{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/z02z31pf05/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Maclean, Una, Hospitals or Healing"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV167899 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Hospitals or Healing is a March 22, 1976 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Catherine Una Maclean. Catherine Una Maclean discusses the practice of traditional medicine among the Yoruba.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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stage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=775.86,778.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we were going to start working out our statistics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=778.95,783.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we found a rather unusual 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becomes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=793.41,797.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rates of cancer go up as age goes up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=797.53,801.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we found that when we looked at our 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people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=806.91,810.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I have to remind you here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=810.14,812.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what old means in that context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=812.06,814.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In women over 45, they're old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=815.71,818.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in men over 50 to 55,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=818.68,820.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a shortage of cancer cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=823.24,825.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this seemed 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information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1010.09,1011.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I'll tell you how it appears.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1011.43,1014.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you were to go downtown,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1014.15,1016.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would, for example, see a big notice saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1016.24,1018.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the union of Nigerian herbalists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1018.18,1020.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They advertise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1020.48,1021.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Britain, we're not allowed to advertise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1021.7,1023.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doctors mustn't advertise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1023.13,1024.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's illegal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1024.64,1025.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But Nigerians are under no compunction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1025.473,1027.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the union of Nigerian herbalists would be advertising.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1027.41,1030.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somebody else would be advertising cures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1030.65,1032.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for anything you could think of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1032.68,1034.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, there are a large numbers of herbalists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1034.54,1039.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primarily herbal healers operating and functioning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1040.33,1044.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the city of Ibadan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1044.52,1045.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are one of the two broad divisions of Yoruba healers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1046.96,1051.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the two divisions, therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1055.26,1057.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the Onisegun, who are primarily herbalists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1057.55,1062.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Babalawo, they are the priests of the Ifa cult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1062.48,1067.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the they, the latter, the priests of the Ifa cult,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1067.78,1070.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Babalawo, they in fact specialize in what,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1070.727,1074.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would not be probably too wrong to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1074.01,1077.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a kind, a form of psychotherapy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1077.06,1080.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they employ a number of systems of 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conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1087.2,1089.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which have gone on for a long time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1089.63,1091.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and about which the patient, and their family,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1091.7,1094.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and everybody become very worried,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1094.43,1096.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they want to find the reason why this has happened,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1096.86,1099.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and why it should happen to them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1099.49,1100.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and why at this particular 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care.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1108.35,1110.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas at the primary level of care,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1112.62,1114.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've got the herbalists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1114.13,1115.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think it's wrong to erect two definite division","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1116.84,1121.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between these two types, because there's no 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similarly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1126.43,1130.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the diviners will have a considerable knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1130.42,1134.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of various herbs and remedies of that type as 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disconcerting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1146.65,1149.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a Western diagnostician,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1149.83,1152.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the healer is, in many cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1152.38,1155.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expected to sense his patient's troubles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1155.37,1158.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and direct questioning relates to the circumstances","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1158.21,1162.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the symptoms arose,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1162.85,1166.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than to the nature, in many cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1166.11,1168.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than to the nature of the symptoms themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1168.12,1170.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Yoruba patient may find a question like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1170.6,1174.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is the motto with you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1174.64,1176.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be simply a confession of incompetence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1178.33,1181.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it quite logically says, that's the doctor business,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1181.13,1183.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's your business to find out what's the matter with me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1183.77,1186.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whilst, how stupid can you be asking me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1186.103,1188.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's the matter with me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1188.33,1189.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You've got the divine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1189.42,1190.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You've got to find out what's the matter with me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1190.55,1193.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure Michael will think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1194.945,1197.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that's an 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ourselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1302.11,1305.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they deal, in fact, with a wide range of remedies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1305.64,1310.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for all human ills, not what we would categorize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1312.71,1317.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as purely medical conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1317.34,1320.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How many of you in the back having trouble hearing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1321.74,1325.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1325.1,1325.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1329.19,1330.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know if this is--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1332.23,1333.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that 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intention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1394.83,1396.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But others have definitely an element of sympathetic magic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1396.74,1401.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these drugs are mixed, when medicines are being made,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1404.78,1409.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're mixed in a strictly regulated or ritual manner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1409.91,1412.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with other ingredients, these magical remedies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1412.73,1415.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they're mixed with ingredients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1415.44,1416.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which bear close symbolic affinity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1416.73,1419.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the organ or the illness which is being treated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1419.14,1422.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many cases, the use,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1423.92,1426.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and preparation of a Yoruba medicine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1426.72,1429.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is accompanied by an incantation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1429.28,1431.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to say a verbal formula,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1431.97,1435.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which defines in simile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1435.24,1437.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the purpose of the particular preparation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1437.72,1439.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll try and give you an example of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1439.7,1442.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Guinea worm is a well-known parasitic infection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1442.12,1445.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which a small worm comes out through an ulcer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1445.7,1448.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the lower part of the legs, very common.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1448.44,1451.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they have a remedy for Guinea worm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1451.17,1453.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it consists of some white threads,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1453.25,1457.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some little bits of leather, some bits of pepper,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1457.13,1460.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other ingredients, they're all tied up together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1460.84,1462.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, you don't have to actually eat this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1462.89,1465.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't have to take this by mouth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1465.52,1467.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you apply it to the affected area and then you bury it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1467.23,1470.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you say, when you're burying it, words to this effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1470.84,1473.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I bury the dead of the Guinea worm in my body.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1473.96,1476.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let it never attack me again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1476.86,1478.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the dead never rise into the world again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1478.43,1481.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are many examples like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1482.98,1484.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the herbalists, whom I went to visit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1486.629,1489.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I ended up by interviewing 100 Ibadan herbalists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1489.17,1494.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was collecting a vast pile of manuscripts on his remedies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1494.81,1499.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although he was technically illiterate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1501.52,1503.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his daughter, who had been to school and could write,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1503.25,1505.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was writing down these in her,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1505.81,1507.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in school notebooks and jotters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1507.73,1509.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there they were underneath his bed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1509.067,1511.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I wished I could've got my hands on them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1511.04,1513.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very large numbers of these healers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1515.399,1520.399"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"practicing in the city of Ibadan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1521.72,1523.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, myself, was concerned in interviewing 100 of them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1524.851,1529.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I stopped at 100 because it's a very nice number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1529.62,1532.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for doing statistical calculations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1532.93,1535.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wasn't because I thought there weren't any more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1535.55,1538.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eight of them were over the age of 50 out of the 100.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1542.986,1546.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're tending to be middle-aged and over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1546.913,1550.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know whether I shall have time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1551.48,1553.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to talk about the other types of healer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1553.89,1556.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You may ask me other questions about these later on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1556.05,1560.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I will just say that one of the ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1560.04,1563.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the Yoruba herbalists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1563.47,1565.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been extending their practice lately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1565.61,1567.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in order to try and combat the competition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1567.83,1571.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from modern medicine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1571.82,1573.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is they've been bottling their medicines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1573.08,1575.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and putting labels on them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1575.78,1576.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll show to you in a minute, a minute or two in slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1576.92,1579.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Putting on labels so that they look like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1579.53,1581.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the remedies, one where you would buy in a drug store,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1582.757,1585.758"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're like pain medicine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1585.758,1587.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've copied the kind of label","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1587.3,1589.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they've copied the little 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type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1598.9,1603.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what they call quacks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1605.66,1607.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, a quack, he's just selling 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Nevada,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1628.099,1633.099"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have their own style healers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1633.76,1635.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't think I should be able to 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1732.5,1733.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we haven't time to talk about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=1733.95,1736.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when we got down to asking 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husbands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2097.37,2099.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the old man of the compound said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2099.22,2101.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they went against it, against this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2101.23,2104.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, the men deplored this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2104.21,2105.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there was a 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hospitals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2112.43,2113.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Opinions varied about the reputation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2115.47,2118.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the two main hospitals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2118.74,2120.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some people say, well, how should I know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2120.98,2123.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only doctors know about these sort of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2123.49,2126.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only the specialists know about doctors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2126.09,2128.959"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Others made out that hospitals had a knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2128.959,2133.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all cure for all diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2133.33,2135.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I forgot to say it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2135.9,2137.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should've said that 90% of both types of hospital,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2137.14,2142.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of both types of households used hospitals on 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doses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2217.28,2218.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it begins to depress the nervous system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2218.98,2222.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they were using this in child in 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morning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2247.48,2249.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because she lived in her husband's house,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2249.31,2252.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and his mother had saw to it that the 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to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2291.99,2295.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're clear in their own minds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2295.18,2297.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are many different kinds of fever, just 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very,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2328.55,2330.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a number of remedies for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2330.78,2332.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that the smallpox was a 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2340.68,2343.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they just didn't want to mention it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2343.443,2345.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like for fear of bringing it on themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2345.163,2348.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was too dreadful, too awful to mention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2348.64,2351.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the name of smallpox and the god of smallpox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2351.57,2354.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there was a wide range of treatments for smallpox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2354.717,2359.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there were soaps, there were 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epidemics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2388.57,2390.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is not surprising because smallpox has been known","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2390.52,2395.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in epidemic proportions in Africa for so long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2395.76,2398.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they had, all they had, for example, regulations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2398.53,2400.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forbidding large gatherings of people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2400.66,2403.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they said that you can only sweep","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2403.17,2405.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the floor of the compound with a particular kind of brush,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2405.21,2408.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that didn't raise so much dust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2408.29,2409.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many of these were very sensible, these 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views","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2415.95,2420.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the treatment of smallpox,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2421.31,2422.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because after all European medicine can't treat smallpox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2422.52,2426.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can prevent smallpox,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2426.41,2427.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we can't treat smallpox once it's occurred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2427.287,2430.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the other thing they thought, and they were dead right,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2430.35,2433.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we couldn't treat tetanus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2433.8,2435.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We couldn't treat convulsions in adults either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2437.436,2439.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they had a very clear idea of the disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2439.75,2444.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the diseases which were within the competence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2444.31,2446.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of modern medicine and those which most definitely were not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2446.64,2450.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let me try and sum up a little of what I've said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2452.21,2457.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I probably tried to put too much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2457.57,2459.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into this little short talk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2459.63,2461.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think it's a good thing for doctors to 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perspective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2471.06,2474.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the potential patient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2474.05,2477.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is no more 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culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2491.54,2494.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is a town in the traditional Yoruba pattern,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2495.71,2498.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and those town dwellers, it's clear that those town 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mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2796.22,2799.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in conclusion, I think that it's a mistake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2799.94,2803.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to direct your 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of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2809.77,2813.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although that is undoubtedly powerful in many cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2813.29,2815.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that the injuring value of Nigerian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2815.97,2819.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other traditional African medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2819.13,2821.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lies not in its material, but in its methods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2821.37,2825.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that any kind of health education that we do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2825.7,2828.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in countries like this kind will never be effective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2828.96,2833.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without a prior understanding of the medical philosophy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2833.66,2837.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we are presuming to replace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2837.3,2839.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I'd like to show them some of these pictures now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2841.2,2845.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if that's all right, Michael.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2845.44,2847.386"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faint voice 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front?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2869.38,2871.721"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are the switchers here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2871.721,2873.638"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2874.748,2875.581"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How can we be able to see it if we this blazed with 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(mumbles).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2892.819,2895.798"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faint voices talking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=2895.798,2899.048"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not a case of let there be 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abiku.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3173.88,3176.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3176.41,3177.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The whole idea about 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world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3183.89,3186.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in a very few, few months or years they die;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3186.55,3190.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the great distress of their parents,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3190.68,3192.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they are reincarnated again in the next child,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3192.83,3195.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on; there may be a cycle birth like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3195.35,3198.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The mother tries to give them all kinds of names","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3198.75,3201.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to persuade them to stay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3201.18,3203.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The parents give the name and say, wait and bury me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3205.371,3208.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that's a great thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3208.7,3210.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nigerian want their children to live in order to bury them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3210.13,3213.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or there's no hole to bury you with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3213.2,3215.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or stay and play with me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3215.03,3216.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pathetic names like that, abiku.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3216.22,3218.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he's going to help abiku children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3218.003,3222.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, go to the next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3222.77,3224.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this is, it's nothing like that side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3224.95,3227.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a Dahomeyan, a little bronze figure, figurine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3227.35,3231.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is about three inches high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3231.09,3234.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is a doctor examining his patient's 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child","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3252.65,3254.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a somewhat unusual manner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3254.99,3257.165"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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backyard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3272.03,3274.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the compound.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3274.97,3276.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right, can we have the next one?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3276.01,3277.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this is the chap,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3278.74,3281.072"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would you say he's in secondary or tertiary care?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3281.072,3283.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, he's the diviner, a diviner-priest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3283.86,3288.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He combines the role of priest and healer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3288.42,3292.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that, of course, has been the case in many traditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3292.84,3296.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he's in the process of 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verses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3307.37,3311.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a long series which he has learned by heart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3311.16,3314.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he tells that the appropriate verses to his patient,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3314.02,3317.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who reads into these verses, are meaning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3317.73,3321.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is meaningful for him or 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Ibadan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3326.55,3331.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a market selling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3333.339,3335.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specializing in traditional medicines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3335.67,3340.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ingredients of traditional medicines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3340.46,3342.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, (mumbles).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3342.15,3342.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rather more horrific perhaps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3345.19,3346.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and again, these are various 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me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3394.886,3396.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I made the mistake once of asking the chap","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3396.94,3399.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come and see me on my premises,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3399.62,3401.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of going to see him in his surgery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3401.24,3403.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he felt some apprehension about 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him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3419.48,3422.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And out of his pocket, he brought a little white,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3422.65,3425.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little white thing in white cloth with black thread on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3425.79,3429.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He come prepared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3429.74,3430.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if the interview hadn't gone so 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me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3436.56,3438.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3438.244,3440.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, next.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3440.56,3441.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is Mr. Okaku.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3442.69,3444.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's one of the modern style herbalists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3444.89,3446.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's bottled his medicine, you see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3446.68,3448.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you could sort of put yourself in one 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evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3453.73,3458.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the power of his own medicine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3458.83,3461.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that restores bodily power and vigor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3461.39,3463.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And remember, what power means in the African sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3463.99,3467.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it means sexual potency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3467.49,3469.638"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3469.638,3472.638"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the one hand, it says what the magic will do;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3473.746,3475.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other hand, it says such a garbled,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3475.86,3477.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the list with the 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tonic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3494.684,3497.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for all kinds of female troubles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3497.76,3499.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I would maintain that these 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good,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3516.69,3517.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they did very little harm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3517.82,3519.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand, the next one, the next one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3519.5,3522.832"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these, is for baby Okaku.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3522.832,3524.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, you can't afford to take any chances with baby Okaku","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3524.75,3529.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he gets sick.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3529.44,3530.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These little children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3533.83,3534.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they are given traditional remedies when they get ill,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3534.93,3538.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they've got kwashiorkor and then they get an infection,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3538.97,3541.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they're given these remedies, well, they're likely to die","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3541.36,3544.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they've only got a few days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3544.84,3546.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Mr. Okaku said to me when I went to see him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3546.61,3549.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oh, why don't you take some bottles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3549.81,3551.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this children's pile mixture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3551.34,3553.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up to the professor of pediatrics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3553.74,3555.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the university college hospital?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3555.35,3556.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, I don't think he knows about me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3556.91,3558.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I would like to get a wider sale for my medicines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3558.52,3562.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's all very well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3562.613,3563.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's no joke where children are concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3563.55,3566.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't mess about with sick children in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3566.84,3569.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, go on the next one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3569.81,3571.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because, you see, there's a picture of a child","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3572.37,3575.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with kwashiorkor, an advanced protein malnutrition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3575.134,3579.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we saw on so many cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3579.61,3581.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the child who has protein malnutrition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3581.98,3584.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it will fall prey to the slightest infection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3584.25,3587.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, go on the next one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3587.82,3589.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these are the children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3590.08,3591.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see, they go with their mothers to the market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3591.1,3594.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there, they are playing in the rubbish bin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3594.23,3596.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see the corn husks and things that been tossed in there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3598.017,3600.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're playing happily enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3600.24,3601.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're at great risk of gastrointestinal infections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3601.46,3604.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, go on the next one, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3604.9,3608.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's just to remind you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3608.1,3608.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the various sources of medicine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3608.933,3611.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just to sum up again what I said before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3611.57,3614.357"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The various sources of medicines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3614.357,3616.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are available to people in a town like Ibadan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3616.16,3619.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't had time to tell you about the house of Babalawo,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3619.21,3621.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show the faith healers, and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3621.95,3623.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it gives you just some idea of the range.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3623.96,3627.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, do think everybody should get these lights on again?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3627.19,3629.946"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3629.946,3632.946"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3638.7,3641.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We can take 10 minutes or so for questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3649.05,3652.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ronnie?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3654.25,3655.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faint voice talking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3657.222,3660.389"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I would like to tell you about that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3666.53,3668.077"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think it would take us rather far away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3668.077,3672.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from our present concerns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3672.55,3674.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just in summary, it's completely wrong to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3674.77,3678.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that cancer is rare in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3678.28,3680.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason why it was rare, apparently rare,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3680.81,3683.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the old people were less inclined to come to hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3683.67,3687.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other thing I would like to tell you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3687.47,3689.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that there's a particular kind of cancer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3689.05,3691.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we don't find in Europe and America","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3691.71,3695.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which affects children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3695.21,3696.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's called the Burkitt's lymphoma.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3696.3,3698.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as far as the commonest cancer in men,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3698.54,3701.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the part of African which I worked,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3701.26,3702.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in many other parts of tropical Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3702.85,3705.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is primary cancer of the liver.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3705.11,3707.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e About the Chinese form of healing, that is acupuncture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3714.17,3717.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was regarded as very barbaric","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3718.21,3720.724"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from up here in Ibadan, in Western--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3720.724,3722.304"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3722.304,3723.911"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, and just recently grew up (mumbles).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3723.911,3727.502"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How much of the natural way of healing (mumbles) with you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3727.502,3731.084"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or could you explain, I think, what it means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3731.084,3734.834"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That wasn't what I was about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3736.47,3738.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I had been trying to prove","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3738.7,3741.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or to demonstrate the efficacy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3741.04,3743.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the traditional form of healing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3743.65,3746.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a particular remedy as compared with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3746.59,3749.981"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an Orthodox form of treatment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3749.981,3752.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would've had to gone about it very differently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3752.213,3755.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a difficult thing to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3755.47,3757.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think people should do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3757.08,3758.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it should be taken seriously.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3758.57,3760.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there is little evidence, I'm sorry to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3760.8,3764.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it is being taken seriously,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3764.85,3766.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except that some Nigerian universities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3766.59,3769.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are now investigating the pharmacological components","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3769.64,3774.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of some of these medicines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3775.05,3776.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3781.34,3782.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Your methodological collection and (mumbles),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3784.58,3787.507"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did you find some of these medicines before that (mumbles)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3788.54,3792.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, did you find any of them that (mumbles)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3794.397,3799.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How many of them did you find?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3801.056,3802.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, do you see any relationship","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3802.703,3803.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between these group of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3803.913,3806.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the amount of people that use them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3806.22,3809.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I want to find out about these,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3809.34,3812.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did you, in any way, find out that the (mumbles) group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3812.23,3816.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to (mumbles).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3816.69,3817.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3822.82,3823.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, you've asked me several questions there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3823.95,3826.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the first place, the survey,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3826.65,3829.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I've described to you today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3829.12,3830.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in the city of Ibadan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3830.34,3831.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I did not have any difficulty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3833.097,3835.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in persuading the herbalists and Babalawo,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3835.65,3840.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whom I approached in the city, to provide information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3840.25,3844.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You may well say, well, how can you be assured","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3844.08,3847.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the information was correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3847.88,3849.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that every anthropologist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3849.32,3851.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to ask him or herself that same question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3851.28,3854.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I did not have the experience of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3854.36,3859.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refusing to give information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3860.01,3861.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that many European trained Nigerian doctors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3861.49,3866.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would tell me that this would be the case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3866.27,3868.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I couldn't get the information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3868.01,3869.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that was not my experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3869.5,3871.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No questions from the MD's?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3881.88,3883.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3884.374,3887.374"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If there are no more questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3890.289,3891.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to thank you very much for coming today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3891.16,3894.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3894.98,3896.206"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=3896.206,3899.206"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29599/annotation/1226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/599/original/AV167899_a.vtt?1624892278","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/599/original/AV167899_a.vtt?1624892278"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29600","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV167899_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353/transcript/29600/annotation/1227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I like to welcome all of you here to the gallery this evening. It's with a great deal of pleasure I introduce to you someone who has greatly inspired my own work, Dr. Catherine Una Maclean from the university of Edinburgh in Scotland. Dr. Maclean teaches in the Department of Community Health, Community Medicine. And despite the fact that she is a female and that she has five children and that her husband is a member of parliament, has still managed to do a doctorate in public health, which included field research in West Africa followed by an MD degree which included extensive field work on cancer surveys in West Africa, followed by a PhD, no, she is a glutton for punishment at least, which included field work in West Africa on community attitudes to mental illness. Dr. Maclean has operated as a practitioner, medical practitioner, both in Britain as well as abroad. She spent several years as an M.D. in Nigeria. She's also spent a couple of years as an M.D. in Aden. She has spent a total of seven years working in Nigeria, much of that time was spent doing medical anthropological and medical sociological types of surveys which included research on traditional healing systems particularly among the Yoruba in Ibadan, which is a large city in Southwest Nigeria. She has published four books and 35 major papers and chapters in other books. God knows how many minor articles and book reviews. How she gets it all done, I'm not quite sure. We have been using one of her books, which has been very popular in the states, called \"Magical Medicine\" which is an excellent study of traditional medicine in Nigeria and the interaction between the traditional healing systems and the Western health delivery systems. I won't take any more of her time. She plans to speak for 30 to 40 minutes and then has some slides to show us and then she will answer any questions you might have. So I like to present to you Dr. Una Maclean.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much, Michael. I don't scarcely recognize myself in that description which you've just given. I feel very privileged to be coming here. And I'm particularly grateful to Professor Warren, whose work I've admired for a very long time. I'm also grateful to the McFarland Clinic and in particular to Dr. Montgomery, whose family share my love for Africa. Now, I hope, in the next three quarters of an hour or so, to share with you some of my experiences in the city of Ibadan in Nigeria where I was engaged in cancer research in the 1960s, but where my interests soon began to concentrate upon some of the comparisons between modern and traditional medicine. Over the past 20 years, the developing countries of Africa have experienced an enormous expansion in modern medical facilities. And everywhere the response to the establishment of new hospitals and clinics and treatment centers has been overwhelming on the part of patients, who are apparently prepared to wait for hours in the hope of cure. And most of my colleagues, most medical personnel have understandably been preoccupied with the problems with sheer numbers of patients present and they haven't had much time to speculate upon the impulses which have prompted attendance. In this paper, I'm going to describe an investigation which I carried out into the continued reliance upon traditional modes of treatment in spite of the proximity of a large hospital and many modern facilities. I'll just have to say a few words, I apologize to those of you who know West Africa very well, just say a few words about Ibadan. It's the largest town in tropical Africa with a population of close on half a million of the small hamlets around about it are taken into account. But although it has the size of a city, it still retains in many respects the occupational structure of a village. And the process of urbanization, as it's generally understood, is not really applicable to these large settlements in which the Yoruba were living long before the coming of the colonialists. The bulk of the male population are still farmers and artisans. Many of the farmers go out to tend their fields in the surrounding countryside, in the middle of the tropical rainforest, I should say. And the typical Ibadan house is a single or a double story laterite mud building or cement building, roofed with corrugated iron. And I'll show you some pictures of these later on. And around the old town of Ibadan, new precast modern type villas with all kinds of all modern conveniences are mushrooming in the middle class suburbs. And recently, of course, in the years since independence, particularly the skyline which used to be a rolling, monotonous or very attractive, I thought, brown pattern of buildings over about Ibadan's seven hills, because it's built seven hills that row, have been broken by many tall skyscrapers, many modern buildings, to do with the university, to do with government buildings, to do with their commerce, and so on. Now, a great deal has been written about the religious beliefs and social organization of the Yorubas, who form 90% of the population. Of course, it's inappropriate for me tonight to go into any of these details of their culture or their religion there. Other people, I'm sure, could do that far better than me anyway. But I would like to correct any possible misconceptions you have about Yoruba women, because Yoruba women have traditionally enjoyed a fair measure of independence. They almost all engage in trading, for which they have great zest and aptitude, and they're personally responsible for the care, for the support of their younger children. And in their capacity as market women, they are a very influential group. Few of the details, as I said, of Yoruba mythology are immediately relevant to present day medical practice. But there's no doubt that in spite of the process of modernization, urbanization that there's a background of Orisha worship, faith in divination, belief in witchcraft, and in the power of evil wishes, that these persist despite protestations of new allegiances and the fact that to most of the population, if asked, would declare themselves to be either Muslim or Christian. There is still a degree of ambivalence and it only takes a serious personal misfortune to cause people to resort to remedies in which their ancestors have found comfort since time immemorial. And among them, the multiple religious cults, that of the god of smallpox, Sopono or Sakpata has the most direct implications for disease. This cult was forbidden by the British when they came, because they suspected the smallpox gods have actually spreading smallpox. But this is a god who is thought to bring all kinds of serious illnesses, as well as smallpox. Now, I would like now to say a little bit about modern medicine, because the modern medicine, medical facilities, because, as I said, this town is remarkably well-provided with modern medical resources by African standards. It has a large university college hospital which is beautifully equipped for all kinds of operations and investigations, so practically up to the McFarland Clinic standard, and five to 600 beds and 110 doctors. But in addition to that, there is the Adeoyo, a general hospital, a government general hospital, there are lots of private clinics, there are doctors, many doctors in private practice, there's a mission hospital, and so on. So there are many places to which people can go for modern scientific medicine. If you'd like to think of it in terms of ratios, in 1963, for example, there were 140 to 145 doctors so that there was one bed per 540 of the population or one doctor per 3,000, over 3,000 of the population, and you have to think of that in comparison with figures for the northern parts of Nigeria in which there may be one doctor per 80,000 or one doctor per 100,000, it's that kind of thing. And even in that Western region, where I was at that time, the figure for the Western region as a whole was one doctor per 25,000. And that didn't take into account that fact that most of those doctors were actually in this city, in the city of Ibadan. But the thing I want to get across in the first instance is that this is a place which has got lots and very adequate and very high-powered modern medical facilities. And there's no doubt that the population made great demands for modern medicine. I calculated from the information available from all these different hospitals that there were 150,000 attendances at these hospitals per year. And the doctors, their problem, as far as they were concerned, was how to cope with the tremendous pressure of patients on the hospitals. And outside the university hospital, people would be waiting all night for the chance of getting in. And a doctor would be sent out in the morning to do a rough visual check, to check who are really bad, who are really sick and who are really interesting because this is a university hospital, you see, so it had to teach the students on really interesting and out of the way and unusual cases, and that these were brought in. And the rest of them had to go somewhere else. Well, they went all kinds of other places. But I want to point out to you that these hospitals were very, very well-attended. So what about the kind of cases that were coming to the hospital? Well, I was situated in a cancer registry. You must be familiar with this. And my original research purpose was to make account of all new cases of cancer, of all types occurring in the city of Ibadan in one year. So it was my job to go around the wards of the various hospitals and get details of all the new cases. And I went around this big modern hospital. I also went around the old hospital, old style hospital, and so on, and I had my assistants doing likewise. And after we had been at this for a couple of years, accumulating cases and we were at the stage when we were going to start working out our statistics, we found a rather unusual result. As you must all be aware, in the Western world, cancer gets more frequent the older one becomes, the rates of cancer go up as age goes up. And we found that when we looked at our figures, that, in fact, cancer was unusual, was unusually rare in older people. And I have to remind you here what old means in that context. In women over 45, they're old. And in men over 50 to 55, there was a shortage of cancer cases. And this seemed odd. And the other thing that seemed odd was that, who we had all kinds of esoteric, very unusual cancers in the big hospital on top of the hill, highly equipped and modern hospital. In the hospital not so very far away, a mile and half away, in the middle of the traditional part of town, people are still saying to me, cancer, no. I mean, do Africans get cancer? Cancer is very rare in Africa. And so we got this, this just didn't make sense. And it couldn't make sense in terms of what people were looking at from inside, on top of this ivory tower or from down there, you couldn't make any sense of these findings, if you stayed inside the hospitals. Now, not many people were inclined or interested in going outside. And one of the reasons for this was that traditional medicine, African medicine as I prefer to call it, had a very bad name among European doctors and European trained doctors. I don't mean just European doctors, but I mean European trained doctors had a bad name. And they were mainly concerned with what they regard as the disastrous effects of African medicine. They would, for example, find children being brought up into the outpatient, pediatric outpatient department, comatose, smelling of urine, their little feet burned, they'd been put up against a fire, and there's a story they'd had convulsions and they'd been given some horrible mixture, and this was deplored. And as far as adults were concerned, the doctors were constantly discovering that these stupid patients would put up with cancers until they were ulcerating through the skin and they would come with lumps, which are of such a size, that they couldn't possibly be treated. They came so late. And the doctors all said, oh, they've been to the traditional doctors. They've been indulging in Juju medicine, what can you expect, and that sort of thing. So they just saw the bad effects of traditional African medicine and they didn't care to look at it further than that. Now, however, if you did, if you had the time, the inclination, wanted to look, and if you just stepped a little bit outside the doors of these hospitals, you could find evidence of a very, very complex system which is operating in parallel with modern medicine, which had been there long before modern medicine, and which is likely to exist at the time where we're beginning to decry the hyper technical, modern medicine. But outside, there were all kinds of evidence that there were other forms of treatment available to the local people in which they were patronizing. And so let's have a word now about these local healers. Instead of describing to you how they're categorized, once you get all the information, I think I'll tell you how it appears. If you were to go downtown, you would, for example, see a big notice saying, the union of Nigerian herbalists. They advertise. In Britain, we're not allowed to advertise. Doctors mustn't advertise. It's illegal. But Nigerians are under no compunction. And the union of Nigerian herbalists would be advertising. Somebody else would be advertising cures for anything you could think of. And in fact, there are a large numbers of herbalists, primarily herbal healers operating and functioning in the city of Ibadan. They are one of the two broad divisions of Yoruba healers. And the two divisions, therefore, are the Onisegun, who are primarily herbalists, and the Babalawo, they are the priests of the Ifa cult. And the they, the latter, the priests of the Ifa cult, the Babalawo, they in fact specialize in what, it would not be probably too wrong to say, is a kind, a form of psychotherapy. And they employ a number of systems of divination. They tend to be consulted for mental complaints. They tend to be consulted for conditions which have gone on for a long time, and about which the patient, and their family, and everybody become very worried, and they want to find the reason why this has happened, and why it should happen to them, and why at this particular time. The priests of Ifa are, I suppose you'd call 'em, at a secondary level of care. Whereas at the primary level of care, we've got the herbalists. But I think it's wrong to erect two definite division between these two types, because there's no doubt that those who are primarily herbalists may employ divination on occasions and, similarly, the diviners will have a considerable knowledge of various herbs and remedies of that type as well. Now, the consultations with native, with traditional doctors, are rather disconcerting to a Western diagnostician, because the healer is, in many cases, expected to sense his patient's troubles and direct questioning relates to the circumstances in which the symptoms arose, rather than to the nature, in many cases, rather than to the nature of the symptoms themselves. A Yoruba patient may find a question like, what is the motto with you, to be simply a confession of incompetence because it quite logically says, that's the doctor business, that's your business to find out what's the matter with me, whilst, how stupid can you be asking me what's the matter with me? You've got the divine. You've got to find out what's the matter with me. I'm sure Michael will think that that's an oversimplification. But I plead the shortage of time in trying to make that division. And I want to emphasize that both these kinds of healers undergo a long apprenticeship. They are very learned. They know a great deal. And they undergo a prolonged apprenticeship before they start to accept patients. The herbalist, for example, begins by, when he's just surely just a young boy, begins by collecting plants for a senior man. And later on, he observes how they're prepared, and he observes they're used in different circumstances, and precisely what they should be used for, and in what quantities, and so on. And the members of both these professions take their calling very seriously and they have the associations to protect further their interests. I want to stress to you that although these people, these men, because they are mainly men, although these men are technically illiterate, they have a vast store of knowledge. In fact, some of this knowledge is actually available in the form of medical literature. There are actual small booklets, pamphlets available in the market in which enterprising practitioners of one sort or another have thought themselves to write up some of their most popular and well-tried remedies, and these are available for people to try for themselves. Now, they have a very different and a much broader concept of medicine than any doctors there, like ourselves. And they deal, in fact, with a wide range of remedies for all human ills, not what we would categorize as purely medical conditions.\r\n\r\n- How many of you in the back having trouble hearing?\r\n\r\n- Oh, sorry.\r\n\r\n- Let's see.\r\n\r\n- I don't know if this is--\r\n\r\n- Is that working? Can you hear?\r\n\r\n- Well, I guess you'd just have to speak louder.\r\n\r\n- All right, I'll shout. Try to shout. I was talking about this Yoruba medical literature, which is available in pamphlet form. I wanted to point out to you that these booklets deal with a wide range of remedies for all human ills, for all human troubles and misfortunes, from cures for barrenness, and recipes for success in life, and in lovemaking, to remedies for worms, for the ointments and inhalations, and so on, and the prescriptions represent a fascinating combination of empiricism and sympathetic magic. Some of the materials have to do specifically, have a specific pharmacological effect or known to have an effect and are to be actually applied to the body or taken with that intention. But others have definitely an element of sympathetic magic. And these drugs are mixed, when medicines are being made, they're mixed in a strictly regulated or ritual manner with other ingredients, these magical remedies, where they're mixed with ingredients which bear close symbolic affinity to the organ or the illness which is being treated. In many cases, the use, and preparation of a Yoruba medicine, is accompanied by an incantation. That is to say a verbal formula, which defines in simile the purpose of the particular preparation. I'll try and give you an example of this. Guinea worm is a well-known parasitic infection in which a small worm comes out through an ulcer, in the lower part of the legs, very common. And they have a remedy for Guinea worm. And it consists of some white threads, some little bits of leather, some bits of pepper, other ingredients, they're all tied up together. Now, you don't have to actually eat this. You don't have to take this by mouth, but you apply it to the affected area and then you bury it. And you say, when you're burying it, words to this effect, I bury the dead of the Guinea worm in my body. Let it never attack me again, because the dead never rise into the world again. There are many examples like that. One of the herbalists, whom I went to visit, because I ended up by interviewing 100 Ibadan herbalists, was collecting a vast pile of manuscripts on his remedies. Although he was technically illiterate, his daughter, who had been to school and could write, was writing down these in her, in school notebooks and jotters, and there they were underneath his bed. And I wished I could've got my hands on them. Very large numbers of these healers practicing in the city of Ibadan. I, myself, was concerned in interviewing 100 of them, but I stopped at 100 because it's a very nice number for doing statistical calculations. It wasn't because I thought there weren't any more. Eight of them were over the age of 50 out of the 100. They're tending to be middle-aged and over. I don't know whether I shall have time to talk about the other types of healer. You may ask me other questions about these later on. But I will just say that one of the ways in which the Yoruba herbalists have been extending their practice lately and in order to try and combat the competition from modern medicine, is they've been bottling their medicines and putting labels on them. I'll show to you in a minute, a minute or two in slide. Putting on labels so that they look like, the remedies, one where you would buy in a drug store, they're like pain medicine. They've copied the kind of label and they've copied the little hieroglyphics, and all that kind of thing. I'll show you that in a few minutes. Now, the Yorubas themselves make a clear distinction between these learned practitioners of one or other type and what they call quacks. Now, a quack, he's just selling rubbish. He sets up at a street corner. He employs somebody to dress up and turn some somersaults and sing and attract a crowd. And once he gets the crowd, he sells them colored water. I mean, you had it in America 100 years ago. Everybody knows what a quack is. And then in addition to those, the Houser, the Northerners who are living in Nevada, they have their own style healers. And I don't think I should be able to talk about those, though. Now, let me tell you, that having got this impression, you see, that there was many other types of healer other than the hospital and those of us who are working in the hospital, I then wanted to find out how people, to what extent people patronize the hospital or the African healers. And I had in mind to find out whether older people in particular were using these healers instead of coming to the hospital. So I undertook a survey of all the households in a defined area of the traditional part of the town, with a view to assessing their behavior in illness. And the architectures of the traditional type, houses rather crowded together into compound form and it resembled really what one would find in many other villages in Yorubaland. It was not dissimilar from what one might find in other villages in Yorubaland. The population had was about 6,000. And we set about interviewing a representative, a spokesman, or occasionally a spokeswoman for each of these households, using a pre, by scheduled questionnaire, you know the kind of thing. And I had a team of Ibadan university students to undertake this survey after proper preparations, and so on. Now, what were we asking the people there? They have some misconceptions about it, but we haven't time to talk about that. But when we got down to asking them, what were we asking them about? What we found about the informant's age and occupation, then we followed this with a series of, are you hearing any better now? We followed this with a series of questions on the use of native medicine, traditional medicines generally, their preparation, their source, and who was the family authority in the treatment of illness, because I want you to remember that, of course, most treatments starts at home, before you go to any kind of practitioner, you treat yourself. So who was the family practitioner, authority in the treatment of illness? And then we asked them a series of questions about a set of symptoms which we knew were common. It was no good asking them diseases, because they didn't have the same name for diseases as we had. But we asked them about certain symptoms. For example, in convulsions in children, which are common, convulsions in young children are common, how they would treat these. We asked them about the treatment of fever, and jaundice, and smallpox. And they were asked for their own views regarding which diseases hospitals could treat and which particular hospitals they and their families are in the habit of going to and why and their use various local healers. And their use private practitioners, for whom they paid. And whether they ever went to the faith healers because that's another group. Faith healers of the Apostolic Church. Basically with the questionnaire. Now, in order to contrast the behavior of people in the traditional area of town with the behavior of what I would call the educated elite, we carried out inquiry among high school children, they were in their final year of high school, and the qualification for answering the questionnaire had to be they must come from Ibadan itself. And these children were the children of families who could afford secondary education for their children. So they came from a different social class. It was one way of getting a social class contrast, if you like. After we'd spoken to the whole class, the boys or girls filled in the questionnaire themselves, as a shortened form of the questionnaire which we used in the adults. I'll say a little bit about the results now. And we grouped them according to their educational level, whether they were literate or illiterate, according to their occupation, sex, the usual demographic variables. I don't have to tell you about that. What did we find out about the household use of traditional medicines? Well, we found that in the old part of town, among these old houses, these old compounds, that 11% of people were using traditional medicines all the time, about 60% of them used these medicines sometimes, only 30% said they never used them. And when you added the people who admitted to using them sometimes to those who said they always use them, it turned out that in these households 70% of the households were still using traditional kinds of healing. And this is a higher proportion that has been given by surveys in, by the in an area, another area of Nigeria, much, much higher figures then were given for Accra, but perhaps the Accra people wouldn't admit to using. What about the households of the secondary school children, the elite households? Well, the numbers who said they always use, they're more considerably lower. But if you looked at the numbers who said that these medicines were sometimes used in their households, it was the same. It was the same number of the households which had, who had secondary education in which the father at least was in a profession, the same proportion roundabout 60% were using African medicines on occasions. What about the effect of age? Well, not surprisingly, the sole use of traditional-- If the mother of the family had some training, if she'd been trained in as a doctor or a nurse or she's had some kind of training for an occupation, she was inclined to get rid of all these medicines and to go over to European style medicine. I think this is quite significant in lieu of the fact that in the traditional type of household it tended to be the man who was the authority on medicine, who made the decisions about how somebody should be treated and when. And in the more traditional type of household, the father had to be consulted before a child was taken to hospital. Now, the women were not prepared to stand for that. By the time I went there, the women were determined to get the best for their children. They were quite clear in their own minds that if there was a hospital, where they could get hospital delivery, if there was a clinic for their children, if there was a pediatric department, they were going to go there, and it didn't matter what their husbands or the old man of the compound said, they went against it, against this. Of course, the men deplored this. So there was a considerable, now, I'll say a few words about the opinions regarding hospitals. Opinions varied about the reputation of the two main hospitals. Some people say, well, how should I know, only doctors know about these sort of things. Only the specialists know about doctors. Others made out that hospitals had a knowledge of all cure for all diseases. I forgot to say it. I should've said that 90% of both types of hospital, of both types of households used hospitals on occasion. So there you have it. They were using both. There was no doubt they were shopping around using it. As far as the treatment of specific complaints was concerned, we found that very nearly half of the households in the traditional area were in the habit of using a particular native traditional medicine for convulsions in children. This was called Agbatutu, meaning the cold medicine as opposed to a hot medicine, had to be heated up. And this very popular remedy, and it wasn't only a remedy, it was a prophylactic, it was given to prevent children from having convulsions, not on to treat children with convulsion. And it's prepared a number of different ways. The two basic ingredients, and it shocks Western audiences when you tell them this. The two basic ingredients are cow's urine, or occasionally human urine, and tobacco leaves. These are the two basic ingredients. Sometimes you'd have a little drop of schnapps, a drop of gin, some of it. But the basic thing were the fact was that it was producing a strong solution of nicotine. It's producing a strong solution of nicotine. And although nicotine, in small doses, is a central nervous system stimulant; in large enough doses, it begins to depress the nervous system. And so they were using this in child in convulsions, they would actually render, make the child comatose. And to give you an example of how widespread the use of such a remedy was, the girl who was helping me in the cancer registry and was going out and interviewing patients was very involved in the hospital, her husband go out in the hospital. When she had a baby, I found out that she was giving her baby agbatutu every morning, because she lived in her husband's house, and his mother had saw to it that the baby was being brought up properly. What about fever? Now, European medicines have proved their worth and almost everybody's use is familiar with common medicines for reducing fever, but they also have their own remedies for reducing fever and causing sweating. And since I've got to know, Michael, the significance of what one of the herbalists said to me has now become clear, because one of the herbalist said to me there are 11 different kinds of fever. Now, I wasn't qualified or able to, but they're clear in their own minds there are many different kinds of fever, just fever. The adults in the traditional area, they were generally familiar with jaundice. Now, they call it yellow fever. Jaundice is very common. We know that from serum tests. We know that infected with hepatitis it's extremely common. And from the answers we got, it seemed to be common among the traditional households. And that would make sense, because these are households with poor or no hygienic facilities. They were familiar with it and they had very, a number of remedies for it. But I think that the smallpox was a subject upon which the local people were most knowledgeable. Although a few of them wouldn't speak about it, they just didn't want to mention it, like for fear of bringing it on themselves. It was too dreadful, too awful to mention the name of smallpox and the god of smallpox. But there was a wide range of treatments for smallpox. And there were soaps, there were ointments, there were lotions for putting on. They were very concerned about sending smallpox patients to hospital. And I was there doing a smallpox epidemic and smallpox patients were being hidden away because they did not want smallpox patients to be taken into hospital and washed too soon because they said that if the patient is washed too soon, there'd be more scarring. They had many ointments, which they used. There were all kinds of rituals associated with smallpox epidemics. And this is not surprising because smallpox has been known in epidemic proportions in Africa for so long that they had, all they had, for example, regulations, forbidding large gatherings of people. And they said that you can only sweep the floor of the compound with a particular kind of brush, that didn't raise so much dust. Many of these were very sensible, these regulations. They had these definite regulations about smallpox. And it was not surprising that they should have many views about the treatment of smallpox, because after all European medicine can't treat smallpox. We can prevent smallpox, but we can't treat smallpox once it's occurred. And the other thing they thought, and they were dead right, we couldn't treat tetanus. We couldn't treat convulsions in adults either. So they had a very clear idea of the disease, the diseases which were within the competence of modern medicine and those which most definitely were not. So let me try and sum up a little of what I've said. I probably tried to put too much into this little short talk. But I think it's a good thing for doctors to descend from time to time from their ivory tower and to try to adopt the perspective of the potential patient. And this is no more necessarily than in the developing territories, developing countries, where great advances in medical services and in other services, in other technologies have suddenly arrived in an alien culture. Here is a town in the traditional Yoruba pattern, and those town dwellers, it's clear that those town dwellers who are still literally rooted in tradition have not abandoned their local remedies in the face of the benefits which too large hospitals and all kinds of clinics confer. There we had 60% of people of all grades of literacy, reporting the occasional use of medicines, traditional medicines in their homes. Although at the same time, they were prepared to go to hospitals where appropriate. Being a woman I am involved with women's liberation, I can't help in attending to pay more attention to the women's point of view on this. And they seem to be in the vanguard of a certain type of progress. They were clear in their own minds that modern hospitals had a great deal to offer their children. And unlike the American woman liberationists, they wanted to have children, and they wanted their children to survive, and they took great pleasure in their children, and having children. And this is a development of the women's role in Ibadan. Yoruba women have always been independent, but they were, to some extent, subjugated in the domestic milieu. And, of course, at the same time, their potentialities were acknowledged in the widespread belief in witchcraft, as one Babalawo said to me, the witches are our mothers. And of course, Yoruba men had to take great precautions against women and precautions against the potential which women are not only Yoruba women, mind you, have as witches. But we can't go into this. But it's worthwhile remembering that, on the other hand, the men in the society, they make the myths and they also sustain the myths. And the persistence of the smallpox belief in Ibadan is central to the religious concept of illness causation, and I think has something to do with the fact that a disease such as smallpox, which I should I should point out to those of you who don't realize it, is almost wiped out now, it has been in great success of the World Health Organization. But the fact that smallpox was held in such awe and reverence had to do with the fact that it killed, it didn't just kill children, children were expendable, they'd known about children always dying, you didn't expect your children to survive; but once somebody had reached adulthood, you expected them to survive. But smallpox would kill the adults, it would kill the adult males. It could destroy the society. It was fairly disruptive. But for all kinds of diseases, for diagnosis, for troubles of one kind and another, and for an explanation for individual misfortune, they could turn to their own style of medicine. They could get understanding, and advice, and meditation, incantation, cleansing, and retaliation, if necessary. The Babalawo and the Onisegun, between them, able to provide all kinds of prescriptions. And the very fact of attending a traditional healer, who belongs to your own culture, who speaks your own language, in itself is supportive. Just like you and I going to our own doctor, going to our own primary care doctor, and find that that in itself removes a lot of our troubles. Just to go to the doctor is helpful, to do the appropriate thing, to do the expected thing in the cultural situation. And to go to the Babalawo or to go to the herbalists or to take their remedy, which your grandmother has always used, is in itself supportive and removes some of the anxiety. And where traditional medicines fail, where African medicines fail in the present day, West African situation, in the large towns, there is the alternative of hospital treatment. I'm not saying that it always goes in that direction. People may try hospital treatment first and then come to the traditional healer or the other way about. And it's very unfortunate, I think, that too often a dim realization of this process, the process that the idea that people try a variety of remedies for a variety of different conditions and at different stages and the same disease process, that the vague realization of that has been made the excuse for Western observers to talk about superstition and the illogicality of the primitive mind. And in conclusion, I think that it's a mistake to direct your attention, if you are going to study these medicines, if you're going to study African medicine, I think it's a mistake to concentrate just upon the pharmacological effect of, although that is undoubtedly powerful in many cases, I think that the injuring value of Nigerian and other traditional African medicine lies not in its material, but in its methods. And that any kind of health education that we do in countries like this kind will never be effective without a prior understanding of the medical philosophy which we are presuming to replace. Now, I'd like to show them some of these pictures now, if that's all right, Michael. Okay. What about the ones in front? Are the switchers here? No. How can we be able to see it if we this blazed with light? These spotlights . It's not a case of let there be light, but let there be no light. All right, so this is a kind of panoramic view of the part of the city of the Ibadan. You see the corrugated iron roof buildings crowded together because the original shape to the compound has been filled with the taller houses of wealthier sons coming home and building the family compound. Can we have the next slide, please? This is a modern style cement building, which you would also find in the old town of Ibadan. Next slide, please. This, I think, is I thought was worthwhile showing to you because it has interesting patterns in the balcony. Could you get it the focused a little bit better because--\r\n\r\n- It's focused.\r\n\r\n- That's better, yes. Now, it gives you an idea of also the kind of decoration around the doorway. Now, that's called the Brazilian style because it's traced back to the freed slaves who came back from Brazil and brought back a kind of South American-Latin style of architecture. Okay, go to the next one. Here is a characteristic scene in an Ibadan market. The women traders, very busy selling all kinds of small goods, goods in small quantities. Okay, go to the next one. This picture does not come from Nigeria. It is a picture of Yorubas, but from Dahomey, the adjoined French territory. And it just a picture taken by a friend of mine of the priests of the smallpox cult, appropriately decorated with spots. All right, go to the next one. Now, in contrast to what's gone before, this is the central block of the university college hospital. This is the block in the center of the hospital which contains the operating theaters, the X-ray department, it's the powerhouse of modern medicine, if you like. Okay, down and outside the old government hospital, in the traditional part of town, crowds of women with their babies are waiting at a pediatric clinic. They wait for hours to get in. Here's the advertisement for the union of Nigerian herbalists. There are many such unions. The Yorubas characteristically joined together in all kinds of associations. I think you'd like this one. Give you time to read it. Mr. Siboku was not restricted by any regulations as to what played in the claims he could make for his powers. But I would like just to focus your attention on one Yoruba word there, abiku. That's very interesting. The whole idea about abiku, abiku are children who are born to die. These are children who come into the world and in a very few, few months or years they die; to the great distress of their parents, that they are reincarnated again in the next child, and so on; there may be a cycle birth like this. The mother tries to give them all kinds of names to persuade them to stay. The parents give the name and say, wait and bury me, because that's a great thing, Nigerian want their children to live in order to bury them. Or there's no hole to bury you with, or stay and play with me. Pathetic names like that, abiku. So he's going to help abiku children. Okay, go to the next slide. Now, this is, it's nothing like that side. It's a Dahomeyan, a little bronze figure, figurine, which is about three inches high. Here is a doctor examining his patient's throat. Here's the ENT specialist at work. Okay, the next one. Now, if you look more carefully at this, you will see a doctor and another bronze figure. A doctor administering an enema to a child in a somewhat unusual manner. Okay, next one, please. Here is a scene in a compound with the herbalists preparing some of his materials. They make their own medicines out at the backyard in the compound. Right, can we have the next one? Now, this is the chap, would you say he's in secondary or tertiary care? Anyway, he's the diviner, a diviner-priest. He combines the role of priest and healer, and that, of course, has been the case in many traditions. And he's in the process of dividing, he's got a wooden Ifa divining tray in front of him. And according to the way he throws certain nuts and how the throw comes out, he makes marks on the tray and then recalls verses from a long series which he has learned by heart. And he tells that the appropriate verses to his patient, who reads into these verses, are meaning, which is meaningful for him or her. Okay, . This is a scene again in a Yoruba market in Ibadan. And this is a market selling specializing in traditional medicines, ingredients of traditional medicines. Okay, . Rather more horrific perhaps, and again, these are various ingredients of magical remedies. Fortunately, you're not required to take many of these by mouth. And you see there, the heads and portions of various animals, portions of these materials were used, there'll be used for the symbolic part for the magical effect. Okay, go to the next one. These are also components of magical medicines. It hasn't come out quite clearly, I'm afraid, but these are various rings and amulets and metal objects which are lumped with particular medicines. For example, someone will get a ring, will wear a ring which they've rubbed with a specially prepared medicine and that will protect them. When one of the herbalists came to see me, I made the mistake once of asking the chap to come and see me on my premises, instead of going to see him in his surgery. And he felt some apprehension about this, not understandably, because he was going into different territory. And in fact, we got on very well and the interview went very well. And afterwards, he confessed to me that he had, as a precaution, he'd brought his cursing medicine with him. And out of his pocket, he brought a little white, little white thing in white cloth with black thread on it. He come prepared. And if the interview hadn't gone so well, he would've a issued a powerful curse, he'd blown a curse at me. Okay, next. Now this is Mr. Okaku. He's one of the modern style herbalists who's bottled his medicine, you see. And if you could sort of put yourself in one side, you can see what this medicine will do. Mr. Okaku himself is a living evidence of the power of his own medicine, that restores bodily power and vigor. And remember, what power means in the African sense, it means sexual potency. On the one hand, it says what the magic will do; the other hand, it says such a garbled, the list with the contents. All right, should we have the next one? There's some more pictures of the Okaku family. Now, here is a Madam Okaku. She's taking, recommend to take this female a tonic for all kinds of female troubles. Now, I would maintain that these remedies probably did very little harm. They may not have done much good, but they did very little harm. On the other hand, the next one, the next one, these, is for baby Okaku. Now, you can't afford to take any chances with baby Okaku when he gets sick. These little children, if they are given traditional remedies when they get ill, when they've got kwashiorkor and then they get an infection, if they're given these remedies, well, they're likely to die because they've only got a few days. And Mr. Okaku said to me when I went to see him, oh, why don't you take some bottles of this children's pile mixture up to the professor of pediatrics at the university college hospital? He said, I don't think he knows about me. And I would like to get a wider sale for my medicines. And that's all very well, but it's no joke where children are concerned. You can't mess about with sick children in Africa. Okay, go on the next one. Because, you see, there's a picture of a child with kwashiorkor, an advanced protein malnutrition, which we saw on so many cases. And the child who has protein malnutrition, it will fall prey to the slightest infection. Okay, go on the next one. And these are the children. You see, they go with their mothers to the market. And there, they are playing in the rubbish bin. You see the corn husks and things that been tossed in there and they're playing happily enough, but they're at great risk of gastrointestinal infections. Okay, go on the next one, please. That's just to remind you about the various sources of medicine. Just to sum up again what I said before. The various sources of medicines which are available to people in a town like Ibadan. I haven't had time to tell you about the house of Babalawo, show the faith healers, and so on. But it gives you just some idea of the range. Now, do think everybody should get these lights on again?\r\n\r\n- We can take 10 minutes or so for questions. Ronnie?\r\n\r\n- Well, I would like to tell you about that, but I think it would take us rather far away from our present concerns. Just in summary, it's completely wrong to say that cancer is rare in Africa. The reason why it was rare, apparently rare, and the old people were less inclined to come to hospital. The other thing I would like to tell you is that there's a particular kind of cancer which we don't find in Europe and America which affects children, and it's called the Burkitt's lymphoma. And as far as the commonest cancer in men, in the part of African which I worked, and in many other parts of tropical Africa, is primary cancer of the liver.\r\n\r\n- About the Chinese form of healing, that is acupuncture. It was regarded as very barbaric from up here in Ibadan, in Western--\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- Okay, and just recently grew up . How much of the natural way of healing with you or could you explain, I think, what it means.\r\n\r\n- That wasn't what I was about. If I had been trying to prove or to demonstrate the efficacy of the traditional form of healing or a particular remedy as compared with an Orthodox form of treatment, I would've had to gone about it very differently. It's a difficult thing to do. I think people should do it. I think it should be taken seriously. And there is little evidence, I'm sorry to say, that it is being taken seriously, except that some Nigerian universities are now investigating the pharmacological components of some of these medicines.\r\n\r\n- Thank you. Your methodological collection and , did you find some of these medicines before that ? I mean, did you find any of them that ? How many of them did you find? I mean, do you see any relationship between these group of people and the amount of people that use them? If I want to find out about these, did you, in any way, find out that the group tried to .\r\n\r\n- Yes. Well, you've asked me several questions there. In the first place, the survey, which I've described to you today, was in the city of Ibadan. And I did not have any difficulty in persuading the herbalists and Babalawo, whom I approached in the city, to provide information. You may well say, well, how can you be assured that the information was correct? But I think that every anthropologist has to ask him or herself that same question. Now, I did not have the experience of people refusing to give information. I think that many European trained Nigerian doctors would tell me that this would be the case, that I couldn't get the information, but that was not my experience.\r\n\r\n- No questions from the MD's? If there are no more questions, I'd like to thank you very much for coming today.\r\n\r\n- Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118353#t=0.0,3912.80327"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118354","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV167899_b.mp3"]},"duration":1082.67102,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/118/354/small/lecture.png?1624892282","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118354/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118354/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/118/354/original/AV167899_b.mp3?1624892282","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1082.67102,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45404/file/118354","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[]}]}