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rashness?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=191.65,193.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To sit up to midnight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=193.7,195.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in front of your television sets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=195.66,198.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watching last night's Channel Five, \"Dimension,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=198.41,202.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might have heard some of the 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Asia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=206.23,210.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and indeed from the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=210.11,212.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to say about the whole question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=212.13,215.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of human dignity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=215.32,216.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But tonight, I wish to speak to you very 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world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=229.37,230.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and certainly, in South Asia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=230.8,232.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to be viewed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=232.46,234.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, after my remarks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=234.25,235.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would very much like you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=235.92,237.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to ask me as many questions as you consider necessary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=237.04,241.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perhaps, you may even wish to cross-examine me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=242.55,245.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which as originally a trained lawyer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=245.95,249.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will do my best to 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growth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=285.71,287.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of human rights,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=287.61,289.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of the 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I...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=293.91,295.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Partly, because I'm a professional diplomat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=295.34,297.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore, spend much of my 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world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=309.76,312.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but partly, also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=312.08,313.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395/transcript/29681/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a political 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Testing, one, two, three.\r\n\r\n- Tonight we are very honored to have a very prestigious speaker with us. Tonight speaker is Ambassador Neville Kanakaratne, from Sri Lanka. Ambassador Kanakaratne is a leader in international politics, and has a long history of international involvement, including membership in Dr. Henry Kissinger's 1956 International Seminar at Harvard. He was also a member of the delegation to the United Nations Law of the Sea conference, and the Human Rights Commission. Ambassador Kanakaratne has served as ambassador to the United States and Mexico since 1970. And has become a leader and spokesman of the Third World and Asian countries. The ambassador has attended, many recent international conferences, including the meeting of heads of state of Non-Aligned nations in Colombo, Sri Lanka. He also served as chairman of the Sri Lankan delegation to the 31st session of the United Nations General Assembly. I'm honored to present Ambassador Neville Kanakaratne.\r\n\r\n- Mr. Chairman, friends, let me first thank the Institute of World Affairs of this university, for having invited me here tonight to speak to you as part of this seminar on human dignity, survival or disaster in South Asia. I must express my gratification, to you who have braved the inclement weather conditions, outside this building tonight, in having come here. And I am sure that if you could have done that, you must be very closely and vitally interested, in what's happening in the world outside the state of Iowa, and indeed the United States of America. I wish tonight to speak to you, or rather to think aloud in your presence, about one or two aspects of South Asia, which you might think have little relevance to the theme of this seminar, which has been going on in these halls during the last few days, namely, human dignity, survival or disaster with South Asia, as a microcosm of that global problem. Those of you who had the temerity or the... Shall I say, rashness? To sit up to midnight, in front of your television sets, watching last night's Channel Five, \"Dimension,\" might have heard some of the observations that I myself and some other colleagues from South Asia, and indeed from the United States, had to say about the whole question of human dignity. But tonight, I wish to speak to you very briefly and in broad outline, on the perspective within which the question of human dignity, in any part of the world, and certainly, in South Asia, have to be viewed. And, after my remarks, I would very much like you to ask me as many questions as you consider necessary. Perhaps, you may even wish to cross-examine me, which as originally a trained lawyer, I will do my best to answer, on what I say in my preliminary remarks. To those of you who have read through the brochure of giving the program of this seminar, it might have occurred, perhaps, that it is strange that one of the final speakers in the series, should speak on what appears to be a pure political issue, namely, great power rivalry in South Asia. Which doesn't, on first appearances, seem to be relevant to the problems of world hunger, of population growth, of human rights, and of the dignity of the human person in South Asia. But I... Partly, because I'm a professional diplomat, and therefore, spend much of my time with my colleagues in Washington and other capitals, discussing the political scenario within which everything, fortunately or unfortunately, is worked out in today's world, but partly, also, as a political animal, a citizen of my country, a citizen of the Asian continent, and indeed a citizen of the world, have to look at these things. We have, of late, and I think, quite rightly, began to stress the importance of human rights, of the dignity of the human person, and of the value of the human individual in the greater context of national and international rivalries. But I would like to be frank with you this evening, and to place before you certain perspectives, which some of you may not have properly appreciated, in the days gone by. Perspectives with which you may totally disagree, and indeed, points of view, which you may feel that it is your duty as American citizens. Nationals are one of the major powers in the world today, to correct me. And I would be very happy indeed, to welcome your views on these problems. As I said earlier, fortunately or unfortunately, politics tends to dominate all governments in the world, whether they're governments of large, powerful affluent nations, like the United States, the Soviet Union, the European countries, and Japan. All governments of countries, as small and as weak, and as economically poor as my own, which, after all, is one of the smaller countries in the international community. Sri Lanka, better known to you in the past as Ceylon, has a population of not more than, or indeed, not less than 13 million people. Inhabiting a land territory, not larger than the state of West Virginia, or the island of Ireland, in the international community. So we really belong, population wise, into the... If you like, the lower middle class of the international community. We do not have a population of 900 million people, like the People's Republic of China does. Nor 600 million people, like India does. Nor do we have the economic muscle that countries like the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Canada, and such like countries have. We do not even fall into the group of the newer rich nations that have joined the world community... I mean, the oil producing countries of the Middle East and Africa, and Latin America. But we belong to a small coterie of countries, in which I am proud to associate with my own. Countries such as Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Finland. Which in the years, in which we have been politically independent of the British Crown. In other words, since 1948, all our governments, successively have tried to put as their first priority, the raising of the living standards of our peoples. And in order to do so, we have taken deliberate political decisions, to avoid being or becoming involved in the international political and military problems that have unfortunately, in the years immediately after the Second World War, divided the world, into the so called West and the so called East. We have, on the other hand, consistently tried to follow in our foreign policy, a deliberate commitment, if that's the proper word, to the principle of friendship with all nations, and peaceful coexistence with all nations, regardless of their size, regardless of their affluence, regardless of their system of government, and indeed, regardless of the political ideology to which they may subscribe. With the result, that in the recent past, we have had very good and very cordial relations with the United States of America, with the Soviet Union, with the People's Republic of China, as the three major countries. We have had exceptionally warm relations with our former colonial masters, the British government. We have had similarly good relations with all the individual members of the European community. We have had equally good relations with the socialist countries of Eastern Europe. We have had very warm historical and current relationships with a big and potentially great neighbor, the country of India. But that did not prevent us, from at the same time cultivating, and achieving, and maintaining good relations with Pakistan, on the one hand, and with Bangladesh since its birth, on the other. To that extent, we have succeeded, I believe, as a small country, in avoiding entanglement, when the historical, political, and military problems, which have made confrontation situations between other nations. We have done this for two reasons. First, as I said, our prime objective in policy, was to raise the living standards of our people, which simply means a stress on the economic problems facing the country, rather than on getting involved in military alliances, which would push us into this or that camp, ideologically or politically. Secondly, it is our firm belief that in the context of the post war period of the Cold War, as it has generally come to be known, small countries like mine, like Austria, for instance, in Europe, or like the Scandinavian countries, like Tunisia, in North Africa, like Colombia and Mexico, in Latin America, we did have a role which we hoped to play, in the United Nations and elsewhere, of trying to be the good honest broker. And it always happens in disputed situations, the brokers are the ones who come off worst, because their motives are suspected, their efforts are denigrated, and indeed, their results, if at all, they achieve any, are regarded as irrelevant. But that has not prevented small countries like my own, from pursuing wherever possible, normally, through modest diplomatic channels, but, sometimes, through initiatives in the United Nations, of trying to bring understanding, where understanding appeared to us to be the major area which lacked sufficient pressure. For instance, in situations between the Soviet Union and the United States itself, in situations between India and China in 1962, during the Indochina conflict. Countries like mine, and I don't say mine alone, tried to use their good offices in the United Nations and outside. As far as the United Nations is concerned, Sri Lanka has, through the last 22 years, during which she has been a member, we have given to the General Assembly, our membership of the Security Council, our membership of the Human Rights Commission, our vice presidency of the General Assembly, and indeed, last year, the president of the General Assembly. The present president of the Law of the Sea conference, perhaps, one of the most important diplomatic conferences, ever to be held, happens to be the Sri Lanka ambassador to the United Nations. The Secretary General of UNCTAD, happens to be a national of my country. And UNCTAD, as you know, is a vitally important agency of the United Nations, in the efforts to solve the economic divisions, between the affluent industrialized North, and the poor, agricultural South. In this way, we have tried to help the international community, to resolve whatever problems, history and the economic situation, and the advancement of science and technology, have created between nations. But, despite all these efforts, there are still, in certain quarters, the hangover, if that's the proper word, from the contentious situations, which arose immediately after the World War was over. I have had many situations in addressing audiences in these United States and in many parts of them. In the Midwest, in the South, in the far West, and indeed, in the East Coast of the United States. In being asked about whether or not, we are suspicious of the motivations of the communist countries. Meaning particularly the Soviet Union, and, sometimes, indeed, during the Vietnam War of the People's Republic of China. And my answer has been simply this; that it would be impertinent for an ambassador of a small country, to tell an American audience that the communists should or should not be trusted, or that the Vietnamese War, from the American point of view, was or was not justified. Only the government of a country can decide what its own national security interests are, and what its long term place in the world community can be. The basis of any government's foreign policy, must necessarily be, as it has been, since Machiavelli first enunciated the doctrine, and it will continue to be in the foreseeable future, its national interests. The difficulties arise when governments try to define what their national interests are. And it is in that field, that we believe that the smaller countries can be of some service and some help to the bigger ones, in sorting out their problems. Up to the late 1950s, or indeed, to the middle 1960s, we had a situation in the world where the two superpowers, the United States on the one hand, and the Soviet Union on the other, which emerged from the world's most destructive war, so far, as the two leading nations in the world. Filled in physical suffering, the Soviet Union, of course, suffered more, because the war raged on its soil for quite some time, in cities like Stalingrad and Leningrad, were besieged by the Germans for long periods of time. And large numbers of Russian inhabitants citizens, were killed outright. The United States went into the war, later than, of course, Western Europe. But it too, contributed much in blood, in treasure apart from anything else, and in its economic development at that time. It created, however, for itself and for the world, a massive example of reconstruction and rehabilitation, through the Marshall Aid Plan, which enabled Western Europe to recover its stability, and ironically enough, enabled its two principal adversary powers in that war, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan, to do so well, that today in the 1970s, it is those two powers that are a major economic threat to the economy of the United States, than the allies, or some of those like us who helped the great allied war effort in our position, as colonies of the British Crown at that time. But, time, therefore, changes situations. Today's enemy can become tomorrow's ally. And who knows whether today's ally, can or cannot be, or will or will not be tomorrow's enemy. But in that kind of changing situation, it is understandable for the United States or the Soviet Union, or indeed, for any country, great or small, to take the necessary steps to protect its national interests. No one in his right mind will question the obligation of a government, to take all necessary steps in arming itself to protect first its territorial integrity, second, its national independence, and thirdly, it's vital economic interests. If therefore, there is a fear that there will be a threat to American territory, it would be perfectly justifiable for the Americans to feel that they are under an obligation to arm themselves. By the same token, if the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, feel that there is a threat to its territorial integrity, it must necessarily be understood that it has a right to arm itself, in order to prevent such a situation. But, that unfortunate vicious circle of suspicion and mutual distrust, has now produced in 1977, in the last quarter of this century, at a time when man's technological mastery of the universe, has enabled him to set foot on the moon, and enabled all of us to view on our television screens, what the planet Mars looks like, at such a time, the world is spending $350 billion on destructive armaments. And these are not armaments, which are restricted to use by combatants against combatants. The days of the old wars in trenches, were on Christmas Eve. The French and the British soldiers on one side, and the German soldiers on the other, would stop their fighting, and sing to each other, \"Silent Night, Holy Night.\" Those days are gone. Because wars begin now without declaration. Wars knows no frontiers. Wars know no distinction between the armed military personnel of an enemy, and its civilian inhabitants. It knows no distinction between rich and poor, between old and young, between the hail, and the weak, and the sick. It is in these circumstances that we are considerably perturbed, by the massive direction or diversion of financial and human resources, to the multiplication of weapons, which can only end, if used in the total annihilation of the vast mass of the human inhabitants of this planet. And as science advances, man's wisdom appears to be moving backwards. We cannot blame science or the scientists. And that it will be a brash man who comes into such an important and well known research center as Ames, to criticize science or the scientific community. The fault lies with those in whose hands lie the political decisions, which will direct the results of science and science's achievements. If $350 billion could be diverted, even fractionally, towards such important areas of economic survival, as the production of larger quantities of food, of the provision of purer water, of the building of more habitable and more pleasant dwellings for the human community. If it could be diverted, to prevent avoidable and preventable diseases, from time to time, sweeping away hundreds of thousands of human beings, if it could be diverted to raising the living standards of the people, and indeed, if it could be diverted to preventing 6 million children dying on this planet, infants, before they reach the age of three. That is the perspective which I wish to place before you today, in the context of human dignity, survival or disaster in South Asia. In South Asia, we have a situation where, comparatively, there has been a period of lack of international confrontation. The Atlantic, the Pacific, the Mediterranean, amongst the oceans of the world, indeed, the continents of Europe, of Africa even, of Latin America, and of East Asia, have been not only the areas of ideological conflict, but in recent years, some of them have been actually the gowns or the venue of military combat. The South Asian region, by which I mean, the sub-continent, including the island of Sri Lanka, and the peripheral nations, perhaps, Afghanistan, Nepal, Burma, on the fringe, and the Indian Ocean area, have been comparatively free of great power confrontation, in the sense of the outbreak of military hostilities, or the aggravation of the Cold War. But, unfortunately, there have been a continuation of what we would call, the token part of the Cold War, continuing in the sub-continental region. For this, we of the sub-continent, and I am a native of Sri Lanka, which is a part of the sub-continent of Asia, known as the Indian sub-continent. Culturally and otherwise, we are closely linked to our Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi colleagues. We cannot overlook the fact that the two major nations of that area, have, perhaps, unwittingly, contributed to that situation. From the birth of the republics of India and Pakistan, after the partition of the great Indian empire in 1947, there has been, perhaps, historically, understandable, though not necessarily justifiable, a cold war between India and Pakistan. And, this situation has bedeviled, the peace and serenity of an area, which, otherwise, could have converted its concentration, its human resources of... Massive... Massive source, its financial, its technological, and other skills, to building up all of us, within the sub-continental region, to higher standards of living and better expectations from life. But the fact that in the circumstances, in which these two nations were born, and I do not wish to go into the rights or wrongs, it is sufficient for me to say that if I was a Pakistani, and if I was an Indian, I would probably have reacted exactly as my Pakistani and my Indian brothers would have done. But since I am neither a Pakistani or Indian National, but a Sri Lankan, I can perhaps afford to be a little less subjective in judging that situation, than either nationals of those two countries. But the fact that those two nations, from their very birth, which unfortunately resulted, in a considerable amount of bloodshed on the sub continent, the great powers or the superpowers decided to play games in that area. And we had this situation. And, in the 1940s, late 1940s and the 1950s, the Cold War was almost beginning to become acute. And, both the United States and the Soviet Union, as they had been doing in other parts of the world, decided deliberately, if I may say so, to play their Cold War through proxy states. Pakistan joined the United States in two military alliances; CENTO, the Central Treaty Organization on its European wing, and SEATO, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization on its Asian wing. India refused to commit itself militarily, and Prime Minister Nehru was one of the most outstanding advocates of what has now come to be called, the policies of non-alignment. And he refused to join either of the military alliances, with the Soviet Union or the United States. And he said, however, that ideologically, India is firmly committed to the rule of law, to the principles of democracy, to freedom of assembly, to freedom of religion, and those ideas for which the Western world has stood in the past, and I'm sure stands today. But Pakistan, because of its overt suspicion of India's intention, and being perhaps the weaker of the two nations, thought it would be safer from a security point of view, to have an umbrella covering them. And these two umbrellas, on the one side center, CENTO, and on the other side, SEATO. Now, by joining, in my opinion, those two organizations, Pakistan created for India, an extremely difficult position. If you can imagine the map of the world, you will see that the Soviet government at that time, was very concerned that the intentions of the United States, as represented by the policies of the late lamented, John Foster Dulles, was an encirclement of the Soviet Union. From the northern tip of NATO, in Norway, and the North Sea. The , which included France, Germany, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Iran. Pakistan was the end of that . And, linking NATO with the Middle Eastern countries, was CENTO, which consisted of the United States, Iraq, before the revolution of 1959, Iran, and Turkey, and of course, Pakistan. Then, Mr. Dulles' circle broke; broke with India. And was picked up again, with the SEATO, treaty alliances involving Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, right up to Taiwan, and to Korea. This situation created for the United States policy at that time, a gap in an otherwise successful effort, which the Soviets thought, and indeed, the Chinese thought too, was an attempt to encircle the two major communist powers. I'm now talking of a time before the split between Moscow and Peking, when it was the thinking in Washington, that there was a Moscow-Peking axis, determined to introduce world communism all over Asia and Europe. It was our view then. And because we were a small nation, we were not taken too seriously. That we believe that the Moscow-Peking axis, was not a substantial fear for the Americans or the Western countries, that it was our interpretation that both the Chinese and the Russians, were going to behave in the near future as Russians and Chinese, and not as international communists. And time has proved us right, because the Soviet Union and the Chinese Republic, are now facing each other across a massive border with millions literally of armed men on either side of that border, worried about their own nationalisms, and forgetting for the moment, the debt they owe to the international proletariat, towards whom they both said they were committed, when they started their revolutionary regimes in the years gone by. In that situation, you have found a country like India, which to some extent, almost challenged the American policies of the Dallas period. And therefore, it was not surprising, if India to use a word which later has become fashionable, tilted towards the Soviet Union. And it is not for me as ambassador of a country which is in that area, but neither India nor Pakistan, to justify or not these positions, but I am here to give you my personal views and the views of the Sri Lankan government on big power rivalry in South Asia. So, as the 50s moved into the 60s, you found more and more, a closer link between Pakistan and the Western nations on the one hand, and a closer link between India and the Soviet Union, do not a treaty or an alliance link, as the 60s went on. And then, of course, this period was intermittently interrupted by periodic wars between India and Pakistan. There have been three wars between India and Pakistan, since the two countries became independent, 28 or 29 years ago. And in 1971, just before the Bangladesh crisis broke, the Soviet Union and India signed a formal treaty of friendship. And, of course, you know the consequences of what is followed, because this is recent and contemporary history. Dr. Kissinger, unfortunately, overheard. Delivered himself of this famous phrase of \"Tilting towards Pakistan,\" which didn't improve India's relations with the United States. Now, these are illustrations of the two superpowers, being drawn, wittingly or unwittingly, into the South Asian sub-continent, not by their own initiative. But if my Pakistani and Indian friends here in this room will forgive me, by the misjudgments and the errors of judgment, and the mistakes made by those two nations themselves, it is for this reason that we in Sri Lanka, a small island in the middle of the Indian Ocean, with India and Pakistan, both are close and warm friends in history, in culture, and in tradition, decided that we will certainly not join either, the Soviet Union or the United States in military alliances. We have welcomed both of them, if they come as friends. We have refused to allow them to come close to us, if they come as masters, or expecting certain advantages in the way of naval and military facilities in our island. After all, we cannot forget the fact that Sri Lanka was the headquarters of the Southeast Asia command, under Lord Louis Mountbatten, in the latest stages of the Second World War. Lord Louis headquarters, the headquarters were in Sri Lanka. For the simple reason, if no other, that that was the only British territory left to the British, after the Japanese ravaged the entire far Eastern Empire of the British. But, in that situation, Sri Lanka held and still holds a strategically important position in the Indian Ocean. It was for these reasons, and in 1971, when the Indo-Pakistani Bangladesh war brought serious difficulties into our region, that my then Prime Minister, Mrs. Bandaranaike, who was very active in international affairs, proposed first at a meeting of the Commonwealth prime ministers in Singapore, in January 1971, that the Indian Ocean be declared a zone of peace. Whereby all non-literal powers, that is, all countries which did not border the Indian Ocean, should withdraw all military, naval and air facilities from that region. That region should be left to be protected in their own interests by the littoral and the hinterland states. Meaning the entire set of states on the east coast of Africa, all the states of the north of the Arabian Peninsula, all the states bordering the Indian Ocean on it's north: Iran, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, all the way right down to Singapore and Malaysia, at that time, at that conference, the Prime Minister of Britain, Mr. Edward Heath, complimented the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka on her idealism and on her aspirations. But observed that her proposal was totally unrealistic. And he said that the British government will continue to believe that the Indian Ocean was a vital link, economic link, if nothing else, between Europe on the one hand, and Australia and Japan on the other, and refused to agree to this proposal. Sri Lanka then brought it up, before the United Nations General Assembly in November, that year, in 1971. And the General Assembly adopted a resolution by majority, declaring the Indian Ocean, a zone of peace, and requested the Secretary General to appoint a committee of interested nations, to provide the necessary information and statistics. And it was all along, our guarantee and assurance, that every nation in the world, regardless of its politics or its ideology, would be free to use the Indian Ocean for purposes of normal commercial enterprise. The ships of these nations could sail the Indian Ocean, because it's of major waterway, it's international waters. The only thing on which we had reservations, was the affording of military facilities in the territories of any of our nations, to countries which were outside that nation. It didn't prohibit or request the withdrawal, only of the Soviet Union and the United States, even Japan. Or Germany, or China, would not have been entitled, if our countries agreed to bases of naval facilities in our area. This resolution, when it came to the vote, strangely enough... Perhaps, not strangely, both the Soviet Union and the United States abstained. And if the two major governments abstain on a political military strategic resolution, then we at least had the consolation to draw the inference that we were not so far wrong, from what is best for us. Then, of course, as time went on, these discussions dragged on, and it was with great... Shall I say, relief? That my government as the initiator of this proposal, heard President Carter, soon after his inauguration, as President of the United States, earlier in 1977, on his own initiative, referred to the so called, policy of , with the Soviet Union. And included, apart from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, the Helsinki Conference and so on, a proposal for both great powers to exercise mutual military restraint in the Indian Ocean. Which probably... Although, it didn't go as far as we were wanting, indicated that the United States administration, for the first time in 20 years or so, was thinking as we were doing. And our thinking behind this proposal, was simply that of all the world's major areas, the one area which so far had been comparatively, and I'm stressing the word comparatively, free of great power confrontations or the likelihood of great power confrontations, was the sub-continental region of South Asia. And it was our hope that this would not only continue to be so, but that the dangers that that position would be jeopardized, should be eliminated. And one possible wave is this. Now, after Secretary Vance's visit to Moscow, and the talks with with Mr. , earlier this year, several committees were set up for bilateral negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union, on several matters, the most important of which, of course, was the negotiations. But one of those committees, was to deal with the Indian Ocean. And it is our belief that the President of the United States has taken the correct initiative, in the correct direction, and we have, thereafter, continued to give him a wholehearted support, as indeed have many of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean area. We believe that if there is an area where the clash of arms has still not been sounded, it is in the interest, not only of us in the South Asian region, it is in the interest of all of Asia. Indeed, all of the international community to ensure that that clash of arms will never be heard. And therefore, if it's not practically possible for everybody to take their naval and military facilities, and go off home, at least we can freeze the situation. And from a frozen situation, we can move backwards, therefore, lessening the risks of accidental or other collisions between those two nations, in an area where nuclear submarines of all countries, meaning the Soviet Union and the United States, particularly, have been in operation for quite some time. An area where the Soviet government has until recently had, facilities in two African nations: Somalia, at the post of Berbera, and further up in the southern Yemen, the island called Socotra. And in retaliation or in response, the United States took over from the British government on long lease, a group of called Diego Garcia, which is directly 1000 miles south of my country. And I believe, that is the only bit of landmass between Sri Lanka and Antarctica. To that extent, we were in immediate range of any operations that might be mounted from Diego Garcia. And the American position was that they had to have, what they first called communication facilities. But later, the Chief of Staff, unwittingly, perhaps, after all, before lunch, either in excitement for lunch, or the after effects of lunch, unwittingly told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that the Diego Garcia runways were being expanded to enable them to take B-52 bombers, which was hardly a communications expansion. Thereafter, of course, we were concerned about the possibility of the arms race in the Indian Ocean spiraling, whatever the facilities, the Soviets had in Berbera and Socotra, could have been extended and expanded, if it had come out in congressional evidence, that runways in Diego Garcia were being expanded to be able to take in B-52 bombers. And therefore, it would have been perfectly justifiable from a Soviet point of view, if they matched the Americans in this expansionary programs. So now, for that reason, we're happy that the American president has called a halt, as far as America is concerned. Since then, much has happened. The Somali government has severed its military connections with the Soviet Union. And, it was only two weeks ago, that the Soviet government had been asked, requested to remove whatever facilities they had in Somalia. Although, at one time, the Somali government publicly denied that there were any facilities. And the situation, therefore, partly by accident, and partly by deliberate policy, has eased considerably. And it is our hope that this situation will continue, until the Indian Ocean can at least be a zone of comparative peace, if not of peace. Now, the vital purpose... If you like, support of that position must be an arrangement amongst the major countries of the sub-continent: India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. And, that again, before the changes of government in both the countries, and, in fact, all three countries, there was the famous similar accord, between Prime Minister Gandhi and Prime Minister Bhutto, which brought the two countries closer to a negotiated settlement of their problems, than they had ever come to, for the last 20 years. And, no lesser person than Dr. Kissinger welcomed this, but he calls the spirit of similar. But unfortunately, the spirit of similar appears to have been put into cold storage, simply because, neither of the authors of that accord, are today guiding the destinies of their respective nations. And we hope that whatever governments are in power, in India and will be in power in Pakistan, the arrangements reached in similar, for overall settlement, including the old, thorny, veteran problem of Kashmir, between India and Pakistan, would do nothing but contribute to a stabilization of that area. It would considerably benefit the smaller countries in the region, Nepal, to the immediate north of India, , between India and China. Pakistan, which is common frontier with the Soviet Union, and India, which is a frontier with the Soviet Union. To us, in the middle of the ocean, south of the sub-continent, to Burma, to Sikkim, to Bhutan, if you look at the map, these small countries are based in a very, very difficult situation. They're built in between two of the greatest powers in the world today: the Soviet Union and China on one side, and Indian sub-continent on the other. I have made no reference so far to China. At the moment, China has not shown any direct interest in the Indian Ocean area. She had, as we know, a major conflict with India, in the early 1960s. And, since then, she has repeatedly stated that they're ready for a negotiated settlement with the Indian government, provided India relinquishes all territorial claims to that part of the area, which China rightfully claims as her own, predating the British treaties with China, which the Indian government on Independence, inherited and maintained, was their legal right. Now, China has tremendous amount of work to do within her frontiers. Feeding and maintaining the life standards of 900 million people, is a sufficiently challenging task before any government, whatever its ideology. But on the other hand, China has not forgotten the effort made by the United States, in the late 50s and early 60s to unsettle her. And one justification, one original justification for the involvement of the United States, in what was originally a Vietnamese Civil War, was that if the United States didn't go to the help of the South Vietnamese, the North Vietnamese assisted by the Chinese, would overrun the country, and there would be a free for all, a free field, in fact, for China, in the one time, in the Chinese Peninsula. But, since then, things have changed. The Chinese are more concerned about the Russian presence, to the north of them, and indeed, in Vietnam, rather than to the presence of the Americans, anywhere in that region. The entire... Situation in that area has therefore changed. The so called Moscow-Peking axis, is not in the remote... Even in the remote... Even in the immediate future, let's throw in the remote future, a possibility which is seriously upsetting the United States administration. On the other hand, the Soviet position, not only in South Asia, but in the Middle East, is causing some kind of concern in the western capitals today. But let me close my remarks with this observation. That if there are problems in any region of the world, and there are bound to be problems, in every region of the world. We are now talking of national sovereignties. The Latin American hemisphere is far from secure. From... What should I say? Periodic conflicts about boundaries. You suddenly hear a football match ending in a major war between two nations. You suddenly hear the armed forces of one republic, being sent in the territory of another. You have the major problem of who is to own the zone. Now, these are weakening problem...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45437/file/118395#t=0.0,3353.28653"}]}]}]}