{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/ww76t0hr49/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Sutton, John E. G., African Towns and International Commerce before the \"Black Death\""]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203883 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["African Towns and International Commerce before the Black Death is a November 14, 1989 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring J.E.G. Sutton. J.E.G. Sutton discusses African trade, focusing on Kilwa in the early 14th century.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Death","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=9.76,13.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and international trade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=13.69,16.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I'm the chairperson for the International Week","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=18.0,21.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'd like to thank you for coming here tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=21.68,26.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like to thank Dr. Bauer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=26.2,28.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for giving us the chance to include this event","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=28.64,32.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a part of the International Week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=32.26,34.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like also to let you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=36.04,38.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we still have more events,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=38.51,40.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you would like to attend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=40.95,42.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a panel discussion tomorrow at noon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=42.73,45.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about women's rights around the globe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=45.49,48.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at seven o'clock, we'll have a panel discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=48.93,51.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the Chinese crackdown and the Tienanmen Square","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=51.46,54.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with people who were in China during that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=54.81,57.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at 8:30, we'll have a theater performance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=57.49,59.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the International Theater of Iowa State.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=59.89,63.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And another main event we have is the closing night","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=63.59,67.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is on Friday night at 7:30 at the Great Hall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=67.1,71.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're gonna have performances","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=71.91,73.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from all over the world and food too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=73.56,76.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the price for anybody who's interested to show up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=76.42,79.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is $3 for the students, $5 for the faculty and staff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=79.72,83.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I encourage everybody to attend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=83.82,86.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And once again, I'd like to thank you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=86.72,88.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for attending this lecture tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=88.75,90.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Hi, my name is Amy Keel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=93.27,95.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm the treasurer for the Anthropology Club here at ISU.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=95.22,98.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like to introduce Dr. 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PhD","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=103.34,105.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the University of East Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=105.33,107.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's currently Director of the British 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me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1171.07,1172.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when recently I eventually managed to visit the site,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1172.02,1175.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a two mile stretch where you go onto the smaller Hill,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1175.12,1177.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away from these big stone enclosures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1177.71,1180.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll see signs of intense settlement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1180.18,1182.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of it dated by the (indistinct) to this period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1183.41,1185.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"13th and 14th centuries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1185.56,1188.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And somebody is trying to estimate the population,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1191.36,1193.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're reasonably reckoning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1193.08,1194.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it could have been as much as 18 or 25.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1194.16,1196.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that may be a very rough guess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1196.387,1198.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it certainly is very rough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1198.94,1200.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But give some impression,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1200.57,1201.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any other big population centered around or world center,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1201.72,1204.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or all center also acting as a center for the gold trade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1204.09,1208.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gold going out copper too also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1208.47,1211.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's an important mineral from the area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1211.39,1213.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And other things coming in, especially cloth imports.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1214.35,1217.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't understand it in detail yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1217.96,1219.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll beginning to get a picture of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1219.38,1220.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we can imagine it without the stone buildings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1220.58,1223.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think Great Zimbabwe begins to make a lot better sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1223.74,1227.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in world history in this period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1227.1,1230.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we can ask further questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1230.23,1232.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of why big buildings, why the prestige","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1232.137,1234.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the attempt to impress that must have gone into that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1234.46,1237.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, here then is the Zimbabwe-Kilwa connection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1239.58,1242.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the 13th up to the mid 14th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1244.547,1247.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let's look at that on this further map,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1250.32,1252.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not Ibn Battuta's but (indistinct) right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1253.79,1257.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's better, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1257.32,1258.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great Zimbabwe, Sofala, the main harbor serving it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1260.32,1264.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Kilwa controlling it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1264.63,1265.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could be on that Mombasa- Mogadishu we saw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1265.47,1269.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And its relationship to India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1269.09,1270.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and trying to be on that (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1272.06,1273.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And especially with the Persian Gulf and Oman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1275.07,1277.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all the trade to the East going first to Oman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1277.917,1280.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and passed into the Gulf before going Eastwards,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1280.14,1281.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the entire shift.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1281.6,1282.919"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Faithfully China being indirect rather than direct wards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1282.919,1285.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also later in time in Ibn Battuta's time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1285.64,1288.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the connection with the Red Sea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1288.69,1290.644"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I say later because, to understand the story,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1290.644,1293.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want now to go backwards a few centuries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1293.4,1296.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the development of this Islamic trading system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1297.41,1300.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Indian ocean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1300.13,1301.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's connection, both Eastwards and Westwards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1302.74,1305.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's going back 500 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1305.22,1307.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ibn Battuta visited Kilwa in 1331, early 14th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1307.38,1312.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The beginnings of this commercial system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1312.09,1315.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which reaches high then, beginnings of that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1315.18,1316.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least I saw that as the ninth century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1316.95,1319.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well that is the third century of Islam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1321.19,1323.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The third century of Islam, not the first century of Islam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1324.12,1326.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time of Mohammed and of his successors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1326.3,1328.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the 7th century AD, that is the beginning of 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Manda,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1503.64,1504.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and see that the earliest of Manda too is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1504.75,1507.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did I say eighth century, ninth 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trade,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1516.24,1518.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partly wanting the gold from the South,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1519.79,1523.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming up from Zimbabwe and Sofala,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1523.47,1525.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but other things too required,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1525.72,1527.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ivory was in 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poles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1572.6,1574.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other woods from East Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1574.44,1575.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as teak from India, were 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harbor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1768.62,1770.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the people, may not be all of them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1770.48,1772.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but some of them were definitely muslims.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1772.477,1775.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Presumably some people are coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1775.03,1776.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Persian Gulf at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1776.27,1778.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe very quickly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1779.48,1780.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the African population here converted to Islam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1780.33,1782.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe not, we're not quite sure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1782.8,1784.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had certainly some Muslim from that beginning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1784.3,1786.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And getting a mosque as early as this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1786.97,1788.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as early as any mosque, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1788.71,1789.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excavated anywhere in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1789.85,1791.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You hear of the earlier mosque in Arabia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1792.58,1794.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're all in the tradition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1794.19,1796.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You never get to see it on the ground,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1796.07,1797.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or see it's outline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1797.32,1798.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Having that is particularly valuable thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1798.73,1800.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think Mark Horton may be in a strong position now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1800.62,1802.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go to the right people with Islamic 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Al-Masudi,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1825.31,1827.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whom I'm referring to just that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=1828.22,1829.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who wrote a hundred years later 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Pemba,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2223.04,2226.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had presumably been imported","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2227.787,2229.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from somewhere else in Islamic 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countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2233.85,2234.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even some from China, possibly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2234.74,2236.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chinese trade getting 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silver,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2247.38,2249.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if you had gold to sell for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2249.69,2251.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why not make use of a more local 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Zimbabwe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2255.13,2257.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you've got the gold trade coming from Zimbabwe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2257.92,2259.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why not bring this more useful metal copper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2259.84,2262.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there was quite a lot of copper working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2262.27,2263.774"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went on at Kilwa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2263.774,2264.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One could find a little crucible in which it was melted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2264.607,2267.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partly (indistinct) for making these 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al-Hassan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2272.267,2273.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went over from silver to copper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2273.99,2275.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We never see silver again there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2275.68,2277.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Kilwa currency for the small change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2277.93,2281.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I dare say for more important 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coins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2316.42,2317.812"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their relation with the gold coins at Pemba.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2317.812,2320.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And confirms the dating of this Ali ibn 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Kilwa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2366.91,2368.937"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I never believe origins in history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2368.937,2371.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the late history often is more 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Sultanate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2377.62,2379.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they like to connect themselves with the Heartland of Islam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2380.94,2383.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the famous country of Islam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2383.72,2385.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so we have the story of how the first Kings of Kilwa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2385.31,2387.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposed to have come from the land of the Persians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2387.55,2390.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all places, out of the Persian Gulf.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2390.57,2393.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But more interesting is some of this detail,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2394.49,2397.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the story of the seven ships.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2397.07,2398.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wasn't just one ship coming to Kilwa in this legend,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2398.94,2401.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or this foundation chart, we might call it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2401.57,2405.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It notes that Kilwa, is just one of many Swahili states.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2405.21,2408.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Swahili have never been United as one single,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2408.95,2411.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under one single government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2411.74,2412.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's always been a series of city States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2412.77,2414.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Equal, some a bit richer than others","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2415.99,2419.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but technically equal to each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2419.25,2421.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet sharing the same language,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2421.71,2423.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same culture the same religion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2423.63,2425.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a brotherly relationship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2425.32,2426.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is really, I think, a metaphorical way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2426.62,2428.897"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the story of the seven 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Kilwa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2784.07,2786.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first part, is up the same,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2786.15,2788.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're looking from the other side now, the 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now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2880.28,2881.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1099","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it hasn't been, I think from 16th century, it is a ruin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2881.31,2884.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least a little bit before that falling 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inside,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2897.54,2900.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had survived very nicely, the plaster being made from coral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2900.7,2904.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some excavation work going on inside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2904.46,2906.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as well, these people are assisting on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2906.38,2907.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also clearing up the restoration job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2907.82,2909.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2915.455,2916.966"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, just keep going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2916.966,2918.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, yes, I think we're right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2918.23,2920.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2921.86,2922.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But now this is the Kilwa of Ibn Battuta's time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2924.75,2927.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is great extension to the mosque,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2927.07,2929.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"built 30 or maybe about 50 before he came,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2929.47,2932.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the great palace,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2932.29,2933.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known as Husuni Kubwa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2935.25,2936.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this was built by this new dynasty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2939.05,2941.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not in the town, but a mile to the 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ruins,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2953.9,2955.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but from which you can work out the complete plan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2955.22,2957.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an audience chamber 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(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2989.327,2990.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is actually for lamps, oil lamps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=2990.23,2992.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of which plenty were found in the excavations 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names,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3012.93,3014.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and looked at all the fall and stuff,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3014.68,3016.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so from which you can reconstruct higher 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architecture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3032.11,3034.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's taken off the roof at the moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3034.03,3036.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The audience chamber we're looking at here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3036.09,3037.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"audience court, another one here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3037.69,3039.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here, a small ornamental 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open,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3048.01,3050.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and needed a pit in it, which must've been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3050.53,3052.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a quarry for building materials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3053.84,3055.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for getting some of the mortar coral rock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=3055.91,3059.053"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26002/annotation/1171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/002/original/AV203883_African_Towns_and_International_Commerce_before_the_Black_Death_a.vtt?1620667515","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/002/original/AV203883_African_Towns_and_International_Commerce_before_the_Black_Death_a.vtt?1620667515"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26003","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203883_African_Towns_and_International_Commerce_before_the_Black_Death_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715/transcript/26003/annotation/1172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Tonight's lecture, which is about African tribes, and before the Black Death and international trade. Now, I'm the chairperson for the International Week and I'd like to thank you for coming here tonight. And I'd like to thank Dr. Bauer for giving us the chance to include this event as a part of the International Week. And I'd like also to let you know that we still have more events, if you would like to attend. We have a panel discussion tomorrow at noon about women's rights around the globe. And at seven o'clock, we'll have a panel discussion about the Chinese crackdown and the Tienanmen Square with people who were in China during that time. And at 8:30, we'll have a theater performance by the International Theater of Iowa State. And another main event we have is the closing night which is on Friday night at 7:30 at the Great Hall. We're gonna have performances from all over the world and food too. And the price for anybody who's interested to show up is $3 for the students, $5 for the faculty and staff and I encourage everybody to attend. And once again, I'd like to thank you for attending this lecture tonight.\r\n\r\n- Hi, my name is Amy Keel. I'm the treasurer for the Anthropology Club here at ISU. And I'd like to introduce Dr. Sutton, he's our speaker tonight. Dr. Sutton received his PhD from the University of East Africa. He's currently Director of the British Institute in Eastern Africa, which is state in Nairobi, Kenya. This is a research organization concerned with the history and late prehistory of Eastern Africa south of the Sahara. Formerly, Dr. Sutton was professor and head of the archeology department at the University of Ghana. Before that, he was a lecturer in history at the University of Dar Es Salaam in Tanzania. Dr. Sutton has conducted archeological studies of late prehistoric cultures in East, central and West Africa, including investigations of the ruins of an elaborate irrigation system in Engaruka Tanzania . Dr. Sutton has authored several books and numerous articles dealing with various aspects of the late pre-history of Sub-Saharan Africa. Dr. Sutton tonight Will be speaking on African towns and international commerce before the Black Death. And this lecture tonight was sponsored by the Anthropology Club, Technology and Social change, S\u0026H International Studies, The Anthropology program, The African Studies committee, The History Graduate College, The College of Agriculture and the Committee on Lectures, which is funded by the GSB. I'd like to ask you all now to welcome Dr. John Sutton.\r\n\r\n- Well, may I thank the Anthropology Club and the organizers of the International Week and all the other organizations mentioned that we don't have to repeat. And the University generally for this kind invitation to come here to and to talk on an aspect of African history. Not as a lot of African history recently is being portrayed of Africa in isolation, but of Africa in the wider world and the role of Africa in the middle ages within the great land mass. What I will call Afro-Eurasia. The role that Africa played in some of the events here up to around the year, 1350; the time of the international bubonic plague, known generally for Black Death. Known in Europe as the Black Death and in Asia too a bit, because white people turned black it appears, or rather suffered from rather bad, all sorts of symptoms of the skin and in the body, and a large part of the world population died off. A rather important date then in world history. And I want to look at the role that Africa was playing up to that period. And I get to do that in the first place by going to the slides. And starting with the memoirs of one of the most important of medieval travelers. Not the most perceptive of travelers certainly in writings are not particularly accurate and not always very perceptive. But revealing nevertheless, for what he tells us and what we can sometimes read between the lines. By the name of Ibn Battuta , who was born in the far Northwest of Africa, Tangier, opposite Gibraltar, into a Muslim community there, in what is now Morocco. Born about 1305, and spent most of his lifetime traveling up around the Mediterranean and further East, in the near East and as far as India and even China, and also made two and rather important journeys in Africa, or Africa south of Sahara. One of them took of, late in his life, where he went across the Sahara to West Africa. But to begin with, I look at his East African journey while he was still quite young, 1331. When he came around to the East coast, the Swahili coast of Africa. Well, a little bit of background on him first of all. I said he was born in Tangier. And as a young man, he conceived his desire to travel. To travel and to learn as a student, and to go to the more famous cities and schools of the Islamic world, particularly, the first place to Cairo. And so he somehow joined up with a camel caravan going to Tunis and then going on beyond that to Egypt where he stayed in Cairo for a while, but also he wanted to go to Mecca naturally, the Heartland of Islamic learning and Islamic tradition, and other places around the near East which he did, and developed a further ambition of serving the most important or what was reputed to be one most important of the Muslim states in the world at the time, the Sultanate of Delhi and India, right off our map. But, as a young student, or like many people I think of his type and his age he wasn't quite sure what he wanted to do first, and if there was a lift going somewhere else he took it. And he took a ship southward from Mecca to Zaila on the African shore here, at this the Gulf of Aden. Zaila, a port which was serving the Ethiopian Hinterland. And then found another ship that was going to the land of the Zanj, or Zanzibar. Which meant in those days not the Island, just by that name, but Zanzibar, bar of Zanj, the land of the black people of East Africa. The Zanj, mean the people of East Africa. First of all, it took him to Mogadishu. Then an important town in 1331, remains an important town, now the capital of Somalia, stayed there for a while, and then went on southwards, crossing the equator in so doing to Mombasa which remains again an important town, being the main port of the East African coast now. And went further south again to the city of Kilwa, the most Southerly city of Islamic world in effect. And Kilwa, obviously was an attractive place at that time it attracted scholars like himself. You can pick them on. And obviously very wealthy at that period of the early 14th century. And with little help, I think , We're going in circles. Now this is not quite how Ibn Battuta saw Kilwa island, because he couldn't get an aero plane. He sailed in from the ocean. This picture was taken by Neville Chittick, my predecessor, as director of the British Institute in East Africa. Neville Chittick, who spent several seasons excavating the old city of Kilwa in the early 1960s. And Kilwa is south of a small Island, but an island set into a sunken estuary, it's only one mile across here to the main land. You can cross quite easily in a small boat but being set in and behind the coral reef which guards the whole East African shore, you have a re-sheltered harbor here, between Kilwa Island and the mainland, shelter and the water. And so that explains the selection of the site, here at Kilwa itself, on the northern design. We're looking southwards here. And you may see a few ruins here. Let's take the next one up the North end of the Island. Some of them dating to Ibn Battuta's time. Not all of them though. Here we've got an 18th century palace, that later on, many centuries later, would revive at Kilwa, a new palace 'cause the buildings were intact. Here's the palace but it had to lie over, a much earlier palace of the 14th and 15th centuries. There's a fort here, built in the 16th century by Portuguese who thought Kilwa was an important place to take over. Revived again in the late 18th century. Most of the town in Ibn Battuta's time, the 14th century, most of the town has been robbed out in later time, because people wanted the building stone. Most of the stone builds that periods, built out of the local coral, coral rack. But the things that people would never rob are mosques, being consecrated sites. And the great mosque you can see here a bit ruins, because things don't just stand up, they'll fall down but still haven't been robbed out further. The great mosque stands will reveal very much what it would have been, a picture of what it would have been when Ibn Battuta visited in 1331. Not entirely, throughout the wall of It is in fact, two mosques. Don't worry about these things in the foreground, there was archeological activity going on and someone had to put those rails up to push carts along with all the spoils coming out of the excavation so clearing of the mosque. This is a temporary measure while excavating with the tank and antiquities. But here are the two mosques. First of all, there's this one here, the wall standing it was a flat roof mosque which was already nearly 300 years old when Ibn Battuta visited. An 11th century mosque built in a typical style of the Swahili coast, up and down on the coast of Kenya and Tanzania, you'll see a number of mosques in this style, which had a flat roof, nowadays nearly all have fallen in, unless it's been recently restored. Flat roof of coral concrete, supported on mangrove rafts and some poles on big cut beams, and you may just make out, this is a view in the front, these marks here along the wall ceiling level for the beams went right through across to hold the roof. And pillars inside, I'll come back to that later. And then just before Ibn Battuta came, a new period, or a period of greater prosperity at Kilwa, they decided to enlarge their mosque with a great domed extension, rather pillars holding arches, and on top of that domes, and alternating domes and barrel box. This was done about 1300 or just before. A generation or so before Ibn Battuta visited. When a new dynasty took over the rule of Kilwa, and with obviously making all the money, or thinking he was going to, wanting to show itself off to the wide world of Islam, and attract scholars and travelers, and even hitchhikers like Ibn Battuta. Now, why was Kilwa doing so well at this period in the early 14th century. Right at the Southern end of the Islamic world. So far south along the African coast. Ibn Battuta described it as one of the finest and most beautifully constructed cities in the world. He'd already seen a good number to compare. And he goes on though, to give us a clue to this. He says, \"At Kilwa, a merchant told me that a fortnight sail beyond Kilwa going southwards, is the port of Sofala.\" And I don't know whether we can go back to the first one, there's so much in here, doesn't do it. I haven't got Sofala on that but it's right here. South of the Zambezi River. A good way south of Kilwa. A fortnight sail, something like that. Two weeks from that, sometimes more, depending on your currents. And from Sofala, is a month journey over land, to a place called Yufi. And from Yufi, gold dust is brought to Sofala. He doesn't say any more, but what he is clearly referring to is the gold trade of the Zimbabwe region, production of gold there, where there was and deposits, being brought down to the coast at Sofala. and controlled, perhaps monopolized by Kilwa, the most southerly other Swahili towns. And from there, from Kilwa, gold's going back around Indian Ocean, up the red sea into the Mediterranean, and into South of Europe. Kilwa obviously had a very important place to play, very important role and control over this gold trade of the south. Note that Ibn Battuta did not refer Zimbabwe by name, that name perhaps didn't get out to the wider world, to . He mentioned the place of Yufi, and that was possibly through a confusion as I come to later on. But clearly what he was picking up was intelligence among the merchant community of the Swahili coast, about the gold of Zimbabwe, and the importance the gold was playing in the economy of this coast and in the broader world economy at that time. With many countries of the world demanding more gold, as populations around the world were increasing up to the 14th century, and not just in the East also in the West and in Europe, where most of the kingdoms were backing at going over to a gold standard. Requiring gold from this side also, of course gold from West Africa, looking primarily in particular. Let's go back through Kilwa, and let's look for contrast from Kilwa, at Great Zimbabwe, not necessarily the place where all the gold was produced but the center to which it was collected, from which it was controlled in the country, now involved Zimbabwe after it. But before I just go on to Zimbabwe, one or two very brief points about the architecture of Kilwa, there's been a tendency in Eastern Africa to see anything mostly as being Arab. And this is a misconception rather unfortunate view. True it's Islamic and the centers of Islam are of course in Arabia. But it doesn't mean everything Islamic around the world, spread beyond Arabia, has to be Arabic or Arab. You have Persian Islamic, Turkish Islamic, West African, and indeed we have the East African or Swahili Islamic. And you won't find mosques of this sort in Arabia. The building materials are entirely East African, local there, entirely built of the coral, got from the coral reef, or from quarries for some of the coral rack, and more material got from the land. Coral rack, cemented in a mortar, which is made by burning of coral, also plastered, I know the plaster is lost, but you can see around some of the stones available, so plaster also prepared from coral, and for some of the fine work, we shall see in some of the later slides, actually cut coral reduced. Not just the masonry, but also the styles are distinctive of this cut. Some of them may reflect certain aspects of mosque and domestic architecture in Arabia. Some may reflect aspects from other countries too. But basically it's a locally developed one within the broad Islamic tradition. And I guess I find it, misleads us a bit, in our conception when people just speak of East African Islamic tradition, the East African Islamic architecture as being Arab. There's been an Arab influence, Arab connections I want to show. but nevertheless, it is a distinct provincial aspect of Islam. And that would come contrast to Great Zimbabwe, in commercial connection with Kilwa, that time,. enjoying its greatest period of building, the same period as we now know from a finer dating of Great Zimbabwe. The 14th century, late 13th to 14th century, would be the time of the greatest building here, and greatest wealth obviously, greatest control of labor, through patronage, coming from this wealth. And here's an architecture for completely different sort, entirely unconnected, an architecture developed in the local Southern African and the Shona tradition. The walls don't stand quite straight, they lean a bit, you can see on the next slide, I think it was backed up, I backed it as they say, architecture. No mortar, coursing, yes, section with no mortar dividing them. No straight lines. , everything was straight lines and rectangular. Let's look down from there, let's say he'll ruin it in the Great Zimbabwe, we now look down into the valley to the group once called the great enclosure. Everything is curving, not measured after any particular units, so everything's worked out. Whereas at Kilwa, everything is rectangular, and more than that, laid out in Islamic cubits. Also this stone building in Zimbabwe was not roofed. All the actual dwellings in site, in these enclosures, were built of wood. And earth worked carefully with the wood, in the local Southern African tradition without roots, replaced from time to time. And this is the thing I think, visitors to Great Zimbabwe, and people who read about it too, don't really understand, or don't really appreciate, people talk of the mystery of Great Zimbabwe 'cause it gets so worried about the big stone ruins that stand, impressive so they are, from the 13th and 14th century, but fail to imagine the ordinary hazard, and indeed there are special high-flat Royal houses and big enclosure but also the smaller houses up and down the Valley. Small solos of a town, seems, where it could lure many many houses, again, built of wood and earth and thatch. A typical Southern African settlement with some special aspects of the outer side of this great enclosure showing the very nice course stone work, an enormous feat of work. But in it's own very distinct tradition. But an enclosure in which the other things happened. And speaking of houses with earthen floors, hardened earthen floors, of and earth, earthen walls with stone fixed into them, attached through in excavation of some of the remains of one, in one of these smaller stoning coming from Great Zimbabwe. And recent work of Great Zimbabwe, by the resident archeologist there, begin to reveal is a lot better, and also though the size of population up and down this valley, a two mile stretch as would point out to me, when recently I eventually managed to visit the site, a two mile stretch where you go onto the smaller Hill, away from these big stone enclosures, you'll see signs of intense settlement. Most of it dated by the to this period, 13th and 14th centuries. And somebody is trying to estimate the population, they're reasonably reckoning, it could have been as much as 18 or 25. And that may be a very rough guess but it certainly is very rough. But give some impression, any other big population centered around or world center, or all center also acting as a center for the gold trade. Gold going out copper too also. That's an important mineral from the area. And other things coming in, especially cloth imports. We don't understand it in detail yet. We'll beginning to get a picture of it. And if we can imagine it without the stone buildings I think Great Zimbabwe begins to make a lot better sense in world history in this period. And then we can ask further questions of why big buildings, why the prestige or the attempt to impress that must have gone into that. Well, here then is the Zimbabwe-Kilwa connection. In the 13th up to the mid 14th century. And let's look at that on this further map, not Ibn Battuta's but right? That's better, yeah. Great Zimbabwe, Sofala, the main harbor serving it, and Kilwa controlling it, could be on that Mombasa- Mogadishu we saw. And its relationship to India and trying to be on that . And especially with the Persian Gulf and Oman and all the trade to the East going first to Oman and passed into the Gulf before going Eastwards, the entire shift. Faithfully China being indirect rather than direct wards. And also later in time in Ibn Battuta's time, the connection with the Red Sea. And I say later because, to understand the story, I want now to go backwards a few centuries to the development of this Islamic trading system in the Indian ocean, and it's connection, both Eastwards and Westwards. And it's going back 500 years. Ibn Battuta visited Kilwa in 1331, early 14th century. The beginnings of this commercial system, which reaches high then, beginnings of that, at least I saw that as the ninth century. Well that is the third century of Islam. The third century of Islam, not the first century of Islam, the time of Mohammed and of his successors, in the 7th century AD, that is the beginning of Islam, was not a time of great world trade or great development of world trade, as particularly known in the Indian ocean by sea. It's after the foundation of Baghdad, 750, the late eighth and then in the ninth century, following that, the opposite setting itself up at Baghdad, but maritime trade opened up. The Islamic empire became a much bigger commercial empire and the maritime trade opened up. I think I need to go have that done, thank you. Thank you. Focusing first of all, on the Persian Gulf. Not on the Red Sea, though that opens up the latest stage. The Persian Gulf in particular and the attraction of Baghdad developing the biggest city in the world at the end of the eighth century and into the ninth. And it's in that period we first get indications of the gold trade for coming from the far side the Sofala coast, obviously coming from, if not from Great Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe region, and that's confirmed by archeological work done on ancient mines in Zimbabwe and on the Limpopo valley to its south. An opening up of gold mining there, obviously for external international trade, from about the early ninth century. And also the beginnings of harbor towns on the Swahili coast. Kilwa, as we saw it in 14th century, but the lowest level of Kilwa by excavating below the great mosque there, the lowest level of occupation go back to the ninth century, of Neville Chittick fact. But if I have more information on the Northern Kenya coast up here, might actually have that, yes. Now here it is this, three to coast Kilwa Southern end, this is Tanzania, this is Kenya, that's the Southern end of Somalia. Here are the islands of Pemba and Unguja, Unguja nowadays more often known as Zanzibar, but I said in earlier times, Zanzibar meant the whole of this, the whole land of the Zanj. Only more recently it's come to this island, it's proper name is Unguja. But going back in the ninth century, we have some settlement at Kilwa, but more important settlement a more important contact with the wider world at the Northern end of this coast, some of these harbors here especially on these islands, close to Lamu, Manda and Shanga. Manda was excavated a few years ago by Neville Chittick,, after working at Kilwa, and he got material at the ninth century. He thought these earliest stuff with late ninth century. Now with new work done at Shanga, on the Island opposite, by younger archeologist Mark Horton, who getting material was going back to the early eighth century, he's able to look back at Manda, and see that the earliest of Manda too is, did I say eighth century, ninth century. The earliest material of Manda is similarly early in the ninth century. 50 years or so after the foundation of Baghdad, and the opening up of Indian ocean trade, partly wanting the gold from the South, coming up from Zimbabwe and Sofala, but other things too required, Ivory was in demand, going back into the middle and in the world it didn't all go into the Muslim countries. Al-Masudi who was right in that period mentioned the ivory coming from East Africa but he said, unfortunately, there's so much demand in India and China, that when it gets to Oman, they simply put it onto other ships and take it away. So it's very rare in the Islamic countries. Also very important and less of a luxury item was wood, Oman... You could go back part one briefly, are we done? Oman, the Persian Gulf, are generally treeless. But with the construction industry going on, with this economic development in the ninth century. They needed wood, mangrove poles, and other woods from East Africa, as well as teak from India, were important. And from the ninth century to the present day, it's one of the big trade from East Africa by dhow, taking mangroves poles up to Oman, and on into the Persian Gulf. And so the Swahili coast from that period became part of this Islamic trading system of the Western India ocean. And particular attention to the northern sites, even though based on Kilwa, has some activity, and indeed it's gold was coming up from Sofala, they needed some small harbors along the way, and Kilwa was awfully well placed to help in that. Now, I mentioned Mark Horton, who's done this interesting work in the last few years at Shanga, and shown that this settlement activity goes back to the beginning of the ninth century. Mark Horton was arguing for a while that the earliest activity on these sites was probably not Muslim. Though the inhabitants were notably Muslim, they would have been African people settled on the coast, joined into this trade, exploited the opportunity for international comers. But then he decided before finishing at Shanga, to excavate under the ruins of the great mosque. This is the wall of the mosque, the West wall, South wall beyond that's there, and the back, it's a ruin, 'cause the town of Shanga has been deserted since the 15th century. So nobody's been worshiping there, so that's quite possible to excavate. As he went down go through the floor of this mosque. The latest stage abandoned, in the 15th century, being built in the 11th century. And he went down below that and he found under the floor, and a lot of infill, which was taken out, were the foundations of an earlier mosque, done in a slightly different style, possibly a different sect of Islam had been there for a while. A 10th century mosque. And taking out the floor fill of that, he came to a level with some enormous postholes in which he realized were postholes to hold a big building, laid up on the same alignment facing Mecca, a mosque before that. Early 10th to late ninth century. And going down below that, somewhat to his surprise, yet another line of postholes, smaller ones, and a start for earlier mosque yet. And eventually in a second season working on this, another line of postholes, very small ones, very small stakes. A slightly different alignment, but presumably because they weren't quite sure where Mecca was, and which way to face it. A few degrees out. It's laid out Islamic cubits. It has two chambers. The second chamber hasn't yet come up here. So quite obviously it must be yet an earlier mosque, back to probably about 800. If not the end of the eighth century, the beginning of the ninth. Mosque below mosque below mosque. And he's had Islamic burials at the same level as the lowest one, laid back in proper Islamic fashion, on the same orientation. which I think clinched the point but that must've been an early mosque. So some of the people at Shanga, back to the very beginning of the settlement on this island with this little harbor, some of the people, may not be all of them, but some of them were definitely muslims. Presumably some people are coming from the Persian Gulf at that time. Maybe very quickly, some of the African population here converted to Islam, maybe not, we're not quite sure, we had certainly some Muslim from that beginning. And getting a mosque as early as this, as early as any mosque, I think, excavated anywhere in the world. You hear of the earlier mosque in Arabia, but they're all in the tradition. You never get to see it on the ground, or see it's outline. Having that is particularly valuable thing and I think Mark Horton may be in a strong position now to go to the right people with Islamic sentiments to do some more work on some of the other sites along this coast, when he's written this one up, which is gonna be in itself a rather big job. So we got not only a commercial connection but a cultural connection too, from the earliest stages of the Swahili coast, at least in this case at Manda. And it's quite possible, this is a place mentioned by Al-Masudi, whom I'm referring to just that, who wrote a hundred years later though, he referred to the foundation of a place called Qanbalu on the East African coast. We can't find any place by that name now but Qanbalu, they had some Muslim rulers from about this period. And it's possible that Shanga, or Shanga and Manda together on those islands facing each other, are the Qanbalu mentioned by Al-Masudi as an important trading post, particularly important for ivory but also as a staging post for the gold trade. But let's move on from that stage. That was the ninth century. In the following century, the 10th, the Persian Gulf went into a relative decline. Baghdad itself, no longer could control the whole Islamic world, the maybe known world economic recession two. And the Persian Gulf declined, it never resumed that same central role in the whole world of Islam in the Indian Ocean. But then in the 11th century, we get a revival of the trade in the Indian ocean, and particularly on the East African coast. And this is related more to the growth of Cairo in Egypt from about the year 1000 on, under the fact that it didn't stay, Cairo also cashing in on the developing economy of the Mediterranean and Europe beyond, further demand for gold and for trade from the Indian ocean. And though I won't put the map back on, I'll be going back too far, we can see that just want to open up the Red Sea again, which had been really closed into the prime of the Roman empire as an effective trade route. Opening up the Red Sea again, meant the Cairo had focal pivotal point. Occupied pivotal point between the East and the West. And with that, one thinks a revival of trade in the Indian ocean and on East African coast and certain influences coming into the area from Egypt. And one of them is in the coins. From about year 1000, the second boom period on the Swahili coast, on a few of the sites including mid levels at Manda, a few silver coins coming from in Egypt, or the Mediterranean, small coins.. And then during the 11th century, some of the rulers of the East African coast, and particularly going further South, in fact we should get back to the first map John. Yes, that's fine, thank you. Not to fall back. We were at Shanga and Manda, at Shanga mosque. But further south on these islands, Pemba, Unguja, Mafia and Kilwa. They stopped not only taking in a few coins, but minting their own coins. To show that they are all part of the Islamic world, and more than that, the rulers here, felt they were as good as the rulers of Egypt or other parts who ruled in Islam, or wanted to show it by minting coins and putting, issuing coins and putting their names on them. And it also shows the shift of emphasis from the Northern coast further south. That's not quite so much emphasis on Kilwa as we get in the latest stage yet to time Ibn Battuta running halfway there, we're now in the 11th century and he comes in the 14th. But certainly a shift in emphasis of a sort southwards and that presumably reflects up to a point the growing importance of the gold of the south. No longer a small accessory trade, but something coming into greater demand. And so some of these rulers started minting their coins especially the rulers at Kilwa, who actually set themselves up over Kilwa and Mafia to combine Sultanate. But those silver coins and we'll come back to them. This hoard of silver coins were found by Horton in another scoop of his, excavating on Pemba Island, one those islands we saw, five years ago, it'd been in a purse, presumably buried purposely, with $2,000 on, it is just a small selection and see how small they are? These are centimeters, centimeters or so across, very light, like fish scales. Altogether, they just, these 2000 way, just a few, couple of pounds or something like that. They're very light weight. Some of them we turned into ornaments, which is quite a common thing with coins in this part of the world, by having holes drilled through them. Now we know the dates at these coins pretty precisely because in the same purse, but not in this picture, where a few gold dinars coming from the Islamic payment particularly from Egypt. And gold dinars can normally be dated by by the style of writing and normally by the name of a Sultan mentioned on them, and the last of these gold dinars, in almost mint condition, is dated to 1066 AD. And the other ones of 1050, 1060 are in pretty good condition. So it must have been just a few years after that. But this purse was either lost or purposely buried, hidden below somebody's floor. So that gives us a date for these silver coins. These first silver coins were the first coins we know of, issued on the East African coast. They bear the names, those of you who know Arabic may read some of them, except this it's an archaic form of Arabic writing. But they bear the names of various rulers, Sultans, some of whom are known, one or two of whom are known from the local Chronicles of East African Sultanates. In particular, we have among these, the name of Ali ibn al-Hassan, Ali son of Hassan, Ali of the al-Hassan clan, who is said in the chronicles of Kilwa to have founded that settlement or founded at least a Sultanate at Kilwa. Kilwa had been occupied before for at least 200 years or we say but maybe it was the real Sultanate, began here in the middle of the 11th century or 1170, something of that date. And Ali ibn al-Hassan issued many coins, most of which are found on Mafia Island and Kilwa itself, the combined kingdom, and is part of a hoard of five or 600 of Ali ibn al-Hassan coins that have all got the same name or in the same style. Probably the first coins he had issued. Not in silver though, but in copper. Why the change? Well, silver does not normally, is not normally found south of the Sahara. That silver on which they get the coins found at Pemba, had presumably been imported from somewhere else in Islamic world, or possibly come as coins from Egypt, other countries, even some from China, possibly, Chinese trade getting intermixed with the rest of the Indian ocean trade and perhaps to be melted down. At least they got silver in one form or another and melted it down to make those coins. Now it wasn't a very sensible proposition, if you've got to buy your silver, even if you had gold to sell for it. Why not make use of a more local metal, but not immediately local but copper is available in Zimbabwe. If you've got the gold trade coming from Zimbabwe, why not bring this more useful metal copper. And there was quite a lot of copper working went on at Kilwa. One could find a little crucible in which it was melted, partly for making these coins for other purposes too. And so very quickly Ali ibn al-Hassan went over from silver to copper. We never see silver again there, and the Kilwa currency for the small change. I dare say for more important stuff, they made use the dinars coming from other countries. But for the small change, they were making these small copper coins, one centimeter sometimes up to, in time up to two centimeters across. And to confirm the date, this pot in which they were found was found by the wall of a mosque in Mafia, whether it was a role of treasury, or whether it had some symbolic importance, bearing so much money by the mosque, we're not quite sure, but this pot is of a type made in the Persian Gulf which could be fairly well dated into the 11th century. So it confirms the dating that we've got from the silver coins and their relation with the gold coins at Pemba. And confirms the dating of this Ali ibn al-Hassan, who is said to have founded Kilwa, as told in the Kilwa chronicle. And here's a piece of the Kilwa chronicle. It was an oral history really, but in the 16th century, I'm focused to a certain rival families, claiming control over Kilwa, it was written down, more than one version was written down, none of the original survived, but here we have a 19th century copy, which by some strange means is now in the British museum and a piece of free translation of the first chapter. And it tells in a Legendary, well really, almost a mythical way, it's trying to explain the origins of Kilwa. And I never believe origins in history, the late history often is more interesting. But people always say, must have an origin. And in a Muslim Sultanate, they like to connect themselves with the Heartland of Islam, the famous country of Islam. And so we have the story of how the first Kings of Kilwa supposed to have come from the land of the Persians, of all places, out of the Persian Gulf. But more interesting is some of this detail, the story of the seven ships. It wasn't just one ship coming to Kilwa in this legend, or this foundation chart, we might call it. It notes that Kilwa, is just one of many Swahili states. The Swahili have never been United as one single, under one single government, it's always been a series of city States. Equal, some a bit richer than others but technically equal to each other. And yet sharing the same language, the same culture the same religion, a brotherly relationship. And this is really, I think, a metaphorical way, the story of the seven ships, of explaining how they're all Muslim, therefore they have to have a good Muslim ancestry, but pedigree, not only Muslim, but brothers of each other as it talked here. The first Sheik came, probably was from Manda, Manda coup, Second place it looks like Shanga, we're not quite sure, Third place for Gambu, nobody knows quite by that day, if we can guess, fourth of Mombasa, we know well, the fifth of Pemba Island, very luxurious island, called the green island, the sixth at Kilwa, the seventh was not a brother, as their father went on to Antwan which is in the Camorra island, another group of islands between the African shore and Madagascar which is Swahili speaking. So it tells in this metaphorical way, of the foundation or rather the development of the Swahili coast, but particularly of Kilwa . One version of Kilwa chronicle was taken to this bone in the 16th century since being lost in the archives. And that tells how this Ali ibn al-Hassan, the one who came to Kilwa, indeed was born of a Persian father, but born of a senior slave woman. And that's a story you get repeated in some other parts of Eastern Africa, a cliche way of trying to show how he was noble or royal, Muslim too, but also African. It mentions here his father, Hassan Bin Ali, his son being, Ali ibn al-Hassan, Ali ibn al-Hassan. And anyhow, he was a real person, and some of the foundation chapters do also bring up what appear to be mythical characters of their supposed founders, or even gods. Here we have a real person because his name is on those coins. And apart from being told in the tradition, and someone we can now date from those coins, to the middle or the latter part of the 11th century. And to whom I would relate this first mosque at Kilwa, the time of the first stone building activity, in one of the early sites, we saw this from outside, looking at the wall of it, the first mosque with a stone roof, a coral concrete with which it eventually fell in. And here after the fallen roof was cleared and the whole floor cleared up, when we see the plan of this mosque, the mirror up in the qibla wall facing towards Mecca, and holes for pillars, wooden pillars in fact, there are nine of them, you can only see six here but three are behind there, believe me, three rows of three to hold up that roof. If you have the results for Shanga finding mosques under mosques, wooden mosques underneath, I certainly wonder now whether if we looked again very carefully at Kilwa, we might have a succession of mosques going back to the earliest settlements we have there, in the ninth century. Neville Chittick was able to establish that much. But he never dug widely enough, around and below the mosque to see if he had a structure of that sort and I think it's something worth testing now. Let's look at that in plan, that's it, the old mosque of Ali ibn al-Hassan in the 11th century, with its nine pillars, three rows of three. I emphasized the nine pillars because in the Kilwa chronical, if one reads on, there's a story about how later on, in the late 14th century, often a whole mosque collapsed, maybe a bit of exaggeration. But, and that they weren't quite sure how to reconstruct it. They hadn't got the right masons. Until one day they noticed a great tree washed up on the sea shore. And it's rather, the author of the columns, a very pious person, and he said well, they recognized divine providence in this. It was a message. They should cut this tree and cut pillars from it to reconstruct the mosque. And they cut seven pillars. Well, three times three doesn't equal seven. But he'd also got that number seven. The story of seven ships on , but three times three hardly equal seven. Which to most people now wouldn't make, I won't say mathematical sense, architectural sense either. But anyway, before that event of the collapse of the mosque, as we saw another photograph, taken from this side, this extension, with that wall fallen out, showing the pillars and the arches cut with the domes and . And this dates to a third group in period, I know has come on too, just before Ibn Battuta came around 1280, 1300. In fact, the Kilwa chronicle tells us that there was a coup d'etat. The throne departed from the house of Ali ibn al-Hassan, the Shirazi dynasty, that had been there, and built this mosque from about 1070 on, and sometime around 1280, 1300, a new family, or perhaps the family of merchants already established, would make themselves pass over mighty subjects, that took the surname Abul-Mawha Wibs, which being translated is the giver of gifts, the fathers of gifts. People who had a lot of wealth and were willing to hand it out to get more followers, to increase their own prestige. And at the same time, once they took over through this coup d'etat, they seized the kingdom by violence. They set about an enormous building spree, the great extension to the mosque, this dome extension here. And also a great new palace, possibly the more people around, more people to worship here, but the same time, they obviously were trying to impress, to impress their own subjects, to impress the wider world. And let's have a further look at the mosque. The great mosque at Kilwa. The first part, is up the same, we're looking from the other side now, the SouthWest. The old mosque is up here which have the flat roof. And here's a great extension. There's been a bit of restoration work in the century done by the antiquities that buttress, for instance, it's the top of the whole thing collapsing. Some of this have been re-pointed. But it's basically as it was, as it survived, not from the 14th century, Ibn Battuta's time, but after the collapse and the rebuilding in the early 15th century. The rebuilding in the early 15th century though, seems to have followed the same lines and the same main details with one interesting difference. You'll notice here some great pillars, just lying idle inside the mosque. Anyway, that will come to get a bit sharper for those pillars, they're octagonal pillars. And there are cut coral, solid pieces of the coral, taken them from the reef, cut solid, which had also been used in holding up the arches and the domes above them. And again, the Kilwa Chronicle tells us that when the mosque collapsed, they didn't have people who could cut these solid stone once again. Well, for the first part, we will see they used wood. For this other part, instead, if you can see through this doorway, they made new pillars in the early 15th century of composite stone, composite stone blocks which were molted together very finely and if we go inside the mosque now, you could see these pillars and also the rather nice work of the arches holding up the dome barrel . It's not used as a mosque now, it hasn't been, I think from 16th century, it is a ruin, at least a little bit before that falling out. But it still revered as the ancient mosque of Kilwa, and so no further damage is done deliberately to it. Another view looking along the inside. Plastered walls, some are also plastered from the inside, had survived very nicely, the plaster being made from coral and some excavation work going on inside and as well, these people are assisting on, also clearing up the restoration job.\r\n\r\n- Yeah, just keep going.\r\n\r\n- Okay, yes, I think we're right. Good. But now this is the Kilwa of Ibn Battuta's time. It is great extension to the mosque, built 30 or maybe about 50 before he came, and the great palace, known as Husuni Kubwa. And this was built by this new dynasty, not in the town, but a mile to the East. Whether they were slightly foreign or whether they just thought they were so much superior to all their subjects, they wanted to keep their distance. And well within enormous palace, now very much in ruins, but from which you can work out the complete plan an audience chamber here, and we come a bit closer to it, and just open it over the harbor, in a way controlling the international trade, the trade come up from the southern Zimbabwe, the trade coming in from the Northern Swahili coast, or the border Indian ocean or the Red Sea, bringing cloth, bringing many other products. Obviously the people thought they were gonna control a lot of the wealth of the world, or at least of this quarter of the world. Here's this holding chamber, stepped side, where a few people sit or stand in the presence of a Sultan on occasion. The wall here with is actually for lamps, oil lamps, of which plenty were found in the excavations here. And up here, you go to a second and even a third story, and this shows up in this reconstruction done by Peter Galick, an architect/archeologist, who was working with Neville Chittick in 1962, 63. And who measured carefully all the buildings, all the foundation and names, and looked at all the fall and stuff, so from which you can reconstruct higher stories and produce this model. One or two details may affect it, but on the whole, it looks to me pretty accurate. I wouldn't have to spec out all the detail around here. This will be the rather meet area, of the sultans apartments. The women's apartments over here. And so we can look into the architecture, he's taken off the roof at the moment. The audience chamber we're looking at here, audience court, another one here. And here, a small ornamental pool. Wouldn't swim very far in it, but at least makes up a pool, to which water must have been carried up. Here at the back a great courtyard left open, and needed a pit in it, which must've been a quarry for building materials for getting some of the mortar coral rock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112715#t=0.0,3063.816"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112716","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203883_African_Towns_and_International_Commerce_before_the_Black_Death_b.mp3"]},"duration":1339.368,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/112/716/small/lecture.png?1620667521","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112716/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112716/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/112/716/original/AV203883_African_Towns_and_International_Commerce_before_the_Black_Death_b.mp3?1620667521","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1339.368,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112716","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112716/transcript/26004","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203883_African_Towns_and_International_Commerce_before_the_Black_Death_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112716/transcript/26004/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- A lot of these rooms in this back courtyard are very small, very dark, don't look like palatial apartments. Presumably, they're warehouses for the import and export merchandise which the sultan was controlling. And a hundred yards over here to the East, there's an enclosure. Known as Husuni Ndogo, the little Husuni, which looks as if it must've been a sort maritime provonsare for people who come in from overseas, come under the protection of the Sultan, bringing their merchandise, where they could stay, possibly even a small market for exchange. At least the place, it could accommodate them and where their merchandise could be looked at probably taxed at the same time. But also so they could continue under the protection of the Sultan as far South as they wish to go. As far South as Sufala in the force of the government. These boats here, are not just imaginary ones. These dhows. They are taken from or reconstructed from some illustrations scratched in the wall plaster in certain places. Some people suggested this is some sort of good luck charm before you sail off, you scratch in the plaster before you go and step into your ship I don't know. But they are very valuable for showing us something about the shipping of that period. both square sails and types which are now gone out in the region and Latin sails, triangular sails which are more typical of the Indian ocean and the red sea, as well. Their hulls would have been not nailed together almost certainly, but sown, a tradition that goes on until this day in some places on the East African shores around the Indian ocean. But it must've been ships with different sizes. Before we move on, here is a view across this little bathing pool. The water must've been carried to it, presumably from wells unless they went down to the sea. They probably wanted something different from sea water. Nicely stepped, somebody sitting there to give you an idea of scale. Plaster sore that's now rather badly cracked up because after 600 years covered up by soil and various vegetation that dug into the floor of it. It's a nice ornamental piece. the architect who, umh responsible for Husuni Kubwa, possibly the same one who did the extension to the great mosque. Had obviously traveled well. He might've been a local person but he must've traveled well around the Islamic land because he brought in various styles and motifs, not seen before at Kilwa or on the Swahili coast. He set in a new set of styles on the Swahili coast, especially here at Kilwa. And he must have done a lot of studying all around. And his travel and study, and all his hiring, must have cost the Sultan of Kilwa quite a lot. But the techniques of, the masonry techniques the actual building and the materials, entirely the local ones that have been developed over several centuries before. And I won't bother you a lot on pottery, as some archeologists do but, just to show the international connections. Some of the dating in these sites is done from the imported pottery about 1 or 2% of the pots are imported. The cooking ware were local, all the important pottery really, but the special ware for show, came some of them from the Persian Gulf, some from China indirect trade from China through Malacca, India, that's the Persian gulf or Oman. and this fine Yuan vase, made in China around 3000 AD, that's the right date, is about 27 centimeters and 11 inches high. And that was found in a well, in some 50 pieces in Husuni Kubwa. Once the well was dug out, there was a reconstruction. Just a few pieces still missing. They're various nice, and Chinese pieces of this, and also later dates to go, won't help very much with the dating, but that's one of the great particular marks that makes a nice center piece for the book. Now who was living in Husuni Kubwa when Ibn Battuta came? He mentions the Sultan, axis 31 who also made a stone inscription to put above the doorway. Al-Hassan Bin Sulaiman. And though it's a new dynasty, note how they still use some of the names of the older dynasty. This Al-Hassan name, possibly as a way, as usurpers of pretending really they were the same lot. Or they had some, they had taken over the rule, by right rather than just by conquest. And this Al-Hassan bin Sulaiman also issued coins in the old Kilwa style, though a little bit thicker than those ones of 200 years earlier, of Ali bin Al-Hassan. This is one coin, front and back, heads and tails is all right except, in Islamic tradition, you don't put the head of a Sultan you have to put his name, as you can read that, Al-Hassan bin Sulaiman. But this one coin, it's not like several hundred of it's type found in Kilwa. This one particular one, was found few years ago in an excavation at Great Zimbabwe. The Sultan at the time in Kuka village at Kilwa, one of his coins turns up there and it's corroborated very nicely. He said a merchant told me that a fortnight sail time's worth you get to Sufala, and to Safala, gold dust is brought from Yufi. Yufi which I interpret as Great Zimbabwe. Might be nice to have a few more things directly from Kilwa. There are other imports there but they don't have a specific specific Kilwa look. Like that of the Great Zimbabwe. This one coin tends to clinch it all too nicely really. Well, that brings me back to this Yufi. And as it's getting a bit late, my fear it is. Let me, I'm trying to tie these things together fairly quickly. Bring this one back into a sharp focus eh. A rather different map, but if you could still remember the earlier map and compare it, I hope it'll make sense. Ibn Battuta got as far here as Kilwa and heard about Sufala and the gold coming from Yufi. You may remember from the first map how he also did a journey across the Sahara desert, from Morocco, across the Sahara desert to West Africa, to visit one of the other famous kingdoms at that time the early 14th century, the great empire of Mali, with its Muslim ruler. And he didn't make that journey until very fairly late in life, in the 1350's, his last journey. He went by camel caravan across the Sahara. Getting to Timbuktu, a seat of learning as well as important trades point on the Niger river. Says here the Nile but that's regardless the Niger for the moment. And he went up river from Timbuktu to the capital of Mali. And then came back to Timbuktu, sailed on down or went by boat, that's no sail boat onto Gao and then went back home through the copper mines of Tagada across the main desert to Morocco. But then he mentioned as a sort of footnote, an extra piece to his travels in West Africa, what he learned about this river. the Nile he says. The Nile goes from Mali downward to Timbuktu on to Gao, descends further to Mulei. Mulei he said, it's the frontier province of the Mali empire. And I believe that Mulei should be in Western Nigeria. On the Niger river, the area of the Busa Rapids where the Kainji dam is now. Partly because, this he says, the frontier of the Mali empire, and to this day there are people around Busa speaking Mandi dialects. Mandi being the language of the Mali empire. Mandi Mali dialects, most of which are found far to the West. There's some of them scattered through these other parts of West Africa particularly where there'd been trading communities. And the most cases of them are here at Rambusa And that probably is his Mulei And he said beyond Mulei, the Nile descends further to Yufi. Yufi which he'd already mentioned in East African context as the place producing gold. And from Yufi, it goes on, he says, and this is his confusion, geographical confusion about rationalization. The Nile goes on to Nuvia, which had its Christian Kingdoms, it did at that period. And now on beyond there, through the cataracts to Egypt. But what about Yufi? Another point he makes about Yufi in the West African context is, that Yufi is one of the most considerable, of the kingdoms of black Africa of the people he called Limya, which is his general term for black people in West Africa, just as he used Zanj for black people in East Africa. And Yufi was one of the most considerable of these, its ruler being the most important in the region. While he then should place down here, somewhere in Southern Nigeria, it would appear is so important that time. And what was it? Well, I would suggest I can't put this to the proof but the simplest thing is to find something near to that name. If we take off the Y notation, we've got Ufi. And the sound of Ufi, or sometimes pronounced Ufi, but Ufi is a perfectly respectable pronunciation to this day. Ufe or Ife is in Western Nigeria. A bit South of the Niger, well South and West in Yorubaland. And this is known, or had been known for a long time as the senior of the Yoruba kingdoms, which should have been at its height somewhere around this period. And we know from the art history of the area, Yufi is particularly important for these copper and bronze masks and heads, terracotta heads too. Showing there's a place of some importance, some wealth that the rulers were able to exert. As it's probably a royal head of Ife. And its date of whether is known, should be 14th century. Within a hundred years. It seems to fit very nicely with that period. But why should Ife then, if we have got the right place, be so important. It would also explain this confusion of Ibn Battuta. In fact we should just go back again quickly to the map. His confusion of Great Zimbabwe which he heard of on the East side with Ife from the West. What made it so important? Well, his confusion of course is based on a constrictive view of the whole of Africa. And I think that's roughly how he saw it. He was a great traveler but a pretty hopeless geographer. But why pick up this name and assume it's the same place? Particularly as he mentioned, Yufi first in the East African context. In South Eastern context in connection with the gold. We've never heard in the history books of a connection between Ife in Nigeria and gold. And yet, if you look at the books on mineral resources of Africa, you will find that there's gold in Ife. Well, there maybe gold in other places, one never knows about it. Or may have methods to dig it out. But also one of those Ife bronze heads or brass heads, has in it one 40th part gold in the sand on analysis in the British museum. And one fortieth is abit more than we'll get there normally by accident. And in 1942, now here's modern history, but still 1942 during the second world war, it was naturally a gold rush at Ife when gold was particularly in demand, for some time at that time. A gold rush at Ife, and so one wonders where perhaps 600 years before, short of the time, this is all the time of Ibn Battuta there'll be some gold exportation at Ife, it would come out the other Niger, up into the Mali region, partly explaining why Mali set up a little colony or commercial base down here at Muli. And trying to enter the Mali system for further transport across the Sahara. Well that may be a bit speculative but it's one way of trying to tie things up and also explaining this confusion of how Ibn Battuta could have a Yufi in Southeastern Africa, and a Yufi which he obviously thought was a certain place somewhere in West Africa, but beyond the limit to which he as Muslim was prepared to travel. Well, now this should bring me back to the title and where the black death comes in. The black death comes just after Ibn Battuta's visit to Eastern Africa or some twenty years later. 30, 48, 49, 50. An international bubonic plague. The first great outbreak of it. Which reduced the populations of the old world. Some people would put it as high as half, others at a third. Certainly a very big reduction of population in the old world. It's certainly in Asia and Europe and Mediterranean North Africa. Such an event, particularly affecting the towns and the commercial centers because it went from town to town. Trading caravans or indeed by ship, which harbored the rats, which harbored the flees that took it. Such a big international event must've had a great impact on Africa. and particularly on places in commercial, direct commercial connection with the richer parts of the old world. And particularly, I would imagine places producing gold. Because a large number of people died, particularly urban and merchant people died. They were buried, but the gold wasn't buried with them of course. So there was a lot of gold in the old world for a period after this intensive exploitation in Zimbabwe and Mali in the early 14th century. Now there was a great reduction of population, a bluff of gold. What was needed for the next 50 years was labor, not more gold. And so places like Zimbabwe, producing gold or Kilwa which was making so much money as a middleman in this, or again Mali in West Africa and possibly Ife, if it was producing gold for a while quickly fell into decline. Some of these recovered later, Zimbabwe did abit in the in the 15th century, but not based on the same center, on smaller centers. Kilwa revived abit but now later in the 16th century, couldn't rise on Mombasa. Mali never really properly revived even though West African gold went on being produced controlled by the people. It had a shattering impact on the trade routes, and those places, those towns and those kingdoms particularly dependent the gold trade. And though there was recovery in the 15th century not the same place, it didn't necessarily do so well. And I think too, we could see this a bit in the written records of Kilwa, as well as in the archeological remains, the architectural remains. Firstly, the great mosque of Kilwa, we're looking at and the story of how it collapsed. Sometime after 1450. A generation after Ibn Battuta visited. And the chronicle says they didn't know how to rebuild it. And they just had to pray under shelters and tents for so many years until some 50 or maybe 70 years later by divine Providence, a great tree got washed up on the shore and they realized they should set about rebuilding. Rebuilding of wood as well as rebuilding of stone. But now it can't be as simple as that. Maybe their population itself was killed or was reduced by the plague, we don't know to be sure. But certainly the place didn't have the wealth, didn't have the importance, couldn't make the effort to put that mosque together again. And in fact, to its pristine form, during those years of the later 14th century. And this is also brought out by Ibn Battuta who visited in 1331 and when he wrote up his memoirs as an old man, 20, 30 years later with a bit of confusion, certainly but as he wrote that out, he put in a footnote saying he heard later that this virtuous hospitable Sultan Al-Hassan Bin Sulaiman with regret had died and was succeeded by his son Dawud who ruled in the opposite manner. And when a visitor or scholar came to Kilwa Dawud pretended not to notice them waiting outside the palace gates. So they found some cheap quarters and eventually if they stayed there long enough, month or so he would then find a small present to give the visitor really as a hint it's time to go away. Kilwa was no longer offering itself as a haven for sharifs, for scholars with international hitchhiking brigade. It couldn't afford that maybe, and maybe a change of personality, a different Sultan, less intellectually minded, but also less wealth than they had before, than they certainly had been expecting before in the time of Al-Hassan bin Sulaiman. Something had happened. They couldn't afford to advertise themselves as a great center in the Islamic world, and to welcome so many people in. It doesn't have to be the Black Death itself but it seems to fit rather nicely with that dating, especially when we see too, this collapse of the mosque their unwillingness, or inability to rebuild for a while. The black death affecting the whole world commercial system during that later 14th century following. Whether the Black Death actually got to these places is another matter and I wouldn't really like to comment very much. I wouldn't imagine it getting to the West African Savannah belt. To Mali, because But I imagine that the flees and the rats would find it rather difficult to survive the three month journey on Camel across the desert. But Mogadishu, after Kilwa they were reached by sea, by the wooden ships. Sown ships. Just the ideal environment for rats and flees. It was that way the Black Death was carried around the red sea, the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean even the Northwestern Europe. From port to port. And so I would have thought that likely as not it got down here. And this may very much explain not what happened to Kilwa not just a loss of wealth but the loss of population for awhile. until they felt I there's a lot of the 1400 boy energetic, richer. So they needed to rebuild them. Well, I'll leave that in. There might be some people who know a bit more on the back desk and if would have some comments on that particular site, but do you want by then I tried to say some of our African history I'm not simply in an African context, but in a world of white blonde, because I think we do need to keep in mind, which whichever possible. Thank you. I can see why you titled in Africa or the black death also entitled to Africa after the, this story, there must be Africa. It was already there. Yeah. There's been a big debate in Eastern Western West especially East Africa on how we've landed. And I suppose this is this argument to be going on but he said he had all sentimental lines on the coast itself. We can't find sentiment at the moment other than the China, Amanda connection. And they'll be not say that there's a NAMIC back to the beginning, but it must've been people living there before cultivating fishing. We know that they needed him for that early Bantu people 700 to get the full backs fall around the second one but certainly the coastal culture because it's so interwoven, the trade cannot be on the stove without the commercial animals but some of the time the arrangement and the organization that kept up him to that if thought would be receptive to people to come down from that area. That would be another story. A now I'm with John I didn't try and go Molly with it to be small of the population would be to make a distinction between the door I've been asked to call her.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40891/file/112716#t=0.0,1339.368"}]}]}]}