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Reservation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=588.92,591.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right now that offender would be tried from the courts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=591.813,594.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a result of tribe 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prior","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=619.57,621.722"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the coming of the white man,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=621.722,623.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and after the white man came,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=623.44,625.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indians had what's called an Aboriginal Indian Title.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=627.01,630.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Supreme Court has defined 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?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=686.777,689.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Something that doesn't come to mind very often","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=690.73,694.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in 1971, Congress had to confront the 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Alaska,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=752.144,753.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they would be paid $1 million.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=753.22,754.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That gives you an idea of the 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lands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1106.999,1107.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in fact that let their lands be sold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1108.89,1110.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and trespassed upon and lost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1111.774,1114.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, by 1972, the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy tribes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1114.73,1119.239"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poor tribes, they had lost their land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1119.239,1122.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suspect that if the State of Maine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1122.95,1124.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had treated the Indians fairly and honorably,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1124.59,1127.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had protected their lands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1127.45,1129.344"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then considerably this allegation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1129.344,1130.942"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would never have arose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1130.942,1131.775"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they had lost their lands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1131.775,1132.608"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The State of Maine had not protect them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1132.608,1134.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they went back after the State of Maine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1134.02,1135.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you hear the white politicians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1137.555,1139.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see the newspapers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1139.05,1140.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evicting people from the quartering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1140.93,1142.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or subdivision roads.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1142.21,1143.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, that the Indians have no right to this land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1146.08,1148.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fact of the matter, I believe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1150.314,1151.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that morally they do. And legally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1151.45,1155.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now of course, the tribe is a very realistic tribe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1158.05,1160.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And are not really pushing their claims","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1161.602,1164.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against the small property owners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1165.119,1166.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As a matter of fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1166.97,1167.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're pushing their claim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1168.955,1170.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against what's called the big property owners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1170.22,1172.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those people who want 50,000 acres of land or more,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1172.51,1175.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of which I think are seven,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1176.011,1176.844"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including the State of Maine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1176.844,1177.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Six private landowners and one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1177.88,1181.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the state of Maine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1181.33,1182.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's who they're pushing their claim against.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1182.49,1184.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there has been a solution proposed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1185.971,1189.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the president, which I think is pretty fair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1189.72,1193.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think very reasonable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1193.1,1194.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the politicians in Maine don't think so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1194.16,1196.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, nevertheless, a solution has been offered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1196.94,1201.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the case will be resolved by Congress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1201.77,1204.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think anybody wants to litigate this case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1205.5,1208.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the tribe is fully prepared,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1208.1,1210.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, to proceed with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1210.92,1212.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(paper rustling)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1213.879,1215.698"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, most common way that Indian lands were purchased","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1215.698,1220.698"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again one word we could say in Georgia was stolen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1229.93,1233.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ripped off the way, what have you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1235.05,1237.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way that Indian lands were usually conveyed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1237.22,1239.424"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the United States from the Indian tribes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1239.424,1241.046"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the process of a treaty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1241.046,1242.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Usually a treaty was a simple conveyance instrument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1243.8,1247.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or contract that the Indian tribe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1247.05,1250.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would give its aboriginal title to the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1250.84,1253.738"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The United States would give money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1253.738,1256.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize the tribe's right to certain lands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1256.327,1261.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some other usually some additional promises,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1261.74,1264.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, there was one of treaty provisions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1265.64,1269.688"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the government provide one teacher","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1269.688,1272.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for every 25 students that was brought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1272.11,1274.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the agency headquarters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1274.97,1276.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My tribe in the Treaty of 1833","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1277.206,1280.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was promised the blacksmith,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1280.02,1281.846"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a nurse, a doctor, a physician.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1281.846,1286.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But usually the key 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Congressman,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1615.638,1618.538"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fishing issue became the prime issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1619.602,1623.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that Congressman Meeds was 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votes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1642.377,1646.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically on the strength of the absentee ballots,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1647.81,1651.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are cast two and three 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voting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1655.558,1658.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on election day, Meeds would have probably lost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1658.467,1659.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Indian issue was the issue was key.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1660.933,1664.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And promptly raised warning signals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1664.81,1667.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to politicians wherever,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1667.69,1669.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that strong Indian court victories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1671.278,1674.657"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is substantial white opposition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1676.5,1678.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congressman Meeds resigned his chairmanship","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1679.7,1681.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the subcommittee,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1681.63,1682.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on returning to Congress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1684.608,1685.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"promptly introduced a bill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1685.71,1687.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would first create a fishing commission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1688.333,1691.149"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which would control the union's fishing rights,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1691.149,1694.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which would be controlled by non-Indians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1694.27,1696.124"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which would be a nine persons commission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1696.124,1697.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with no Indian on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1697.697,1698.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Subsequently introduced two bills","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1698.53,1700.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which would limit Indians' water rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1700.12,1702.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Indians' jurisdictional rights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1703.227,1706.698"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very real effect, White backlash.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1706.698,1709.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another effect of white backlash","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1710.91,1712.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it gets closer to home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1712.29,1713.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An admiration that I have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1715.587,1718.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that many people don't necessarily share.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1718.733,1720.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nevertheless, the admiration I have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1721.7,1723.611"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is for a Senator from South Dakota, James Abourezk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1723.611,1726.235"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think one of the truly independent voices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1726.235,1727.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Congress, and the Senate especially.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1727.74,1730.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Senator Abourezk has always been noted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1731.2,1732.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for his strong pro-Indian positions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1732.69,1734.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And being the only Congressman,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1736.43,1741.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having been born and raised on a reservation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1742.1,1744.334"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a very deep, abiding, understanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1744.334,1749.334"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and knowledge of Indians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1749.47,1751.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Dakota, like Washington","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1754.05,1757.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one of the states that's in the center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1757.0,1761.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the backlash movement,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1761.41,1762.942"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the heart of the backlash movement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1762.942,1765.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think Senator Abourezk, he will not admit it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1765.29,1768.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think Senator Abourezk has declined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1769.46,1771.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to run for senate, this year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1771.09,1774.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based, I think, principally on his pro-Indian views,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1774.86,1778.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a state which is not noted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1778.42,1779.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for its pro-Indian views.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1779.97,1781.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His strong pro-Indian views have alienated him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1782.15,1784.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the majority of his voters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1784.36,1786.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think he wanted to risk defeat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1786.63,1788.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Senator Abourezk in his reasons says","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1788.86,1792.058"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that personal commitments, stress on this family,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1792.058,1795.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so forth, were his prime considerations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1795.16,1798.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think deep in his heart,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1798.103,1802.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he realized he would not be re-elected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1802.66,1804.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a shame but the fact of the matter is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1804.88,1808.102"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than change his views,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1808.102,1811.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, he couldn't live with himself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1811.78,1814.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think as soon Congressman Meeds possibly did,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1814.0,1816.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he chose not to run for re-election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1817.73,1820.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, it's the backlash.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1820.66,1823.375"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this is a fear, not fear,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1823.375,1828.375"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but a problem that Indians are facing as we win","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1828.95,1832.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more and more victories in the courts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1833.91,1837.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Courts have not necessarily been sympathetic to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1837.18,1840.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But courts have simply been recognizing the law,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1844.121,1847.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it's been written for 180, 190 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1847.13,1851.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they're vindicating rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1853.72,1854.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Indians have always had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1854.9,1856.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not a case of being sympathetic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1857.55,1859.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not a case of not being sympathetic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1859.44,1861.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a question of simply interpreting the 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treaties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1885.845,1887.898"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treaties that no longer have any effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1887.898,1890.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's called the Native American Equal Opportunity 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organization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1899.67,1902.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often referred to as the Rednecks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1903.761,1904.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the thing called the Interstate 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else's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1918.605,1920.014"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They should have the same rights as non-Indians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1920.014,1921.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the fact of the matter is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1923.517,1925.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indians don't have the same rights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1926.52,1928.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because we have a third citizenship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1929.59,1932.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Common fiction in the law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1935.3,1936.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that you are a state citizen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1936.6,1938.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're a federal citizen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1938.13,1939.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have different rights and responsibilities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1939.25,1940.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deriving from each citizenship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1940.94,1942.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a nice, neat legal fiction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1942.28,1943.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's a fiction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1943.52,1944.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that courts look at all the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1945.611,1947.261"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, Indians have a third citizenship right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1948.225,1950.412"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Citizenship rights based as a member","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1950.412,1952.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a tribe that has been recognized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1952.56,1954.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the United States as having self-governing powers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1954.14,1956.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Political process of equal rights purportedly (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1965.411,1970.411"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a very real threat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1975.504,1977.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not so much a threat in Iowa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1979.64,1981.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in Iowa, Indians yet have not 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non-Indians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1991.83,1994.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the things I found school","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=1995.617,1998.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was it becomes better to be an Indian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2000.022,2002.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the further you get away from reservation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2003.418,2006.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That to be an Indian on Rosebud","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2006.19,2007.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not such a good thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2007.8,2009.585"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to be an Indian in Boston,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2009.585,2010.974"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least in 1963, 1964 was a good thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2010.974,2013.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because Indians were strange, mysterious creatures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2014.322,2017.366"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and everybody wanted to come up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2017.366,2019.707"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and shake your hand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2019.707,2020.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and say how glad they were to meet you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2020.66,2023.214"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you didn't pose a threat to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2023.214,2024.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Winter, South Dakota and Martin, South Dakota,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2026.27,2028.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Snowflake, Arizona, Bellingham, Washington,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2029.523,2034.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reno, Nevada, Indians are a very real threat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2035.447,2040.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the existing ways of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2042.35,2044.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's where the backlash movement comes from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2045.33,2048.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would dare say that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2048.939,2050.659"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if Indians want some victory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2050.659,2052.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little victory in the state of Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2052.24,2054.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which extended beyond the boundaries of the reservation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2054.9,2058.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say, that a tribe would win the right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2059.769,2064.041"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to hunt and fish off the reservation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2064.041,2067.376"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their former lands is guaranteed by the 1825 Treaty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2067.376,2072.376"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then possibly you might see a very real backlash movement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2073.65,2076.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's the political...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2079.43,2082.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what's happening, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2084.016,2085.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is that the headlines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2087.508,2089.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are splashing big victories for Indians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2089.94,2093.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the non-Indian community on and near reservations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2094.488,2098.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is organizing in a fashion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2099.794,2101.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they've never organized before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2101.03,2103.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with money, with good attorneys, effective lobby.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2103.28,2108.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they've pressured congressmen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2110.33,2113.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to introduce unconstitutional legislation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2113.107,2118.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If not unconstitutional at least legislation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2119.8,2122.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which runs counter to basic notions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2122.05,2123.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fairness and decency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2123.64,2125.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Indians are continually being forced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2129.705,2134.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into roles which are not of their own choosing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2135.56,2138.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is what's happening behind the headlines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2139.437,2142.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reality is, I think, I can do what I hate to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2143.548,2148.548"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's generalize about Indians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2150.031,2151.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reality of the situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2152.56,2153.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that all we are concerned about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2155.786,2157.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is being able to determine our own existence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2157.84,2160.875"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our own future, in our own ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2160.875,2162.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I, as a Pottawatomie can control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2163.78,2165.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ways people of my tribe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2166.96,2169.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on my reservation will develop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2169.58,2171.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that the Winnebagos in Nebraska","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2172.959,2175.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be able to control their own reservation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2175.3,2177.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their own existence, so they could find their own place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2177.25,2180.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Navajos, the counters , the Bukimis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2182.656,2185.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so forth and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2185.387,2186.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's all we want, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2187.75,2189.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I guess what we have to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2192.75,2196.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that when it comes to the political fight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2199.242,2201.338"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have to come to discern non Indians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2201.338,2202.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Be willing to look behind headlines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2203.59,2205.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be willing to look at the hard issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2205.13,2207.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Look at the real problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2207.15,2208.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then offer their support.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2210.79,2212.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Write to your congressman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2212.13,2213.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's always easiest and most effective thing to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2213.82,2217.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because, again, we are in a battle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2217.417,2219.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for our very own existence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2220.449,2221.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2223.105,2224.804"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928#t=2224.804,2227.804"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man talking 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29150/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/150/original/AV168012_a.vtt?1623261262","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/150/original/AV168012_a.vtt?1623261262"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29151","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV168012_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43864/file/116928/transcript/29151/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- This evening session of our symposium, \"Spirit of the Earth\" is the Richard Thompson Memorial lecture. Our speaker is Mr. A. John Hobonsi . The Memorial Lecture is held in honor of the memory of Richard Thompson, from Kansas City, Missouri, who was a student here at Iowa State University. He graduated in 1971 with majors in Geology and Anthropology. While Rick was here in AMC, he was clerk of the Friends' meeting. He left Iowa State University after being a member of Cardinal Key and after being co-founder of the United Native American Student Association in UNASA. And worked with the American Friends Service Committee, first in Washington and then in Vietnam. He was a civilian worker at Kuan Nye Hospital in Vietnam. And was killed in an airplane crash in November 1973. Our speaker this evening, Mr. John Robonsi is a prairie band pottawatomie from Kansas. He grew up in South Dakota on the Rosebud Sioux Reservation, attended Grinnell College , and then obtained his law degree at DePaul University in Chicago. He has been a practicing attorney for five years in Boulder, Colorado. He's with the Native American Rights Fund. One of the cases which he has been working on is the Meskwaki hunting rights case, or as Don Wanatee also a co founder of the UNASA puts it, the \"Frozen Squirrel\" case, which is still being considered, I think, by the courts. But we're sure that they will win the case and they can take the squirrel out of the freezer. Perhaps Mr. Robansi can elaborate on that squirrel too, this evening. The title of Mr. Robansi's talk this evening is Behind the Headlines.\r\n\r\n- Thank you. By way of introduction, I am an attorney working for the Native American Rights Fund. We are the only Indian interest law firm in the United States. We're primarily funded from private foundations. But in the last few years, we've been moving towards trying to broaden our basis of support and have gone to soliciting contributions from the public. And I will take this opportunity to plug our program so that in case you ever get a little flyer, we do a blind mailings. A little flyer that you might carefully consider including us in your donations. We are a firm that tries not to depend on federal funding, and are trying to broaden our support. Enough of the plug. What I'd like to do is to talk about some of the issues in American Indian Law, as they're making the headlines today. Try going to background, why the law is what it is in terms of a historical analysis, and try to convey to you some feelings of some of the real parties. Some of the real issues in terms of survival of an indigenous people in the United States, and why these people have taken their matters to court. What I think about the success of that, and possibly some observations about the future, where we're going. One of the things that when you talk about American Indian Law, is to do with most legal matters that you are taking or conceptualizing, and you're taking reality away from it, bringing it into the hard, dry, little briefs that don't often reflect the political realities. For Indians, especially to practice law, in a sense is a very strange thing because no other profession embodies the Anglo Saxon value system more than the law does. But nevertheless, in the last 10 years, the largest postgraduate profession for Native Americans has been the law. That Indians we were now almost inundated by flood Indian attorneys are the best and the brightest. the best and the brightest seemed to be going into law. Law's where the action is now for Native Americans. It's almost the same extent that young whites leaving law school going to journalism school with hopes to find Mr. Woodward or Mr.Bernstein's success. But in discussing American Indian Law, the concept that runs through it, the legal concept, is distinguished from the political reality, is the notion of sovereignty. That is, American Indian tribes are sovereign, at the basis are sovereign entities. That they have, at the time of the discovery the United States, complete political, social autonomy. They were in fact, nations in the fullest legal sense of the word. That they had the power to deal with life, or nations, or treaties, or agreements, make war upon nations . it could receive ambassadors They were recognized by the European powers as being a sovereign. The tribes, as the courts have recognized, derive their sovereignty from their existence. From their mere existence as an Indian tribe. They do not derive their sovereignty from a grant of power from the Congress of the United States, or from a State, or from any other body. This is a very nice concept in the abstract. But it has very real meanings when put into the 19th or 20th century context of Native Americans. Right now, I can safely say that a tribe has all powers and sovereign except two or except those powers by Congress. The loss of these two powers is simply because the United States has established control over the continental boundaries of the United States. As a result of that, Indian tribes lack the power to make treaties with foreign nations. And as the Supreme Court said, about three weeks ago, they lacked the power to try non-Indians in their tribal court systems. Very, very . Congress has limited their powers and very few weak Indian tribes powers and very few ways. Specifically Congressional action. Probably the most important limitation on tribes powers across the board, is that Congress has taken away the power of tribes to try Indians who commit a felony within the boundaries of the reservation. That's it. 1871 Congress . Congress passed the Major Crimes Act. That's really within an abstract legal concept, and it's the concept which we start working from passed the limits on tribes' powers. Now in specific cases, specific tribes, Congress may have acted in particular areas, so that, for example, my tribe in Kansas the Prairie Band Potawatomi, Congress has conferred upon the State of Kansas civil and criminal jurisdictional powers, that is the State of Kansas courts have the power to hear civil and criminal matters rising from the reservation. Most reservations don't have that. State of Iowa has the power to hear criminal misdemeanor cases, civil cases and possibly hunting and fishing cases. But that's it. For felonies committed on the Meskwaki Reservation, right now that offender would be tried from the courts As a result of tribe sovereignty, and as a result of their occupancy of specific areas of land, I will try and get away from abstracts. But I think I could sketch the abstract background before sort of getting to the core of the nitty gritty, the good stuff. As a result of tribe sovereignty and their occupancy of land prior to the coming of the white man, and after the white man came, Indians had what's called an Aboriginal Indian Title. Supreme Court has defined this as the tribe's exclusive right of use and occupancy of land. So, if you look at Indian history in the 19th Century, in the 18th Century, you see that the process is taking the Indians' right of use and occupancy, converting to a recognized title in the Indians and a recognized title that the federal government can sell the land. It was a diminishment process almost. Now, you can use pejorative terms. Land steals, terms like that. But if you look at it from a historical view, as a process of the tribes converting the use and occupancy rights into a recognized title, it could be possibly alien. Now how valuable is this use of right and occupancy ? Something that doesn't come to mind very often but in 1971, Congress had to confront the question of aboriginal title, which had not been extinguished in the State, and it was the state of Alaska. aboriginal title had remained unextinguished in Alaska until 1971. Congress had to figure out how are they going to convert aboriginal title into recognized title in the Indians, compensate them for loss of their aboriginal title, at the same time, confirm them some rights and land. How much do you pay? What do you give the tribes? The settlement in Alaska, 1971, called the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, provided that the natives would take confirmed title, recognized title, fee simple title, whatever term you wanna use, for 40 million acres of land, 1/10 of the city of Alaska, and they would be paid $1 million. That gives you an idea of the value of an aboriginal title because it gives the Indians the right to use and occupy land. And nobody wants to have a use of occupancy right outstanding against them. In Alaska, one of the things happened was that there was a political pressure put on by the oil companies and the pipeline companies to get the aboriginal title extinguished, so they can start developing the oil. But nevertheless, that shows you the value of an aboriginal title in a 20th Century market. Now, the second question that would come up is what happens if the aboriginal title to your land, to your quarter acre subdivision, is not properly extinguished? What's that leave you with? Well, that's what the good citizens of are facing right now. Because it meant aboriginal title after 118 years, they found out was not properly extinguished. That natives, that ANCSA and the Pascawoti tribe still have aboriginal title, may have, probably do, 2/3 aboriginal title to 2/3 the state name. How can something like that happen? Congress, in 1785, one of the first acts of the Congress that was created after the new Constitution passed an act called the Nonintercourse Act What it purported to do, what it did, it said that if states, private citizens cannot deal with Indian tribes for their land, cannot attempt to purchase or extinguish Indians' aboriginal title unless Congress consents. In other words, Congress prohibited states or private individuals from dealing with Indian tribes for their lands. Very, very important piece of legislation and reflects the historical realities of the late 19th century, the 18th Century because Indian tribes at that time were still politically very important on the frontier. That there was still a British dominated government in Canada, which was adverse to the United States. The British and the United States had conflicts entitled to what's called the Old Northwest area of Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois and Indiana. And that the Indians, in many ways were the balance of power on the frontier. And it was a political necessity for the United States to prohibit states from dealing with Indian tribes because if a state screwed this situation up, and offended the Indian tribes and there was war, you'd have one them going to their British allies and two, was a war, not a state would have to fight but the federal government would have to fight. Secondly, from a costly practical standpoint, land was the major source of revenue for the United States. United States obtained its operating revenues to run its government, its armies, from sales of lands. And the only way that it can obtain the revenue would be to buy it from Indians and then resell it to the whites. One economic historian claims that the whole reason for the income tax was the fact that the government ran out of lands to sell. But nevertheless, the federal government preempted this field of purchase of lands from Indians. Nonetheless, the state of Massachusetts, at the time when Maine was still part of Massachusetts, negotiated with the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy Indians for their land and signed an agreement. This agreement everybody thought was the basis for Maine, which later became the State of Maine, owning vast tracts of land, and the State of Maine having the power to sell lands to timber companies. In 1972, the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy tribes put the two documents together and said, \"Wait a minute. That doesn't... The agreement between the State and our tribe in 1790 doesn't comply with the Trade Intercourse Act . It's void. There's no agreement.\" The aboriginal title remains unextinguished. So the theory went. The Penobscot and Passamaquoddy in 1972 sued the United States, to compel the United States to follow suit on their behalf against the State of Maine, arguing that they still had aboriginal title. The United States as trustee of the tribe had to protect it. And that case was litigated and was won. The Federal Court said, \"Yes. The 1790 Agreement was void. And yes, aboriginal title was unextinguished.\" At that point, instead of being poor , barn market went dry, you couldn't transfer any real estate. All sudden, people began screaming in the State of Maine, about 180 year old rights, and why should it come back to haunt us? Why would the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy tribe be concerned? Because they had lost their land, in the interveding 180 years. Under that agreement, State of Maine and said that we were gonna to confirm titling your lands. But in fact that let their lands be sold and trespassed upon and lost. So, by 1972, the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy tribes poor tribes, they had lost their land. I suspect that if the State of Maine had treated the Indians fairly and honorably, had protected their lands, then considerably this allegation would never have arose. But they had lost their lands. The State of Maine had not protect them. So they went back after the State of Maine. And you hear the white politicians, you see the newspapers, evicting people from the quartering or subdivision roads. You know, that the Indians have no right to this land. The fact of the matter, I believe, that morally they do. And legally. Now of course, the tribe is a very realistic tribe. And are not really pushing their claims against the small property owners. As a matter of fact, they're pushing their claim against what's called the big property owners. Those people who want 50,000 acres of land or more, of which I think are seven, including the State of Maine. Six private landowners and one, the state of Maine. That's who they're pushing their claim against. And there has been a solution proposed by the president, which I think is pretty fair. I think very reasonable. Some of the politicians in Maine don't think so. But, nevertheless, a solution has been offered. I think the case will be resolved by Congress. I don't think anybody wants to litigate this case, but the tribe is fully prepared, I think, to proceed with it. Now, most common way that Indian lands were purchased again one word we could say in Georgia was stolen, ripped off the way, what have you. The way that Indian lands were usually conveyed to the United States from the Indian tribes through the process of a treaty. Usually a treaty was a simple conveyance instrument or contract that the Indian tribe would give its aboriginal title to the United States. The United States would give money, recognize the tribe's right to certain lands and some other usually some additional promises, for example, there was one of treaty provisions is that the government provide one teacher for every 25 students that was brought to the agency headquarters. My tribe in the Treaty of 1833 was promised the blacksmith, a nurse, a doctor, a physician. But usually the key provisions were land in exchange for money and other land. Some cases, they were simply just treaties of peace. That the tribe agreed to be at peace with United States, which again in the turbulent political era of the early 19th Century may have been the most important thing, the United States could obtain. And a treaty, again to the abstract, is the supreme law of the land. Because it was ratified by the Senate, signed by the Executive statute, one of the constitution of the land . Like a statute, it doesn't lose its validity simply by the passage of time. The only way that a treaty provision can be modified is through an express act of Congress, or subsequent treaty modifying the original treaty. Again, very nice in the abstract. Except for one particular treaty, the Northwest Washington Fishing treaties. The Northwest part of the United States in 1850s Churchill governor Isaac Stevens negotiated a series of treaties with the small tribes Northwest Washington. The small tribes agreed to cede their control over their vast domain of land in return for smaller reservations. And, as the treaty says, the Indians would reserve the right to hunt and fish in common with citizens of the territory, at their usual and accustomed places. Very innocuous language. It's made a lot of lawyers rich. It's been litigated constantly for almost a whole year. What does that phrase mean? When the tribes reserved to themselves the right to hunt and fish off of the reservation that the usual and accustomed places, in common with the citizens of the territory. What does that mean? Well, it means, right now, after a protracted series of litigation in federal court in Tacoma, Washington, for Judge Boldt, later decision affirmed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, the Supreme court refusing to decision . What that means, according to Judge Boldt is that the Indians have the right to take half of catchable fish, in the drainages of the Puget Sound every year. Before, they'd been taking about 5%. And now, the common provisions will be chopped to one half . The State of Washington went right up the wall. The commercial fishermen went right up the wall. The sports fishermen went right up the wall. The Indians got happy. It has created, again, as in Maine, a political turmoil, which conceivably could result in congressional action, stripping a court one victory away from the Indians because the Indians are intent on exercising their right because they say, \"We gave up vast amounts of land, in return for small land but retaining our traditional right to fish. To fish as we knew how to do it.\" And to fish, in common but nonetheless to fish with non-Indians. Fish is the basis of our existence. Fishing in the northwest is one of the dominant industries, commercial fishing and sports fishing. Again, politically, the unions are a minority, in terms of absolute voters, less than 1% of the voters. This was the beginning for what's called the White Backlash Movement . And there's an article in Newsweek, this week, which, I think, says to the effect that the Indian Movement is for real because it's generated a substantial and deep felt white backlash movement. And White backlash movement is out there, and it's real and it's trying to strip tribes of their victories. In Washington, for example, Congressman Lloyd Meeds represents a district which has several fishing reservations in it. Congressman Meeds, until 1976, was the Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Indian Affairs, Committee of the interior. Congressman Meeds had been one of the, for example, principal architects of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, again, mostly considered to be a very fair and reasonable act. He'd always been known as a very fair and reasonable man. In the last month of his race for re-election, in 1976, and Congressman Meeds was an 11 term Congressman, fishing issue became the prime issue. And that Congressman Meeds was accused of being pro-Indian, and Congressman Meeds said, \"No, I'm not.\" And what you had was two candidates try to do is to out-white each other. Out anti-union each other. And Congressman Meeds reelection by 356 votes, basically on the strength of the absentee ballots, which are cast two and three weeks prior to the election. So if it'd come down to counting on everybody voting on election day, Meeds would have probably lost. And the Indian issue was the issue was key. And promptly raised warning signals to politicians wherever, that strong Indian court victories, is substantial white opposition. Congressman Meeds resigned his chairmanship of the subcommittee, and on returning to Congress promptly introduced a bill that would first create a fishing commission which would control the union's fishing rights, which would be controlled by non-Indians, which would be a nine persons commission with no Indian on it. Subsequently introduced two bills which would limit Indians' water rights and Indians' jurisdictional rights. It's a very real effect, White backlash. Another effect of white backlash and it gets closer to home. An admiration that I have, that many people don't necessarily share. Nevertheless, the admiration I have is for a Senator from South Dakota, James Abourezk. I think one of the truly independent voices in Congress, and the Senate especially. Senator Abourezk has always been noted for his strong pro-Indian positions. And being the only Congressman, having been born and raised on a reservation had a very deep, abiding, understanding and knowledge of Indians. South Dakota, like Washington is one of the states that's in the center of the backlash movement, at the heart of the backlash movement. I think Senator Abourezk, he will not admit it, I think Senator Abourezk has declined to run for senate, this year, based, I think, principally on his pro-Indian views, in a state which is not noted for its pro-Indian views. His strong pro-Indian views have alienated him from the majority of his voters. I don't think he wanted to risk defeat. Senator Abourezk in his reasons says that personal commitments, stress on this family, and so forth, were his prime considerations but I think deep in his heart, he realized he would not be re-elected. It's a shame but the fact of the matter is, rather than change his views, I think, he couldn't live with himself. I think as soon Congressman Meeds possibly did, that he chose not to run for re-election. Again, it's the backlash. I think this is a fear, not fear, but a problem that Indians are facing as we win more and more victories in the courts. Courts have not necessarily been sympathetic to us. But courts have simply been recognizing the law, as it's been written for 180, 190 years. And they're vindicating rights that Indians have always had. It's not a case of being sympathetic, it's not a case of not being sympathetic, it's a question of simply interpreting the laws that now exist. The court victories have engendered a tremendous reaction within the Congressional community. We had a bill introduced this year, called the Cunningham Bill to simply abrogate all treaties. Treaties that no longer have any effect. It's called the Native American Equal Opportunity Act. It's to treat all Indians, the same as whites. The leading backlash organization, often referred to as the Rednecks, is the thing called the Interstate Congress for Equal Rights and Responsibilities. That's their key word. Equal rights responsibilities. saying that Indians should be treated exactly as everybody else's. They should have the same rights as non-Indians. But the fact of the matter is, Indians don't have the same rights. Because we have a third citizenship. Common fiction in the law is that you are a state citizen, you're a federal citizen, you have different rights and responsibilities deriving from each citizenship. It's a nice, neat legal fiction, but it's a fiction that courts look at all the time. Well, Indians have a third citizenship right. Citizenship rights based as a member of a tribe that has been recognized by the United States as having self-governing powers. Political process of equal rights purportedly is a very real threat. It's not so much a threat in Iowa because in Iowa, Indians yet have not come in conflict with any vested rights, vested interests of the non-Indians. One of the things I found school was it becomes better to be an Indian the further you get away from reservation. That to be an Indian on Rosebud was not such a good thing but to be an Indian in Boston, at least in 1963, 1964 was a good thing. Because Indians were strange, mysterious creatures, and everybody wanted to come up and shake your hand and say how glad they were to meet you. But you didn't pose a threat to them. Winter, South Dakota and Martin, South Dakota, Snowflake, Arizona, Bellingham, Washington, Reno, Nevada, Indians are a very real threat to the existing ways of life. And that's where the backlash movement comes from. I would dare say that if Indians want some victory, little victory in the state of Iowa, which extended beyond the boundaries of the reservation, let's say, that a tribe would win the right to hunt and fish off the reservation, their former lands is guaranteed by the 1825 Treaty. Then possibly you might see a very real backlash movement. So that's the political... That's what's happening, I think. And that is that the headlines are splashing big victories for Indians, that the non-Indian community on and near reservations, is organizing in a fashion that they've never organized before with money, with good attorneys, effective lobby. But they've pressured congressmen to introduce unconstitutional legislation. If not unconstitutional at least legislation which runs counter to basic notions of fairness and decency that Indians are continually being forced into roles which are not of their own choosing. But this is what's happening behind the headlines. The reality is, I think, I can do what I hate to do and that's generalize about Indians. The reality of the situation is that all we are concerned about is being able to determine our own existence, our own future, in our own ways. So I, as a Pottawatomie can control the ways people of my tribe, on my reservation will develop. And that the Winnebagos in Nebraska will be able to control their own reservation, their own existence, so they could find their own place. The Navajos, the counters , the Bukimis and so forth and so on. That's all we want, I think. But I guess what we have to say is that when it comes to the political fight, we have to come to discern non Indians. Be willing to look behind headlines, be willing to look at the hard issues. Look at the real problems, and then offer their support. Write to your congressman. It's always easiest and most effective thing to do. Because, again, we are in a battle for our very own existence. 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