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=554.78,558.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the reason we call them that is because,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=558.12,561.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the hydrogen, you saw the glowing red hydrogen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=561.16,563.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last slide that hydrogen, gets dense enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=563.68,566.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the hydrogen atoms combine into molecules","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=566.8,569.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and becomes molecular 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you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=689.5,692.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who know sort of encompasses this area here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=692.23,695.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is the Milky Way, and the region of Orion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=695.99,699.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this picture is taken in infrared light, infrared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=699.52,702.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course is sort of heat 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up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=707.293,710.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and begins to emit infrared light.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=710.16,712.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And infrared light penetrates the dust 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formed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=740.24,742.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And heating the dust up, notice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=742.98,745.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is ring light feature here too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=745.8,748.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that's this again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=750.82,754.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've zoomed in a little 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complex.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=785.51,788.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, the process of star formation also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=788.67,791.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a process of destruction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=791.95,793.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The stars in the end destroy their own nursery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=793.79,797.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it turns out, that when you have a molecular 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suns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=802.37,805.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The process is a good deal, less efficient than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=805.09,807.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You might make 10,000 or 1000 stars before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=807.78,812.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the cloud is disrupted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=812.18,814.136"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That whole process goes on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=814.136,815.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over a sort of 10 million years or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=815.75,818.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by then the star formation region,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=818.09,820.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been shredded, and no more stars form there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=820.24,823.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that stuff goes out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=823.61,824.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and eventually clumps into cloud somewhere else,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=824.75,827.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and can start 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technical,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=838.01,840.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't, don't worry about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=840.35,841.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm just gonna use it to remind myself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=841.51,843.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a few things I want to tell you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=843.78,846.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is sort of a cut, cut 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except","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=878.48,881.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for where these clouds are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=881.25,883.818"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you come to the cloud,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=883.818,885.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's kind of a skin of atomic hydrogen on it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=885.68,889.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the, this very,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=889.47,893.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this very low density stuff, it's very hot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=893.58,895.862"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, the hydrogen is ionized, electrons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=895.862,898.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are stripped off, not even neutral hydrogen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=898.33,901.574"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a skin on the cloud where the hydrogen is 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low.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=922.96,927.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"10 degrees above absolute zero.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=928.15,930.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are very cold, relatively dense 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concentrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=937.92,940.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's where you makes stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=940.9,942.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is all, kind of a turbulent 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itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=947.11,949.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it makes plots that are, much denser yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=949.98,954.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This has the density of something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=954.55,956.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like 10,000 particles per cubic centimeter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=956.98,960.491"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's just sort of the average 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of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=975.83,977.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's these little clumps, within the molecular cloud","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=977.61,980.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which actually collapse to make stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=980.31,982.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cloud as a whole is just there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=982.867,985.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to produce it's clumps, and once you make one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=985.25,987.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these very dense clumps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=987.75,989.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it will actually collapse to make a star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=989.64,992.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well that was sort of a theoretical picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=997.32,999.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's a, here's a real picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=999.35,1000.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You've probably, most of you have seen this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1001.783,1003.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is one of the most famous images,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1003.943,1005.796"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Hubble Space Telescope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1005.796,1007.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a molecular cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1007.713,1009.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see the dark, the dark dust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1010.649,1012.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It looks like a pillar of dust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1016.28,1018.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course there's no, there's no down or up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1018.09,1020.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just, you know, like, I can show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1022.03,1024.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up this way as well, it's just a cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1024.04,1029.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this one is kind of long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1029.252,1032.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, that's typically how they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1032.03,1033.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not, they're not round clouds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1033.823,1035.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are usually stringy concentrations of gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1035.97,1039.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what's happening here is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1039.93,1043.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was a bigger cloud, and a very massive star formed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1043.233,1047.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not in the picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1047.41,1048.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's now shining down on this cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1050.128,1052.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And blasting, it with a high velocity wind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1052.95,1056.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's eroding away, the molecular material.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1056.2,1060.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what you see at this point in time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1060.51,1063.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is you actually could see it, see all this sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1063.55,1067.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of blue stuff, looks like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1067.407,1068.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's kind of blowing off the surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1068.37,1070.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the high mass star that's formed there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1070.967,1073.271"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in fact boiling off the, boiling away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1073.271,1076.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the molecular cloud, it's got enough energy to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1076.34,1079.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All these little finger like things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1080.5,1082.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I have a close up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1082.52,1084.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here's the top of that cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1088.68,1090.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This gives you a better feel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1091.84,1093.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the fact that the clouds are not uniformed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1093.7,1097.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're very clumpy, they have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1097.24,1099.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, dense regions and less dense regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1099.54,1102.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they look kind of turkey, that's how they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1102.81,1105.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each of these little fingers here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1105.95,1108.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are essentially dense clumps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1109.86,1112.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the ones I was talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1112.41,1113.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, so as I said, the scale is very big.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1113.96,1116.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One light year, you know, the sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1116.547,1118.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the size of one of these fingers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1118.34,1120.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what's happening is, there's a dense clump there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1120.63,1124.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The high mass star is shining down on them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1125.318,1128.682"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that dense clump is casting a shadow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1128.682,1131.156"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the material behind it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1131.156,1133.744"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is kind of protected from the blast from the high mass star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1133.744,1137.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it remains, after the other stuff gets eroded way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1137.63,1140.796"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these, these fingers are basically shadows,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1140.796,1145.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of dense clumps, and around them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1145.14,1147.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the high mass star is eroding away, with dense clumps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1147.8,1150.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"itself is casting a shadow, which allows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1150.44,1152.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the material, to remain one for that is long fingers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1152.447,1157.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you ever wondered, what you were actually looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1157.04,1158.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at this picture of as what you're looking at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1158.59,1161.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we would expect that you might,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1161.2,1162.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a star forming sort of a the tip","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1162.8,1166.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of each of these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1166.47,1167.915"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to think, when you're looking at infrared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1167.915,1169.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you often find, a star very in sight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1169.4,1172.899"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't see it on optical light,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1172.899,1174.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the dust blocks your view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1174.34,1176.187"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But as you, use more penetrating infrared radiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1176.187,1179.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see in there, and you can actually see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1179.76,1181.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that stars are forming in those various clumps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1181.36,1185.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can also see that, this isn't gonna go on forever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1185.23,1188.332"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The stars are just eroding away, the whole,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1188.332,1191.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the whole complex and so in a few million years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1191.25,1193.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this will all be gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1193.74,1195.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those stars that are forming there will be exposed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1195.35,1198.694"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that will be the end of the story in that region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1198.694,1201.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let's zoom in, on one of those clumps now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1205.92,1208.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ask what happens inside there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1208.52,1210.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How does the actual process of star formation take place?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1210.45,1214.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, this is more complicated than it needs to be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1216.88,1220.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I'm just gonna use it as a guide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1220.329,1223.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so here's, here's one of those clumps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1223.56,1225.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the magnetic field that's in there is important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1226.59,1228.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm not gonna talk about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1228.77,1230.534"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the green lines help support the cloud against clamps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1230.534,1233.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For those of you who care, we won't talk about them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1234.301,1237.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All we'll say is, that the more dense the material is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1238.07,1242.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more likely it is to collapse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1242.167,1244.988"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the way these things are structured,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1244.988,1246.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are densest in the middle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1246.95,1248.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the middle, very center of the cone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1248.96,1252.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is most dense and most likely to collapse first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1252.69,1255.569"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, in fact, when the star is formed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1255.569,1257.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is by an inside out, collapse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1257.84,1260.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The collapse begins at the central, because that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1260.88,1263.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the densest and stuff starts falling in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1263.46,1268.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's no longer supported, by the magnetic fields,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1268.35,1270.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or by thermal pressure and it falls towards the center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1270.91,1274.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where of course, it finally hits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1274.74,1276.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and everything comes to the center,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1276.887,1278.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's, itself and it starts coming the other way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1278.04,1280.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you begin to build up a star there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1280.777,1284.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, as stuff falls, in the free fall loss.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1286.11,1291.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now it's just, there's no air resistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1291.256,1293.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it falls in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1293.87,1295.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with increasingly high velocities, in fact, super cycle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1295.44,1298.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So stuff's falling faster than the speed of sound,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1300.371,1302.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this video, which means that the information that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1302.92,1306.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it fell can only propagate out at the speed of sound.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1306.134,1311.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, so basically stuff drops away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1311.033,1313.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it gets to the center quickly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1313.41,1315.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the information that it fell, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1315.6,1317.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slowly makes its way out into the cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1317.7,1320.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you develop a, an empty center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1320.33,1323.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with an abject like a star at the 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galaxy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1498.68,1503.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1503.07,1503.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charged particles also can't cross field lines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1506.84,1510.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So as, as the thing wants to collapse, it's gonna","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1510.01,1513.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either drag the field in with it, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1513.81,1516.279"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has to let the field slip through it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1516.279,1517.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that, that kind of slows things down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1517.76,1520.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also for, it's dense enough that actually prevents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1520.71,1523.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it from collapsing, it has to become dense enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1523.993,1526.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the, pull of gravity by the matter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1526.91,1529.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is able to overcome the resistance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1529.43,1531.532"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the magnetic field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1531.532,1533.365"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1535.08,1535.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, well, I said everything's dropping down on the star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1539.77,1542.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I lied, that's not quite right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1542.52,1544.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1545.45,1547.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's not quite right, is responsible for planets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1547.42,1551.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's, an important detail not to gloss over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1551.57,1556.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let me back up a little bit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1556.54,1558.805"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and talk about angular momentum for a second.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1558.805,1561.055"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, there are various levels of sophistication here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1562.54,1564.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll be insulting some people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1564.63,1566.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other people will be interested in this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1566.54,1569.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a quantity called angular momentum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1571.08,1574.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is basically a spin inertia of something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1574.95,1578.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a mass times velocity, which moving times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1579.743,1584.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the radius from the rotation axis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1584.86,1587.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we've all seen this in action on a skater is spinning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1589.22,1593.526"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She puts her arms out there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1593.526,1596.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her arms are out of a certain distance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1596.0,1597.986"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the rotation axis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1597.986,1599.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they're moving at a certain speed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1599.75,1601.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as she pulls her arms in, the product","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1602.99,1605.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the velocity and the distance has to remain constant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1606.465,1610.839"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Angular momentum must be observed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1610.839,1612.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, since the distance is decreasing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1612.52,1614.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the velocity has increased to compensate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1616.06,1618.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is why, when skaters pull their arms in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1618.51,1621.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they accelerate faster and faster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1621.3,1623.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you've seen that in action.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1623.93,1625.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that same principle, is gonna operate here as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1625.98,1629.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if I had a ball, like this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1630.21,1633.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and spinning with a certain velocity at the surface,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1634.825,1637.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I contract the ball, then conservation angular momentum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1637.41,1642.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tells me that the velocity has to increase,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1642.41,1645.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the radius decreases, that's the, that's the principle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1645.054,1650.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now these molecular cloud that I was talking about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1650.46,1653.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they all have some spin, it ain't much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1653.85,1656.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They spin once every few million years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1657.69,1660.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, on the other hand, there are light year across,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1661.534,1664.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now stars not a light year across, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1665.63,1667.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The stars a few light seconds across, second in a year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1667.74,1671.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a big ratio with each other 10 million.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1673.21,1676.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, if the velocity was very slow to begin with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1679.23,1683.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I decrease the radius by 10 million times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1683.01,1686.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can imagine the velocity is gonna be a whole lot more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1686.23,1689.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, what happens is before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1689.22,1693.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could make a star, you run into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1693.01,1695.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you run into a problem because the other,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1695.05,1697.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other thing that happens when you're spinning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1697.7,1700.087"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you spin a lock on a string, right, spin it around,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1700.087,1703.808"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and feel a force pulling out, it's called centrifugal force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1703.808,1708.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That force pulls out away from the, center of rotation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1708.463,1712.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what, what's acting like a spring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1713.24,1715.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this situation, it's gravity, gravity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1715.37,1718.728"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the only thing pulling things towards the center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1718.728,1721.976"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's like spinning faster and faster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1721.976,1724.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This force pulls them away from the center rows,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1724.263,1728.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until finally it grows to the point where,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1728.27,1730.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I get to that point, I'm not gonna fall in anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1732.895,1735.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna have to stop there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1736.813,1737.646"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna have to stay up that, that order","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1737.646,1740.755"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which centrifugal force balances, gravity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1740.755,1743.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact that's how orbit turn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1743.353,1745.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are, the path of which centrifugal force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1747.424,1750.814"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just kind of like gravity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1750.814,1752.728"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why the spacial doesn't fall down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1752.728,1754.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's centrifugal force out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1754.46,1756.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's one way to look at it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1758.441,1759.891"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll leave it at that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1765.33,1767.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so we have this collapsing core","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1767.09,1772.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it has a little bit of spin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1772.36,1773.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, gravity is pulling towards the center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1775.0,1778.956"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, but there, there's some rotation axis for the sport","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1778.956,1782.076"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well, as material is pulled towards the rotation axis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1782.076,1787.076"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it gets more centrifugal force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1790.055,1792.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it becomes harder and harder for gravity to pull it in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1792.16,1795.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the other hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1795.52,1796.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if I dropped the material down here, down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1796.353,1799.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the equatorial plane,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1799.29,1801.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't change the distance for the rotation axis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1801.69,1804.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's easy to do, it's fine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1804.82,1807.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for gravity to pull stuff down this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1807.08,1809.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, this is also down in this picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1809.15,1813.684"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause gravity is in the center here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1813.684,1815.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I can go this way, and I can go that way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1815.76,1818.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without running into any angular momentum problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1818.02,1820.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when I try to go this way, towards the center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1820.67,1824.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have this increasing centrifugal force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1824.0,1827.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's easy for gravity to collapse a thing, towards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1827.24,1830.532"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the equatorial plane, but it's hard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1830.532,1832.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for it to pull it in, towards the rotation axis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1832.167,1836.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What does this mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1837.46,1838.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why, why do I care about all this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1838.34,1839.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, this is what's gonna happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1839.86,1842.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The stuff that is near the rotation axis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1847.77,1851.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has low angular momentum because it had blown off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1853.99,1857.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it just drops right down to the center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1857.15,1859.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the initial stuff forms a star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1859.27,1861.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It sort of falls in along the rotation axis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1861.96,1864.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the stuff that's coming from the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1864.783,1866.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the, outer parts, as it falls in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1869.96,1873.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it starts spinning faster","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1873.91,1875.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and faster until gravity counteracts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1875.49,1878.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's counteracted by centrifugal force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1878.083,1880.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It could come down though, to the equatorial plane","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1881.83,1884.649"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it is met by other stuff that's coming up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1884.649,1888.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the other side, they crash into each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1888.49,1891.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They cancel their, velocity up and down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1891.92,1896.071"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that was just left with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1896.071,1897.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with rotation, and motion in the equatorial plane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1897.567,1901.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So everything is gonna settle down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1901.88,1903.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into this equatorial plane, and it's gonna come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1903.76,1905.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in towards the center until, centrifugal force balances.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1905.81,1909.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So once again end up looking like everything collapsed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1911.25,1915.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The equatorial plane shrank in, to some distance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1915.05,1918.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not all the way to the star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1918.37,1920.532"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there it is spinning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1920.532,1922.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that configuration looks like a disc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1922.267,1924.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the cloud doesn't collapse to a sphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1926.353,1928.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the center rather it collapses to a disc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1928.71,1931.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the size of the disc, the outermost raised","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1933.01,1937.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the disc is just set by, how much spin on the outside,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1937.46,1941.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much can I bring that in before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1941.817,1944.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's centrifugal force is counteracted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1944.47,1946.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the gravity of everything inside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1946.48,1948.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the scale of discs that are set that way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1948.86,1953.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a hundred to a few hundred times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1953.51,1956.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the discs of the earth and the sun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1956.847,1959.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those of you who know the size of our solar system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1960.331,1963.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's sort of 50 or a hundred of these units.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1963.26,1966.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not an accident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1967.457,1969.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The typical span and molecular sophomores","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1969.767,1973.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will produce a typical disc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1973.11,1975.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is basically solar system sized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1975.71,1977.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interesting, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1979.831,1981.331"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(distant chatter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1983.274,1986.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everything spins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1990.08,1991.802"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(coughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1991.802,1994.642"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a, yeah, there's not a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1994.642,1996.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what happens, in practice is, everything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1996.91,1999.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is terminal and particular in the galaxy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=1999.67,2004.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a particular effect going on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2004.03,2005.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is like in the solar system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2005.98,2008.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the solar system, the further you go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2012.7,2015.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the sun, the slower you have to go around, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2015.033,2020.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, away from the sun, the gravity is less.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2020.37,2022.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the centrifugal force dominate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2022.17,2024.218"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(coughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2024.218,2026.301"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, just imagine two adjacent organs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2027.66,2030.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The inner one goes a little faster,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2031.9,2032.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the outer one, for that reason.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2032.89,2037.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right now imagine that it's,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2037.85,2039.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not orbit but just sort of gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2039.04,2042.204"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the inner part of the gas, is gonna move","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2042.204,2044.794"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little faster than the outer part of the gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2044.794,2047.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that's gonna kind of generate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2047.313,2051.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little vortex where, you know, fluid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2051.06,2055.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is moving at different streams","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2055.6,2056.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will generate, vorticity spinning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2056.77,2058.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's going out in the galaxy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2060.44,2062.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So automatically, you're gonna get spin for that reason.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2062.83,2067.615"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That of course, it's much more chaotic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2067.615,2069.844"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, that's certainly one eddies near each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2069.844,2072.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2072.993,2075.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bottom line is, there's almost nothing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2076.2,2078.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in astronomy that doesn't have some angular momentum to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2078.4,2081.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2081.727,2083.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, but there's a typical amount of angular momentum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2083.367,2086.594"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I said that typical amount of angular momentum, given","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2086.594,2089.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the collapsed, and the original rotation generates,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2089.3,2092.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a depth which is, a typical solar system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2092.54,2095.557"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's why,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2096.977,2098.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, I expect discs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2103.3,2105.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I expect a central star and I expect a disc around it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2105.14,2108.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2109.9,2110.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the disc in order for the disc","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2112.75,2114.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get it's material to the star,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2114.53,2116.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has to, somehow dump the angular momentum it has.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2116.58,2120.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one way it can do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2120.48,2122.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is by generating spiral models.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2122.42,2126.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You may have all wondered why galaxies form, spiral models.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2127.24,2132.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason is, galaxies like that are also discs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2132.27,2135.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, the process is basically similar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2135.57,2137.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with black and scale, instead of a solar systems scale,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2137.99,2141.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it collapsed too, yes, for the same reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2141.197,2143.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then gravity would still like to win,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2143.877,2146.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if angular momentum is in its way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2146.587,2148.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it tries to come up with a way, to dump angular momentum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2148.49,2151.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It turns out that the spiral arms, take angular momentum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2151.42,2154.926"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the inside and move it to the outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2154.926,2156.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And essentially toss off, you know, stuff out here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2156.88,2160.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which carries away angular momentum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2160.49,2163.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And since this stuff now has less, it can move in closer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2163.38,2167.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a way for a disc to creek to the center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2167.34,2171.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By forming spiral lines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2171.58,2173.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we think something similar to this happens in discs as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2173.26,2176.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They probably have spiral lines, and they have ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2176.87,2179.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of dumping angular momentum in the inside from the outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2179.76,2181.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the core material can flow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2181.85,2184.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the central stone, so all this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2184.37,2188.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a picture of the galaxy, but probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2188.177,2190.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a monetary disc looks, something like that as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2190.55,2193.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, I'm gonna go back to the slides now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2194.99,2197.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To show you, real discs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2198.95,2201.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we're gonna do is, we were in Orion here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2203.81,2206.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're gonna stay in the constellation of Orion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2206.98,2209.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we're gonna go to the famous Orion Nebula.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2209.6,2211.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is in fact, one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2215.42,2218.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the most prolific, nearby star forming regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2218.143,2220.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why it's a nebula.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2220.43,2222.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is kind of what it looks like in a big telescope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2223.66,2226.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From the ground, this is probably one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2226.78,2228.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the best earth, based images of the Orion Nebula.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2228.68,2233.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just to orient you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2233.09,2234.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you're looking at here is the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2234.07,2236.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have a molecular cloud, it's long as usual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2236.93,2240.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's pointed right at us basically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2240.2,2241.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can think of it as a big cigar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2241.68,2244.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the near end, we can't see through it of course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2244.53,2247.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can only see the front tip,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2247.54,2249.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the front tip is, is somebody's lit it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2249.8,2252.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has been lit by the process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2252.2,2253.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of star formation, right near the tip.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2253.87,2256.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Star formation is also going on inside,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2256.73,2259.218"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we can't see that, 'cause it's hidden by the dust,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2259.218,2261.218"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we can see it, at the tip near us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2261.218,2263.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you, this is the tip of the cigar here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2263.3,2266.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's lit up by these four stars here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2266.65,2268.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are four of them right there called the trapezium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2268.893,2271.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are high mass stars that formed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2271.63,2273.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last million years or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2273.3,2275.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're providing all the light, basically for, for this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2275.09,2279.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And now we're gonna, zoom in on this scene","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2279.25,2282.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and see star formation in action.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2282.7,2284.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So now we're closer, here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2287.18,2288.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can see the four stars again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2288.59,2291.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's mostly this one that, that provides the light.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2291.09,2294.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That one is several tens of math, times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2294.77,2298.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mass of our sun, and the way stars work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2298.1,2301.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That means it's a hundred thousand times brighter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2301.07,2303.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than our sun and pretty ultra violet too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2303.87,2306.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's producing a tremendous amount,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2306.23,2307.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of high energy radiation, which is lighting all this up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2307.98,2310.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, this is, this is a Hubble Space Telescope image.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2312.23,2316.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we're now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2316.1,2316.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're gonna basically keep zooming in on this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2316.933,2319.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're gonna take a look at some,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2319.6,2321.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these other little objects that you see here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2321.33,2323.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're all newly forming stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2323.64,2325.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(coughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2326.647,2327.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here we've gotten a little closer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2327.75,2329.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now you can see them a little better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2329.7,2331.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This one looks kind of funny, doesn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2331.91,2333.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's like it might have a little tail or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2335.244,2337.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or even closer, is the four stars again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2339.72,2343.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now you can really see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2343.84,2345.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are other objects around here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2345.56,2347.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they all have little tails,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2347.027,2349.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and little tails all points away, from that star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2349.35,2353.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So now the star is up, up off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2358.82,2361.199"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you can just barely see the spikes there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2361.199,2363.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, some more details.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2363.24,2365.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they have glowing tips, and little tails, basically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2365.07,2369.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's happening is the, the high energy particles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2369.55,2372.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and radiation from this, big star coming down, encountering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2372.38,2377.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a newly forming star, there's a shock wave out front,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2377.44,2381.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that heats up, so that's the glowing tip there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2381.42,2384.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the stuff drives by that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2384.59,2387.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and starts stripping away material.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2387.36,2389.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From that, that little core, that was trying to make a star,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2389.24,2391.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that material is the tail there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2391.917,2394.892"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they all look a little like tadpoles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2394.892,2397.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the effect of the high mass star is that it's,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2397.04,2399.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's really kind of eating away,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2399.66,2402.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at these poor stars that are trying to form.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2402.09,2404.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's an even closer view, of one of those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2406.84,2411.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's the glowing tip, there's the tail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2411.1,2412.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And now if you look very carefully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2412.97,2414.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see a, a black, something inside there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2414.49,2419.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is the actual disc, that I was talking about before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2419.0,2423.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cloud is mostly collapsed down to the disc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2423.73,2426.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The size of the disc is therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2426.75,2428.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the size of the solar system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2428.22,2429.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, that's a, that's a solar system that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2429.61,2432.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, the diameter of that disc is probably, three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2432.95,2436.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or four times the orbit of Pluto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2436.5,2438.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that kind of gives you a scale on this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2439.92,2442.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's another disc right there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2443.25,2446.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that disc doesn't have the, shock and the tail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2446.0,2449.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because it's actually, albums frontal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2449.48,2452.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the situation, enough with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2452.0,2453.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the high mass star hasn't gotten to it yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2453.66,2456.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're just seeing it silhouetted, against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2456.1,2457.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this glowing left gas behind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2457.75,2460.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there, again, you can see that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2460.353,2461.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a round disc, and you can actually even see the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2461.43,2465.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the star forming in the middle of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2465.08,2467.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little glowing red dot there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2467.96,2469.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are the first actual pictures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2470.46,2473.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of newly forming stars with discs around them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2473.5,2477.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course you probably, most of you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2478.29,2481.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our solar system, must have formed in this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2481.15,2483.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because it's configured like a disc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2483.23,2485.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2485.74,2486.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's an even closer view of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2490.75,2492.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that, that does the sort of edge on, looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2492.63,2496.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at it from the edge, this disc has kind of fazed on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2496.24,2498.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's the star, forming in the middle of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2498.667,2501.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's another one, you can't see it so well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2501.93,2503.424"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there's something dark in there too, basically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2503.424,2506.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of these stars form with little discs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2506.5,2510.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the reason they glow like this, is just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2510.337,2512.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of their proximity to the, to the big bully.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2512.19,2514.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they weren't near there, they wouldn't look like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2515.94,2518.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They would just be discs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2518.47,2519.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then they'd be a lot harder to see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2519.69,2521.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't have, we wouldn't have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2521.35,2522.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this glowing background to see them against either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2522.183,2524.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here's a way from a, a massive star now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2528.45,2531.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a dark cloud again, and inside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2531.62,2536.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that cloud there's a star forming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2537.27,2540.176"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could see it in the infrared,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2540.176,2541.461"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we can't see it in an optical picture like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2541.461,2543.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very, right about in here somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2543.063,2545.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But look at this, there's something else weird going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2546.95,2550.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a, something comes, poking up out of the, out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2550.81,2554.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the dark cloud, and heads off into space.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2554.1,2556.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it kind of looks like a shock wave again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2556.98,2559.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And actually back here, there's the reverse shock wave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2560.2,2563.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can actually measure the velocities of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2563.84,2566.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is coming out in a couple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2566.32,2567.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of hundred kilometers per second, in that direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2567.43,2571.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this one is going the other way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2571.49,2573.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So something else is going on here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2574.29,2576.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's a close up, of the one coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2577.82,2579.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that comes punching out of the cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2579.83,2582.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a stream of gas, moving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2582.37,2583.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in several hundred kilometers per second,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2583.96,2586.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's wandering off into space like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2586.4,2588.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I said, there's a reverse one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2588.95,2590.527"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the other direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2590.527,2592.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they both point back to the star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2592.64,2595.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's forming inside that cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2595.78,2598.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's a better example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2600.97,2603.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This one is not, sort of hidden by the dark cloud.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2603.58,2606.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't see the star itself though.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2607.13,2608.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's, it is hidden still by its dust envelope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2608.87,2611.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But pretty soon we see this jet of material.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2611.92,2615.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It looks pretty straight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2615.12,2617.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has shock waves periodically because it's kind of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2617.17,2620.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's kind of a, inconsistent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2620.287,2623.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It blows hard and then blows south and blows hard again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2623.84,2626.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then that produces a series of shocks out the jet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2626.28,2629.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in this case too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2629.91,2631.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a reverse jet going the other way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2631.16,2633.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here, here's the last, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2633.95,2636.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was the first, first way out here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2636.27,2639.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes you don't see it there, but it's still there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2639.12,2643.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You only see it when it lights up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2643.08,2644.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of shock waves basically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2644.46,2645.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we know there's material flowing here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2645.92,2647.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is the other solution to the angular momentum problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2648.82,2652.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The disc was the first solution, stuff came in, couldn't,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2652.73,2656.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't dump any more angular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2656.77,2658.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it made a disc around the star,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2658.01,2659.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the disc, tries to dump angular momentum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2660.98,2662.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and get stuff near the star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2662.84,2665.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when we look at these stars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2665.07,2666.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not rotating very fast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2666.83,2669.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I said, there's been a huge scale change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2669.03,2671.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So somehow you got to dump more angular momentum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2671.92,2673.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before you can actually get material,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2673.91,2675.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on to the star and build it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2675.57,2677.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that, the other dump occurs right next to the star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2677.576,2681.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And again, involves magnetic fields.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2681.317,2683.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't describe it here, but let's just say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2683.65,2686.934"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that nature has a mechanism, to allow the rest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2686.934,2691.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the angular momentum to be thrown off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2691.07,2693.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the last second, along the rotation axis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2693.13,2696.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in both directions, and generate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2696.72,2698.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these very spectacular flows away from the star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2698.91,2702.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They go very quickly and high velocity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2702.35,2704.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they carry away a lot of angular momentum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2704.67,2706.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that allows the other material to them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2706.72,2708.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally go onto the star, and finish making it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2708.65,2711.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if we could have a picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2713.6,2715.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we can really see the star,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2715.89,2717.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we can't do that yet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2717.66,2718.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but maybe we'll be able to do it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2718.94,2720.886"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 20 or 30 years, we might see this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2720.886,2722.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this would be the very inner region of the disc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2722.28,2725.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are magnetic field lines, now coming out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2725.21,2727.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the star itself, they interrupt the disc","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2727.16,2730.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the, in the last bit, and there's a mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2730.497,2733.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by which the field lines stuff around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2733.31,2736.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it goes shooting out, and a helix along.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2736.157,2739.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The two rotation axis, carrying away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2739.56,2741.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of angular momentum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2741.41,2743.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that, that finally allows the rest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2743.35,2745.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the stuff to fall onto the star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2745.18,2748.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we see those jets, and we don't see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2748.09,2751.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can't see this kind of detail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2752.42,2753.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that, that all comes from theory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2753.95,2755.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is the, the next phase of, of star formation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2760.18,2764.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cloud core is still flowing in onto the disc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2767.74,2770.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the region of the core near the poles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2771.567,2774.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rotation poles has been cleared out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2774.86,2777.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that was all low layer, random stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2777.16,2779.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's already fallen down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2779.31,2781.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it opens up a, a cavity along the rotation axis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2781.18,2786.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, there is protector of jet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2786.206,2788.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which punches away right along,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2788.47,2790.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the axis there, carrying off the rest of the new star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2790.73,2794.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as a natural consequences of this whole process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2796.61,2799.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get a circumstellar disc, around the star","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2799.43,2802.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of about solar system size.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2802.42,2803.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What the suggestion from all of that is, planetary systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2806.22,2809.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are probably pretty common,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2809.84,2811.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this is the setup to make planets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2811.77,2815.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it looks like, you kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2815.587,2816.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to get that in order to make stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2816.923,2819.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's not very unusual, to have this situation arise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2819.77,2824.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One last.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=2829.902,2830.735"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26766/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/766/original/AV204735_The_Birth_of_Stars_and_Planets_a.vtt?1622064259","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/766/original/AV204735_The_Birth_of_Stars_and_Planets_a.vtt?1622064259"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26767","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204735_The_Birth_of_Stars_and_Planets_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265/transcript/26767/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Our lecture, it's really a real pleasure for us to have with us a very extinguished astronomer, Gibor Basri from University of California, Berkeley. Basri is a native of Colorado, grew up in Fort Collins area. He has a Bachelors Degree in physics, from Stanford, PhD in astrophysics from the University of Colorado. He's been a, has a long list of distinguished awards, which I will take time to read but, he's been at the U.C. Berkeley since leaving CU. So Basri.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much. Thanks for inviting me here. I love talking about this topic because it's, one of the very general interest. So, you know, people have been wondering about how, how the earth got here, and how the sun got here, since people have been wondering, and of course you've heard lots, of myths from various cultures, about the formation of the earth and the formation of the sun and so on. I'm gonna give you the latest, the latest myth except this myth, is unlike the other myths, and that I'm gonna back this one up with, with lots of pictures of these things actually going on. So, I think for the first time in human history, we have the ability to actually see how, solar systems are made, and this is really only happened in the past 20 years or so. So, it's been an exciting time in astronomy. It's not over yet, there's a fair amount of advances that are gonna occur in the next 20 years. That will tell us even more, about how solar systems are formed. But I think that it's, it's an appropriate time to talk about this now. And it also generates a lot of pretty pictures. So, I hope that there, I know there are a variety of people here. I will try not to go over anyone's head, but I will promise you, that at least you'll see some pretty pictures. And I actually do encourage people, to raise their hand during the lecture. If you, if I'm confusing you or you have a question about something, go ahead and stop me. I can always adjust the lecture to accommodate such things. So, so please do, I prefer an interactive audiences. So with that, I go ahead and kill some of the lights. There's still some lights left. If everyone's okay with this, we'll go with this. Maybe we should focus. Probably. Each one is different. Maybe we turn the lens, yeah there we go. You can tell that I'm an observer. figure that out as opposed to a theorist. Okay. So, probably most of you know, the basic story behind star formation. This is a picture taken of the, the Milky Way or galaxy, it's a pretty close up picture. You see lots and lots of stars, but you also see that, apparently there's a region here where stars are missing. And in the, in the last century, when people saw this, they, they actually thought stars were missing there. But it was just some kind of hole in the galaxy, but today we know that this is actually a dark cloud, which is blocking the view of all the stars behind it. So, the few stars that you see there, you can now interpret this, as being in front of this dark cloud, and all the stuff that wouldn't look like this, if it weren't for this dark cloud. The dark cloud is made of what we call dust. It's called dust, original name. It's, it's not like the dust in your, under your bed exactly, it's much smaller. These are micron sized particles of silicates and graphites. They are produced in the atmospheres, of red giant stars, the stars are dying and get very cool carbon and silicon and condense out as the stars it condenses out, and is blown out into the interstellar medium, and later it collects into clouds again. And this is one such cloud. Along with that dust is about a hundred times it's mass, in gas, if we say gas and astronomy. We mean mostly hydrogen, 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by number, which is what the universe is made of. So, so this is a, it's a cloud which is not quite primordial stuff. It's mostly hydrogen helium, but it has, this dust in it. So, these kinds of clouds didn't occur, early in the galaxy before the star has made the dust, but these days, there's plenty of this dust around. And the dust is just a marker here. It's a marker for a place in the in the medium, between the stars, the interstellar medium, where for one reason or another, and we don't understand this fully, the stuff has become more dense. There's been a collection into a cloud. And around this cloud is, is a very diffused interstellar medium, with not so much dust in it. That's kind of holding it in place. That's the site of star formation. And one thing that we certainly know, is that, star formation is an ongoing process in our galaxy. It's not as though the galaxy was made a long time ago and all the stars, it's still full of gas and dust. And it's still producing stars that are, at a rate of about two to 10 per year. Two to 10 solar masses per year, somewhere in the galaxy a star is formed. As you'll hear later, it's not like, you know, one day, it's not there and the next day it's there. It takes, on average a few hundred thousand years. to actually collapse one of these clouds, into stars, but it's an ongoing process. And that's sort of the average formation rate. So here is another view, of an interstellar region where stars are made, this, this is the famous Horsehead Nebula. Maybe I should do it this way. It looks like a horse head, that is just a cloud of dust again, the dust is dark and blocks the light behind it. So, you can see that this cloud here is in front of this, this is red glowing fire behind it, but all of this stuff, is the stuff of which stars should be and are in fact, they may. So this one is actually a region, of ongoing star formation right now. It's the next cloud. This very bright star here, was made in that cloud, only a couple of million years ago. And you have to get used to, you know the way astronomers talk about this stuff. When I say a very short time, I mean, you know a million years or less, and if I say a long time, I mean a million years. So, those are the timescales but you can see that, there's sort of in homogeneous, they're clumps. Some of them are being lit up by stars that were formed there. So these blue areas are being, are just reflecting starlight much the way our sky is blue preferentially. The red is the hydrogen itself glowing, under the ultraviolet radiation from the star. So when you look at pictures of nebula, nebulae you are seeing gas and dust, which is only seen because stars are forming they're in white light. So, what I want to talk about today is the, is the actual process by which, stars are made first of all. And then I will go on and talk about, wants to next stars. What about making planets too. Let's try the first slide, now. Oh, okay. There, when these clouds form in the interstellar medium. Most of them are, not all that dense. And they're not dense enough in fact to collapse under their own weight and make stars. But some fraction of them, become quite dense and they become what we call, molecular clouds. And the reason we call them that is because, the hydrogen, you saw the glowing red hydrogen in the last slide that hydrogen, gets dense enough that the hydrogen atoms combine into molecules and becomes molecular hydrogen. And, then you can't see it so easily. And so we have to use a proxy tracers. This one was done in, in carbon monoxide. This is actually an image taken by a radio telescope of a molecular cloud. And the emission that you see is all coming from carbon monoxide, but we know the ratio of carbon monoxide to molecular hydrogen. So we can tell how much mass is in this cloud. Just to give you a scale here. This would be maybe 50 light years, along this whole cloud. And the amount of mass, that's in there might be a hundred thousand solar masses, a hundred thousand times the mass of our sun. So this is a, a dense enough cloud, that, in the insides of it, that dust blocks all starlight. So inside the cloud, it gets very cold and dense, and it's kind of protected from the, ultraviolet radiation of our galaxy, and molecules conform and stay. And that's what you're seeing here, the molecular remission of the molecular, radio emission is a tracer of where the interstellar medium has gotten quite dense. Dense enough to make these molecular clouds. And it's only there that, the cloud finally becomes so dense it can collapse under it's own weight, and make a star. This is a, optical picture of the same kind of region. So, so now you're not seeing the insides of it. The radio telescope is able to penetrate all the way through the cloud, and you can see, molecular remission from the whole thing, optically, as you saw, dust kind of blocks your view. So here you're just sort of more, more just seeing the surface of it, but, this again, this is several light years across. And you're just seeing the glowing outside, of what is in fact a big complex of a molecular material, which will make stars. This is a rather wide field picture. The constellation of Orion, for those of you, who know sort of encompasses this area here, this is the Milky Way, and the region of Orion and this picture is taken in infrared light, infrared of course is sort of heat radiation. What happens is the dust, as stars begin to form in there, the dust heats up and begins to emit infrared light. And infrared light penetrates the dust better than visible light does. So we can actually see down, into these clouds in the infrared light, where we can only see the tops of them basically, with visible wavelengths. So you're seeing an infrared picture, and all this glowing stuff is picking out, hot dust. And the dust is glowing because, stars are forming in there. So all these bright regions here, we know, are regions where stars are, are just now forming or have recently formed. And heating the dust up, notice this is ring light feature here too. Well, that's this again, we've zoomed in a little bit. In the middle there, is a pretty bright star that formed recently, and as we'll hear The once we make a luminous star, it starts damaging its environment. It starts actually, how I know high-velocity wind, and its radiation moves up and ionizes things, and sort of starts determining interstellar medium. And essentially it's blowing a bubble, in the, in the dust, and that will eventually disrupt that whole part of the, the cloud complex. And so, the process of star formation also is a process of destruction. The stars in the end destroy their own nursery. And so it turns out, that when you have a molecular cloud with a hundred thousand solar masses, it doesn't make a hundred thousand suns. The process is a good deal, less efficient than that. You might make 10,000 or 1000 stars before, the cloud is disrupted. That whole process goes on, over a sort of 10 million years or so. And by then the star formation region, has been shredded, and no more stars form there. And that stuff goes out, and eventually clumps into cloud somewhere else, and can start again. This graph is a little more technical, don't, don't worry about it. I'm just gonna use it to remind myself, of a few things I want to tell you. So this is sort of a cut, cut away from a molecular cloud. There's the molecular cloud here. The scale, as I said, is tens of light years. These are huge features in the galaxy,. And all I wanted to say about really, first of all on the outside, the densities are very low, sort of a 100th of a particle per cubic centimeter. You have to have a block, a 100 cubic centimeters in order to find one atom, that's what the medium between the stars is really like, except for where these clouds are. As you come to the cloud, there's kind of a skin of atomic hydrogen on it, where the, this very, this very low density stuff, it's very hot. So, the hydrogen is ionized, electrons are stripped off, not even neutral hydrogen. There's a skin on the cloud where the hydrogen is neutral. And the temperature is something like 10,000 degrees. And then inside of that, the density is much more like 300 particles per cubic centimeter. So that, that, that's, the sense in which these clouds inside an empty sky, and the temperature is also very low. 10 degrees above absolute zero. So these are very cold, relatively dense concentrations of hydrogen molecules, within those there are even denser concentrations and that's where you makes stars. So this is all, kind of a turbulent cloud. You can think of what if he asks you why you're in there and running into itself. And it makes plots that are, much denser yet. This has the density of something like 10,000 particles per cubic centimeter. And that's just sort of the average density, and the size of it, might be maybe, only now one line here. Okay, and the mass in one of those clumps, might only be one or two times the basketball size. So that, that shows you sort of, It's these little clumps, within the molecular cloud which actually collapse to make stars. The cloud as a whole is just there, to produce it's clumps, and once you make one of these very dense clumps, then it will actually collapse to make a star. Well that was sort of a theoretical picture. Here's a, here's a real picture. You've probably, most of you have seen this. This is one of the most famous images, from the Hubble Space Telescope. This is a molecular cloud. You can see the dark, the dark dust. It looks like a pillar of dust. Of course there's no, there's no down or up. It's just, you know, like, I can show up this way as well, it's just a cloud. And this one is kind of long. And in fact, that's typically how they are. They're not, they're not round clouds. They are usually stringy concentrations of gas. And what's happening here is, this was a bigger cloud, and a very massive star formed. It's not in the picture, and it's now shining down on this cloud. And blasting, it with a high velocity wind and it's eroding away, the molecular material. So what you see at this point in time, is you actually could see it, see all this sort of blue stuff, looks like it's kind of blowing off the surface. But the high mass star that's formed there, is in fact boiling off the, boiling away the molecular cloud, it's got enough energy to do that. All these little finger like things. And I have a close up, and here's the top of that cloud. This gives you a better feel, for the fact that the clouds are not uniformed. They're very clumpy, they have, you know, dense regions and less dense regions. And they look kind of turkey, that's how they are. Each of these little fingers here, are essentially dense clumps, like the ones I was talking about. So, so as I said, the scale is very big. One light year, you know, the sort of the size of one of these fingers, and what's happening is, there's a dense clump there. The high mass star is shining down on them, but that dense clump is casting a shadow. So the material behind it, is kind of protected from the blast from the high mass star. So it remains, after the other stuff gets eroded way. So these, these fingers are basically shadows, of dense clumps, and around them, the high mass star is eroding away, with dense clumps itself is casting a shadow, which allows the material, to remain one for that is long fingers. So if you ever wondered, what you were actually looking at this picture of as what you're looking at. So we would expect that you might, have a star forming sort of a the tip of each of these things. And to think, when you're looking at infrared you often find, a star very in sight. You can't see it on optical light, because the dust blocks your view. But as you, use more penetrating infrared radiation. You can see in there, and you can actually see, that stars are forming in those various clumps. You can also see that, this isn't gonna go on forever. The stars are just eroding away, the whole, the whole complex and so in a few million years, this will all be gone. Those stars that are forming there will be exposed. And that will be the end of the story in that region. So let's zoom in, on one of those clumps now and ask what happens inside there. How does the actual process of star formation take place? Again, this is more complicated than it needs to be, so I'm just gonna use it as a guide. so here's, here's one of those clumps, the magnetic field that's in there is important, and I'm not gonna talk about it. the green lines help support the cloud against clamps, For those of you who care, we won't talk about them. All we'll say is, that the more dense the material is the more likely it is to collapse. And the way these things are structured, they are densest in the middle. And so the middle, very center of the cone is most dense and most likely to collapse first. And so, in fact, when the star is formed is by an inside out, collapse. The collapse begins at the central, because that's the densest and stuff starts falling in. It's no longer supported, by the magnetic fields, or by thermal pressure and it falls towards the center. Where of course, it finally hits and everything comes to the center, and it's, itself and it starts coming the other way. And you begin to build up a star there. Well, as stuff falls, in the free fall loss. Now it's just, there's no air resistance. So it falls in, with increasingly high velocities, in fact, super cycle. So stuff's falling faster than the speed of sound, in this video, which means that the information that that it fell can only propagate out at the speed of sound. So, so basically stuff drops away and it gets to the center quickly. And the information that it fell, you know slowly makes its way out into the cloud. So you develop a, an empty center with an abject like a star at the center. Then there's kind of an empty space. The rest of the cloud doesn't know what happened yet. And then the information that it's falling, moves out at the speed of sound, and sort of an implosion wave, eats it's way out through the core way to reach that point. It starts falling towards the center. So you can think of it as an inside out collapse starting in the center first, of course when the stuff lands there. It's moving very fast. These objects at the center, and a lot of heat is released. So that object is glowing. In fact, it heats up to several thousand degrees, like a star, although there's no nuclear fusion or anything going on, so the initial energy through all this just comes from gravity. Stuff drops in, heats it up, lights up like a star. So this is glowing like a star, but of course it's surrounded by this, this dense core, that is dust. So the light can't get out. The light shines back out through this empty region, and illuminates the eclosion wave area. And there it's absorbed by the dust and converted back. Oh, that's a few kilometers per second. And the free fall velocities are a few hundred kilometers per second, so it's much faster. And so, because it's a few kilometers per second and the scale of this is sort of a light year. You can work it out. It takes a few hundred thousand years for these things to collapse. So that sets the basic timescale, the light comes back out, and it's absorbed by this dust, converted to heat, it's infrared radiation, infrared radiation can gradually see through this, so from the outside what you first see, is a very huge glowing core, which is glowing in infrared. you can actually see the star forming in the center. If you're looking in visible infrared see the other surface of the dust, which is letting light go. And that's what you see glowing as infrared object. Referral is laying on the side. That's, that's the first sign of a forming star, yeah. The galaxy is pervaded by a magnetic field. it's cause is pretty complex, but basically there's a lot of charged particles, in the galaxy and they move around. It makes a dynamo, and generates field It's not very strong. The field green lines here are order 30 micrograms in the galaxy but, charged particles also can't cross field lines. So as, as the thing wants to collapse, it's gonna either drag the field in with it, or it has to let the field slip through it, and that, that kind of slows things down. It's also for, it's dense enough that actually prevents it from collapsing, it has to become dense enough that the, pull of gravity by the matter, is able to overcome the resistance, of the magnetic field. Yeah. Okay, well, I said everything's dropping down on the star. I lied, that's not quite right. And in fact, the fact that it's not quite right, is responsible for planets. So it's, an important detail not to gloss over. So let me back up a little bit, and talk about angular momentum for a second. You know, there are various levels of sophistication here. I'll be insulting some people, other people will be interested in this. There is a quantity called angular momentum, which is basically a spin inertia of something. It's a mass times velocity, which moving times the radius from the rotation axis. So we've all seen this in action on a skater is spinning. She puts her arms out there. Her arms are out of a certain distance, from the rotation axis. And they're moving at a certain speed, as she pulls her arms in, the product of the velocity and the distance has to remain constant. Angular momentum must be observed. So, since the distance is decreasing, the velocity has increased to compensate. That is why, when skaters pull their arms in, they accelerate faster and faster. So you've seen that in action. And that same principle, is gonna operate here as well. So if I had a ball, like this and spinning with a certain velocity at the surface, and I contract the ball, then conservation angular momentum tells me that the velocity has to increase, as the radius decreases, that's the, that's the principle. Now these molecular cloud that I was talking about, they all have some spin, it ain't much. They spin once every few million years. Okay, on the other hand, there are light year across, now stars not a light year across, right. The stars a few light seconds across, second in a year have a big ratio with each other 10 million. So, if the velocity was very slow to begin with, but I decrease the radius by 10 million times, you can imagine the velocity is gonna be a whole lot more. And in fact, what happens is before you could make a star, you run into you run into a problem because the other, the other thing that happens when you're spinning. If you spin a lock on a string, right, spin it around, and feel a force pulling out, it's called centrifugal force. That force pulls out away from the, center of rotation. Well, what, what's acting like a spring in this situation, it's gravity, gravity is the only thing pulling things towards the center. And it's like spinning faster and faster. This force pulls them away from the center rows, until finally it grows to the point where, when I get to that point, I'm not gonna fall in anymore. I'm gonna have to stop there, I'm gonna have to stay up that, that order which centrifugal force balances, gravity in fact that's how orbit turn. They are, the path of which centrifugal force. Just kind of like gravity, That's why the spacial doesn't fall down because it's centrifugal force out, that's one way to look at it. We'll leave it at that. Okay, so we have this collapsing core and it has a little bit of spin. Now, gravity is pulling towards the center. Okay, but there, there's some rotation axis for the sport as well, as material is pulled towards the rotation axis, it gets more centrifugal force. So it becomes harder and harder for gravity to pull it in. on the other hand, if I dropped the material down here, down to the equatorial plane, I don't change the distance for the rotation axis. So that's easy to do, it's fine for gravity to pull stuff down this way. And of course, this is also down in this picture, 'cause gravity is in the center here. So I can go this way, and I can go that way without running into any angular momentum problems. But when I try to go this way, towards the center. I have this increasing centrifugal force. So it's easy for gravity to collapse a thing, towards the equatorial plane, but it's hard for it to pull it in, towards the rotation axis. What does this mean? Why, why do I care about all this? Well, this is what's gonna happen. The stuff that is near the rotation axis, has low angular momentum because it had blown off. So it just drops right down to the center. So the initial stuff forms a star. It sort of falls in along the rotation axis. But the stuff that's coming from the, from the, outer parts, as it falls in it starts spinning faster and faster until gravity counteracts. It's counteracted by centrifugal force. It could come down though, to the equatorial plane where it is met by other stuff that's coming up from the other side, they crash into each other. They cancel their, velocity up and down. And that was just left with, with rotation, and motion in the equatorial plane. So everything is gonna settle down, into this equatorial plane, and it's gonna come in towards the center until, centrifugal force balances. So once again end up looking like everything collapsed. The equatorial plane shrank in, to some distance not all the way to the star. And there it is spinning, and that configuration looks like a disc. So the cloud doesn't collapse to a sphere, at the center rather it collapses to a disc. And the size of the disc, the outermost raised in the disc is just set by, how much spin on the outside, how much can I bring that in before, it's centrifugal force is counteracted, by the gravity of everything inside. Well, the scale of discs that are set that way, is a hundred to a few hundred times, the discs of the earth and the sun. Those of you who know the size of our solar system, it's sort of 50 or a hundred of these units. That's not an accident. The typical span and molecular sophomores will produce a typical disc, which is basically solar system sized. Interesting, yeah. Everything spins. It's a, yeah, there's not a lot. But what happens, in practice is, everything is terminal and particular in the galaxy. There's a particular effect going on, which is like in the solar system. in the solar system, the further you go from the sun, the slower you have to go around, right? You know, away from the sun, the gravity is less. So the centrifugal force dominate. Now, just imagine two adjacent organs. The inner one goes a little faster, than the outer one, for that reason. Right now imagine that it's, it's not orbit but just sort of gas. So the inner part of the gas, is gonna move a little faster than the outer part of the gas. Well, that's gonna kind of generate a little vortex where, you know, fluid is moving at different streams will generate, vorticity spinning. So that's going out in the galaxy. So automatically, you're gonna get spin for that reason. That of course, it's much more chaotic. So, that's certainly one eddies near each other. The bottom line is, there's almost nothing in astronomy that doesn't have some angular momentum to it. Okay. So, but there's a typical amount of angular momentum, as I said that typical amount of angular momentum, given the collapsed, and the original rotation generates, a depth which is, a typical solar system. And that's why, so, I expect discs. I expect a central star and I expect a disc around it. And, the disc in order for the disc to get it's material to the star, it has to, somehow dump the angular momentum it has. And one way it can do that, is by generating spiral models. You may have all wondered why galaxies form, spiral models. The reason is, galaxies like that are also discs. In fact, the process is basically similar with black and scale, instead of a solar systems scale, it collapsed too, yes, for the same reasons. And then gravity would still like to win, if angular momentum is in its way. So it tries to come up with a way, to dump angular momentum. It turns out that the spiral arms, take angular momentum from the inside and move it to the outside. And essentially toss off, you know, stuff out here which carries away angular momentum. And since this stuff now has less, it can move in closer. So it's a way for a disc to creek to the center. By forming spiral lines. we think something similar to this happens in discs as well. They probably have spiral lines, and they have ways of dumping angular momentum in the inside from the outside. So the core material can flow, to the central stone, so all this, this is a picture of the galaxy, but probably a monetary disc looks, something like that as well. Okay, I'm gonna go back to the slides now. To show you, real discs. What we're gonna do is, we were in Orion here. We're gonna stay in the constellation of Orion, and we're gonna go to the famous Orion Nebula. Which is in fact, one of the most prolific, nearby star forming regions. That's why it's a nebula. This is kind of what it looks like in a big telescope. From the ground, this is probably one of the best earth, based images of the Orion Nebula. Just to orient you. What you're looking at here is the, you have a molecular cloud, it's long as usual. But it's pointed right at us basically. So you can think of it as a big cigar, and the near end, we can't see through it of course. We can only see the front tip, and the front tip is, is somebody's lit it, it has been lit by the process of star formation, right near the tip. Star formation is also going on inside, but we can't see that, 'cause it's hidden by the dust, but we can see it, at the tip near us. So you, this is the tip of the cigar here. It's lit up by these four stars here, they are four of them right there called the trapezium. Those are high mass stars that formed in the last million years or so. They're providing all the light, basically for, for this. And now we're gonna, zoom in on this scene and see star formation in action. So now we're closer, here you can see the four stars again. It's mostly this one that, that provides the light. That one is several tens of math, times the mass of our sun, and the way stars work. That means it's a hundred thousand times brighter, than our sun and pretty ultra violet too. So it's producing a tremendous amount, of high energy radiation, which is lighting all this up. Okay, this is, this is a Hubble Space Telescope image. And we're now, we're gonna basically keep zooming in on this. We're gonna take a look at some, of these other little objects that you see here. They're all newly forming stars. So here we've gotten a little closer. Now you can see them a little better. This one looks kind of funny, doesn't it? It's like it might have a little tail or something. Or even closer, is the four stars again. Now you can really see, there are other objects around here, and they all have little tails, and little tails all points away, from that star. So now the star is up, up off, as you can just barely see the spikes there, here, some more details. So they have glowing tips, and little tails, basically what's happening is the, the high energy particles and radiation from this, big star coming down, encountering a newly forming star, there's a shock wave out front, that heats up, so that's the glowing tip there and the stuff drives by that, and starts stripping away material. From that, that little core, that was trying to make a star, and that material is the tail there. So they all look a little like tadpoles. And the effect of the high mass star is that it's, it's really kind of eating away, at these poor stars that are trying to form. Here's an even closer view, of one of those. There's the glowing tip, there's the tail. And now if you look very carefully you see a, a black, something inside there. That is the actual disc, that I was talking about before. The cloud is mostly collapsed down to the disc. The size of the disc is therefore, the size of the solar system. So, that's a, that's a solar system that, that, the diameter of that disc is probably, three or four times the orbit of Pluto. So that kind of gives you a scale on this. Here's another disc right there, that disc doesn't have the, shock and the tail. Because it's actually, albums frontal of the situation, enough with, the high mass star hasn't gotten to it yet. We're just seeing it silhouetted, against this glowing left gas behind. And there, again, you can see that it's a round disc, and you can actually even see the, the star forming in the middle of it, a little glowing red dot there. So these are the first actual pictures, of newly forming stars with discs around them. And of course you probably, most of you know our solar system, must have formed in this way. Because it's configured like a disc. So here they are. There's an even closer view of that. So that, that does the sort of edge on, looking at it from the edge, this disc has kind of fazed on. And there's the star, forming in the middle of it. Here's another one, you can't see it so well but there's something dark in there too, basically all of these stars form with little discs, the reason they glow like this, is just because of their proximity to the, to the big bully. If they weren't near there, they wouldn't look like that. They would just be discs. But then they'd be a lot harder to see. We don't have, we wouldn't have this glowing background to see them against either. So here's a way from a, a massive star now. This is a dark cloud again, and inside of that cloud there's a star forming. We could see it in the infrared, but we can't see it in an optical picture like this. It's very, right about in here somewhere. But look at this, there's something else weird going on. There's a, something comes, poking up out of the, out of the dark cloud, and heads off into space. And it kind of looks like a shock wave again. And actually back here, there's the reverse shock wave. We can actually measure the velocities of this. This is coming out in a couple, of hundred kilometers per second, in that direction. And this one is going the other way. So something else is going on here. Here's a close up, of the one coming that comes punching out of the cloud. It's a stream of gas, moving in several hundred kilometers per second, and it's wandering off into space like this. And as I said, there's a reverse one in the other direction. And they both point back to the star. That's forming inside that cloud. Here's a better example. This one is not, sort of hidden by the dark cloud. You can't see the star itself though. It's, it is hidden still by its dust envelope. But pretty soon we see this jet of material. It looks pretty straight. It has shock waves periodically because it's kind of, it's kind of a, inconsistent. It blows hard and then blows south and blows hard again. And then that produces a series of shocks out the jet. And in this case too, there's a reverse jet going the other way. And here, here's the last, you know, what was the first, first way out here. Sometimes you don't see it there, but it's still there. You only see it when it lights up, because of shock waves basically. So we know there's material flowing here. That is the other solution to the angular momentum problem. The disc was the first solution, stuff came in, couldn't, couldn't dump any more angular. So it made a disc around the star, then the disc, tries to dump angular momentum and get stuff near the star. But when we look at these stars, they're not rotating very fast. And as I said, there's been a huge scale change. So somehow you got to dump more angular momentum, before you can actually get material, on to the star and build it. And that, the other dump occurs right next to the star. And again, involves magnetic fields. I can't describe it here, but let's just say that nature has a mechanism, to allow the rest of the angular momentum to be thrown off, at the last second, along the rotation axis in both directions, and generate these very spectacular flows away from the star. They go very quickly and high velocity, and they carry away a lot of angular momentum, that allows the other material to them, finally go onto the star, and finish making it. So if we could have a picture, where we can really see the star, and we can't do that yet, but maybe we'll be able to do it, in 20 or 30 years, we might see this. So this would be the very inner region of the disc. There are magnetic field lines, now coming out from the star itself, they interrupt the disc and the, in the last bit, and there's a mechanism by which the field lines stuff around. And it goes shooting out, and a helix along. The two rotation axis, carrying away a lot of angular momentum. And that, that finally allows the rest of the stuff to fall onto the star. So we see those jets, and we don't see we can't see this kind of detail. So that, that all comes from theory. So this is the, the next phase of, of star formation. The cloud core is still flowing in onto the disc, the region of the core near the poles. The rotation poles has been cleared out, because that was all low layer, random stuff. That's already fallen down. So it opens up a, a cavity along the rotation axis. And then, there is protector of jet which punches away right along, the axis there, carrying off the rest of the new star. And as a natural consequences of this whole process you get a circumstellar disc, around the star of about solar system size. What the suggestion from all of that is, planetary systems are probably pretty common, because this is the setup to make planets. And it looks like, you kind of have to get that in order to make stars. So it's not very unusual, to have this situation arise. One last.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115265#t=0.0,2836.896"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e So now you can see it's a continuous jet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=7.09,9.455"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It does meander somewhat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=9.455,11.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=12.02,12.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"jet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=14.44,15.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"process is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=15.57,16.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"precessing or somehow unstable in the way it points","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=16.403,18.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=18.9,19.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there's a start buried in there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=19.96,22.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and shooting a jet out this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=22.44,24.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also one this way, of course we can't see that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=24.09,26.934"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=26.934,28.935"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the barriers, that's the final angle, the mental solution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=28.935,33.768"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=40.04,41.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's enough with star formation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=41.5,44.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me move on now to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=46.14,47.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what happens in that disc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=49.19,50.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, first of all, just to reiterate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=51.871,55.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we look at our own solar system, you can always see lots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=55.0,58.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of interesting features to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=58.39,60.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Planets are all orbiting in essentially the same plane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=60.37,63.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what gives rise to the Zodiac.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=63.58,65.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zodiac is the plane of our disc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=66.44,70.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cut into the sky,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=70.38,71.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where all the planets travel in line.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=71.57,74.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They all go in the same direction too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=75.973,78.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all rotating and all going the same way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=79.59,82.101"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as though they were all (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=82.101,84.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this plane, which rotated one way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=84.947,87.718"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The orbits are fairly circular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=87.718,89.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also the moon's over in the same direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=91.57,94.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then there's another kind of regularity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=94.41,96.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the inner planets are relatively small","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=96.32,98.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and basically rocky, standing on one of those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=98.65,103.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the other planets are relatively larger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=103.1,106.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and mostly gaseous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=106.62,107.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=109.446,110.279"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the spacing of the planets are somewhat regular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=110.279,112.888"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to tell you right now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=112.888,113.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have no clue what that means,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=113.82,116.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably means something,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=117.85,118.919"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but nobody knows what it means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=118.919,120.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the basic implications of these facts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=120.77,124.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the solar system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=124.06,125.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they must've formed a single flattened rotating system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=125.48,129.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a disc around our summit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=129.91,131.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the other thing you might take away is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=132.641,134.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the distance from the sun mattered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=134.59,137.264"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the formation of planets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=137.264,139.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some were rocky, others were gaseous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=139.38,142.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=144.492,145.325"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can then ask,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=148.0,149.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"okay now I see all these disks around other stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=149.74,153.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do they have enough mass to make systems like ours?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=153.3,156.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are they probably be doing that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=156.87,159.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, here is a answer to the first part of the question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=159.3,164.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a plot of how many discs we see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=164.07,168.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have given mass, this is the solar masses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=168.07,171.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this would be a disc that has the same masses as the sun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=171.69,176.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't see any of those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=176.063,178.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We see some that have a few (indistinct) of our sun's mass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=178.08,181.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then lots of them that are here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=181.03,183.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=185.12,186.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"line right here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=186.5,187.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is how massive we think the disc","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=187.92,190.122"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that made our solar system was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=190.122,192.618"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you take the planets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=192.618,194.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you remember that there used to be a lot of gas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=194.56,196.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along with that dust,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=196.74,197.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then again we ask how much mass was there a total?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=197.887,201.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was about one percent of the mass of our sun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=201.58,204.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=204.58,205.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of these discs have one mass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=206.49,208.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So apparently there was no lack","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=209.937,211.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of material to build a solar system similar to ours,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=211.323,216.004"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a typical star that forms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=216.004,218.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Promising.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=221.04,221.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, we can even see in some cases there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=225.01,229.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here are a couple of pictures of older stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=229.72,233.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now these are not forming anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=233.57,235.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess I didn't say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=235.61,237.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these discs are there when the stars are forming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=237.11,240.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then we can see them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=240.35,241.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for about 10 million years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=241.98,244.175"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then they vanish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=244.175,245.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're not quite sure why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=245.86,247.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way that we see them is with dust,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=247.7,251.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its micron-sized dust particles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=251.2,253.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if the dust would coagulate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=254.14,255.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=255.79,256.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with marbles, we wouldn't see it anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=256.623,259.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's one way they could describe it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=259.54,261.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another way of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=261.39,262.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is they could creep onto the star, or disc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=262.223,265.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the star might blow them away too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=266.8,269.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we actually don't know what destroys the discs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=269.27,272.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are gone after about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=272.967,273.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"10 million years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=273.883,275.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they might be gone because they're starting to make planets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=275.37,278.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that doesn't necessarily mean anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=278.18,280.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But here are some older stars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=280.72,283.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is reflected light,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=283.0,286.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on dust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=286.02,286.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see there's a disc around this star,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=287.87,290.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a disc around this one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=290.47,291.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact it looks like a rim.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=291.67,293.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't know of any way to convert a disc to a ring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=294.335,297.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except by putting some kind of body in there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=297.33,301.956"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to disturb it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=301.956,302.977"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, this might be evidence for a planet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=302.977,305.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orbiting inside of here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=305.58,307.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=308.49,309.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For sure there is dust there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=309.56,310.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it has this ring-like character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=310.993,313.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=313.55,314.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct chatter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=315.498,318.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, the axis artifact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=318.9,321.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct 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picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=326.37,327.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=327.62,328.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) of Neptune's orbit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=328.453,329.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just for scale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=329.82,331.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are actually 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Neptune,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=339.95,343.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it extended much beyond that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=344.378,347.092"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the so-called Quipper belt of 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them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=360.3,361.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just in the last five years or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=361.57,363.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the remains of our own disc are still out 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orbit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=368.59,371.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comparable to these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=371.65,373.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is the basic picture that we 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disc","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=389.97,393.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of gas and dust,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=393.223,395.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's about 100 times as much gas as dust originally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=395.59,398.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the dust begins to coagulate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=401.04,403.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the inner part of the disc gets 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condense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=411.034,413.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rock condenses a lot more easily than ice condenses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=413.03,416.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I can melt ice, but I can have rock not 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though,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=423.23,424.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it gets cold enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=424.63,426.094"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that ice can not melt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=426.094,428.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's actually about the distance of Jupiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=428.31,430.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There, you can get water ice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=431.72,434.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ammonia ice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=434.2,435.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and methane ice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=435.1,436.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are much more common elements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=436.6,438.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than those involved hydrogen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=438.67,441.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with oxygen, carbon and nitrogen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=441.38,444.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All that's much more common with silicon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=444.37,447.052"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the things that rocks are made of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=447.052,450.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's far more icy material out here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=450.15,453.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than there is rocky material here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=453.35,455.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So maybe that explains the basic fact 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honest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=472.04,474.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that conversion process isn't very well understood either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=474.29,479.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the part where we wave our hands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=479.253,481.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we can start off with these dust grains,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=481.55,484.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very tiny,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=484.46,486.005"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and dust grains clump into planetesimals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=486.005,489.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we have these micron-sized 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=501.81,504.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't work very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=504.39,505.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Snow on the other hand works quite well for making balls,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=505.23,508.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so it's easier to understand how you might clump","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=508.543,511.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"icy things together to make big bodies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=511.74,515.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than it is to understand how you get rocky bodies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=515.04,517.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kilometer across.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=517.02,519.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, stay tuned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=520.15,522.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people are working on it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=522.14,524.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we don't know the answer that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=524.09,526.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We do know that it happens,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=526.13,527.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we can see them in our solar system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=527.95,530.741"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The basic building block for planets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=530.741,534.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was these sort of kilometer-sized objects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=534.15,537.842"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we see them around today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=537.842,539.292"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is what they look like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=540.42,541.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're comets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=543.811,545.259"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are icy planetesimals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=545.259,547.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A typical comet, has an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=547.803,550.165"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"icy rock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=550.165,550.998"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nucleus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=551.954,553.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's rock mixed with ice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=553.103,554.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1-10 kilometers in diameter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=554.613,556.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the stuff you see, is just the ice evaporating off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=556.69,561.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it comes near the sun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=561.503,563.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's huge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=563.203,564.036"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but all there actually is in there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=564.036,565.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is this tiny little 5 kilometer ice ball.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=565.84,570.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there are billions of those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=570.24,573.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in orbit around our sun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=573.06,575.092"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we know for sure, there were a huge number of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=575.092,577.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1-10 Kilometer sized bodies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=578.822,581.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that must've come together to make the planets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=581.31,584.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And once you can make planetesimals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=584.16,586.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rest of the process is pretty straightforward.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=586.49,588.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And because the composition of the solar nebula","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=593.681,596.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changes from the inside to the outside,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=596.82,598.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would also explain why planets look different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=600.0,603.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the inside to the outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=603.19,604.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let me talk just a bit more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=607.17,608.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about some formation processes for the planets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=608.87,611.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The one I've been saying so far is the main one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=615.77,619.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we've thought about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=619.19,620.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is basically a glomeration of planetesimals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=620.99,623.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So given the kilometer sized bodies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=624.81,627.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what happens is the rich get richer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=627.95,630.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you start putting a few of them together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=630.54,633.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a little extra gravity there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=633.02,634.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared with smaller things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=634.53,635.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a little extra cross-section.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=635.983,639.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a little better at grabbing more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=639.25,641.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, the more it grabs, the better it gets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=641.267,643.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's a positive feedback, whereby a few of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=643.92,648.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lucky planetesimals that start off a little bigger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=648.86,651.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will grow bigger more faster than anybody else,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=651.37,655.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and eventually become large bodies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=655.01,657.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And once they're large bodies, of course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=658.33,660.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can collect lots of planetesimals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=660.36,662.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are much bigger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=662.86,664.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one of those things that come in are ice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=664.483,666.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or rock,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=666.91,668.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of depends on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=668.35,669.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of determines what kind of body","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=669.45,671.052"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you will get of of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=671.052,673.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in the end, you'll get a rocky or icy body,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=673.244,676.932"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's sort of a tenth to 10 times the mass of the Earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=676.932,681.772"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's the main way people think about this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=681.772,685.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That must've been the process for the terrestrial planets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=686.6,689.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also probably for some of the moons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=689.11,691.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the planets that are big and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=691.68,693.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then there's something else obviously, that happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=695.59,698.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is just like economics as 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powerful,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=714.45,717.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it could begin to suck gas directly from the nebula,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=717.94,721.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't have to reply on planetesimals anymore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=721.02,723.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can just suck hydrogen and helium straight from the nebula.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=723.007,725.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so once you reach that 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itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=731.49,732.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just streams out of the object and is captured.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=732.95,736.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's how you make a gas 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Jupiter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=750.87,752.572"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there will be enough gas to sort of shut this off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=752.572,755.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We now understand that's it's still 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masses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=760.75,764.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, we see several Jupiter mass objects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=766.227,769.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around other stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=769.317,771.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's the sort of, gas giant planet model.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=771.47,776.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lately, in the last couple years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=776.24,778.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a third process has become","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=778.14,781.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of 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come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=786.54,789.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is the possibility that we can forget about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=789.35,791.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this whole planetesimal thing altogether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=791.9,795.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and get direct gravitational instabilities riding the disc","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=795.03,798.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like maybe not as far along,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=798.19,800.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get spiral shocks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=801.6,803.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and people have some models (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=803.31,805.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And enough gas gets compressed enough to make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=806.69,809.252"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a guest giant directly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=809.252,811.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't build up the rock ice core and sub-gasses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=812.6,815.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just get collapse within the disc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=815.0,817.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, then there's not so much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=818.242,819.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a limit on how big an object it can be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=819.56,822.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you might be able to make 10, 15, 20 Jupiter mass objects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=822.19,827.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that 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now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=838.11,839.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we've got a very careful measurement of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=839.943,842.471"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internal structure of Jupiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=842.471,844.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't see a rock ice core, like we were expecting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=844.17,848.332"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The limit on it now is now down to five Earth masses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=848.332,851.482"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's not completely clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=851.482,852.892"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Jupiter formed that way, it might have formed that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=852.892,856.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That'll be very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=856.58,858.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I'll just leave that as speculation for the moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=858.19,861.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think just about out of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=862.717,864.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I will finish by saying that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=864.48,868.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I think you've gotten,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=868.49,869.814"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I hope you've gotten, are sort of three things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=869.814,871.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One, stars are forming all the time in our galaxy today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=871.71,875.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two, when they form, they typically form","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=875.6,879.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with conditions that are conducive to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=879.03,881.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"planet formation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=881.74,882.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And three, we've now begun to discover","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=883.62,886.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that indeed, many stars have planets around other stars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=886.12,889.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the planets of the stars that have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=889.63,892.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveyed for planets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=892.07,894.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something like five percent already show planets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=894.22,898.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And our survey techniques are very crude,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=898.13,900.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can only find,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=900.58,901.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"straight high mass planets very close to the star,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=903.081,904.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we miss our own solar system still.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=904.63,906.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's already up to five percent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=907.927,909.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we get better,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=910.9,912.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you can expect the number of stars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=912.15,914.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are known to have planets around them to increase,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=914.26,918.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe as high as 40 percent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=918.08,920.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which means that a lot of stars in our galaxy have planets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=920.79,924.261"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the process of planet formation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=924.261,926.241"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is kind of part in parcel of the process of star formation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=926.241,931.158"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applaud)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=932.756,934.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somebody will need to turn the lights on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=937.015,940.432"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=948.036,949.255"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e The (indistinct) shows that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=949.255,952.807"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small rocky planets close to the star and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=952.807,956.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gaseous far away is based on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=956.463,959.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one example in the whole solar system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=959.07,960.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=960.66,962.215"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e And it seems all of the examples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=962.215,964.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you have of other solar systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=964.329,966.201"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have gas giants very close in to the star","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=966.201,969.979"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=969.979,971.489"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=971.489,973.906"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what are your thoughts on how a power gas giant could exist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=982.91,987.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so close to a star?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=988.83,990.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e I would have gotten to that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=990.293,992.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if I had more time, because that's an important point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=992.28,994.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what he said was, what we actually found so far is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=996.15,1000.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two violations of what I said our solar system tells us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1000.94,1004.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about planet formation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1004.24,1005.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One, the gas giants are inside the ice boundary,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1005.86,1009.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we would expect rocky planetesimals to exist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1009.67,1012.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And two, they're not in circular orbits either,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1012.98,1015.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're all in centric orbits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1015.25,1017.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared with the circular orbits in our own solar system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1018.699,1021.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there are two possibilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1021.69,1024.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well three possibilities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1025.721,1026.554"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for why that is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1026.554,1028.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you pointed out correctly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1028.29,1030.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you shouldn't think the most solar systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1030.54,1032.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are like that either,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1032.18,1033.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because our observational techniques are very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1033.66,1035.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biased to finding inner giant planets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1035.87,1039.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the fact that we found five percent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1039.86,1042.191"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could be interpreted as meaning that 95 percent of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1042.191,1046.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solar systems are like ours and we can't see them yet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1046.04,1049.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we don't know that either,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1050.959,1052.231"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we just haven't seen anything,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1052.231,1054.759"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1054.759,1055.592"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we do at least to have five percent (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1056.58,1058.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared to our solar system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1058.59,1060.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's sort of three thoughts on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1060.87,1062.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is that the gas giants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1062.82,1066.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did form outside the ice boundary,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1066.51,1068.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like we think they should've.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1068.95,1071.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the disc, remember was dumping annual matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1071.03,1074.732"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and still accreting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1074.732,1076.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the planet opens up a tidal gap in the disc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1076.1,1078.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if the disc is still accreting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1078.927,1081.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's basically going to drag the planet with it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1081.46,1084.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"due to these tidal interactions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1084.4,1086.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one possibility is the giant planets do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1086.16,1088.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"form where they're supposed to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1088.52,1090.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1091.98,1092.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then they get dragged in close to the star,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1092.813,1096.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the disc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1096.5,1097.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's one possibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1097.59,1098.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That wouldn't explain why they're eccentric, though.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1098.51,1101.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'd, kind of think they'd be in circle orbits then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1101.56,1104.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another possibility is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1104.22,1106.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it looks like it's easier than we thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1106.88,1108.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make gas giants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1108.87,1110.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so if you make several of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1110.99,1113.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then, if they're too close to each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1113.3,1115.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they really have chaotic orbits,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1115.36,1118.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what typically happens is one or more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1118.71,1121.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the planets is actually ejected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1121.0,1122.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the system altogether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1122.35,1124.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it takes a bunch of annual matter with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1125.45,1127.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the ones that are left, drop in towards the star","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1127.72,1130.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and usually ended up with an eccentric orbit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1130.82,1133.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's probably the favorite explanation at the moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1133.41,1136.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These systems form several giant planets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1137.45,1140.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're seeing the inner one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1140.4,1141.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was probably one that was thrown out and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1142.554,1143.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there might be one out there still somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1143.42,1146.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a possibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1147.29,1148.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The third possibility, is the third one that I gave here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1148.82,1152.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the giant planets actually form directly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1152.43,1156.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by gravitational collapse,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1156.07,1158.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we don't care about the ice boundaries or anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1158.23,1160.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's just a portion of the disc that collapses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1161.866,1163.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a giant planet, that could happen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1163.35,1165.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could happen in principle, inward, the ice boundary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1165.16,1169.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't know what kind of orbit you would expect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1172.114,1173.925"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1173.925,1175.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one, that's more speculative,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1175.33,1176.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's another possibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1176.873,1179.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think the lessons to be drawn so far is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1179.06,1182.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't really know how planets are made,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1182.15,1185.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially giant planets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1185.16,1186.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just that there are apparently quite a lot of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1186.68,1190.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the story is more interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1190.093,1192.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than our solar system implies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1192.11,1194.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should maybe also point out that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1194.24,1196.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all those systems where a planet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1196.87,1198.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a giant planet has been found so far","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1198.85,1200.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't possibly have earth like planets in them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1200.91,1203.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the giant planet is roving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1203.7,1206.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in an eccentric orbit in the inner solar system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1206.97,1209.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it would certainly throw any terrestrial planets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1209.63,1212.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1212.53,1213.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, there can't be any Earths in those systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1213.53,1215.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So those aren't the places,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1215.94,1218.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you shouldn't do a search for artificial intelligence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1218.09,1221.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on any of the systems where we've found a planet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1221.67,1224.382"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1224.382,1227.281"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1227.281,1228.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1228.233,1232.422"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, I skipped that as well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1232.422,1234.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the interest of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1234.6,1235.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me be back up a bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1235.867,1237.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, this is What I would have said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1246.953,1249.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are two important labels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1249.43,1250.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the sort of picture that I gave you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1250.42,1252.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of which was the environment in which the star forms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1252.95,1256.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you have this molecular cloud,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1256.39,1258.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have this molecular cloud","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1263.571,1264.971"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the case of a cloud like Orion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1266.53,1268.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it forms a lot of stars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1268.78,1270.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know we have one hundred thousand solar masses there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1270.753,1273.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if it makes high mass stars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1273.41,1275.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it can't do that unless it's really quite dense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1275.66,1277.902"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if it's really quite dense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1277.902,1279.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lots and lots of low mass star form.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1279.4,1280.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in fact, here's a picture of the Orion Nebula again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1280.72,1285.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but now taken in the infrared,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1285.79,1288.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can't see if very well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1288.1,1289.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but let's not turn the lights off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1289.56,1291.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here's the Orion Nebula,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1291.37,1293.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all these other dots here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1293.13,1295.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are low mass stars that are hidden behind the dust,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1295.97,1299.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are about 3000 stars forming in that trapezium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1300.513,1304.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if go around counting up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1305.917,1307.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how many giant micro clouds like this one there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1307.69,1309.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"versus other types of clouds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1309.85,1311.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could reach the conclusion that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1311.6,1313.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is where the typical star comes from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1313.46,1316.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, yes I think clustering is, is very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1316.36,1320.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not clear even in this case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1320.46,1322.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether that clusters going to stay together or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1322.61,1325.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because what happens is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1325.45,1327.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all that gas is what is holding it together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1327.09,1329.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I said, most of that doesn't form stars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1329.64,1332.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if enough of it doesn't form stars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1332.473,1334.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but is blown away,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1334.19,1335.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then there's not enough gravity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1335.87,1337.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to hold the thing together anymore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1337.08,1338.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the stars will disperse into a field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1338.1,1341.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, probably that's the source of most of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1341.18,1343.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stars in the field, forming giant micro clouds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1343.73,1346.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which didn't stay down, they scattered out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1346.647,1349.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So yes, I think that's very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1352.21,1354.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other wrinkle that I didn't make much of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1354.25,1357.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but is worth mentioning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1357.81,1360.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the average star has a panic to it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1360.64,1364.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our sun is atypical in that respect as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1364.9,1367.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Usually what happens is you get a couple of stars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1367.88,1371.598"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they each have a disc around 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this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1385.87,1390.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about twice the orbit of Pluto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1390.64,1393.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you could have inner planets on most 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binaries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1412.75,1416.395"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really don't expect (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1416.395,1420.562"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1421.697,1422.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1423.848,1428.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I didn't say anything about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1428.297,1430.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a whole different story,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1430.5,1432.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's that's the story of the lives of stars,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1432.47,1435.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but so I'll just cut it real 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stars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1440.57,1442.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then to get them back into the interstellar medium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1442.81,1445.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make dust, which makes 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example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1459.76,1460.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when it dies about 40 percent of our atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1460.76,1465.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be returned to the interstellar 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the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1471.84,1473.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the core","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1473.82,1475.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that gets you elements out to iron or so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1475.3,1478.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the only source of all the elements heavier than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1478.5,1481.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"iron is supernova 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present,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1502.66,1504.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our other stars are kind of getting it together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1504.46,1507.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this star is going to run out of fuel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1507.37,1509.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and explode tremendously, violent explosion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1509.67,1513.336"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that'll really shred the neighborhood 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explosion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1517.36,1519.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the elements heavier than iron","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1519.19,1520.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are both produced and spewed into the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1520.7,1523.138"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interstellar medium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1523.138,1524.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's the source of the other 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happened,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1530.84,1532.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was really only hydrogen and helium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1532.48,1535.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we've gone through many generations of high mass stars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1535.21,1538.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we're as contaminated as we are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1538.967,1541.538"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with heavy elements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1541.538,1543.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1545.57,1546.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1546.403,1550.486"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Presenter:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a big, public brouhaha last year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1554.029,1556.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about whether Pluto is really a planet or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1556.68,1558.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a semantic argument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1560.82,1562.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not a,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1562.48,1564.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not a regular planet in the sense of being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1564.83,1567.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the orbital plane of the disc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1567.12,1569.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a, it's one of these, it's a,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1569.39,1571.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a heavy example of a planetesimal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1571.96,1574.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the rest of the disc","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1574.86,1576.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its orbits been perturbed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1576.92,1578.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the plane of the disc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1578.94,1580.689"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its absorbed at 20 degrees or so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1580.689,1582.998"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we see that the Quipper belt objects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1582.998,1585.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know some of them are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1585.08,1586.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are perturbed in orbits just like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1586.32,1588.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1588.82,1589.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are literally billions of other objects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1590.778,1594.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out beyond Pluto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1594.68,1596.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe not so many that are as massive as it it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1596.5,1598.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but lots of them that are reasonably massive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1598.57,1601.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're spread out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1602.466,1603.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, probably out to 180 AU or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1603.417,1606.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some of them are kind of (indistinct) orbits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1606.17,1609.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there is a,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1609.22,1610.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the disc is sort of generally still there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1610.053,1612.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside of that there's the so-called orb cloud of comets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1613.81,1617.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which of course is just icy planetesimals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1617.34,1619.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are planetesimals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1619.64,1621.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which were in the inner solar system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1621.17,1623.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which came near Jupiter were really tossed up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1623.89,1627.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they're spread sort of in a sphere around the sun","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1627.38,1631.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's got a radius of one hundred thousand AU","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1631.277,1634.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or two hundred thousand AU.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1634.05,1636.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we also think there are billions of those out there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1636.027,1639.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so Pluto is in with one class of planetesimals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1639.51,1644.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are sort of still on the plane of the disc somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1644.25,1647.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there's another class which are spread all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1647.22,1649.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the place,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1649.04,1649.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that give you the long-period comets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1649.98,1652.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's why Pluto is in a funny orbit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1652.76,1655.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now, whether you want to call it a planet or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1655.58,1656.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know that's up to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1656.93,1659.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One last question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1662.73,1663.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applaud)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=1666.949,1669.116"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26768/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/768/original/AV204735_The_Birth_of_Stars_and_Planets_b.vtt?1622064264","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/768/original/AV204735_The_Birth_of_Stars_and_Planets_b.vtt?1622064264"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26769","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204735_The_Birth_of_Stars_and_Planets_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266/transcript/26769/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Presenter] So now you can see it's a continuous jet. It does meander somewhat, maybe the, jet process is precessing or somehow unstable in the way it points a little bit, but there's a start buried in there and shooting a jet out this way. And also one this way, of course we can't see that the barriers, that's the final angle, the mental solution. Okay. That's enough with star formation. Let me move on now to what happens in that disc. So, first of all, just to reiterate if we look at our own solar system, you can always see lots of interesting features to it. Planets are all orbiting in essentially the same plane. That's what gives rise to the Zodiac. Zodiac is the plane of our disc, cut into the sky, where all the planets travel in line. They all go in the same direction too, all rotating and all going the same way as though they were all this plane, which rotated one way. The orbits are fairly circular. Also the moon's over in the same direction. Then there's another kind of regularity, which is the inner planets are relatively small and basically rocky, standing on one of those. But the other planets are relatively larger and mostly gaseous. And finally, the spacing of the planets are somewhat regular. I have to tell you right now, we have no clue what that means, probably means something, but nobody knows what it means. But the basic implications of these facts of the solar system, they must've formed a single flattened rotating system, a disc around our summit. And the other thing you might take away is that the distance from the sun mattered in the formation of planets, some were rocky, others were gaseous and we can then ask, okay now I see all these disks around other stars. Do they have enough mass to make systems like ours? Are they probably be doing that? Well, here is a answer to the first part of the question. This is a plot of how many discs we see that have given mass, this is the solar masses. So this would be a disc that has the same masses as the sun. We don't see any of those. We see some that have a few of our sun's mass and then lots of them that are here. This line right here, is how massive we think the disc that made our solar system was. So if you take the planets and you remember that there used to be a lot of gas, along with that dust, and then again we ask how much mass was there a total? It was about one percent of the mass of our sun. That's here. Most of these discs have one mass. So apparently there was no lack of material to build a solar system similar to ours, in a typical star that forms. Promising. In fact, we can even see in some cases there here are a couple of pictures of older stars. Now these are not forming anymore. I guess I didn't say, these discs are there when the stars are forming and then we can see them for about 10 million years, and then they vanish. We're not quite sure why. The way that we see them is with dust, and its micron-sized dust particles. And if the dust would coagulate, for example, with marbles, we wouldn't see it anymore. That's one way they could describe it. Another way of course, is they could creep onto the star, or disc, or the star might blow them away too, so we actually don't know what destroys the discs. They are gone after about, 10 million years, they might be gone because they're starting to make planets. So that doesn't necessarily mean anything. But here are some older stars and this is reflected light, on dust. You can see there's a disc around this star, there's a disc around this one, in fact it looks like a rim. We don't know of any way to convert a disc to a ring except by putting some kind of body in there, to disturb it. So, this might be evidence for a planet orbiting inside of here, we don't know. For sure there is dust there and it has this ring-like character. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] Yeah, the axis artifact\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] And this the size of our own solar system in this picture, here also, of Neptune's orbit just for scale. So these are actually substantially bigger than Neptune's orbit. We actually think our own solar system is substantially bigger than Neptune's orbit as well. Our disc formed planets out to Neptune, but it extended much beyond that, to the so-called Quipper belt of objects, of which Pluto is the prime example. In fact, there must be objects which would stand out to twice Pluto's orbit we're beginning to find them, just in the last five years or so. So the remains of our own disc are still out there and the true size of our solar system is at least twice Pluto's orbit. Comparable to these things. So this is the basic picture that we have of the formation of our own solar system, but as you can already appreciate this is probably the general picture. You have a star and it's surrounded by this huge disc of gas and dust, it's about 100 times as much gas as dust originally. But the dust begins to coagulate and then the inner part of the disc gets hot. So only things which can condense when it's hot, will condense. Rock condenses a lot more easily than ice condenses. So I can melt ice, but I can have rock not melt. So that's basically what goes on inside. At some point though, it gets cold enough, that ice can not melt. That's actually about the distance of Jupiter. There, you can get water ice and ammonia ice and methane ice. Those are much more common elements than those involved hydrogen with oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. All that's much more common with silicon the things that rocks are made of. So there's far more icy material out here than there is rocky material here. So maybe that explains the basic fact that the inner planets are small and rocky and the outer planets are large and gaseous. It's a little more complicated than that, of course we have to take this micron sized dust and convert it into the Earth. And to be honest, that conversion process isn't very well understood either. This is the part where we wave our hands, so we can start off with these dust grains, very tiny, and dust grains clump into planetesimals, so we have these micron-sized things and we get kilometer-sized rocks. How that happens, we don't know. The problem is, if you have sand let's say and you try to make sand balls out of it, doesn't work very well. Snow on the other hand works quite well for making balls, so it's easier to understand how you might clump icy things together to make big bodies, than it is to understand how you get rocky bodies a kilometer across. So, stay tuned, people are working on it, but we don't know the answer that. We do know that it happens, because we can see them in our solar system. The basic building block for planets was these sort of kilometer-sized objects. And we see them around today, this is what they look like. They're comets. Those are icy planetesimals. A typical comet, has an icy rock nucleus, it's rock mixed with ice, 1-10 kilometers in diameter. But the stuff you see, is just the ice evaporating off, as it comes near the sun. So that's huge, but all there actually is in there, is this tiny little 5 kilometer ice ball. But there are billions of those in orbit around our sun. So we know for sure, there were a huge number of 1-10 Kilometer sized bodies, that must've come together to make the planets. And once you can make planetesimals the rest of the process is pretty straightforward. And because the composition of the solar nebula changes from the inside to the outside, that would also explain why planets look different from the inside to the outside. So let me talk just a bit more about some formation processes for the planets. The one I've been saying so far is the main one that we've thought about, which is basically a glomeration of planetesimals. So given the kilometer sized bodies, what happens is the rich get richer. As you start putting a few of them together, there's a little extra gravity there, compared with smaller things, there's a little extra cross-section. So it's a little better at grabbing more. And of course, the more it grabs, the better it gets. So there's a positive feedback, whereby a few of the lucky planetesimals that start off a little bigger, will grow bigger more faster than anybody else, and eventually become large bodies. And once they're large bodies, of course they can collect lots of planetesimals, which are much bigger, and one of those things that come in are ice, or rock, kind of depends on, kind of determines what kind of body you will get of of it. So in the end, you'll get a rocky or icy body, that's sort of a tenth to 10 times the mass of the Earth. And that's the main way people think about this. That must've been the process for the terrestrial planets, and also probably for some of the moons of the planets that are big and so on. But then there's something else obviously, that happens. This is just like economics as well. So if you're, if you're really rich then you're in a very good position to make way more money. So, once you get a 10 to 15 Earth mass core, it's actually so, so powerful, it could begin to suck gas directly from the nebula, doesn't have to reply on planetesimals anymore, can just suck hydrogen and helium straight from the nebula. And so once you reach that size you get a runaway accretion process, where gas itself, just streams out of the object and is captured. And that's how you make a gas giant. The thing that could stop that is, eventually you'll take all the gas, that's available in your orbit, and kind of open up a gap in the disc. People thought that that sort of limited the size to about Jupiter, there will be enough gas to sort of shut this off. We now understand that's it's still possible for gas to get through in little streams, you might be able to build up several Jupiter masses. And in fact, we see several Jupiter mass objects around other stars. So that's the sort of, gas giant planet model. Lately, in the last couple years, a third process has become kind of serious. And I assure you that it will be thought of even more seriously in the years to come. And that is the possibility that we can forget about this whole planetesimal thing altogether and get direct gravitational instabilities riding the disc like maybe not as far along, you get spiral shocks, and people have some models . And enough gas gets compressed enough to make a guest giant directly. You don't build up the rock ice core and sub-gasses, just get collapse within the disc. And then, then there's not so much of a limit on how big an object it can be. So you might be able to make 10, 15, 20 Jupiter mass objects that way. Now, in fact, Jupiter itself is not completely clear that it formed this way, people always thought. Galileo spacecraft has been orbiting Jupiter for several years now, and we've got a very careful measurement of the internal structure of Jupiter. We don't see a rock ice core, like we were expecting. The limit on it now is now down to five Earth masses, and it's not completely clear that Jupiter formed that way, it might have formed that way. That'll be very interesting. But I'll just leave that as speculation for the moment. I think just about out of time, so I will finish by saying that, what I think you've gotten, what I hope you've gotten, are sort of three things. One, stars are forming all the time in our galaxy today. Two, when they form, they typically form with conditions that are conducive to planet formation. And three, we've now begun to discover that indeed, many stars have planets around other stars, of the planets of the stars that have been surveyed for planets, something like five percent already show planets. And our survey techniques are very crude, we can only find, straight high mass planets very close to the star, we miss our own solar system still. It's already up to five percent as we get better, I think you can expect the number of stars which are known to have planets around them to increase, maybe as high as 40 percent. Which means that a lot of stars in our galaxy have planets and the process of planet formation, is kind of part in parcel of the process of star formation. Somebody will need to turn the lights on. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] The shows that small rocky planets close to the star and gaseous far away is based on one example in the whole solar system.\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] That's right.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] And it seems all of the examples that you have of other solar systems, you have gas giants very close in to the star and what are your thoughts on how a power gas giant could exist so close to a star?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] I would have gotten to that if I had more time, because that's an important point. So what he said was, what we actually found so far is two violations of what I said our solar system tells us about planet formation. One, the gas giants are inside the ice boundary, where we would expect rocky planetesimals to exist. And two, they're not in circular orbits either, they're all in centric orbits compared with the circular orbits in our own solar system. Now there are two possibilities, well three possibilities for why that is, as you pointed out correctly, you shouldn't think the most solar systems are like that either, because our observational techniques are very biased to finding inner giant planets. So the fact that we found five percent, could be interpreted as meaning that 95 percent of solar systems are like ours and we can't see them yet, but we don't know that either, we just haven't seen anything, but, we do at least to have five percent compared to our solar system and there's sort of three thoughts on that. One is that the gas giants did form outside the ice boundary, like we think they should've. Then the disc, remember was dumping annual matter and still accreting and then the planet opens up a tidal gap in the disc, but if the disc is still accreting, it's basically going to drag the planet with it, due to these tidal interactions. So one possibility is the giant planets do form where they're supposed to, in theory and then they get dragged in close to the star, by the disc, that's one possibility. That wouldn't explain why they're eccentric, though. You'd, kind of think they'd be in circle orbits then. Another possibility is that it looks like it's easier than we thought to make gas giants. And so if you make several of them then, if they're too close to each other they really have chaotic orbits, and what typically happens is one or more of the planets is actually ejected out of the system altogether and it takes a bunch of annual matter with it. So the ones that are left, drop in towards the star and usually ended up with an eccentric orbit. So that's probably the favorite explanation at the moment. These systems form several giant planets, we're seeing the inner one was probably one that was thrown out and there might be one out there still somewhere. That's a possibility. The third possibility, is the third one that I gave here which is the giant planets actually form directly by gravitational collapse, but we don't care about the ice boundaries or anything. There's just a portion of the disc that collapses into a giant planet, that could happen, that could happen in principle, inward, the ice boundary. We don't know what kind of orbit you would expect in that case, that one, that's more speculative, but that's another possibility. So I think the lessons to be drawn so far is we don't really know how planets are made, especially giant planets. It's just that there are apparently quite a lot of them and the story is more interesting than our solar system implies. I should maybe also point out that all those systems where a planet, a giant planet has been found so far couldn't possibly have earth like planets in them, because the giant planet is roving in an eccentric orbit in the inner solar system. And it would certainly throw any terrestrial planets out of there. So, there can't be any Earths in those systems. So those aren't the places, you shouldn't do a search for artificial intelligence on any of the systems where we've found a planet. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] Yeah, I skipped that as well, in the interest of time, let me be back up a bit. So, this is What I would have said. There are two important labels on the sort of picture that I gave you. One of which was the environment in which the star forms. So you have this molecular cloud, we have this molecular cloud and in the case of a cloud like Orion, it forms a lot of stars, you know we have one hundred thousand solar masses there and if it makes high mass stars, it can't do that unless it's really quite dense, but if it's really quite dense, lots and lots of low mass star form. So in fact, here's a picture of the Orion Nebula again, but now taken in the infrared, we can't see if very well, but let's not turn the lights off. So here's the Orion Nebula, all these other dots here are low mass stars that are hidden behind the dust, there are about 3000 stars forming in that trapezium. And if go around counting up, how many giant micro clouds like this one there is versus other types of clouds, you could reach the conclusion that, this is where the typical star comes from. So, yes I think clustering is, is very important. It's not clear even in this case whether that clusters going to stay together or not, because what happens is all that gas is what is holding it together. And as I said, most of that doesn't form stars, if enough of it doesn't form stars, but is blown away, then there's not enough gravity to hold the thing together anymore, all the stars will disperse into a field so, probably that's the source of most of the stars in the field, forming giant micro clouds which didn't stay down, they scattered out. So yes, I think that's very important. The other wrinkle that I didn't make much of, but is worth mentioning is that the average star has a panic to it, our sun is atypical in that respect as well. Usually what happens is you get a couple of stars and they each have a disc around them and there's a disc around the as well. That's more common than a single star forming by itself. And then whether you're going to get planets or not just depends on the separation. The medium separation of two stars like this, is about twice the orbit of Pluto. So you could have inner planets on most stars in that case and they'd be in stable orbits. So at least half of the binary stars are positioned to have planets around two stars. If you bring them too close, then of course there aren't stable planetary orbits, but it's about 10 percent to 15 percent or binaries really don't expect . Yeah?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] No, I didn't say anything about that. That's a whole different story, that's that's the story of the lives of stars, but so I'll just cut it real short by saying that all the heavy elements are cooked up in the interiors of stars. And then to get them back into the interstellar medium to make dust, which makes planets you have to do one of two things. The low-mass stars like the sun kind of gently waft them back into the interstellar medium at the end of their lives. Some of, some of the material, the sun for example, when it dies about 40 percent of our atmosphere will be returned to the interstellar medium. And before that happens, it will mix some of the nuclear products up from the from the core that gets you elements out to iron or so, the only source of all the elements heavier than iron is supernova explosions. So, I also did mention this pictured here the high mass star that was shredding it's neighborhood isn't even started yet. It's only going to live for 3 million years these high mass stars have very short lifetimes. So while the cloud was still present, our other stars are kind of getting it together, this star is going to run out of fuel and explode tremendously, violent explosion that'll really shred the neighborhood nicely, but in the process of the explosion, all the elements heavier than iron are both produced and spewed into the interstellar medium. So that's the source of the other half. So very early in our galaxy before much of that had happened, there was really only hydrogen and helium. Now we've gone through many generations of high mass stars and we're as contaminated as we are, with heavy elements. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- [Presenter] There was a big, public brouhaha last year about whether Pluto is really a planet or not. That's a semantic argument. It's not a, it's not a regular planet in the sense of being in the orbital plane of the disc. It is a, it's one of these, it's a, it's a heavy example of a planetesimal in the rest of the disc and its orbits been perturbed out of the plane of the disc, its absorbed at 20 degrees or so and we see that the Quipper belt objects, you know some of them are, are perturbed in orbits just like that. So, there are literally billions of other objects out beyond Pluto. Maybe not so many that are as massive as it it, but lots of them that are reasonably massive and they're spread out you know, probably out to 180 AU or so. And some of them are kind of orbits but there is a, the disc is sort of generally still there, outside of that there's the so-called orb cloud of comets which of course is just icy planetesimals. Those are planetesimals, which were in the inner solar system, which came near Jupiter were really tossed up. So they're spread sort of in a sphere around the sun and that's got a radius of one hundred thousand AU or two hundred thousand AU. And we also think there are billions of those out there, so Pluto is in with one class of planetesimals that are sort of still on the plane of the disc somewhere. And then there's another class which are spread all over the place, that give you the long-period comets. So that's why Pluto is in a funny orbit, now, whether you want to call it a planet or not, you know that's up to you. One last question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42751/file/115266#t=0.0,1673.304"}]}]}]}