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Realities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=6.79,10.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, I'd like to encourage anyone who hasn't picked up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=11.39,13.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a brochure to pick one up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=13.82,15.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's some, they're available at the door entrance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=15.97,18.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the brochure you will notice the excellent lineup","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=18.81,22.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of speakers we have for the rest of the week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=22.61,25.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just want to encourage you to attend as many lectures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=25.43,28.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=28.61,30.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tomorrow there will be a lecture at noon in the gallery,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=30.05,34.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rest of the new lectures are here in the Pioneer Room","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=34.42,37.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but tomorrow's lecture on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=37.37,39.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why the U.S. Should Invest in Africa, is in the gallery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=39.09,43.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also would encourage you to attend this evening's 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Realities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=60.35,63.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that will be in the Sunroom at eight o'clock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=63.49,66.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But today we're pleased to have a very important 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Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=320.16,322.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many of us looked with a degree of horror","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=324.37,328.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we 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Somalia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=335.59,337.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You saw these youngsters covered in flies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=337.21,342.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease 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eyes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=350.33,354.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on national television.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=354.84,356.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we said, what can we do about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=356.92,358.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How can we help?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=360.83,362.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm reminded that I'm standing here in Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=364.23,369.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known to us in the east as the part of the bread basket","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=369.23,374.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of America in the Midwest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=374.85,377.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was driving on your highway,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=377.0,380.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Omaha here, and I saw those 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so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=405.61,406.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Georgie Bush in one of his last acts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=408.22,412.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dispatched the troops.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=414.27,417.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so if you are asked on one of your quizzes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=417.26,422.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in your Political Science 101B,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=422.26,425.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why are U.S. troops in Somalia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=427.72,430.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How would you 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abroad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1363.08,1365.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many of those individuals were former special forces","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1365.42,1370.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we believe that they were part of a CIA 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arrested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1393.2,1395.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and were brought to trial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1396.44,1398.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I was 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therefore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1407.83,1412.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Angolan government had no jurisdiction to try them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1416.05,1420.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, not only do I practice international law,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1423.43,1426.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm a criminal trial lawyer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1426.61,1429.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought that was a silly argument to 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on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1455.47,1459.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He read an ad and, in fact, he was simply a cook.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1459.7,1463.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem with that was that this 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Angola","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1514.79,1515.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mid-1970s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1517.15,1519.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continues to today, continues to 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Savimbi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1532.41,1537.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let's look at another country in Zaire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1539.44,1541.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In '84 there was a confidential 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Zaire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1590.58,1593.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a country through which they would proceed to use agents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1596.12,1601.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to destabilize Angola.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1604.34,1606.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that is not the only relationship between the CIA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1609.24,1614.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Bureau of State Security for South 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imprisoned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=1633.84,1634.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762/transcript/30889/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And 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for the 1993 Institute is Africa: Old Myths and New Realities. Again, I'd like to encourage anyone who hasn't picked up a brochure to pick one up. There's some, they're available at the door entrance. In the brochure you will notice the excellent lineup of speakers we have for the rest of the week. I just want to encourage you to attend as many lectures as possible. Tomorrow there will be a lecture at noon in the gallery, the rest of the new lectures are here in the Pioneer Room but tomorrow's lecture on Why the U.S. Should Invest in Africa, is in the gallery. Also would encourage you to attend this evening's lecture, we are very honored to have Randall Robinson who is founder and executive director of TransAfrica. He will be speaking as our keynote speaker tonight on Africa: Old Myths and New Realities, and that will be in the Sunroom at eight o'clock. But today we're pleased to have a very important lecturer, this man was someone who I met just about 10 years ago. 10 years ago in October was the U.S invasion of Grenada and at that time I was a student here, I still am, and we had a number of protests and activities against that invasion, and we were pleased to have our speaker today come in January of 1984 to address the issue of the U.S. invasion of Grenada, and to raise some of the violations of human rights international law that occurred because of that invasion. So, I was pleased to meet him at that time and I'm pleased to have him come back here 10 years later to address us for this institute. Our speaker is Lennox Hinds, he is legal council for the African National Congress in the Republic of Namibia. He also serves as a permanent representative for the United Nations for International Association for Democratic Lawyers. He is an attorney and senior partner in Stevens, Hinds and White, and also a professor of law and chairman of the Administration of Justice Department at Rutgers University. He's an author and an expert on international humanitarian law and one of his books is \"Illusions of Justice, Human Rights Violations in the United States.\" Let's give an opening welcome to our Monday noon speaker Lennox Hinds.\r\n\r\n- [Lennox Hinds] Thank you very much, Jim. I'd like to express my appreciation to the Institute on World Affairs and to the... student government at Iowa State University for inviting me here to speak to you. As Jim pointed out, I was here roughly 10 years ago and at that time I was one of the lawyers who sued the United States government. Sued then-president Ronnie, the actor, Reagan and his secretary of defense then, Caspar Weinberger. We sued then not because we actually believed that there was any federal district court judge who had any intentions of progressing in his career, who would uphold an injunction to enjoin the president of the United States, but we sued because we felt that something had to be done to deal with the question of law and order within the White House, and we sued because we felt that it was important that members of Congress who felt that the president was acting ultra vires, that is beyond the scope of his authority, ought to be challenged in our court. Of course, the federal district court judge simply ruled that the matter was non justiciable. That is a way of the courts skirting the issue. They said, well, this was a political question. You go to the Congress, if the Congress wants to, in fact, muzzle the president with respect to the war powers act then they can do that, but don't use the court. I'm pleased though to be here to speak to you today on another topic related in some way, and that is on international law and U.S intervention in Africa. Many of us looked with a degree of horror when we saw starving children in Somalia. You saw these youngsters covered in flies, disease ridden, and you saw people literally starving before our eyes on national television. And we said, what can we do about it? How can we help? I'm reminded that I'm standing here in Iowa, known to us in the east as the part of the bread basket of America in the Midwest. I was driving on your highway, from Omaha here, and I saw those rolling terraced fields that give abundant crops here in the United States, and so the question is, how can we help? And so Georgie Bush in one of his last acts, dispatched the troops. And so if you are asked on one of your quizzes in your Political Science 101B, why are U.S. troops in Somalia? How would you answer? Is it to help starving children? To feed the starving masses? I'm not asking you to respond, this is a rhetorical question. As in all of our military incursions and mobilizations we at home wave banners, we wave our American flags and with a burst of patriotic pride we pat our breasts and we deal with the generosity of the United States, the compassion and the courage of our troops, And we did so as our troops had landed on the beaches of Mogadishu, and as we paraded up onto the beaches and onto the beachhead then, at Mogadishu. But what are the legal and humanitarian principles that form the basis for our third world incursions? Under what premise do we proceed? And there has been a mixed bag. We intruded and invaded the small Island of Grenada and we used then a pretext, we said that that small patch of land in the Caribbean was a threat to the United States national interests. We said that at that time we felt an airport was being built which would in fact be used as a launching pad to incursions in the Caribbean and in other areas that we said we had a vested interest. Our fallback position was some medical students who were studying in Grenada. And we proceeded to tackle a government that clearly we disagreed with. Well, there was another intervention in this hemisphere a few years later, and that was in Panama. We sacrificed some of our American youth and hundreds of Panamanians. One theory was that we had a young Marine and his wife who were accosted and we were about to avenge the honor of this Marine and his wife. But the next theory that we advanced was that we launched an invasion in order to arrest a drug dealer called Manuel Noriega. Now, Manuel Noriega was on the payroll of the CIA. He was our man in Panama until something changed, until he became uncontrollable, until he began to do what others have done, operate in their interests and not necessarily being under the direct control of the United States, and so our interest in the Panama Canal was threatened. In the Gulf War we conned the American public in thinking that what we were doing is, we were attempting to do what? Liberate Kuwait. Now, Kuwait was a creation of the British. They call their, or drew a line in the sand, created that entity. And I'm not here as an advocate for Saddam, when he argues that Kuwait in fact was just a greater Baghdad. But the fact of the matter is, we created Saddam, we supported him militarily and even today there is a call for congressional hearings on how we, in fact, supported Saddam, armed him to the teeth, because at that time we were concerned about whom? The Ayatollah, that's right. We were concerned about the Ayatollah and we felt that what we had to do was to arm Iraq, because in terms of the lesser of two evils we, in fact, were bidding on Saddam. Of course, Saddam used those same weapons against us. The geo-strategic interest that we had was to, of course, control the Persian Gulf. Now sending 20,000 troops to Somalia to feed starving children and adults seems like a humanitarian act, but as we will discuss today it is only one of the most recent incursions by the United States in Africa and it is also the most recent interference in Africa made possible by the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union, which provided a balance between our interests and that of the socialist block. And now we have a unipolar world where the vision of the World Order is seen through the spectacles worn by the United States. And that may be cool if, in fact, that those spectacles are in fact, guided and provide a basis on the international law that we can support. Now, I will be talking about certain concepts of international law within the short time available to us today, and I'd like to provide a brief review of U.S. foreign policy in Africa since the end of World War Two, that is a foreign policy in contravention of domestic law and a contravention of international law. Now, I'm focusing on Somalia as a paradigm of the continuing consequences of United States Cold War foreign policies which were grafted onto a colonial policies of the former European empire-builders. Prior to 1990 our foreign policy, that is the United States foreign policy in Africa was undertaken as a means to solve non-African problems. At that time, prior to 1998, was characterized by our preoccupation of what the Soviet Union would do, the spread of communism and our concern about preserving Africa and preserving the interest in Africa, political and economic, for our Western allies. And that is why the United States voted against every resolution at the United Nations calling for the rights of self-determination in Africa. Every single resolution. And so those countries such as Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, who were fighting for their independence, the United States position was to oppose that, why? Because we were supporting, who? The Portuguese. Our NATO allies. And when the people of then Rhodesia now Zimbabwe, were struggling for their independence the United States would not support those struggles for national liberation. We voted it against it. And so if you look north of the Sahara, south of the Sahara, the history has been the same. Been the same in Namibia, been the same in South Africa. And so we have, in terms of our foreign policy, been concerned about the maintenance of transnational control of the rich resources of the continent. We have used a number of methods in order to protect our interests, not the least of which has been the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States government, the CIA. Documentation of the CIA involvement in African continent is unimpeachable since the end of World War Two, and I would suggest that some of you would like to do some research and to read into this. You should see, for example, a book entitled \"Dirty Works 2: The CIA in Africa\", authored by Lyle Stuart in 1980, and with the editors Ray , should also see W. Blum, \"The CIA: Forgotten History\", published by Zed in 1986 and another book by J. Ranelagh \"The Agency: The Rise and the Climb of the CIA\", 1986. Now, in 1976 the CIA backed and part of the United States foreign policy condoned mercenaries in Angola. Now, I happened to be in Angola in 1976 when three Americans were tried, tried as mercenaries. I happened to be part of an international team of legal experts who were witnessing the trial. Now, these were individuals who weren't only Americans. There were three Americans, there were about two or three British mercenaries, there was some Belgians, some Italians, some French. They were recruited here in the United States in violation of domestic law. That is the neutrality act codified in U.S. law as Title 18, Section 961 et al. Now, that law says that it is illegal for any person in the United States to launch an invasion, to start an expedition here in the United States, against a country at which the United States has not declared war. Now, there are a number of individuals who have been persecuted in this regard and a number of others who have had shelter. In the Angolan context, a magazine called Soldier of Fortune Magazine was used. This magazine advertised, recruited young people offering them adventure, offering them pay, offering them challenges, offering them glory to fight abroad. Many of those individuals were former special forces and we believe that they were part of a CIA activity where special forces members resigned from the special forces and then were recruited as individual contractors, fighting for the highest bidder, well these individuals were arrested and were brought to trial. And I was there, their defense was that the practice of mercenarism was not a crime, not a recognized crime, and therefore the Angolan government had no jurisdiction to try them. I, not only do I practice international law, but I'm a criminal trial lawyer. I thought that was a silly argument to make, and I thought of these young, young men who were facing a firing squad, to have some American lawyers to come over there and to make that argument, to these Angolans who had captured these fellows. Well, that was one lawyer's argument. Another lawyer's argument, I thought, was more creative and probably more along the lines, he said, look, my client did not know what was going on. He read an ad and, in fact, he was simply a cook. The problem with that was that this fellow, when he was arrested, had an M1 across his shoulder and he was doing more than simply cooking. But I thought that one way of trying to exculpate the situation would be not to take on an argument saying that the government did not have the legal authority to try these people who were caught on their land, with crisp United States dollars in their pockets, plundering their country. The ravages of what transpired in Angola mid-1970s continues to today, continues to today with the United States supported and inspired UNITA, under the direction of Jonas Savimbi. Well, let's look at another country in Zaire. In '84 there was a confidential memorandum smuggled out of Zaire which revealed that representatives of the United States and a pocket regime in South Africa made possible by the end of that period, had met, that is the United States representatives representatives of the South Africa regime had met with UNITA leaders to plan the destabilization of Angola. So here the United States was using Zaire as a country through which they would proceed to use agents to destabilize Angola. But that is not the only relationship between the CIA and the Bureau of State Security for South Africa. They have been described as being \"thick as thieves\". The fact of the matter is, the CIA provided information which resulted in Nelson Mandela being arrested and imprisoned. And it was very moving for me, as Mandela's lawyer in the United States when he traveled to the United States in 1990, that this man who spent 27 years in prison did not want to make a single negative statement against the United States and those people who had assisted in his capture and imprisonment. And you recall that Georgie Bush, at one time, was the Director of the CIA. Well, there was a close relationship between the Bureau of State Security in South Africa and the CIA. Drawn together by their mutual interests, their political conservatism and their racism, the CIA and BOSS established an all boys' network of cooperation and information exchange. Their shared racism and politics led to Henry Kissinger's strategy called the Tar Baby Option. That was included in a 1969 national security memorandum, entitled Memorandum Number 39. The Tar Baby Option was based on the premise that whites in South Africa were there to stay and that the only vehicle for change was the white minority, and there was no hope for the black majority to gain their political rights except by violence, which would lead to chaos and increase opportunities for the communist. But now that analysis was made in '69, within five years the liberation movements of Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola had prevailed. The MPLA, the PAIGC, FRELIMO had won, had won on the battlefields, had defeated the Portuguese. The struggles in Zimbabwe and Namibia had escalated and the ANC-led armed struggle had accelerated in South Africa. Now responding to those events, the CIA and the United States State Department increased overt and covert aid to the racist forces attempting to maintain neocolonialism in Southern Africa. As far back then in the 1960s, the U.S. Foreign Policy in Africa was clear. When the Congo won its independence from Belgium and formed a democratic coalition, headed by Patrice Lamumba, in the country which was then called Zaire, the CIA moved in. When Lamumba came to the United States and Dwight Eisenhower met him, on the one hand Eisenhower was greeting him, on the other hand he was saying this guy's a communist, get rid of him. Within a few weeks the CIA was deeply involved in efforts to overthrow the government and to assassinate some of the top officials. And you have to read the Senate report, the United States Senate report on intelligence dealing with covert actions to overthrow foreign governments, to see the substantiation of the United States government plans to assassinate certain foreign leaders. Soon after independence the Congolese army mutinied, Belgian troops reoccupied the country and organized the succession of the mineral rich Katanga province. Lamumba called upon the UN to help reorganize the army and to remove the Belgians. The UN, supported by the Eisenhower administration, delayed in replacing the Belgium troops and refused to oppose the Katanga succession. Since the Soviet Union offered to assist Lamumba, the CIA financed and councils Lumumba's enemies resulting in his assassination in January of 1961. Thereafter, the United States sponsored and sustained regime was established in Zaire under the leadership of Mobutu, who is there today. And Mobutu provided the support and covert support from Zaire against Angola, Zimbabwe, Mozambique for the next 30 years. Seymour Hersh, in the New York Times, documented the crucial role of the CIA in advising and supporting resident army officers who overthrew President Nkrumah in Ghana in 1966. All of these documented covert interventions, and many more which time prevents us from considering, wreaked havoc upon the black majority people in Africa and provided the justification for U.S. foreign policies in Africa. The consequences of these policies, illegal in international and domestic law, forged in the heat of the Cold War, affect current policies, even those presumably motivated by humanitarian principles. How did an operation that brought American soldiers in Somalia to feed starving people, wind up with American soldiers corpses being dragged through the streets of Somalia? How did this little country in the Horn become the candidate for the Beirut or the Vietnam of the 1990s? The roots of the disaster of Somalia, I contend, are deep in the tormented history of the exploitation of Africa by European colonial powers. Somalia is a country artificially created by the merger of a British Somaliland protectorate and the UN trusteeship territory of Somalia in July of 1960. It is located on the Horn of Africa bordering Ethiopia to the east and the south. It is one of the least developed countries in the world. It has a per capita annual income of $280. 75% of the country's approximately 5.8 million are nomads, the majority of whom are divided into four main clans. Now, how did such a poor little country in a poor region attract the attention of the great powers and especially the United States of America? The answer, my friends, is geography. That is strategic geographic concerns. The Horn of Africa is strategically located between the southern mouth of the Red Sea, near the strait of Bab-el-Mandab, and across from the Arabian Peninsula, providing a prime spot from which power and rear area support for military intervention in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf can be launched. American policymakers fear the hostile takeover of the Horn of Africa would destabilize pro-Western governments in the Middle East, that it would interrupt commercial shipping lanes leading out of the Indian Ocean to the West and cut off Western access to Middle Eastern ports. For these geopolitical reasons, the U.S. involved itself deeply in the affairs of Ethiopia in continually shifting power relations arising from American-Soviet competition in Africa. In 1969, General Mohammed Said Barre seized power in Somalia and established a close relationship with the Soviet Union. Somalia maintained these close relations until Ethiopia, with Soviet assistance, defeated Somalia in the Ogaden War. In March of 1978 the Ethiopians, supplied by the Soviet Union, defeated Somalia. The U.S. became Somalia's principal ally. Prior to that the Soviet Union poured billions of dollars of arms into Somalia. The United States was supporting Haile Selassie, and even though the Eritreans were fighting for self-determination, the United States supported Selassie against the Eritreans, and said that they had no rights to self-determination, because we were concerned with what? Our geopolitical interests. With Ethiopia turning to the Soviet Union, we shift sides. We now started pouring arms into Somalia. Never really pouring money to assist the people in that area to build up any structures. We were only concerned with what? Protecting our economic interests through, what means? The force of arms. Ironically, as quietly as it's kept, those same arms are being used to kill who? You've got it right. Us. And of course our interests at this point, partly humanitarian, but... like a boomerang, what goes around, comes around, and we are getting caught. In 1988, there were tremendous human rights abusers in Somalia. The United States, ignoring the fact that thousands of Somalis were being killed, hundreds were jailed, we continued to pour money and supported the Somali National Movement and the government there. The torture and murder of civilians by government forces armed with U.S. weapons has been documented as a result of the Civil War. More than 300,000 Somalis walked across the border into Ethiopia, which itself was being wreaked by bloodshed and war. The United States State Department ignored the institutionalized nature of the human rights violations by the Somali Regime and pressed Congress to release more economic aid in the face of mounting evidence of a persistent pattern of gross humanitarian intervention. The Bush-Reagan administration justify these disproportionate aid levels by citing Somalia's strategic geographic placement in the area. You are talking about $20 million, was asked by Congress to appropriate to Somali which represented 25% of all U.S. economic support funds for Africa, excluding Egypt. Now that is a small pittance when you consider $80 million. The United States supports Israel to the tune of over $3 million per day. All of Africa, all of Africa, $80 million, with the exception of Egypt. Now, this is a New World Order in which U.S troops, under the UN flag and its so-called UN mission, with shifting goals, is in Somalia. The same New World Order which introduced the people of the United States to the convenience of the clean weekend war in the Persian Gulf and in other places. First Grenada, then Panama and then, of course, Bush graduated to the presidency, the Gulf War. Now we are stuck in Somalia and considering intervention in Bosnia and as always, we're on the sidelines standing by while the people of Haiti are being slaughtered. So what is the rule in contemporaries of law in contemporary society, that we ought to be dealing with? What is the legitimate legal justification for the imposition of control by one state against another? We began this discussion by positing that a state like the United States, enjoying the benefits of existing international relations, should be motivated to uphold international law and should build and create effective international organizations for the peaceful settlement of interstate disputes. Therefore, since the United States stands at the pinnacle of the world influence, it should abandon the discredited principles of customary law which are relics, I maintain, of the 19th century Gunboat diplomacy. The dubious, discredited practices engaged in the United States, in Africa as foreign policy and decision-making which we have included, involves retaliation, reprisals, military intervention, counter intervention, destabilization and humanitarian intervention. These are relics of a policy of empire-building and we maintain must yield to the post UN Charter norms of international law. When major powers, those such as the United States, threaten or use force or economic coercion for reasons not explicitly sanctioned by contemporary standards of international law, formally accepted by all states of the world community, then these powers undermine the integrity of the very international legal order, which they constructed to protect their vital national interests in the first place. In the contemporary world, as we approach the third millennium, the only legitimate justification and procedures for the perpetuation of violence or coercion by one state against another, are those set forth in the United Nations Charter. These include and are limited to the rights of individual and collective self-defense in the event of an armed attack, as prescribed by article 51 or chapter seven enforcement actions by the UN Security Council, or chapter eight enforcement actions by the appropriate regional organization acting with the authorization of the security council under article 53 of the Charter. Peacekeeping operations organized under the auspices of the UN General Assembly in accordance with the uniting for peace resolution, or by the relevant regional organizations acting in conformity with their constitutional procedures subject to the overall supervision of the UN Security Council as defined in the chapters and articles of...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119762#t=0.0,2768.856"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Derived from antiquated and oppressive principles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=3.09,6.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of customary international law,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=6.36,8.508"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as ruthlessly practiced in the primitive of colonial area -","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=8.508,12.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"era.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=12.413,13.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we have seen, these practices generally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=14.66,18.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or generate sharp political, economic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=18.35,21.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and military opposition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=21.4,23.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only from the intended victims,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=23.19,25.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also from all other states,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=25.97,29.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which share a common history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=29.13,30.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even the most cursory review of United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=32.09,35.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foreign Policy in Africa and elsewhere, marks, um","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=35.74,40.226"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and makes clear that our national","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=40.226,44.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interests require","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=44.26,46.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that foreign policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=46.09,47.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before may rooted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=47.2,48.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in and be restricted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=49.67,51.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by international law.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=52.59,55.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our conduct in Somalia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=55.34,57.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using the need for food as a political inducement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=57.65,60.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and justification for political intervention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=60.92,64.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in the words of Ramsey Clark,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=64.213,66.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A former US Attorney General,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=66.927,69.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"A tragic mistake, we sat back while they starved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=69.493,73.311"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the tens of thousands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=73.311,75.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We think we can feed more people with guns.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=75.157,78.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somalia is not the only example of starvation diplomacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=80.03,84.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Liberia and Haiti,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=84.51,87.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are deliberately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=87.42,88.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starving a population by blockade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=88.42,90.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Iraq, thousands died from hunger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=90.33,93.166"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and lack of medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=93.166,95.345"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"due to U.S. sanctions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=95.345,98.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could have lifted 10 times the amount of food to Somalia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=98.44,102.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at half the cost of the military expedition needed to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=102.49,105.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assert your U.S. presence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=105.8,108.424"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had Germany in the region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=108.424,111.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vietnam like Somalia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=112.6,115.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a pawn to meet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=115.27,116.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=120.53,121.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A pawn to the 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difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1465.33,1467.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for emerging countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1468.422,1470.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to choose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1472.03,1473.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a path","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1474.22,1475.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of development while they're being weighted down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1475.63,1478.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the legacies of colonialism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1478.84,1481.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and trying to propel their society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1483.01,1485.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forward and creating a better life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1485.95,1489.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without dealing with the hard economic realities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1489.21,1491.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's a very difficult problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1491.92,1493.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have SWAPO.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1493.47,1494.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SWAPO has taken power for three years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1494.72,1497.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The material","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1499.73,1501.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"base,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1501.35,1502.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrastructure base housing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1503.49,1506.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has not changed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1506.1,1507.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Namibians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1509.33,1511.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The hope for Namibians is not for them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1511.58,1515.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now but for their children's children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1515.263,1518.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that there is a government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1518.97,1520.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is being controlled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1522.24,1523.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the people who are struggling to find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1523.32,1527.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1527.31,1528.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to move forward.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1529.27,1530.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very difficult situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1532.928,1534.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1534.28,1535.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1535.83,1538.807"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1538.807,1539.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Mr. Heinz, and I want to thank","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1539.64,1541.845"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody who attended","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1541.845,1542.678"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and remind you of our lecture tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1542.678,1544.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Randall Robinson at eight o'clock in the sunroom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1544.0,1546.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pick up a brochure on the way out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1546.85,1548.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you haven't had one. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=1548.37,1550.57"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30891/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/891/original/AV204253_Hinds_Lennox_b.vtt?1626718139","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/891/original/AV204253_Hinds_Lennox_b.vtt?1626718139"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30892","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204253_Hinds_Lennox_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763/transcript/30892/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Derived from antiquated and oppressive principles of customary international law, as ruthlessly practiced in the primitive of colonial area - era. As we have seen, these practices generally or generate sharp political, economic, and military opposition, not only from the intended victims, but also from all other states, which share a common history. Even the most cursory review of United States Foreign Policy in Africa and elsewhere, marks, um and makes clear that our national interests require that foreign policy before may rooted in and be restricted by international law. Our conduct in Somalia, using the need for food as a political inducement and justification for political intervention was in the words of Ramsey Clark, A former US Attorney General, \"A tragic mistake, we sat back while they starved by the tens of thousands. We think we can feed more people with guns.\" Somalia is not the only example of starvation diplomacy. In Liberia and Haiti, we are deliberately starving a population by blockade. In Iraq, thousands died from hunger and lack of medicine due to U.S. sanctions. We could have lifted 10 times the amount of food to Somalia at half the cost of the military expedition needed to assert your U.S. presence and had Germany in the region. Vietnam like Somalia, was a pawn to meet our interest. A pawn to the West. And like Somalia is worse off because of military efforts. To force them to establish a government that is subservient to our interest. The future of world peace and the human and political economic rights of the have-nots, the nations of Africa, and of all the Southern hemispheres of the globe depend upon the U.S. and United Nations itself abandoning the relics of the colonial and cold war past. Reliance on the principles of international law embodied in the UN Charter and the declarations which implement these principles must be applied before we let patriotic fervor again allow the administration to send you U.S. troops rather than humanitarian aid to another country, seeking to free itself from its colonial past. Each of us, must take the responsibility for making sure that this government, United States of America, does not continue its foreign policies and practices that violates domestic and international law. Each and every one of us must demand an end to arrogant incursions into the third world, using the flag, military music, jets flying overhead, to muffle the cries of the people of nations weakened by past oppression. That we seek to save against their will. Thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- I am told that we are supposed to leave here in in one o'clock you have one minute.\r\n\r\n- We will have time for questions, but anybody who does have to leave at one o'clock for class, this is the opportunity for you to politely leave the rest of you who want to stay, we will have time for probably 10 or 15 minutes of questions, so start thinking of your question. Who would like to be the first questioner? Yes, sir?\r\n\r\n- Do you think that there are even in Somalia is connected with oil policy? I read that, that article in the paper said that where else in understanding the Australian Program, Somalia in speculation.\r\n\r\n- Well, I, I do not have any information that degree of specificity, that there are potential law fields that the United States is competent. But it is clear to me that, um, while the cold war has ended the United States views the access to the Gulf as critical. And views that area of, uh the mouth to the red sea and access to the Indian ocean as, as critical. And so we want control of that area. We want the ability to have a forward troops and supplies to be stationed there. And that is one of the reasons why the Pentagon wanted the military presence. The airlift of food could be that, could have been handled in a different way. And I think that what has happened in Somalia is that we came out of Vietnam, not wanting to, in fact, shed American blood and for 20 years or so, no administration was prepared to project U.S. troops. We took a calculated risk in Grenada, a country having a population of under a hundred thousand people. So we sent the Marines in and we came out waving our fingers in the, in the air, number one, very low risk, high return. We moved in Panama. And of course, we took on, sit down. And at this point we feel that the use of gunboat diplomacy is our way of establishing the new world order which is the order of the United States. The specific question about oil in Somalia. I cannot, um, address that question but certainly there are geo-strategic issues at play. Yes, sir? Yes. And white chair.\r\n\r\n- Mm.\r\n\r\n- Mm.\r\n\r\n- Which one?\r\n\r\n- Cornwall.\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- His name was equated on the economy.\r\n\r\n- His name was equated. Economy. Yes. Mm. Mm.\r\n\r\n- Um. The, uh, the new world order is against any force or forces that is perceived or viewed as challenging U.S. economic and political interests. If Islam, what not just Islam, what is now being described as Islamic fundament, fundamentalism. That is how it's being described now. Just, not just isn't it. That is now the, the new code word for a force that threatens the hegemony. As we see it. Within the context of the United States right here in the land of the free the home of the brave and the Yankees. We are not talking about communism as a threat. What are we talking about? Terrorism, international terrorism. And who are the terrorists? The terrorists are those individuals, whom we believe uh, plotting to destabilize and overthrow the government of the United States who, and in this case there's a whole question of some trials in New York involving um, Islamic fundamentalism emerging out of Egypt, that, that have targeted United States interests. And so to answer your question, um yesterday, it is viewed as Islamic fundamentalism and there are forces. The United States is aligning with forces in that our work to attempt to maintain the same in Germany, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait. These, uh, um, political entities created, supported by the United States to advance its own interests. Yes, sir. In the back, in the sweater, gray and black.\r\n\r\n- You said I'm looking at an idea. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Correct.\r\n\r\n- Nigeria. Okay. West Africa\r\n\r\n- I think that all\r\n\r\n- Absolutely.\r\n\r\n- Mm.\r\n\r\n- Okay. You're dealing with several factors. Absolutely. Good year has a large, um, economic interests of his plantations and so on there, but Liberia, you know the history of Liberia, our Liberia was created tall but proceeded though. Though, there was no problem with Doe. Doe was viewed as a clown. He, he provided no threat to US interests. And so therefore, if you could control a clown, you you know, you don't move in. Now when Doe was toppled, the question was can we protect our interests and who are the forces at play? The CIA supports the government in power and they support whom did this incidents. There's support both sides. I represented the, as a lawyer, criminal trial lawyer, I represented individuals who were attempting to topple baby doc. These were individuals who were Haitians who were organizing and trying to buy weapons in the United States to train troops in the Everglades. Now, you know that the United States have been training sanguinous and the Everglades to overthrow Castro. But in this case, my clients were arrested. They were charged with violating the neutrality act. These characters who were recruited and went down and go live. They wouldn't, they have a chalk, but they will chop. Once we began to get information, we began to realize that the CIA was supporting both sides. And even today they're supporting the opposition because they're hedging their bets whoever gets into power, they want access to. And that is how they operate. And so you have Taylor in Liberia. And the question is, how is Taylor getting the kind of money he is getting and who was ready supplying him? There isn't while there may be upheaval, the, Who comes to power is not there. The United States is not viewing that in terms of a threat to its interests. And so therefore they are prepared a, to have surrogates. Deal with that question, as opposed to projecting U.S. troops which the Congress of the United States may have a problem with.\r\n\r\n- Somewhat.\r\n\r\n- Yes, Sir?\r\n\r\n- Do you think that this report of the U.S. Chop. Chop. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Of course, yes.\r\n\r\n- Yes\r\n\r\n- Yes, um, You, you. I mean, you know, maybe still came off on that. It doesn't have anything\r\n\r\n- Okay. Let, let me, let, let me suggest this to you. I, I think, I think that, um, we, after April 27 of next year, we might have a new dynamic. South Africa with the aid assistance connivance conspiracy of the United States government. Destabilized all of the frontline states. Zaire, was the base. The rare base used by the CIA to support all of that destabilization efforts. Mobile two was viewed as someone very crucial to the United States interests in Southern Africa. Which was what to deny the Soviet union access to the minerals and access to the sea routes in that area. That was a geo strategic issue that was being proposed and argued at the national security level at the United States. Mandela is going to take power. The AMC is going to take power after April 27. The situation in the midyear is going to shift drastically. Namibia, for example, gained its independence in 1998 and yet, does not have access to its only port. Because while this Bay has been viewed as South African territory that's going to shift and change. We're going to see a new approach coming out of South Africa, which will then enable, enable the rest of Africa in the Southern Africa region to begin to develop from a regional basis. The people of Zaire have to take actions in their own take steps. In their own hands. And they ought to proceed to support mobile two as a route supports are hanging men.\r\n\r\n- Yeah. Every time I speak, I end up with another page in my FBI file. Let's see in anybody here is, uh, would be responsible but somehow there's a page that says, deleted said Heinz was at, I was the Iowa State University and at a lecture, these are the comments that he made. The comments that I am making here just for the records was very clear. Are I am not advocating. I am not urging anyone to take any actions. And so I am saying it appears to me that in the finest tradition, in the finest American tradition those who are in five being victims of tyranny should rise up. Rise up and support the tyrants. In the only way they know how and understand like a rope supports are hanging them. Yes, sir?\r\n\r\n- Yes, sir?\r\n\r\n- To remarkable change policy for Africa or anywhere. Somebody's given me on the actual boundaries that have been created given the armaments that has gone on in the last thirty five , forty years. Why don't we proceed with a policy or build infrastructure and governance without interfering or posing our philosophies of government?\r\n\r\n- Um, it's a very difficult question because we have created a certain entities to, um as extensions of our foreign policy that is the IMF, the world bank and so on. And they have avision which is repairing and making clones of Western development. And that is the reality and countries are being held hostage. If they decide on any alternative approach to development. Very, very difficult um, phenomenon that we're in very little, very little options. Take for example, South Africa take for example that maybe, inside Africa there's a freedom charter. The ANC today on a talking about the freedom charter, which was built upon an alternative economic set of principles. Freedom charter talks about, um, job for every Af- every South African who in fact, once a job. The ANC is dealing today with trying to encourage maximum private investment and are approaching nearly a laissez-faire approach to encouraging foreign investment to come in. We within the anti-apartheid movement, we're talking at least within the context of the United States of having U.S. corporations agree, what certain principles and guidelines of how they would operate inside Africa. The ANC has said to us, please we do not want you now to place burdens and restrictions on U.S. corporations. We, a new government in South Africa we'll lay those out because we are competing with whom? We are competing with Chile. We are competing with Brazil. We are competing with other countries for U.S. investors. You don't put those restrictions on those people. And if, in fact, you put restrictions on us then those private investors will go elsewhere. And so those are the real dynamics we can, in the context of a classroom begin to theorize in these areas. But when you deal with the, the, the practical reality, um I, it is very difficult for emerging countries to choose a path of development while they're being weighted down by the legacies of colonialism and trying to propel their society forward and creating a better life without dealing with the hard economic realities. And it's a very difficult problem. You have SWAPO. SWAPO has taken power for three years. The material base, infrastructure base housing has not changed for Namibians. The hope for Namibians is not for them now but for their children's children. In that there is a government that is being controlled by the people who are struggling to find a way to move forward. It's a very difficult situation. I, thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Mr. Heinz, and I want to thank everybody who attended and remind you of our lecture tonight by Randall Robinson at eight o'clock in the sunroom pick up a brochure on the way out if you haven't had one. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/46619/file/119763#t=0.0,1554.24"}]}]}]}