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sociology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=125.56,128.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the best sociological works,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=129.02,133.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=133.8,135.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had not been written by Americans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=135.23,137.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Above hundred years 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uh,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=151.6,156.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sweet Gunnar Myrdal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=157.24,159.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote one of the best book about American society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=160.46,165.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and American people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=165.09,166.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me to tell you some basic 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2000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=1505.43,1510.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or 3000 acres. We have such a big estate farms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=1511.67,1516.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but on such farms in United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=1517.41,1521.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for American Cub with only with 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on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=1543.17,1548.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by the way, in Poland,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=1549.747,1551.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you want to be a director of some 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Elsevier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=1608.29,1611.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after many months of operation, the restaurant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=1612.93,1616.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the restaurant was not turning the 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Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2374.17,2375.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e As you indicated that lots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2377.61,2379.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the valued farmers were in the, your order page now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2379.49,2383.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and where first they retire (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2383.86,2388.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incorporated include their 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(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2448.189,2453.189"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2453.304,2455.471"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e But sometimes (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2467.465,2472.465"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That depends on (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2473.144,2478.144"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no, 1000 (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2486.222,2489.654"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's exactly (coughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2489.654,2492.182"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six, six farms of land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2492.182,2494.099"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2496.86,2499.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What is the calculation point and what pre-caution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2504.066,2508.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2508.913,2511.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The total calculation (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2512.665,2517.665"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e If you have like some other changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2545.737,2547.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the dry land of Polish family (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2547.583,2552.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2558.478,2560.645"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, great changes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2565.465,2567.298"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2568.697,2571.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2645.41,2647.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2647.83,2649.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to prevent theft and job in the industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2677.124,2681.174"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can see that about six million people (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2681.174,2686.174"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2689.027,2691.439"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And yeah. And of course yes (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2691.439,2696.439"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this will be about 100 (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2702.79,2707.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mainly wives and children surviving so far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=2719.41,2723.553"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21222/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/222/original/AV203271_The_Changing_Polish_Peasant_Family_a.vtt?1608542095","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/222/original/AV203271_The_Changing_Polish_Peasant_Family_a.vtt?1608542095"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21223","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203271_The_Changing_Polish_Peasant_Family_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467/transcript/21223/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I would like you to excuse my english pronunciation and grammar mistake. I am here in United States only for a month. And, you should know that, English pronunciation is quite different from Polish. If you're one, try to say, for example, Polish, then you can know how difficult and how different, the Polish pronunciation is. I would like to mention you that I am from Jagiellonian University in Krakow. This is the oldest and most famous university in the middle of Europe. It was founded in 1364. It's pupils, it's students were such people as Nicolaus Copernicus, the world's greatest astronomer, Bronislaw Malinowski, and one of the most outstanding ethnologist, Pope John Paul II who has both the student and as a professor of Jagiellonian University. It's many times, very hard to talk about one's own country, because as same goes, It's very hard to be a prophet. And once on time, time, and in one's own country, I got illustration of this situation is the situation in American sociology. Some of the best sociological works, about America, had not been written by Americans. Above hundred years ago, It was Frenchman, Alexis de Tocqueville. Who wrote a very good book democracy in America. And in 1916, uh, sweet Gunnar Myrdal, wrote one of the best book about American society and American people Let me to tell you some basic facts, some general facts about Poland. Because as far as I know, the American students knows rather little, about Poland. Poland, lies just in the middle of Europe on that South, Poland has bordered with brotherly nations after Slovakia. And the East with brotherly nations of Soviet union. I use, especially word brotherly, because you can choose friends, but brother is done is given by God. And I called in a very old Polish legend. More than hundred poor than hundred years ago, there were three brothers: Czech, electric Pole and Rose. Czech, crossed to Tetra mountain towards his house and founded, States Charles Slovakia. it means, Pole, I'm on river Audra. And these now founded state Poland. Rose went to the East, founded the state Russia, and he kept going and going and going. And the last time he was seen was in Afghanistan. Poland territory ranks as seventh largest, among the 34 countries in Europe. It's two and half times bigger than Iowa state. Among countries of roughly a similar size, Poland is proceeded by Finland and Norway, and is somewhat larger than Italy. Poland is a country of young people. Young people under 19 makes up, 33% of the total. The average poll is increasingly better educated. Among children in the, 15 and 18 years, 79 attempt some sort of school. one pole in seven has secondary education. And one in 36, is a college graduate. That is, We know a general tendency to make dangerous to the realizations and many people will regard every Scotsman as at skin Flint. Every Italian is a potential 10 or every French man is a lady killer, every American is a businessman and so on and so on. The Poles have not exceed escaped such a stock images of, but from a sociological point of view, who is average Pole? I think a Pole is a person who must arrange many things in an informal way. And this arranging is in a sense, much different and to deep, better than the meaning of the English word Arrange. He must informally look for ways to find them eventually obtain certain basic items that he needs. And he must not only find these items, but he must find out how he can obtain them, through whom and on which way. And this is all something that is done in a way that is not dirtily legal, but not really illegal. And without this, the basic pole would not be able to survive. Maybe some of Polish fans can translate that, the The closest thing to explain this is the same as fixing a parking ticket here in United States for traffic ticket, which is a way of getting around things. The pole must also fix many, many things in his life with many different people, in many different places. A Pole is a person who must always try to find a way to get around the things in order to live and to fill his basic needs. In connection with Polish characteristics of arranging and finding solution to many of his problem, I will give you the following example; It happened now in Poland, during martial law. As you may know, many things in Poland are Russian now. Among these things is also Vodka. Each adult, pole, is rationate one bottle of what a month, which is very little. A bottle of vodka in a normal stores cost 300 zloty, but in the black market cost 1000. However, during the martial law, an interesting phenomenon have risen. There is increasing number of older people getting married. And the reason for this is the situation of Vodka being rationate. In Poland right now, in spite of the rationing, a couple will be married, will receive 25 bottles of vodka at the price of 300 zloty, If they show a certificate in the store, that is from the official institution of the intention to get married. Therefore many old people who are standing in line for vodka and for another good, began to talk and propose marriage to each other, such as old widows to old widowers or single to, widows and so on. And so on. They could go to a marriage office, pay to about 200 zloty, in their city state and pretend to get married, take a certificate, go to the store, buy 25 bottles of vodka for 300 a piece, set it on the black market for 1,000 a piece, and they never got married. Oh, polish vodka sometimes in United States called police medicine and I don't know why as Janie, the scotch whiskey, French Brendan that's . It is no secret that our talent for producing vodka is measured by a talent for consuming it. Even uh, Asian saying, \"it's quartz rounds, rounds 19 Gale is to be recognized by its voice but his eyes, a drunker, but his nose,\" but perhaps the best advice was given in a such verus of 19th century Polish Poet. \"Drink me a little, but not till you are blind and you're be healthy in body and the mind.\" Poland lives within a framework of the political economical and military socialistic block. Therefore, what are the specific characteristics of Poland within this political frameworks? I am thinking, that are four or five main distinctions. The first, Polish system of private agriculture. The second, strong Catholicism based on the very strong church authority. Third, reborn young intelligence which is very conscious of its ties with Leighton cartel Fourth, constant tendency, for a protest to arise from the lower classes and from the common people which from time to time, brings about political change and maybe, five, a strong sense of humor specifically for political jobs. Poles, poles laughed at everything except that fight in church. In order to better illustrate the Polish mentality and the polish scenes of humor, I will be telling a few Polish political jokes in the course of the lecture. But I have to strongly emphasize that the views had in this joke do not necessarily reflect my personal political standing or my exact views, but only best illustrate these concepts Poland of this time. In socio economic and political structure. Poland is socialistic country. The socio economic system of Poland is founded of the public ownership of the basic means of production except agriculture. Industrialization has played a decisive role in the process of updating the economy and in the basic or remodeling of the system. Industrialization has made it possible to eliminate the rural overpopulation, which had existed in pre-war Poland, mainly by offering jobs for more than 5 million people who have moved from farming to non agriculture occupations. The pattern of Polish agriculture prior the second world war was a following: more than 50% of farmland was in the hands of lot holders. What else? 65% of rural population was forced to live on 15% of farmers. The passage of the broad socio economic change in Polish rural community began with announced on 1944. All holdings larger than 100 acres were divided up 100 acres, it was. In meaning of a lot of all political authorities, a big agricultural enterprise. You can compare it with some American farms, The land reform, benefited that Land rates and the farm workers. Through the reform, above 800,000 new farm was created. The acreage of small farms increased by average, by an average, about four acres. May be the land reform was right from the moral point of view. But I think, that it was mistake from the economical point of view. They could only multiply the number of dwarf farm. What do our farms, could have to base it only onto hen labor. But this way group of landless people were eliminated. One of the most farsighted decision taken in connection with the land reform, was the creation of the state sector in agriculture because farms of the people who had left Polish territory was taken by the state. The creation state sector in agriculture, was of the farsighted decision, taken in connection with their reform and introducing the first step of socialistic or reconstruction in rural areas. In another word, it was the first step of creating, of creating only state or collective socialistic farms. Created such farms ,is ,was the main goal, main purpose of a lot of communistic party. So during all the post war period, there was no adequate agricultural policy toward individual peasants. Every time when in Poland began food crisis, the state state's target was favorable agricultural policy. And when crisis was over, fate changed the Policy in a result, the peasant do not trust to the government and officials and the peasant became very, very careful. And after all, they have a big sense of, of come on, wisdom I can say, let's illustrate it with one joke. After the second world, world war, when Poland borders were we have been disputing, one of the Eastern border, was the Soviet and on the Eastern border was the Soviet union or Russia and on their West side was Poland. And it happened that this border divided a peasant farm in half. And the official came and asked the farmer, which side, which side of the border, he would like to live in. Half mile, the Eastern, which would be Russia or half mile, the Western, which would be Poland. And the farmer say that he needs thought. And finally he responded. He would like to live one half mile on the West. And the officials said my goodness why? And the farmers farmer went on to say that he heard that Russian winters are very harsh. In the years of so call it, accelerated industrial development at the beginning of Polish people's Republic, Royal participation in Polish economy growth, expressed itself mainly by supplying the labor force, required for expanding industry and other sectors. Aside from this, the rural output was accumulated in the hands of the sciolist state, and self to finance the development of the entire economy. The main stream of population outflow from countryside, was the post-war permanent immigration. It's estimate that this migration took about five to six million, million people out from rural areas. From the above, it may be seen that the process of industrialization was carried out mainly on the basis of resources provided by agriculture in Poland. It caused, of course it caused it a decrease of farm production and this difficult radiated by attempts of rapid collectivization of agriculture process, which started in Poland in 1949. The Polish farmers by all means do not want to accept cooperative farming. But about 10,000 cooperative farms were organized. From then, Inter changes came in 1956. This means generally speaking a departure from administrative method of agriculture management and the introduction of economic mechanisms. As a result of that policy, was the increase of agricultural production, and the foot problem in Poland has been basically solved. Poland has been self-sufficient as far as food is concerned. Also great amounts of agricultural product have been exported. But then they began other authorities, they began to think about collectivization of agriculture. The peasant can not, can not buy a basic agriculture supplies. It should be mentioned maybe that the farm is a big farm in United States who has about 2000 or 3000 acres. We have such a big estate farms, but on such farms in United States, for American Cub with only with family, with his wife and his children in Podia in Poland, that it would be a great bureaucracy stuff. Managerial Director to Vice Directors, Secretary of partner organizations uh, and so on and so on. And by the way, in Poland, if you want to be a director of some institution, manager of a big factory minister, et cetera, You'll have to belong to, to the power team. You have not necessarily to be a good in your profession, but you have to be a member of party. And this is uh, I think, good joke with a little exception during the Martial law, we have ministers, not belonging to the bat, for example, the commander who belongs to the PAX organization, but this joke can illustrate to you, there was a situation. 12 years ago, the very first striptease restaurant was opened in Walsall and officials hope to attract many foreigners Elsevier. And after many months of operation, the restaurant, the restaurant was not turning the profit. And so the head of local communist organization had come to discuss the problem with the manager of restaurant, and said, \"what is the problem? You are not making money.\" And the manager said he did not understand why he wasn't having any customers coming into the restaurant and the chief of party organization, asked, \"Have you checked everything?\" And the manager responded, \"Yes, I have checked.\" And what, what about the main collection? What about the strip out? \"All night.\" Responded manager. She's very checky to women. She has belonged to the communist party for 40 years. Due to agricultural significance in creation, the total products its place in foreign trade was instilled. It's very permanent agricultural and food exports were and remain for Poland, an important source of finance for the import of manufactured goods and therefore for important factors for development of the national economy. The growing disproportion between the demand for agriculture, agricultural product, and they supply, Usually restricted, increases in wages in the towns and provoked the tensions. A serious crisis occurred in December, 1970. The center committee of the Polish party changed its leadership, Edward Garrick, was elected first secretary. After 1970, Poland changed the agricultural policy. The import of foodstuffs increased, given agriculture that changed to develop, but mainly, mainly for state farms again. Main object of agricultural policy is to creation, the conditions for gradual changing in worth a creation. A condition for gradual changes in the structure of agriculture and its socialistic transformation. I.e transformation into collective or state farming and formation the new socialistic relations of production. Poland now has over 3 million private farms. It means farms above above to two acres. Every, every farm above two acres is a farm from statistical point of view in Poland. Only 14%, are more than 28th of the total 3 million Polish private farms above 700 South end farms are run by farmers of retirement age and another 250,000 by people approaching retirement age. All taught about a third of all farmers is run, Farms is run by farmers over 60. So very old. The basic instrument through which the state acts upon peasants farming, are prices. The prices for farm, farm produce and the means of production for agriculture, both the procurement prices and prices for production means purchased by the farmers are set by state and are kept in force by law. And we borrowed a lot of money, but instead of invested into the development of agricultural production. They were in a huge part invested, to keep the prices stable. And it It, it was a very strange and normal situation that, the pound of bread has been conditions. This policy of stable prices, gifts as a result, such situation that that farmers combining, for example, farming with working in industry, prefer to buy food products in the city, then to produce it on their own. The farms. The main purpose of such a policy was just my opinion to read in silence, the peasants into socialistic farming. It means to create them such conditions of farming, which forces them to ask government to admit them to collective socialistic farming. In the individual cases, such a policy was success was successful, but in general, that have pushed our country into deep food crisis. The mechanism of this process was quite simple. In course of Garrick time. Like in the course of the last 10 years, individual farms with the partial exception of specialized farms were not able to acquire in sufficient amounts. Even the most basic supplies necessary for the functioning. While at the same time on the collective farms, such articles were often wasted. This situation was exploited to demonstrate that individual farms had already reached the peak of possibilities of their development and that they are not longer able to adapt to the demands of the mother national economy of the socialistic high developed society. The socialistic sector, possess about 20% the land, but has been at solving near 70% of all investments in agriculture. According to the official statistics for 1979, the socializing sector used three times more chemical fertilizers and three times more concentrates, per the unit production, then the private farms and this produce, the same per unit as the private firms, it means a collective, collective farms are on the 20% of land. And they, produce exactly 20% of all agricultural production and had three times more supplies It was simple. Wait wasted. Also, it was almost impossible to buy land, by private farmers. States. Governments gave land only to Corporative or to the state farms. That was the way of leading in silence of Polish village into them socialistic farming. It is important to mention that about 28 of rural families own farms, which provides them only secondary or additional source of support. These farms is not larger than approximately 6 acres. The next category of rural families is composed of groups possessing farms, which give them a primary, but not sufficient social support. These families, these families comprise about 20% and possess farms arranging in size from six to 10 to 12 acres. The members of both of these categories of rural families are forced to signal agricultural sources of income. Mainly in industry. In turn, these people acquire aspiration tending toward the formation of more permanent connection with the city in the future. According to the opinion of this group, work on the farm is increasingly seen, in a negative light as only those who are strong and stupid one to remain on such a farm, farms. However, in the last years, such opinions have changed it in have changed it yeah. In actual Polish situation, if the wide range of eight to inhabitants of the cities from the rural relatives, there even exist and appropriate saying \"in the City he will have plenty if his in-laws are from the country.\" This kind of aid mainly in vehicles were receiving above two to three millions families in citieS. At the beginning of martial law, this, aid had to be stopped. There were even rumors that All of this definitely broke the peasant trust to government even also to army because in fact, Polish army was the last official institution with any popular, popular trust. track down. It will only multiply the problems of governing of Poland and problems of changing policy toward village until at individual farmers. And now it is very difficult to say what can be in the nearest future. Now I think everything is possible. Everything can occur. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- As you indicated that lots of the valued farmers were in the, your order page now and where first they retire incorporated include their\r\n\r\n- No. in practice. The same kid gives you different forms sometimes the\r\n\r\n- Can this help? Can this help the performance of\r\n\r\n- But sometimes\r\n\r\n- That depends on no, 1000 it's exactly six, six farms of land.\r\n\r\n- What is the calculation point and what pre-caution\r\n\r\n- The total calculation\r\n\r\n- If you have like some other changes in the dry land of Polish family\r\n\r\n- Well, great changes. First of all to prevent theft and job in the industry, you can see that about six million people\r\n\r\n- And yeah. And of course yes this will be about 100 mainly wives and children surviving so far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103467#t=0.0,2730.68408"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103468","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203271_The_Changing_Polish_Peasant_Family_b.mp3"]},"duration":1683.22612,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/468/small/lecture.png?1608542097","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103468/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103468/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/468/original/AV203271_The_Changing_Polish_Peasant_Family_b.mp3?1608542097","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1683.22612,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34608/file/103468","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[]}]}