{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zc7rn3140q/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gruchow, Paul, The Future of Graceland in an Agricultural Setting"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV204158 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["The Future of Graceland in an Agricultural Setting is an April 26, 1993 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Paul Gruchow. Paul Gruchow asserts that technological innovation often has negative environmental impacts.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV204158"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["The Future of Graceland in an Agricultural Setting. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w99p2wb8v"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1993-04-26"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Gruchow, Paul (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Technological innovations--Environmental aspects","Genetic engineering","Nature--Effect of human beings on","Agriculture--Environmental aspects"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["The Future of Graceland in an Agricultural Setting is an April 26, 1993 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Paul Gruchow. 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For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/115/636/small/lecture.png?1622148366","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And welcome to the 1993 BOGS Lecture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=19.211,21.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sponsored by the Botany Organization of Graduate Students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=21.56,25.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're grateful for the support given to us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=25.32,27.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Departments of Agronomy, Animal Ecology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=27.15,30.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Botany, Economics, Forestry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=30.75,33.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=33.8,37.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Committee on Lectures which is funded by GSB.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=37.02,39.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure that most of you are aware","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=40.9,42.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the many environmental problems our society faces.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=42.19,45.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It seems to me that some, if not most of these problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=45.75,49.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can be traced to a larger, perhaps more central issue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=49.34,53.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"namely that our technology and policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=53.72,56.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been very efficient at disconnecting people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=56.5,59.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both physically and spiritually, I think, from the land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=59.38,63.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Too many of us have either forgotten or never learned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=63.34,66.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that no matter where we live or what we do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=67.58,70.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are still dependent on a piece of land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=70.09,72.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the resources that sustain our lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=72.46,75.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm pleased to see such a good turnout tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=75.51,78.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I'm hopeful that Paul Gruchow's 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land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=82.36,84.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paul Gruchow received a Bachelor of Arts in Humanities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=86.48,89.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the University of Minnesota.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=89.46,92.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's the author of \"Journal of a Prairie Year\",","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=92.21,95.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The Necessity of Empty 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anthologies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=106.87,109.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including \"The Best American Essays\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=109.44,112.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He lives in Northfield, 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Gruchow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=155.877,159.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=160.702,163.869"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much, Tom, for that good introduction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=166.721,170.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I love to be introduced (laughs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=170.08,172.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think when we all die and go to heaven,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=172.96,175.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going to spend most of our time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=175.69,177.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being ever more lavishly introduced to each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=177.15,180.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will all feel wonderful about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=181.32,182.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I very much enjoyed my day here on the campus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=182.94,187.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=187.49,190.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I have found you all so polite and gracious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=190.35,195.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I have this really grumpy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=195.59,197.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and irreverent lecture to read.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=197.55,199.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like you, I suppose, to take it to heart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=201.48,206.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but please, I would not for the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=206.54,209.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want you to take it personally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=209.3,210.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you understand the distinction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=212.11,213.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I really want to make two simple arguments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=213.76,218.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at some length.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=219.2,220.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is to argue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=220.41,222.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that science and public policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=222.59,226.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need to get together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=226.74,227.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in part because science has much to offer public policy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=229.01,233.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also, and the part of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=234.68,237.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I want to dwell on for a moment tonight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=237.44,241.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also because public policy has much to offer to science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=241.66,246.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in as much as I will argue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=247.82,249.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in as much as science in itself all alone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=251.25,255.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is an incomplete way really of knowing the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=256.24,260.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is in the connections we will make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=260.56,263.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the boundaries of our lives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=263.45,265.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we will really do good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=265.5,267.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I want to argue that if you're concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=267.56,270.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the grasslands, the area of public policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=270.01,272.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think conservation biologists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=272.92,276.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other citizens who are concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=276.24,278.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the issue of diversity, simply have to be concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=278.61,282.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with is the issue of how we farm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=282.22,285.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Cause I believe that no amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=285.9,289.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of wilderness preservation all by itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=289.41,294.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the context of a culture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=294.18,296.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which continues to abuse and disregard nature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=296.56,300.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can long be safe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=300.92,303.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so I think we need to move","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=303.05,305.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on both fronts at the same time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=305.21,308.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The notion that almost anything can,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=309.63,314.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if necessary, be fixed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=314.21,317.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invites several magnitudes of delusion:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=318.6,322.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we understand the problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=323.81,325.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that mistakes are always correctable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=327.21,330.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that adversity is avoidable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=331.31,333.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that human ingenuity is boundless,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=335.48,339.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we do not therefore need to live","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=340.47,344.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the constraints of nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=344.01,346.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This progression would seem on its surface preposterous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=348.61,352.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody, when it is put that way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=353.32,356.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believes that humans are supernatural.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=356.45,358.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are all born after all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=360.68,363.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we all die.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=363.9,365.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in fact, we often reason otherwise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=366.7,370.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My favorite example just at the moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=372.82,375.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the argument by Arthur Caplan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=375.67,378.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a medical ethicist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=379.92,382.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that aging is unnatural","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=382.58,386.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore a 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individuals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=433.78,436.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore it serves no evolutionary purpose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=436.95,440.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore it is not 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press.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=470.33,473.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of arguments like it float","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=474.28,478.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the borders between science and public 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together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=497.97,500.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he leaned over in the middle of it and said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=500.37,503.217"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Hey, do you know how to save a drowning 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severe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=590.21,592.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And man is constantly trying to modify it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=592.0,594.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God put the worm in the apple; man took it out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=594.16,596.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God put the cockroach in the cracker barrel;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=596.8,598.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man took it out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=598.87,600.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God put the potato bug on the potato; man took it off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=600.23,603.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"God put the cocklebur in the soybean field;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=603.68,605.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a man took it out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=605.87,606.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's a lot more of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=606.71,608.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then he says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=608.3,609.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"How far back to nature do our ecologists wanna go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=609.817,613.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Or if they're honest with themselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=613.717,615.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"if they really want to go at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=615.427,616.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Let's be honest about it.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=616.667,618.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is from an editorial in a recent issue of \"Science\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=620.75,625.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's done as an interview, \"Science\".","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=627.7,629.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Know-it-all, \"You are the world authority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=630.85,634.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"on low risk high publicity hazards:\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=634.397,637.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the man who generated the Salem Witch trials,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=637.917,641.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the man who got Alar on prime time television,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=641.427,643.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the man who plumbs the stock market on cellular phones.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=643.927,648.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Know-it-all, \"A vast understatement of my worth.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=648.72,653.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science, \"have you discovered any new hazards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=653.54,656.237"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"that may be big news in the future?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=656.237,659.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Know-it-all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=659.02,660.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Overcoats are a major cause of traffic accidents.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=660.967,665.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science, \"How can that be?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=665.31,668.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Know-it-all, \"The average person walks across the street","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=668.25,671.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"at 6.7076 kilometers per hour.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=671.697,675.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you figured that out, that's a pretty good pace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=675.35,677.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"When weighed down with a two kilogram overcoat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=677.647,680.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"a man of 75 kilograms walks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=680.297,682.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"at 6.5021 kilometers per hour,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=682.697,686.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and a woman of 50 kilograms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=686.377,688.084"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"walks 6.426 kilometers per hour.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=688.084,691.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The added exposure to murderous vehicles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=691.427,693.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"can easily be calculated to result","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=693.887,695.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"in thousands of deaths per year.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=695.667,698.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science, \"How can such a small increase in time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=698.56,702.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"result in so many added deaths?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=702.587,704.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Know-it-all, \"Easy, the added risk per person is minor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=704.98,709.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"but there are four billion people on the 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tractors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=715.7,719.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The Valley of death is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=721.097,722.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"what the modern streets have become.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=722.477,725.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science, \"But aren't there some redeeming values","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=725.11,727.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to overcoats such as less 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testimony","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=735.077,736.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"in regard to the benefits of a product.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=736.687,739.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science, \"Is there a societal solution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=739.27,742.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to the problem of overcoats?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=742.367,744.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Know-it-all, \"There's always a societal solution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=744.62,747.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and it always very expensive.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=747.637,750.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science, \"In the case of overcoats, what would you suggest?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=750.44,754.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Know-it-all, \"Science should provide every person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=754.1,756.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"with an overcoat caddy whose function is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=756.407,759.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to carry the overcoat across the street for the pedestrian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=759.307,762.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It will be expensive, but less than the lawsuits.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=762.637,765.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These arguments, I would suggest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=768.97,770.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have three things in 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do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1228.06,1231.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we ought to make judgements about technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1231.29,1234.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based upon rational cost-benefit assessments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1234.79,1239.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than upon fear?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1239.89,1241.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How can one rationally assess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1243.09,1246.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is both unknown and unpredictable?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1246.94,1250.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it in fact irrational","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1252.207,1254.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to suppose that there may be some danger in what is unknown?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1255.45,1259.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it rational to 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risks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1277.21,1280.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly of the bioengineering of crop species,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1280.93,1283.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is of a very low order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1283.95,1286.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There aren't for one thing, close wild relatives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1286.72,1290.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our most important crops in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1290.17,1293.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is likely for another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1293.23,1295.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that harmful genetic aberrations will show up quite quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1296.562,1300.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the experimental process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1301.21,1302.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The real questions about this technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1302.99,1305.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are focused upon its economic and social consequences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1305.89,1310.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not upon the biological risks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1310.05,1313.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So why, scientists might reasonably ask,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1313.42,1316.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is so much of the attack against genetic engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1316.84,1320.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"focused, as of other technologies I might say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1320.9,1324.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"focused on risk issues?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1324.4,1326.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The answer I think is that the scientific orthodoxy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1328.17,1332.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been describing has in fact prevailed in our culture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1332.05,1335.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the extent that almost the only ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1337.13,1340.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upon which it is presently possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1340.85,1343.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to question a new technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1343.04,1345.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that it might have some adverse impact upon human health.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1345.74,1350.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The criticism of science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1350.89,1353.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by extension of the technologies it produces,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1353.27,1357.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on any other grounds has been successfully stigmatized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1357.94,1362.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it is fair to say by scientists 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humanity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1370.84,1374.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back into a state of primitivism if not savagery,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1374.46,1378.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or as evidence of some pathological fear of risk itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1379.55,1384.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reverse stigma, which flows from the suppression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1385.34,1389.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of honest debate about technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1389.55,1393.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is of science as arrogant, uncaring,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1393.1,1396.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mercenary, and dangerous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1396.01,1398.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have forgotten","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1400.24,1401.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that science itself is an invention,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1402.73,1406.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in its own way as much a work of the imagination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1407.96,1412.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a symphony or a poem or a 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medium,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1423.73,1426.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the language in which it is expressed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1426.74,1429.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by its point of view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1429.95,1431.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is no less glorious for that reason","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1432.32,1436.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than a symphony or a poem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1436.35,1438.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it is no more valid either","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1439.43,1441.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and no more 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facts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1447.5,1450.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it is a system of reasoning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1450.62,1452.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"limited to what is already 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Reformation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1605.02,1606.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theologians really were preoccupied with such issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1606.91,1611.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as how many angels could dance on the head of a 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negotiate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1687.45,1689.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the dark shoals of our own ignorance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1689.79,1693.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This implies that science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1694.85,1697.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it is bound by the human condition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1697.05,1699.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is as blind to the future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1700.94,1703.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as likely to be wrong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1703.16,1705.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as any other way of knowing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1705.83,1708.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and more importantly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1708.15,1709.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it is neither innocent nor value-free.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1709.29,1714.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like all tools, it may prove a force","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1714.26,1718.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either for good or for evil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1718.08,1721.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depending upon how it is used.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1721.06,1724.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The University of Minnesota has fought hard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1724.55,1727.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against public regulation of genetic engineering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1727.64,1731.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A group of us were talking one night about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1731.99,1735.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the Vice President of the College of Agriculture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1735.18,1738.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You have to 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tools,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1745.087,1748.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and I will never never agree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1749.407,1753.117"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to let somebody else tell me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1753.117,1756.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"how they are to be used.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1756.757,1758.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is of course naive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1760.55,1763.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tools are a form of power,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1765.31,1767.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it is an elementary principal of moral 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power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1775.55,1778.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Untempered power leads either to anarchy or to tyranny.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1779.73,1784.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is no reason to 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how,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1792.63,1797.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not if we are moral,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1797.46,1800.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about whether it ought to be restrained.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1800.4,1802.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In ecological terms, Aldo Leopold reminded us,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1803.78,1808.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Morals are the freedoms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1808.297,1811.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"we voluntarily relinquish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1811.297,1814.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"in the interests of our long-term 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itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1822.91,1827.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than about its subject.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1828.5,1830.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the case of 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text.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1836.86,1840.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It tells a story,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1840.09,1841.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an exceedingly difficult 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mystery,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1856.33,1858.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for in its laws,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1859.75,1862.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the story also dissipates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1862.39,1865.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our aim rather is to come into the presence of the mystery","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1865.49,1870.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in a more practical sense to see how we might live","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1871.42,1876.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without destroying it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1876.25,1877.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every story has some kind of plot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1879.71,1882.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Something however slight happens in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1883.47,1886.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the plot is not the 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happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1894.16,1895.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"E.M. Forster described the difference this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1895.6,1898.557"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Here's a plot,\" he said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1898.557,1899.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The King died, then the queen died.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1899.967,1902.937"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"And here\" he said, \"is a story.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1904.017,1906.237"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The King died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1907.347,1909.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Then the queen died of grief.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1909.157,1911.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science falters when it becomes preoccupied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1913.34,1917.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the plot in nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1917.7,1919.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the exclusion of its story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1920.722,1923.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Story-less science is easily recognizable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1924.5,1929.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the printed page.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1929.64,1931.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is work that is all nouns and no verbs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1931.53,1936.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have been editing an ecology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1937.53,1940.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the little watershed in which I happen to live.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1940.25,1944.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One would think that ecology would be full of stories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1945.33,1948.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is after all about relationships.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1949.59,1953.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what I have been seeing as the papers come in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1953.26,1956.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a collection of inventories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1956.88,1959.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prairies may be divided into 8 or 16 or 32 types.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1960.39,1964.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are their names and principle distinctions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1964.96,1967.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are lists of the characteristic plants of each.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1969.52,1973.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is a list of prairie soil types.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1973.24,1976.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here we have a list of the 3 or 6 or 12 variables","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1976.25,1980.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may influence the prairie type, and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1980.36,1983.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly there is usefulness in this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1984.43,1987.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a considerably higher order of response","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1987.31,1991.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the one we initially made to the prairies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1991.9,1994.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was to see them not at all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1995.47,1998.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to regard them either as a barren waste","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=1998.6,2002.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or as a set of 160 acre tracts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2002.13,2005.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ripe for exploitation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2005.61,2007.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perhaps this reflects the youthfulness of the science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2008.75,2011.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is like the response,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2011.61,2014.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't mean this in a demeaning sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2014.08,2015.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's like the response of a two-year-old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2015.86,2018.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is just beginning to acquire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2018.94,2020.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the materials for a language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2020.64,2023.047"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What that, what that, what that?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2023.047,2026.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the toddler asks endlessly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2026.72,2029.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting its object world assembled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2029.3,2032.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before plunging into the complexity of verbs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2032.35,2035.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the grammar that attends them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2035.96,2038.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But necessary as this work may be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2038.31,2040.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it falls far short of coherence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2040.8,2044.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It produces information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2044.39,2046.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not in any actionable sense, understanding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2047.76,2052.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the delusions of our age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2054.25,2057.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2057.33,2059.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in itself constitutes learning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2059.39,2062.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We fondly contemplate the so-called information explosion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2063.98,2067.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as if this ever-escalating, as if this were evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2068.78,2073.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ever-escalating sophistication and accomplishment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2073.1,2077.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But even an infinite number of bits of information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2078.56,2083.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so long as they float at random,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2085.07,2087.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not yield knowledge of any practical value.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2088.99,2093.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If information is to be useful,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2093.39,2096.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has to be synthesized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2096.27,2098.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has to be organized, that is to say, into a narration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2098.46,2103.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a sequence that tells a story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2103.69,2106.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science shares with other modern academic enterprises","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2108.22,2113.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the handicap that it values,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2113.36,2115.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least at the level of training,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2115.88,2118.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the generation of new information, novelty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2118.49,2122.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nearly to the exclusion of synthesis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2122.93,2126.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that is to say continuity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2126.7,2129.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it is for example, that Earl Butz can say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2130.4,2134.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assuming his audience will understand how absurd it 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example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2186.55,2189.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a calorie of production energy in farming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2189.21,2192.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yielded a calorie of food energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2193.24,2195.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, it takes eight calories of production energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2196.72,2201.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to deliver one calorie of food energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2202.26,2204.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It seems difficult to me to read this as a sign of progress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2206.06,2211.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is true that the new is nurtured in the 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fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2239.67,2241.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A culture that wields itself into historical amnesia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2243.25,2248.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is also immune to 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present.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2256.04,2259.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Tradition\" G.K. Chesterton said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2259.147,2261.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"means giving votes to the most obscure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2261.697,2264.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of all classes, our ancestors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2264.277,2266.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It is the democracy of the dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=2266.967,2270.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636/transcript/27391/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Tradition refuses to 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We're grateful for the support given to us from the Departments of Agronomy, Animal Ecology, Botany, Economics, Forestry, and also the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture and the Committee on Lectures which is funded by GSB. I'm sure that most of you are aware of the many environmental problems our society faces. It seems to me that some, if not most of these problems, can be traced to a larger, perhaps more central issue, namely that our technology and policy have been very efficient at disconnecting people both physically and spiritually, I think, from the land. Too many of us have either forgotten or never learned that no matter where we live or what we do, we are still dependent on a piece of land for the resources that sustain our lives. I'm pleased to see such a good turnout tonight because I'm hopeful that Paul Gruchow's message will help you see the importance of reconnecting ourselves to the land. Paul Gruchow received a Bachelor of Arts in Humanities from the University of Minnesota. He's the author of \"Journal of a Prairie Year\", \"The Necessity of Empty Places\", \"Minnesota Images of Home\" and \"Travels in Canoe Country.\" His essays have been published in many national and regional publications and have been reprinted in many anthologies, including \"The Best American Essays\". He lives in Northfield, Minnesota where he and his wife operate a bookstore. And he formally taught English and Environmental Studies at St. Olaf College. He also owns a farm in Southwestern Minnesota where he works towards implementing sustainable agricultural techniques. He has been an activist and frequent lecturer on environmental and rural policy issues. He serves on the boards of the Minnesota Food Association and Friends of the Minnesota River Valley, on the organizing body of the Minnesota Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, and as a member of the Commissioner's Advisory Committee on Scientific and Natural Areas of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. His message for us tonight is entitled \"Using nature as a text: \"grasslands and the American future\", Paul Gruchow.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much, Tom, for that good introduction. I love to be introduced . I think when we all die and go to heaven, we're going to spend most of our time being ever more lavishly introduced to each other. We will all feel wonderful about it. I very much enjoyed my day here on the campus. I'm sorry to say that I have found you all so polite and gracious because I have this really grumpy and irreverent lecture to read. I would like you, I suppose, to take it to heart but please, I would not for the world want you to take it personally if you understand the distinction. I really want to make two simple arguments at some length. One is to argue that science and public policy need to get together, in part because science has much to offer public policy, but also, and the part of this that I want to dwell on for a moment tonight, but also because public policy has much to offer to science in as much as I will argue, in as much as science in itself all alone is an incomplete way really of knowing the world. And it is in the connections we will make across the boundaries of our lives that we will really do good. And then I want to argue that if you're concerned about the grasslands, the area of public policy that I think conservation biologists and other citizens who are concerned with the issue of diversity, simply have to be concerned with is the issue of how we farm. 'Cause I believe that no amount of wilderness preservation all by itself in the context of a culture which continues to abuse and disregard nature, can long be safe. And so I think we need to move on both fronts at the same time. The notion that almost anything can, if necessary, be fixed, invites several magnitudes of delusion: that we understand the problem, that mistakes are always correctable, that adversity is avoidable, that human ingenuity is boundless, that we do not therefore need to live within the constraints of nature. This progression would seem on its surface preposterous. Nobody, when it is put that way believes that humans are supernatural. We are all born after all, and we all die. But in fact, we often reason otherwise. My favorite example just at the moment is the argument by Arthur Caplan, a medical ethicist, that aging is unnatural and therefore a disease and therefore correctable or at least medically manageable. Caplan bases his argument on four premises: one, something can be both universal and inevitable and still not natural, for example, disease. Two, disease is unnatural because it is awkward. A surgeon, for example, might successfully perform surgery with an axe, but to do so would be unnatural, unnatural because it's awkward. Three, evolution is natural. Evolution benefits individuals. Aging doesn't benefit individuals. Therefore it serves no evolutionary purpose. Therefore it is not natural. Therefore it is a disease. Four, diseases are treatable. Aging is a disease. Therefore it must be a condition that we can ultimately fix. This is not a notably rigorous argument but it has passed muster with at least two scientific juries, the one that approved it for journal publication and the one that approved it for republication in book form by an academic press. A lot of arguments like it float on the borders between science and public policy. This for instance is Earl Butz, former Dean of the College of Agriculture at Purdue University. It reminds me of a line of Wes Jackson's, that line about Deans. We were sitting through a rather dull speech together and he leaned over in the middle of it and said, \"Hey, do you know how to save a drowning Dean?\" I looked at him rather puzzled. He said, \"Good!\" This is Earl Butz. \"We can go back to organic agriculture if we must. \"We farmed that way 75 years ago. \"We know how to do it. \"However, before we move in that direction, \"someone must decide \"which 50 million of our people will go hungry. \"We simply cannot feed, \"even at subsistence levels, \"our 250 million Americans without a large production input \"of chemicals, antibiotics, and growth hormones.\" \"Our problem is that 2/3 of Americans living today \"never had the experience of biting into a wormy apple, \"seeing the wormhole and wondering, \"is he there or did I get him? \"They think that God and nature make all animals good. \"They don't; God put the worm in the apple, man took it out. \"Man used deadly poison to eliminate the worm, \"but he did it carefully \"under scientifically prescribed rules. \"As a consequence, you can't buy a bad apple.\" The plain truth is that the ecology of nature he says is pretty severe. And man is constantly trying to modify it. God put the worm in the apple; man took it out. God put the cockroach in the cracker barrel; man took it out. God put the potato bug on the potato; man took it off. God put the cocklebur in the soybean field; a man took it out. So there's a lot more of this. And then he says, \"How far back to nature do our ecologists wanna go? \"Or if they're honest with themselves, \"if they really want to go at all. \"Let's be honest about it.\" This is from an editorial in a recent issue of \"Science\". It's done as an interview, \"Science\". Dr. Know-it-all, \"You are the world authority \"on low risk high publicity hazards:\" \"the man who generated the Salem Witch trials, \"the man who got Alar on prime time television, \"the man who plumbs the stock market on cellular phones.\" Know-it-all, \"A vast understatement of my worth.\" Science, \"have you discovered any new hazards \"that may be big news in the future?\" Know-it-all, \"Overcoats are a major cause of traffic accidents.\" Science, \"How can that be?\" Know-it-all, \"The average person walks across the street \"at 6.7076 kilometers per hour.\" If you figured that out, that's a pretty good pace. \"When weighed down with a two kilogram overcoat, \"a man of 75 kilograms walks \"at 6.5021 kilometers per hour, \"and a woman of 50 kilograms \"walks 6.426 kilometers per hour. \"The added exposure to murderous vehicles \"can easily be calculated to result \"in thousands of deaths per year.\" Science, \"How can such a small increase in time \"result in so many added deaths?\" Know-it-all, \"Easy, the added risk per person is minor, \"but there are four billion people on the globe \"exposed to gas-guzzling automobiles, big wheeled oxcarts, wildly careening rickshaws and out of control tractors. \"The Valley of death is \"what the modern streets have become.\" Science, \"But aren't there some redeeming values \"to overcoats such as less pneumonia?\" Know-it-all, \"One great principle of our court system \"is that we do not allow testimony \"in regard to the benefits of a product.\" Science, \"Is there a societal solution \"to the problem of overcoats?\" Know-it-all, \"There's always a societal solution \"and it always very expensive.\" Science, \"In the case of overcoats, what would you suggest?\" Know-it-all, \"Science should provide every person \"with an overcoat caddy whose function is \"to carry the overcoat across the street for the pedestrian. \"It will be expensive, but less than the lawsuits.\" These arguments, I would suggest, have three things in common. First, they appropriate the authority of science in ways that preclude the concerns of non-scientists. To question science, they suggest, is to be silly or trivial if not outright stupid. Second, they assume that science transcends nature. The aim of science in these examples is not to fathom nature but to fix it up. Third, they envision technology as self-evidently and inevitably good. The corollary of this conviction, of course, is that technology ought to be exempt from choice. If a thing can be done, it ought to be done. The examples I have chosen are certainly extreme. The arguments are seldom so obviously irrational as Caplan's or so unabashedly anthropocentric as Butz's or so frankly contemptuous of lay skepticism as the \"Science\" editorial, but they are all, I think, representations fair to type of the arguments scientists often make when they step out of the laboratory and into the public policy arena. This happens not because scientists are foolish or mendacious or because science is bad, but because science is a limited way of knowing the world, because its rules of evidence are quite narrow, and because it has become our orthodoxy. Science is a limited way of knowing in that it allows neither for what is true but experimentally unprovable, nor for what is unknown. These limitations show up most clearly in the business of assessing the risks associated with new technologies. Genetic engineering is one new technology that promises both potentially large benefits, and although less certainly, equally large risks. In agriculture, which is the subject I'm working around to, the benefits are largely predictable. One can easily imagine bigger, leaner pigs, more productive cows, crops with inbred frost resistance, better disease resistance, and self-generated toxicity to pests, animals designed to be pharmaceutical as well as meat factories and so on. One can also imagine as genetic engineering techniques are perfected, faster responses to such breeding challenges as developing resistance to newly emerging pests and pathogens. Some of the risks potentially associated with this new technology are also readily predictable, but they are largely economic and social rather than technical or scientific in nature: further efficiencies, for example, in the labor of farming, accelerating again the trend toward large-scale factory farms and fewer farmers and the further concentration of agricultural wealth in the few large vertically integrated transnational companies that have the economic resources to capitalize on the technology. So long as we have no objection to totalitarian economic structures, these consequences will not alarm us. The technical risks are either highly speculative or presently unimaginable. It is possible for example that an herbicide-resistant crop might crossbreed with a wild relative, creating a new generation of especially herbicide-resistant weeds. It is possible that escalating the war against resistance in the laboratory will accelerate the battle in the field as well, leading toward a kind of technological entropy. That is essentially the reason why the early agricultural work in genetic engineering is predominantly, about 60% of it is concentrated on herbicide resistance. It is not so much, as the technologists are fond of arguing, because industry wants to orchestrate an environmentally friendly reduction in the use of herbicides, as that the natural ingenuity of weeds in developing resistance to our chemicals threatens to outpace our capacity to devise new ways of killing. There may be other kinds of risks in genetic engineering, but we won't know them until we see them. We don't know enough about how genes work to predict, for example, how crosses between plants and animals will behave in the long run. We do know that it is exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to make just one change at a time in a genome. When USDA scientists introduced human growth hormone into pigs, they got as they had expected, bigger pigs. They also got, and this they had not counted on, pigs that were cross-eyed, arthritic and immune-deficient. These side effects showed up fortuitously early in the experimental process, but we can't count on such luck. Often enough, the ecological consequences of our technological innovations manifest themselves only at length and in places where we would not have thought to look. It was not, for example, predictable that the use of DDT would threaten the reproductive rates of birds by causing their eggshells to soften, nor would any orthodox chemist twenty-five years ago have imagined that chlorofluorocarbons, as apparently innocuous as any substance known, would poke holes in the atmosphere. Even when we know where to look, the evidence of adverse consequences is sometimes long in becoming visible. It took 40 years, for example, to establish the link between 2,4-D and certain forms of leukemia in farmers. So what do scientists mean when they argue as they often do that we ought to make judgements about technology based upon rational cost-benefit assessments rather than upon fear? How can one rationally assess what is both unknown and unpredictable? Is it in fact irrational to suppose that there may be some danger in what is unknown? Is it rational to assume that what we don't know won't hurt us? I hasten to add that most critics will at least privately concede that the probability of biological risks, particularly of the bioengineering of crop species, is of a very low order. There aren't for one thing, close wild relatives of our most important crops in this country. And it is likely for another that harmful genetic aberrations will show up quite quickly in the experimental process. The real questions about this technology are focused upon its economic and social consequences, not upon the biological risks. So why, scientists might reasonably ask, is so much of the attack against genetic engineering focused, as of other technologies I might say, focused on risk issues? The answer I think is that the scientific orthodoxy I've been describing has in fact prevailed in our culture to the extent that almost the only ground upon which it is presently possible to question a new technology is that it might have some adverse impact upon human health. The criticism of science, and by extension of the technologies it produces, on any other grounds has been successfully stigmatized, I think it is fair to say by scientists largely, as anti-progress, as Luddite, as motivated by some weird desire to plunge humanity back into a state of primitivism if not savagery, or as evidence of some pathological fear of risk itself. The reverse stigma, which flows from the suppression of honest debate about technology is of science as arrogant, uncaring, mercenary, and dangerous. We have forgotten that science itself is an invention, in its own way as much a work of the imagination as a symphony or a poem or a painting. It is, that is to say, a reconstruction of reality that is limited by its medium, by the language in which it is expressed, and by its point of view. It is no less glorious for that reason than a symphony or a poem, but it is no more valid either and no more logical. It is no more logical, although it purports to consort in facts, because it is a system of reasoning limited to what is already known or to what may be inferred from it. One of the few things we can safely assert as a fact, despite all the bold talk lately about a unified theory of everything, is that we know astonishingly little. We cannot say with any confidence how many kinds of living things there are even to the nearest order of magnitude, although we have been counting for at least 20,000 years now. We don't even know what life is. We think we know it when we see it, but if one could suddenly become tiny enough to walk around inside a cell, one would encounter as many things there that seemed dead as alive. And we think we know that out of rock and water and air, all nonliving, came forth somehow life. Biocentricity may prove as serious an error as anthropocentricity, the notion alive since Descartes, that we know enough to see ourselves safely through the labyrinths of our own creation is surely a myth. This is not to say that we should stop doing science or believing in it any more than we should stop making poems or writing symphonies or saying our prayers. But it does mean that we will have to stop pretending as the church which once held the place that science now does in our culture ultimately had to, that it its way of knowing is revelation, that it is the one true way. Any discipline has a tendency over time to become merely self-referential. When it does, it is trivialized in two ways: first, by becoming increasingly more arcane. This is the proverbial problem of learning more and more about less and less. In the medieval church, in the last days before the revolt that we call the Reformation, theologians really were preoccupied with such issues as how many angels could dance on the head of a pin. There are certainly scientific equivalents in the present age. And second, by losing in the morass of detail a proper sense of mission. The land grant universities in particular have a great mission still embodied in statutory law, which is to make the fruits of learning available to the benefit of its constituency's least fortunate citizens. My own land grant university, the University of Minnesota, advertises itself these days as the engine of industrial growth. Whether this is any more pertinent to its mission or to its principles than the marketing of indulgences was a long time ago to the preaching of the Gospel remains I suppose, to be seen. But the prognosis is surely doubtful. The challenge is to see science not as an end in itself but as one of the many tools with which we seek to negotiate the dark shoals of our own ignorance. This implies that science, because it is bound by the human condition, is as blind to the future and as likely to be wrong as any other way of knowing, and more importantly, that it is neither innocent nor value-free. Like all tools, it may prove a force either for good or for evil depending upon how it is used. The University of Minnesota has fought hard against public regulation of genetic engineering. A group of us were talking one night about this with the Vice President of the College of Agriculture. \"You have to understand,\" he said suddenly and with great passion, \"that genetic engineering is one of our tools, \"and I will never never agree \"to let somebody else tell me \"how they are to be used.\" But this is of course naive. Tools are a form of power, and it is an elementary principal of moral behavior that there are both appropriate and inappropriate uses of power. Untempered power leads either to anarchy or to tyranny. There is no reason to suppose that scientific power is an exception. One might argue about who is to restrain it and about how, but not if we are moral, about whether it ought to be restrained. In ecological terms, Aldo Leopold reminded us, \"Morals are the freedoms \"we voluntarily relinquish \"in the interests of our long-term survival.\" Science, like any intellectual discipline, loses its substance when it begins to be about itself rather than about its subject. In the case of science, the subject, the text is nature. Science is our attempt to read this text. It tells a story, an exceedingly difficult story, at the heart of which, as at the heart is every great story, lies an essential mystery. Our aim in reading it is not to dispel the mystery, for in its laws, the story also dissipates. Our aim rather is to come into the presence of the mystery and in a more practical sense to see how we might live without destroying it. Every story has some kind of plot. Something however slight happens in it. But the plot is not the story. A story ultimately is about the consequences of what happens. E.M. Forster described the difference this way. \"Here's a plot,\" he said. \"The King died, then the queen died.\" \"And here\" he said, \"is a story.\" \"The King died. \"Then the queen died of grief.\" Science falters when it becomes preoccupied with the plot in nature to the exclusion of its story. Story-less science is easily recognizable on the printed page. It is work that is all nouns and no verbs. I have been editing an ecology of the little watershed in which I happen to live. One would think that ecology would be full of stories. It is after all about relationships. But what I have been seeing as the papers come in is a collection of inventories. Prairies may be divided into 8 or 16 or 32 types. These are their names and principle distinctions. These are lists of the characteristic plants of each. Here is a list of prairie soil types. Here we have a list of the 3 or 6 or 12 variables that may influence the prairie type, and so on. Certainly there is usefulness in this. It is a considerably higher order of response than the one we initially made to the prairies which was to see them not at all, to regard them either as a barren waste or as a set of 160 acre tracts ripe for exploitation. Perhaps this reflects the youthfulness of the science. It is like the response, and I don't mean this in a demeaning sense, but it's like the response of a two-year-old who is just beginning to acquire the materials for a language. \"What that, what that, what that?\" the toddler asks endlessly, getting its object world assembled before plunging into the complexity of verbs and the grammar that attends them. But necessary as this work may be, it falls far short of coherence. It produces information, but not in any actionable sense, understanding. One of the delusions of our age is that information in itself constitutes learning. We fondly contemplate the so-called information explosion as if this ever-escalating, as if this were evidence of ever-escalating sophistication and accomplishment. But even an infinite number of bits of information, so long as they float at random, will not yield knowledge of any practical value. If information is to be useful, it has to be synthesized. It has to be organized, that is to say, into a narration, a sequence that tells a story. Science shares with other modern academic enterprises the handicap that it values, at least at the level of training, the generation of new information, novelty, nearly to the exclusion of synthesis, of that is to say continuity. So it is for example, that Earl Butz can say assuming his audience will understand how absurd it is, that we could if we had to go back to the way we farmed 75 years ago. But there is in fact nothing inherently ridiculous about this idea. 75 years ago, our way of finding was linked comprehensively to 10,000 years of previous experience. It is not altogether ludicrous to suppose we have learned something in those 10,000 years. Farming since then has made in the name of science a radical break with the past. At least some of the provisional evidence suggests that this break has not been altogether wise. 75 years ago, for example, a calorie of production energy in farming yielded a calorie of food energy. Today, it takes eight calories of production energy to deliver one calorie of food energy. It seems difficult to me to read this as a sign of progress. It is true that the new is nurtured in the compost of all that has perished to make room for it. But this does not mean that we are free from the past. We remember the past because we hope our mistakes will at least be new ones this time around. A child with amnesia can never be taught to keep its fingers out of the fire. A culture that wields itself into historical amnesia is also immune to instruction. We remember the past too as a way of mitigating the narrowness of view of the present. \"Tradition\" G.K. Chesterton said, \"means giving votes to the most obscure \"of all classes, our ancestors. \"It is the democracy of the dead. \"Tradition refuses to submit \"to the small and arrogant oligarchy \"of those who merely happen to be walking around.\" And we remember the past because it reminds us of the limits of our certainties. The history of science teaches us how often in the past we have been absolutely certain of our facts and at the same time dead wrong about them. This ought to give us a precautionary tentativeness about the things we think we know at the moment. One of the merits of theoretical science, its greatest merit, I think, is that it makes a method of skepticism. It acknowledges frankly the hypothetical nature of even its most cherished beliefs, officially sanctions the search for alternatives, and holds continuously open the possibility that at any moment, better evidence may suggest better ideas. Technology can ease our physical labors, make our work more productive, extend our lives, and expand the frontiers of human ingenuity. We seem to be a species unique to nature. It may be that our capacity for technology best represents the essence of that uniqueness. It gives us at any rate, tremendous power. But there is a difference between exercising power over something and being in control of it, as we would know if we had studied our on political history. Power is a negative force. It can limit, can suppress, can alter, can destroy, but it cannot create. Nature is still the great creative force, and we are still the children of its invention. Our best chance, therefore, for coming into the presence of the mystery of nature, for learning to live within it without destroying it lies not even seeking to transcend nature, but in trying to arrange our affairs according to its image. We will seek, that is, not merely to learn the technical details of nature with an eye toward exploiting it, but to learn from nature, to try to hear its story with an eye toward honoring it. The difference is not only practical, but moral. To honor the story implies respecting its boundaries, living, that is, with restraint and discipline, and accepting a proper distinction between what we can do and what we ought to do. I would argue that the most serious environmental problem of our times is the American way of farming, which is now being imported to many parts of the globe. It is our biggest abuser of land, our most profligate consumer of finite resources, our biggest source of non-point pollution, and because it is increasingly dominated by enormous transnational corporations with monopoly control of their markets, it is the basic sector of our economy least susceptible to public policy management. And I would argue that our agriculture is the product of our technological naivete, of our willingness to pursue what is technically possible without regard either for its social and landscape-level environmental consequences or for its compatibility with the story of nature as we understand it. Our agriculture is what we get when technology becomes an end rather than a means. The greatest problem with industrial agriculture from an ecological point of view is that it is monoculture. It constitutes, that is to say, the most radical disruption possible of the local ecosystem. Most of the characteristic difficulties of industrial agriculture flow from this fact. An open field planted in rows with a single population of genetically identical plants creates an ideal opportunity for weedy competitors, an intensive breeding chamber for insect pests and disease pathogens specific to the host crop, a population extraordinarily susceptible to the vagaries of climate, an open wound on the landscape extravagantly susceptible to erosion, a microclimate, particularly in the early stages of the crop, that accelerates moisture losses from evaporation and transpiration, and a nearly complete disruption of the natural system of nutrient recycling. These difficulties have been met by an energetic and in many ways ingenious program of technological innovations carried out at a cost of hundreds of billions of dollars and including the breeding of disease and pathogen-resistant crop varieties, the development of several generations of new pesticides, the creation of many new generations and families of herbicides, the development of synthetic fertilizers, the expropriation of the nation's underground water reserves and of its streams and rivers for agriculture irrigation, and a massive 50-year federal investment in the development and dissemination of erosion control techniques. But these measures have proved at best to be merely stopgaps. 10% of our crops were lost to weeds in 1945, two years before the introduction of the first herbicide, 2,4-D. Today, we still lose 10% of our crops to weeds. Insecticide use has increased 10-fold in the last 40 years. Crop losses to insects in the same 40 years have doubled. Soil losses, despite our best efforts, continue at dust bowl era levels. In Iowa today, it costs two bushels of topsoil to raise one bushel of corn. Synthetic fertilizers are largely based upon fossil fuels. Because they are limited and nonrenewable, this strategy leads predictably to a dead end. In the drier climates of the West, irrigation has been attended by salinization which threatens to sterilize the soil. There are now rivers in South Texas that are saltier than the sea. And closer to home, we are beginning to realize that even such vast aquifers as the Ogallala are ultimately depletable. In some circles, the emerging recombinant DNA technology is offered as a kind of salvation for industrial agriculture, but I am not aware of even one imagined application of this technology that addresses the.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115636#t=0.0,2772.288"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (mumbles) was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=6.371,7.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a marvel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=8.49,9.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ecological sophistication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=9.9,12.409"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a system in 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1421.49,1424.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that corn is eternal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1426.181,1428.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it is not anymore 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now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1576.78,1579.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at creating imaginative alternatives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1580.28,1584.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways of farming in natures image,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1584.25,1587.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because farming was almost our first technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1587.91,1592.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the modern sense of that term.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1592.73,1595.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This work will also give scientists like you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1595.35,1599.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a rare and thrilling opportunity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1601.354,1604.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try to recast technology itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1605.17,1609.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in more humane,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1609.82,1611.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more moral,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1611.823,1613.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ultimately in more scientific terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1615.701,1619.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I congratulate your parents,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1621.6,1625.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for having given birth to you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1626.4,1628.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at such a propitious moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1628.91,1631.409"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1631.409,1632.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1632.37,1633.441"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=1633.441,1635.691"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27393/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/393/original/AV204158_The_Future_of_Graceland_in_an_Agricultural_Setting_b.vtt?1622148375","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/393/original/AV204158_The_Future_of_Graceland_in_an_Agricultural_Setting_b.vtt?1622148375"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27394","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204158_The_Future_of_Graceland_in_an_Agricultural_Setting_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637/transcript/27394/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- was a marvel, of ecological sophistication. It was a system in which, one of some dozens of discreet varieties of corn, was inter-planted with pole beans, that use the corn stocks for support, and contributed through their nitrogen fixing capability to the fertility of the field. And with varieties of squashes, whose dense foliage, shaded the soil, keeping it in place, protecting it from evaporation, and providing competition against weedy invaders. Not coincidentally. It was also a combination of crops, that yielded a nutritionally, adequate diet. Historically, we've strayed from that provocative model, of agriculture, to the present one, among others for these two reasons. First, the immigrants who broke the Prairies and Plains were not most of them finalists. And even that minority who had been farmers, started here without local knowledge. They were fishing, and clerks and shopkeepers, in the old country. Most of them blundering their way through. This is one of those facts that is so obvious, as to have been unnoticed. Thomas Jefferson, articulated our Agrarian ideal, but he was not himself, a Yeoman farmer, he depended upon a ready supply of slave labor. And even at that, he was ultimately bankrupt. The United States to its credit, soon recognized how ill prepared its farmers, were to carry out their work. It moves quickly, to establish the Land-grant University system, and then a network of agricultural experiment stations. And finally, in 1914, the university extension system, all of them charged with the task of putting American farming, on a sounder intellectual footing. But the land grant scientists, were not buying large farmers either. And so it was perhaps inevitable, that the system of agriculture they devised, should reflect the biases of the laboratory, and of the Academy. A preference for novelty over tradition, for experimental simplicity over natural complexity, for old world models over new world ones, for universal applications over local adaptations, and for technological solutions over management solutions. Farmers farm, the way they do now, because, they were taught to farm that way, not by their fathers and grandfathers, but by a massive program of scientific education. At the same time, the United States was building a great industrial empire. It needed laborers more in the factories than on the farms, and the economics of industrialism, colored our analysis of every problem. We had plenty of capital. Energy was abundant and cheap, and we had more land, than we could imagine using. The one resource, that seemed in limited supply was labor, especially in the ahead of years, before the great depression, when the economy boomed, and the business of America was business. It was in those years, the early years of this century, that the great skyscrapers arose, on the American urban landscape, temples of commons, we unabashedly called them, beginning in Chicago, in the aftermath of its calamitous fire. Colonel W. A. Stuart, was Chicago's leading builder. He had organized the material efforts, for the allies in the war to end all wars. \"We are waging,\" he exalted, \"a war of construction, \"against nature.\" So it was again inevitable, perhaps, that we should see the primary economic challenge, in bringing urban prosperity to the countryside, as one of labored efficiency. We would modernize farming, by bringing it into the end of the industrial age. And that meant scaling it up, reading it of it's unskilled, and therefore inefficient operators, mechanizing it, and after the second world war, I shrink in the global economy. This strategy, by its own standards, has succeeded, brilliantly. We have over the last 75 years, reduced farmers from half, the workforce to less than 2% of it. We have maintained despite this reduction, a reliable supplier of cheap food, for our citizens. If one discounts the persistent malnourishment, that plagues some 30 million, of our poorest citizens, mainly children, and we have at the same time, become the world's reserve food shelf. The only casualties, of this policy really, were those things to which, we cannot readily assign monetary value. Was there a psychological cost, in the tens of millions of farm failures that resulted? Did the thousands of lost rural communities have any value? Did our, now largely dismantled world culture, had any worth? What price, should we now put? Should we put on the now, in a technical sense, desertified, natural landscape, of rural America. Are functional biological communities, and clean aquifers, and living rivers worth anything. You might think putting the question in this way, is stacking the rhetorical depths, but in fact, a study of one Land-grant University faculty found, this is recorded, in the latest issue of the journal, Rural Sociology, that scholars in two fields, production, agriculture, and agricultural economics, answered the first of those three questions, by wide margins in the negative, and were divided about the significance of the fourth. There is it's a bit of cultural history here, which bears telling. Two words in our language, have undergone radical revisions in meaning, since the beginning of the industrial revolution. These changes are symptomatic. I think of the difficulties we now face, in industrial agriculture. One of these is the word efficient. Something was once said to be a efficient, if it was suited to its purpose. It wasn't measure of adequacy, of effectiveness, in achieving a desired result, of efficacy. Now, we say that, a practice is most efficient, which takes the least time and effort. It is become simply a pseudonym for productivity, and more particularly for labor productivity. The economist, The Influential London News weekly, following on this peculiarly modern understanding, of the word efficiency, recently took President Clinton to task, for worrying about jobless growth. \"Jobless growth is a strange thing, for a President to fight over,\" it said. Not because unemployment is a trivial issue, on the contrary, America's jobless rate is high, and the same as it was a year earlier. It represents a lot of lost output, as well as much personal distress. But jobless growth is normally, and more accurately defined as productivity growth. And that is the Holy grail of economic prosperity. In the long term, jobless growth is the only way, any country, can raise its incomes, and add to its wealth. In other words, that growth is best, which benefits the fewest people. This is an idea we have pursued with a vengeance, in industrial agriculture. What we mean when we hail the great efficiency, of American agriculture, is that, it is tremendously labor efficient. Another way of putting this, is to say that the great success, of American agriculture, is that it has put so many farmers out of work. The other word that has radically changed in meaning, since the industrial revolution is the word profit. It once meant anything useful. It was a generous word. Sufficient to encompass both, the practical necessities of everyday life, and the larger rhythms by which they were obtained. A day of labor, and a day of rest, could both once had been described quite literally, as profitable. Now we narrowed a defined profit as monetary gain. If it doesn't make money, it doesn't count. By the same token we now regard some things as profitable, that are not in any meaningful sense of the word, useful. One example in agriculture, that has now, by now become a cliche, is the industrial tomato, which we value, not because it is healthier, or tastier or more nutritious than the alternatives, not that is, because it serves the utilitarian, aims of eating, but because it can be mass-produced, at a monetary advantage. Not so much to farmers, as to the processors and distributors, who now claim two thirds, of every agricultural dollar. Definitions become policies. And we have seen these definitions dramatically at work, in our agricultural economy. Since 1910, the farming sector, of the American agricultural economy, in constant dollar terms, has declined by 23%. While the input sector has nearly quintupled, and the marketing sector, has multiplied six and a half times. In an industrial model of agriculture, it is inevitable that those sectors of the economy most ammenable to industrialization will prosper. We also need to be clear about, the ways in which these definitions, of efficiency and profitability in effect cook the books. There are other kinds of productivity, than labor productivity. We might talk, for example, about productivity per unit of investment, or productivity per unit of land, or productivity per unit of energy. By none of these measures, does American agriculture set the standards. Proponents of business as usual in American agriculture, inevitably point of the burgeoning world population, as the reason why we cannot afford, to change our practices. But in fact, if we understand the narrowness, of the assumptions upon which our agriculture is based, we will see that the population explosion, even if we don't bring it under control, which of course we must, makes that change all the more urgent. American agriculture, assumes ready capital, abundant land, and cheap energy. We have had them all. They are what we could afford. They are why we could afford, to ring the labor out of farming. But rapid population growth, does two things that challenge these assumptions. First, it makes all three resources more scarce. As the population increases, the demand for capital, for land and for energy, all rise, as it increases exponentially, so does the demand for precisely those resources, upon which our system of agriculture depends. At the same time, and expanding population, creates an oversupply of the one thing, our system of agriculture is designed to conserve, namely, labor. In the predictable future, fossil fuel energy will be scarce or very expensive, and prime agricultural land will be in short supply, and farming already suffers from a shortage of capital, in part because so much of the available credit for farming, now goes to ordinary operating expenses, rather than to development. In 1910, 13% of operating expenses on the farm, were financed by Credit Today, that figures 43%. And in the predictable future, our most abundant resource will be cheap labor. In that world, industrial farming will make no sense. There is still a second way, in which agriculture's books have been cooked. We have made them balanced, by externalizing most of farmings, indirect, but very real costs. If there were depreciation charges on the books, for depleted aquifers, eroded soils, and diminished but natural biota. If we assess the costs of cleaning up those wetlands and rivers polluted by farming. If we charged to farming the real costs of public subsidies, on everything from grazing lands, to dams and irrigation canals, from land reclamation to transportation systems, from commodity subsidies to export subsidies. If we assessed against Middle Western farms, the billions of dollars spent annually, to dredge Mississippi Delta water raise. If we counted in the public research costs. If we added in the millions of dollars annually, in defaults on public farm loans. If we factored in the regulatory costs, necessary to maintain, the integrity of the industrial food system, that has replaced local food systems. If we counted the human health costs, associated with chemical and confinement production. If we assessed against the surviving farms, the costs of moving tens of millions of Americans, off the land, and into the manufacturing and service economies, of the millions of small business failures, that have resulted in small towns, of the lost value of the tens of millions, of buildings erect, erected and then abandoned. If in short, we were to keep scrupulous books, the balance sheets of American agriculture, would look a lot less rosy, than they now do. There are more over, at least two urgent reasons of national security, for pursuing fundamental reform, of our agricultural system. Only 30 crops, all of them originating in what we call, the third world, supply 95%, of the world's nutritional needs. We live by the colonial appropriation, of the natural wealth of other mainly impoverished nations. It is an odd O'Reilly, that even the weeds that plague our hills, have been largely important. Literally hundreds of plant species gave, sustenance and health, to the indigenous peoples of this continent. That almost nothing, has been made of this great biotic wealth, through centuries of exploitation, is one remarkable indication, of how little settled here, we continue to be. Were we to begin, to think of accommodating ourselves to the biota of the continent, as we found it. We might well be preparing ourselves, for a more stable future. The danger, in continuing to build an evermore extravagant culture, upon expropriated genetic materials, is that the day looms, when their owners, will have marshaled the determination, and the power to insist upon their proprietary rights. International justice in fact, requires, that they should come. We would then starkly understand, how little, self-sufficient, we have made ourselves. In fact in this country, we are dramatically dependent, upon a single crop, corn. The best illustration perhaps, is the precariousness of that dependency, resides in our own recent history. Only a little more than a century ago. There lived on the North American prairies, a people who had staked their lives, and their fortunes upon the buffalo. The buffalo once flourished in seemingly, inexhaustible numbers. There were perhaps, as many as 60 million of them. When Coronado the first European to see the Paris, traveled to Kansas in 1541, a journey has several months. He reported that he was never once beyond sight of them. If you were born, into plains culture in those days you were wrapped, in swaddling clothes, made of the soft skin of a buffalo calf, and carried about, until you could walk. In a poo poo slimmed, with the pulverized dung of the buffalo, an early form of a disposable diaper. And you grew into an adult life, dependent in every particular, upon the buffalo. It supplied you with food, with raymond, with shelter, with tools, with household furnishings, with paints and dyes, with cosmetics, with fuel. And when you die, you were buried, or raised upon a platform, in a coffin, made of the hide of buffalo The buffalo Was literally the beginning, and the end of your existence. You would have believed, that the buffalo was eternal. And then came the Europeans, whose railroad lines, and fences, and plows, and relentless hunting, reduced the buffalo, nearly to extinction. This decimation threatened, the survival also of plains culture. As Americans knew, the Congress passed a bill in the 1860s, to protect a few hundred buffalo, that still survived out of the millions, and president grant . The advice of his secretary of war, who said that to get rid of the buffalo, was to get rid of the Indian problem. There arose there, among the desperate native Americans, Ho-Chunk, who said that the buffalo had not died, that they had merely gone down, into the safety of the underworld. If the people, the Shaman preached would say the right prayers, and perform the right dances, the buffalo would come up again from the underworld, and their way of life would be saved. So all across the prayers, the people danced and prayed, but Americans, despite their constitution outlawed, the new ghost dance religion, as it was called. In South Dakota, in December of 1890, a group of Lakota Sioux, danced in defiance of the band. When they were ordered to quit, they left their reservation and headed for the barred lands, where they could dance and pray in peace. Along the way, they were set upon by American Cavalry and slaughtered, men, women, and children alike. The few survivors, were carried to a nearby mission, and laid out upon the sanctuary floor, to be treated for their wounds. Above the altar, it being the Christmas season, hung a banner reading, \"Peace on earth, \"Goodwill toward men.\" That place was wounded knee. This was the last battle, of a long war. The Buffalo were not after all, eternal. In a way it also marked the defeat of the Prairie ecosystem. Now we have made upon the Prairies, a culture as dependent upon corn, as the Sioux culture ever was upon, the buffalo. A person's born into our culture will be, clothed as an infant in a diaper made in part of corn, and fed the formula, based upon corn syrup. That person will grow into an adult life, sustained in thousands of particulars, by products made from, or packaged in, or manufactured with derivatives of corn, from every kind of food except fresh fish, to plastics, textiles, building materials machine parts, soaps, and cosmetics, even . And when that person dies, the laws of the land, require that the body should be embalmed, in a fluid made from corn. We have not begun to imagine, a life without corn. We have assumed by the default of failing to think about it, that corn is eternal, but it is not anymore eternal than were the buffalo. In fact, because our entire crop, shares a common cytoplasm, if we take exactly one, persistent pathogen to devastate our culture, as we know it. That is the strongest argument I know, for rethinking American agriculture, as we now practice it. I have labored with you through this analysis, of what has gone wrong in American farming, and how it has gone wrong, because, it leads to the bedrock assertion, I would make to those of you who work as botanists and as conservators of the natural landscape. That assertion is that there is no hope, of saving natural landscapes in the long run. At least on the historical grasslands, without fundamental changes, in the way we farm. Problems of environmental integrity, are not susceptible to solution by unilateral lapse, however right minded and energetic. One experience to keep in mind, I think, is the 50 year effort of the federal government, to reduce soil erosion to non destructive levels, an effort that has been intelligent and high minded, and organized minute detail, And that has been accompanied by an ambitious, and imaginative arsenal of carrots and sticks, and which has come, for all practical purposes to nothing. It has failed because characteristically, we have tried to treat the symptom, soil loss, rather than the disease, which is a way of farming that overwhelms, or ignores nature, rather than trying to learn from it. We have recently, everywhere, except in some parts of the Land-grant University establishment, coming to the realization, that this way of farming, is ultimately doomed, by its own compulsive consumptive ness. We need a serious, and large scale effort now, at creating imaginative alternatives, ways of farming in natures image, because farming was almost our first technology, in the modern sense of that term. This work will also give scientists like you, a rare and thrilling opportunity, to try to recast technology itself, in more humane, more moral, and ultimately in more scientific terms. I congratulate your parents, for having given birth to you, at such a propitious moment. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/42973/file/115637#t=0.0,1651.488"}]}]}]}