{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/vq2s46hx10/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Klein, Richard G.Ecology of Early Man in Southern Africa"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Ecology of Early Man in Southern Africa. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Klein, Richard G. (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1977-04-05"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Ecology of Early Man in Southern Africa is an April 5, 1977 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Richard G. Klein. Richard G. Klein discusses the human ecology of prehistoric peoples.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio tape"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV167944 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Prehistoric peoples","Antiquities, Prehistoric","Animals, Fossil","Human ecology"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV167944"]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w9bg2hg0g"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Ecology of Early Man in Southern Africa is an April 5, 1977 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Richard G. Klein. Richard G. Klein discusses the human ecology of prehistoric peoples.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access.","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/118/614/small/lecture.png?1624899181","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Raymond:\u003c/strong\u003e I called the Iowa State University Committee","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=5.344,7.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on lectures and the anthropology club.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=7.68,11.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's my pleasure to introduce to you this evening,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=11.19,13.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Richard Klein from the University of Chicago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=13.44,17.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who has come here to talk to us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=17.58,20.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the ecology of early man in Southern Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=20.07,23.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Klein has done archeological work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=25.32,28.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a number of different areas of the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=28.9,31.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including the Soviet Union","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=31.07,33.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where he did his dissertation research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=33.1,34.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More recently, he has worked for several years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=34.74,37.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Republic of South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=37.9,39.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where he has concerned himself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=39.93,41.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with essentially with the food debris","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=41.92,44.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"produced by human beings, living many many centuries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=44.43,48.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and millennia ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=48.39,49.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clears throat)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=50.743,51.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the interpretation of this food debris","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=51.576,53.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the relationships","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=53.7,55.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between human beings and their environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=55.04,57.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, I think that without further ado,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=71.2,75.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll just ask Dr. Klein","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=75.3,77.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to carry on with his thoughts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=77.32,78.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=80.886,83.886"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Dr.Klein:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Raymond.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=86.977,87.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a great pleasure to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=87.987,89.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that what I would probably be best to doing tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=89.39,93.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to give you some ideas of the kinds of research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=93.84,95.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been involved in the past seven or eight years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=95.49,97.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very much in the kind of thing Dr. Barack suggested.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=97.7,101.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mainly when I look at our animal bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=101.98,103.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try and understand as much as I can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=103.52,105.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the past particularly about the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=105.32,106.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which people interacted with them from the bone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=106.88,109.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I've done is to bring a bunch of slides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=111.58,113.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I thought that perhaps many of you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=113.74,116.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably most of you have not seen this part of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=116.71,118.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll give you a bit of a feeling with the countryside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=118.66,121.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and perhaps at the same time, that general idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=121.34,123.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how prehistoric people living in this area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=123.76,126.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's donate people utilize the countryside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=126.08,127.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and more particularly the animal resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=127.877,129.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the countryside had to offer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=129.26,131.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm gonna 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one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=133.88,136.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a map because that's the first thing take care of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=136.29,138.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tell you something about the geography.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=138.92,140.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we're gonna have to be there Kodachromes here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=140.77,142.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we'll need the lights out, the shine screen as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=142.59,145.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's awful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=145.58,146.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What about...Is that the screen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=149.67,151.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e A man:\u003c/strong\u003e That's the screen yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=151.593,153.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Dr. Klein:\u003c/strong\u003e I will maybe wait while,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=153.083,155.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mr. Barrack looks to see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=155.11,156.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what he can do about the lights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=156.0,157.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is obviously not on map of Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=157.57,159.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would prefer to have one that was more detailed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=159.67,163.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as Southern Africa was concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=163.1,164.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's Southern Africa I'm gonna talk about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=164.54,165.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at least I can point out on this map,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=165.94,167.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the area that I'm concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=167.79,168.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you focus that a bit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=168.67,169.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The, unfortunately the area that's blocked off here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=170.78,173.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is East Africa and more particularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=173.47,175.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that part of East Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=175.4,176.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has proved to be so exciting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=176.45,178.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in recent years in providing human remains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=178.03,180.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great antiquity hominid remains, hominids thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=181.51,184.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the technical term for human beings going back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=184.24,186.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps as much as 14 or 15 million years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=186.85,189.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And certainly back to at least five or six.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=189.49,191.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in recent years because of the very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=192.76,195.144"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important spectacular interesting discoveries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=195.144,197.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have been made in East Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=197.53,199.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More or less than the area blocked out on the map.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=199.23,201.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southern Africa is kind of going into eclipse in a sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=201.09,203.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most people are aware that research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=203.71,205.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on early man continues in Southern Africa and yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=205.4,207.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was in Southern Africa that the whole thing began.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=207.41,209.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first manics were all still at the scene.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=209.76,213.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure many people have heard of what are today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=213.3,216.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The oldest well-documented ancestral humans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=216.8,220.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were found in South Africa in the 1920's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=220.06,222.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More particularly they were found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=222.22,223.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at this site down here called Tom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=223.173,226.114"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then subsequently in South Africa in the 1930s and 1940s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=226.114,229.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a series of other sides were discovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=229.46,231.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from which these Maddix or Australopithecines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=231.263,233.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were recovered as possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=233.86,235.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the difficulties in South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=236.12,237.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was for a very long time trying to get an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=237.52,239.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how all of these mandates work in geological terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=239.52,242.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it wasn't until work began in East Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=242.2,243.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it's possible to actually date rocks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=243.93,246.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through geochemical, geophysical means","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=246.21,248.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we became aware of just how old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=248.14,250.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these medic fossils work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=250.42,251.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can compare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=251.71,252.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can establish in Southern Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=252.543,253.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the Southern African sites down here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=253.79,255.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are provided the managed cross Atlanta scenes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=255.453,258.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can compare the animal remains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=258.03,259.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that come out of the same sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=259.48,260.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with animal remains that come from East Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=260.65,262.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we have actual dates and years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=262.76,264.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is broadly speaking in years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=264.95,266.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore get an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=266.5,267.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how old the Southern African sites are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=267.49,269.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even though we can't get the same concept dates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=269.1,270.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Southern Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=270.69,271.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The mandates in Southern Africa appear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=271.83,273.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the basis of this kind of comparison","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=273.37,275.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be between roughly one and three,eight years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=275.07,277.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I'm gonna turn to the next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=279.1,281.918"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know, but this is basically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=281.918,282.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the area I'll be talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=282.86,283.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South about a line that I'm drawing there with my hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=283.93,286.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's Southern Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=286.25,287.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In addition to the mandates in Southern Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=287.37,289.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have a very rich archeological record","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=289.87,292.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also some extent a biological record","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=293.2,295.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a record of the evolution of the human organism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=295.44,297.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a biological bank following the names","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=297.09,299.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after 1 million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=299.19,300.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here's the problem with the lights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=300.06,301.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wondered if there was one over here which says off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=301.81,306.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=307.931,310.348"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me continue talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=320.89,322.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can perhaps give you some background information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=322.27,323.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if we can get the lights off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=323.92,324.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we'll be able to slides up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=324.85,326.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned a moment ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=328.14,328.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in East Africa we have fossils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=328.973,331.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can be called human in the very broadest sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=331.06,333.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along the geolological family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=333.52,335.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm in a dye, which is these all just technical terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=335.29,337.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for you human being.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=337.93,338.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Going back to the racks as much as 12 or 14 million years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=338.93,342.511"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You studied a bit about fossils.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=342.511,343.344"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You've heard of these fossils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=343.344,344.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they referred to the Ronald (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=344.25,345.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"originally Louis Leakey referred to the East African","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=345.66,348.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones as Kenneth but they're now regarded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=348.36,350.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by most biological anthropologist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=350.16,352.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and even pet intelligence, primary paleontologist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=352.28,354.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the same as things that were found in India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=354.93,356.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were initially called (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=356.73,358.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in East Africa things like that have been welded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=358.03,359.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to roughly 12 to 14 million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=359.97,362.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in that same time range in Southern Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=362.25,364.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have very very few sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=364.32,365.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have provided fossils at anytime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=365.65,367.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously you've got to have a site with bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=367.4,369.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some kind of general sense before you can expect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=369.68,371.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find human asset because with the sun and site like that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=371.33,373.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I say a very rare asset in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=373.93,375.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we only have one so far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=375.23,377.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could show you on the map a moment ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=377.26,378.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's not all that in files (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=378.58,379.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the part of Southern Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=379.64,382.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's called Southwest Africa by the South Africans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=382.21,384.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Namimbia by most of the rest of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=384.74,386.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so far the amount of bone that's come from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=386.6,388.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's very small","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=388.55,389.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are no assessment human beings from the sun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=389.383,393.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's only when they move upwards in time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=393.24,395.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the time of the mandates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=395.13,396.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or all fill up in the scenes of Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=396.59,397.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a one to 3 million years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=397.97,399.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that created time between one and 3 million years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=399.39,400.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the record picks up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=400.733,402.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we begin to get some notion in Southern Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=402.75,405.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even evolution, proper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=405.11,407.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a site, not very far from Cape town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=407.11,409.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically about 45 million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=409.27,411.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, there we go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=411.37,412.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=412.203,413.036"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a site located about 80 miles North of Cape town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=414.0,416.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the extreme South Western","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=416.25,418.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extreme South Western (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=418.23,419.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see some people trying to write things down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=421.31,423.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe I can spell it for you later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=423.04,424.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's an, a font that is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=424.23,426.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with animal bones that we know on the basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=426.137,429.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"East African (indistinct) must be about four","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=429.79,431.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to five million years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=431.61,432.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's interesting, not because it has managed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=432.947,435.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but because it does.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=435.87,436.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like to elaborate on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=436.97,438.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A couple, I think very different view points at this site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=438.77,441.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provided by not providing but not having given us the bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=441.87,445.081"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=445.081,445.914"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=445.914,446.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a vast open air phosphate cori,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=446.747,448.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bones come off the floor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=448.94,450.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the overlying deposits of being mined for phosphate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=450.05,452.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which you use the fertilizer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=452.9,454.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the fossils were discovered in the process of this mine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=454.1,456.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, it's probably true that worldwide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=456.75,459.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most early man sites are discovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=459.93,461.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the context of economic or commercial activity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=461.45,464.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than by deliberate searches","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=464.93,466.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by archeologist or paleontologist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=466.62,468.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this site is in that sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=468.24,470.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a part of the rule rather than an exception","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=470.24,472.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was found by people who were they recognize fossils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=472.49,475.111"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the processes doing this phosphate mine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=475.111,476.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fossils come off the bottom of the cori","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=476.92,478.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down here fortunately concentrated below the level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=478.86,481.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the phosphate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=481.72,483.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=483.26,484.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've already said to say there's some four","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=485.25,486.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to five million years old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=486.583,488.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the bones of the site are some 45 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=488.02,490.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the animals that are involved are very interesting ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=490.41,492.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are penguins and seals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=492.79,494.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much as there are on the coast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=494.36,495.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today only about 10 miles away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=495.92,498.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, the species that are involved are very different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=498.08,500.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ceiling factory constructed here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=500.14,502.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is very similar to the seal that lives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=502.51,503.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Mediterranean today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=503.8,504.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than to the seal which lifts off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=504.78,506.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the coast of South Africa right now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=506.29,508.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is an indication that the great antiquity of the site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=508.2,510.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=510.4,511.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are all a series of reconstructions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=511.233,513.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you're looking at something else which perhaps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=513.79,515.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can give you an idea of the great antiquity of this site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=515.407,517.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These animals here are bears.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=517.51,519.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so far, he's the only one been discovered in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=519.8,522.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here they are right at the Southern tip of Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=522.03,524.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far down South in Africa, as you can possibly get.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=524.11,526.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again this isn't a in substance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=526.75,528.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of measure of the antiquity of the cycle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=528.24,529.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"45 million years ago things were very different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=529.54,531.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Africa than they are today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=531.68,533.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there's some other animals to pick it for you 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antelopes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=540.62,542.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these antelopes, in fact that are drawn there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=542.88,545.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are much more like animals that live in India today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=545.14,546.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then like antelopes that live in Africa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=546.91,548.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, if you go back four or five million years 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EUroAsia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=552.42,554.954"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there were very very clear cut","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=554.954,556.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Africa at 45, millions years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=556.86,558.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=558.003,559.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here, again another reconstruction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=560.86,562.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to some of the strange animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=562.22,563.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a saber-tooth cat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=563.053,564.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back here is an animal that's related to giraffes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=564.54,567.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but had a rather short neck and a kind of oxalic body.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=567.26,569.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these antlers lived in this area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=569.82,571.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about four to 5 million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=571.003,573.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here are a bunch of strange hyena like animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=573.04,575.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were, were ancestral hyenas feeding off of carcass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=575.26,577.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some ostrich like animals in the background","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=577.99,580.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some hippo or not quite sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=580.23,582.801"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what those were supposed to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=582.801,583.634"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there's supposed to be pigs there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=583.634,584.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were hippos there as well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=584.73,586.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the animals back there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=586.22,588.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=588.68,589.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again another reconstructed here dairy definitely a pig.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=590.89,593.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This pig in fact, it's very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=593.3,594.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the size of a Rhinoceros.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=594.63,596.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That pig is a very useful animal at the site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=596.49,598.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the same animals, the same species","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=598.13,600.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least the same genus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=600.17,601.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have what kind of thing is represented in East Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=601.71,604.222"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's one of the ways that we can get an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=604.222,605.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how the site it is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=605.51,606.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because presumably it existed in the two places","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=606.88,608.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at about the same time, 45 millions years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=608.66,610.357"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you more or less modern giraffe there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=610.357,612.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some other strange sorts of antelopes in here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=612.79,614.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ancestral rhinoceros not too different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=614.83,616.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the living life rhinoceros","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=616.64,618.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some ancestral elephants there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=618.63,620.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they also very useful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=620.77,621.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for getting an idea of how the site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=621.64,622.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see that the environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=622.98,624.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's been reconstructed from the animal bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=624.62,626.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also from plant remains so forth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=626.87,628.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have as a kind of floodplain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=628.48,630.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a river meandering down very near the coast,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=630.5,632.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coast to just off it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=632.8,634.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You saw it before reconstruction to the coast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=634.23,635.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to seals and things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=635.99,637.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=637.38,639.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It should be the last one at least in this series.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=639.26,642.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you have a kind of a thing like a big jet cat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=642.1,645.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strange kind of animal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=645.88,647.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suppose the closest parallel in the Americas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=647.5,649.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be do a thing like a weasel or a mink.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=649.57,651.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Only this was an enormous animal several times the size.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=651.71,654.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here there's a giant (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=654.36,655.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is very interesting because it's very, very similar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=655.75,658.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It lived in Europe 45 million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=658.19,660.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again gives you an idea of the 45 millions years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=660.09,662.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa was very different than it is today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=662.15,663.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In some ways the fauna was more like a European fund.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=663.33,666.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I mentioned that one of the things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=666.73,668.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's missing at this site are bones of the (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=668.45,671.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) of Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=671.703,674.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In East Africa in this 45 million time range.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=674.04,676.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have, there are some sites Southwest of like Rudolf","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=676.19,678.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or what's now called Kenya Lake Turkana,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=678.64,680.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where these things are represented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=680.67,682.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why aren't they present here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=683.27,684.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, one thing you might say is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=684.21,685.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that perhaps we don't have enough folks from the side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=685.463,687.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe there are more from East Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=687.48,688.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that one I can rule out immediately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=688.8,690.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The accumulated bones from this particular site,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=690.33,692.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the number of bones that are involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=693.75,694.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the total volume of the collection is several times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=694.93,696.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that with all the like age East African sites put together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=696.88,699.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the 45 million year range.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=699.94,702.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You took all their bones and put them in one place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=702.67,704.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wouldn't compare it to the size of the collection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=704.36,706.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from this side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=706.39,707.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the reasons why the number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=707.83,709.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of bones in the site is so large","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=709.04,710.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it is very close to Cape town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=710.12,711.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a major metropolitan center, it's on a paved roads.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=711.75,714.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're easy to get them out of the ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=714.04,715.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to Cape town and the collection is simply enomous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=715.22,717.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the actions of human bones in the very broad sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=717.4,720.445"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) both from the site is not a matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=720.445,722.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of small sample size,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=722.54,724.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not a matter of not having collected enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=724.09,725.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the answer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=725.89,727.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the reason that there aren't (indistinct) bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=727.36,728.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the site is because the (indistinct) there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=728.79,731.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That becomes interesting several respects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=731.04,732.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, you ask yourself (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=732.61,735.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, we're a long way South of the equator here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=735.32,737.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the East Aberdeen sites and to provide human remains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=737.27,740.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this general time range four to five million years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=740.053,742.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or even as recently as two to three million years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=742.71,745.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are very close to the equate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=745.3,746.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within just a few degrees to the South.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=746.67,748.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here we're 32 degrees South.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=748.27,750.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're in fact in tempered latitudes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=750.33,751.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're in an area today where it can snow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=751.67,753.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least the winter time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=753.36,754.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, the kind of weather we're having outside right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=754.853,757.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now is not at all a known in this region,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=757.143,759.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right now in their winter which is the mirror image box","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=759.41,761.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comes in July and August.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=761.88,763.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was even fairly chilly perhaps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=763.86,765.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the time period that we're talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=765.63,767.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about here 45 million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=767.52,769.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any case there were areas in between,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=769.38,771.935"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have a fairly substantial high","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=771.935,774.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"altitudinal high,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=774.89,776.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which might've been very difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=776.86,778.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for these (indistinct) to pass through.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=778.01,779.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that what we're looking at here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=779.11,780.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we don't find them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=780.147,781.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the man age deposits 45 million years ago, this far South.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=781.58,783.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we're looking at is their inability,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=783.713,786.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both in the cross biological terms and the cultural terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=786.51,788.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to penetrate so far South of the equator.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=788.61,791.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was another very interesting thing about this site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=791.14,793.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Assuming now that I'm correct, that the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=793.24,796.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the very broad sense, medics weren't representative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=796.68,798.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You look these animals here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=798.89,800.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's another one down here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=800.007,802.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's sort of like a mongoose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=802.19,803.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a kind of ancestral mongoose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=803.95,805.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I showed you bears before I showed you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=805.3,806.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same a few cats and hyenas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=806.133,808.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very exciting thing that at the site,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=809.14,810.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a third high proportion of the bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=810.75,812.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are carnival bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=812.67,813.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact far more than you would ever find.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=815.58,817.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you were just to suppose you were to go to a modern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=817.12,819.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African environment today you start killing animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=819.34,821.499"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=821.499,822.332"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You wouldn't get anywhere near as many carnivores","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=822.332,823.165"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you get out of this site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=823.165,824.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carnivores are very much over-represented,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=824.387,825.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just in terms of numbers of individual carnivores","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=825.93,828.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in terms of the different numbers of different kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=828.01,829.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of carnivores, lots of different cats.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=829.85,831.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example let's take the hyenas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=831.91,833.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no modern African environment today where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=833.82,835.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can find two kinds of hyenas together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=835.39,838.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this part of the world, you'll have the spotted hyena","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=839.42,841.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the brown hyenas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=841.89,842.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Same thing in East Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=842.89,843.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have a little bit further North","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=843.96,845.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you get the spotted hyena and the stripe hyena","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=845.46,849.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you never find more than two together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=849.55,851.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any given environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=851.12,851.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here we have at least five, different kinds of findings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=851.953,854.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In terms of cats, there are five or six","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=855.582,856.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different kinds of cats,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=856.99,858.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reasonably good size cat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=858.45,860.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The very diverse form of carnivores.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=860.0,862.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a very interesting thing, because as I say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=862.69,864.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's very different from the modern situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=864.31,866.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any part of Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=866.6,867.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What strikes me when I think is involved here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=867.543,869.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we're looking at what an African (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=869.72,871.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looked like before people appeared on the scene,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=871.3,873.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because what are people in essence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=873.86,874.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people are all that were classified in another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=874.9,876.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's all a logical order that the carnivores,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=876.99,879.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we live a very similar web life, in lots of respects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=879.4,882.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in particular were mediums.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=882.05,883.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When people entered the meeting niche in a big way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=883.8,886.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people became mediators in an important fashion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=886.01,888.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody had to lose and it was carnivores.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=888.11,889.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I say, in this area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=889.93,891.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that in this 45 million year, time period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=891.71,894.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were no people present","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=894.23,895.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's what it counts for in a sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=895.36,897.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the great diversity of conflict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=897.21,898.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or putting it perhaps more 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ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=903.46,904.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this area, the diversity of carnivores","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=904.293,906.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about the same as it is today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=906.34,908.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that there were people present,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=908.34,910.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhere between I mean a million years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=910.01,911.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say five million years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=911.7,913.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people appeared in the area and after their 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successful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=917.1,919.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with meeting and somebody will just say had the energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=919.0,921.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that went into people, went out as carnivores.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=921.59,924.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least I think that must be part of the reason","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=924.013,925.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the decline in carnivores after 45 years 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fashion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=930.7,933.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in East Africa they have a continuous sequence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=933.48,935.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fossil defers deposits providing carnivore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=935.76,938.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other bones, beginning at least five million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=938.32,941.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Continuing on upwards, well virtually to the present.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=941.2,944.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unfortunately the cons of samples that they have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=944.25,946.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in most places of animal bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=946.72,948.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't allow you to make good count.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=948.35,950.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You never know whether you're dealing with the presence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=950.53,952.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or absence sort of situation because of small sample size","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=952.01,954.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or because of collecting bias, they don't necessarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=954.59,956.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collect everything in the same way that we do it this side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=956.7,959.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Partly that's a logistical problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=959.46,960.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can't necessarily pick up everything and take it home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=960.7,962.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can only collect certain sorts of things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=962.97,964.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the available transport back to Nairobi","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=964.55,967.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=967.78,968.676"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably it's a matter of research problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=968.676,970.188"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not necessarily asking that question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=970.188,972.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can I have next slide now please?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=973.5,976.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I tried to stick in a bunch of maps here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=976.44,979.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I know there's one problem that I would have faced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=979.11,982.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several years ago before I went to Southern Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=982.56,984.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the geography.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=984.64,986.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the site we were just looking at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=986.13,987.737"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the reconstructions really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=987.737,989.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"none of that back is right here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=989.37,990.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's Cape town down here, Cape town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=990.99,992.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about 34 degrees South along (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=992.56,994.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must be at about 33.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=994.123,995.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would guess right about in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=995.47,997.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Australopithecine sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=998.307,999.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the (indistinct) sites in South Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=999.61,1000.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the (indistinct) site is not here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1000.78,1002.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it would be right about here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1002.107,1003.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are three very important sites located here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1003.65,1005.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in new Johannesburg called (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1005.39,1007.574"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1007.574,1008.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And another one, about 150 miles North of Johannesburg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1008.71,1011.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1011.35,1013.008"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'll see it up there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1013.008,1014.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They say the human remains, (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1014.09,1016.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remains in these sites all day between about one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1016.95,1019.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and three million year ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1019.18,1020.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I can say that with some security,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1020.98,1022.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact am prepared to say, some of them are closer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1022.7,1025.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to three million years and some are closer to one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1025.42,1027.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, not all my colleagues would think you could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1027.06,1029.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be so precise but I believe it's possible now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1029.23,1031.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, one of the authentic problem with this sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1031.47,1035.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think some of you who've studied this will be aware","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1035.72,1037.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this problem, is that the sites themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1037.83,1041.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were at the time the bones got their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1041.13,1043.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deep, underground cataracts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1043.79,1045.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They weren't caged so you see them referred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1045.69,1047.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to as the Australopithecine caves of Southern Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1047.17,1049.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, they weren't caves and the kind of sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1049.273,1050.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we often think of Cave,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1050.48,1051.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you couldn't walk into the horizontal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1051.61,1053.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were long shafts leading down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1053.55,1055.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to deep underground caverns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1055.13,1056.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a problem with trying to understand how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1057.78,1059.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bones got into those caverns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1059.19,1060.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They obviously fell in, and they were washed in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1060.93,1062.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They weren't carried there by any terrestrial vertebrate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1062.86,1064.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They weren't carried thereby certainly by people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1064.88,1066.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They weren't carried there by any other kinds of carnival","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1066.64,1069.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then how did they get there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1069.23,1070.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, something accumulated them around the mouth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1070.26,1073.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the shaft leading down to the ground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1073.05,1075.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's been an argument going on for many years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1075.67,1077.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about whether it's the accumulator","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1077.41,1079.966"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was with the (indistinct) who were of course representative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1079.966,1083.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the bones themselves, or another large meeting animal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1083.45,1087.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the next thing I'd like to talk about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1088.23,1091.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1091.3,1092.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you're looking at the countryside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1092.133,1094.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it stands today, you're standing at one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1094.07,1095.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these (indistinct) sites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1095.77,1096.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the site of Stair Fontane","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1096.71,1097.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is probably closer to 3 million years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1097.76,1100.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Looking toward another one over there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1100.01,1101.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the site of (indistinct) prompt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1101.35,1102.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is probably, you can't actually see the site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1102.32,1104.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you'll see why in a moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1104.52,1105.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're just looking at the area piece of rock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1105.49,1107.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say in which the site is located.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1107.83,1110.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That site is probably closer to one (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1110.18,1111.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the things about these sites today is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1111.957,1114.194"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there's been an enormous amount of erosion in the area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1114.194,1116.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have these deep underground caverns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1116.82,1118.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that performing one to three million years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1118.5,1120.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with all these bones in them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1120.67,1121.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that time they say they were very much underground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1121.96,1124.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The shafts that led down to the may have been as much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1124.24,1126.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as 100 feet long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1126.01,1127.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then there's been a in the meanwhile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1127.95,1129.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the shafts were completely gone in the filling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1129.15,1131.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and dirt, whatever the field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1131.53,1133.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the underground cavities are now exposed to the surface","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1133.87,1136.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the overlying hillside has been eroded away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1136.04,1138.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what you find.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1138.72,1139.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's pockets of bone, which are filling ancient caves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1139.65,1142.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you don't actually see the case at all anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1142.18,1144.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the countryside, as you can see today is rather open.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1145.22,1148.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually the vegetation is obviously been affected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1148.42,1150.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by long human occupation, particularly in recent 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(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1255.41,1257.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go in there and began working these things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1257.36,1259.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some kind of scientific 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association","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1261.74,1263.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the side of (indistinct) in 1973.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1263.54,1265.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1266.14,1268.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the problems with these sites is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1268.14,1269.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the bones are all sort of glued together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1269.44,1271.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a kind of dirty matrix.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1271.23,1273.326"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a machine for getting bones F","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1273.326,1275.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you put a bit of the block.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1275.16,1276.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You put a bit of the rock because it has bones in 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bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1631.77,1633.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bones that were still in anatomical order as they are here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1633.68,1636.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bash baboon and (indistinct) was convinced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1636.6,1641.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this was evidence of human accumulation to the bone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1641.51,1645.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More than that he said, no (indistinct) accumulate bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1645.15,1648.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had assistance who run out and try to see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1648.42,1650.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether in fact leopards and hyenas brought bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1650.99,1653.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to one place and they'd never seen this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1653.78,1656.482"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that was again, evidence of this must be human.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1656.482,1658.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have the next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1658.27,1660.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now my own research has been involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1660.4,1661.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to some extent in trying to resolve this problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1661.95,1663.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I've never found a convincing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1663.61,1665.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a lot of other people have it either that those bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1665.14,1668.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) or the other sides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1668.093,1669.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that other (indistinct) site of Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1669.7,1671.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in fact brought there by people in no stone tools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1671.323,1673.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, at (indistinct) not a single stone tool.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1673.36,1676.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other site, (indistinct) has no tools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1676.52,1679.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the Austrolipithecine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1679.44,1680.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or where there are stone tools,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1680.55,1682.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they (indistinct) very late in the sequence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1682.19,1683.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the Australopithecines were already accompanied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1683.52,1685.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by later kinds of people and where it might be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1685.7,1687.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the later kinds of people make the stone tool.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1687.853,1691.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we're looking at here, the niche","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1691.04,1694.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in rock near Cape Town into this area in shadow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1694.16,1696.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a kind of cutting into rock near Cape Town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1696.84,1699.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rock here, it's not very old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1699.53,1700.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's nowhere near as old (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1700.84,1703.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nor the infilling is we're only talking about a scientist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1703.26,1705.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps 40 or 50 or 60,000 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1705.44,1707.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1707.597,1710.176"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope here you are inside that niche.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1710.176,1712.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This nice kind of bedding here that's dune rock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1713.56,1717.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's in fact, a classified dunes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1717.21,1719.808"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you see this strange sort of thing here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1719.808,1722.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's a (indistinct) that was cut into this dune,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1722.62,1724.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps 40 or 50 or 60,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1724.65,1727.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that gully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1727.24,1728.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are lots of bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1728.073,1729.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Almost all of these points here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1729.28,1730.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1730.75,1731.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1731.69,1732.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you have a close enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1732.523,1734.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These things are all bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1734.68,1735.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all those white spots are bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1735.513,1737.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is a site is known as (indistinct) by his state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1737.48,1740.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hated the name because the name can be very confusing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1740.43,1742.496"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this (indistinct) Names.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1742.496,1743.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's worth it near Cape town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1743.329,1744.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as opposed to (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1744.62,1746.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is an Austrolipithecine site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1746.54,1747.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"near your Johannesburg.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1747.7,1748.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not an Australopithecine site,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1748.87,1750.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the site score (indistinct) but it's much later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1750.25,1752.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very interesting because there are no stone tools here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1752.48,1755.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"besides somewhere i can't be precise on the age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1755.61,1758.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know it's more than 40,000 years old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1758.1,1759.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we can date it with radiocarbon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1759.73,1761.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's older than 40,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1761.48,1762.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's somewhere between 40 and a hundred thousand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1762.88,1765.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably I would guess 50 to 60, something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1765.72,1768.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, there are no stone tools here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1768.53,1769.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and yet in this time range in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1769.363,1771.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly in this immediate area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1771.71,1773.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People were making stone tools by the tens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1773.64,1775.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of thousands of sites where they were accumulating bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1775.4,1777.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it doesn't look like this is a human cell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1777.96,1780.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's more, these deposits in addition to these bones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1780.39,1783.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are fossil dome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1783.39,1784.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we call (indistinct) of hyenas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1784.91,1787.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Almost certainly this is a hyena accumulation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1787.56,1790.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would bet almost anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1790.2,1791.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Additionally, it's now known that in fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1792.56,1794.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hyenas do accumulate bones in their lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1794.02,1796.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This has now been observed (indistinct) assistants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1796.12,1797.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't observe it'","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1797.82,1798.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People have observed both the Brown hyena","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1798.653,1800.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the spot I've been seeing to do this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1800.08,1802.261"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1802.261,1803.094"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I saw the site, it occurred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1803.094,1803.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1803.927,1804.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you could perhaps dig out a lot of these bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1804.76,1807.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can analyze them in detail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1807.48,1808.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and see how they compare to the (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1808.66,1810.876"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can i have the next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1810.876,1813.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you're looking at Swart clip here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1813.2,1817.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my coupons got there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1817.013,1818.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the frequencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1819.42,1820.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by which different bones are representative antelopes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1820.36,1823.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are 178 antelopes represented by the lower job","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1823.04,1827.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Michael pond's caught and 105 represented it's warfare","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1827.61,1830.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's not the absolute frequencies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1830.61,1832.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The absolute numbers that I'm interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1832.04,1833.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I'm interested in is the different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1833.47,1835.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the relative frequencies of the different bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1835.16,1837.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you've got the most common one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1837.43,1838.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the top and the least common one at the bottom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1838.757,1840.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most common bone that's where it clip is the mandible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1840.43,1843.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The least common is the rips","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1843.23,1844.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and roughly the same picture and not the pond's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1844.67,1846.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure there's some differences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1846.74,1847.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The differences in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1847.79,1848.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I could explain very easily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1848.89,1850.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The differences are partly due","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1850.93,1851.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to different ways of counting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1851.96,1853.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I would love to do would be able to go back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1853.89,1855.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and recount the microphone kept both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1855.6,1856.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe someday I'll be able to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1856.92,1857.897"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's now a much bigger sample them available yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1857.897,1860.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're counting next were different than mine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1860.32,1862.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it wasn't possible to make them exact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1862.05,1864.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make the numbers exact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1864.2,1865.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Additionally, the animals that the actual antelopes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1865.51,1868.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that our representative plants get are not quite the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1868.48,1871.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the ones that are represented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1871.29,1872.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's worth it the sites are perhaps to me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1872.22,1874.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and years apart in age among other things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1874.16,1875.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But maybe the differences that would almost certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1875.95,1878.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have existed between the size","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1878.35,1879.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the pattern of body part representation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1879.79,1881.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most frequent from the most frequent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1881.74,1882.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the least frequent body part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1882.99,1884.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is represented on a graph like this is one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1884.42,1885.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is remarkably similar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1885.37,1887.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Similar enough, for certainly we know all sorts of evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1887.29,1890.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you do get these kinds of discrepancies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1890.64,1892.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can have only two animals represented by ribs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1892.36,1894.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 105 represent by lower jaws.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1894.95,1897.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it doesn't have to mean human activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1897.93,1899.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This side proves that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1899.89,1900.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's other evidence for that as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1900.723,1902.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I would say, wow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1902.83,1904.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this kind of resemblance between the body parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1904.45,1906.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at (indistinct) and those that the skeleton","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1906.477,1908.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the different skeletal elements behavior for the seeds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1908.48,1911.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from any of these sites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1911.63,1912.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned the stone to a problem a moment ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1912.6,1915.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and two of the sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1915.61,1916.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stair containing knock upon Scott","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1916.79,1918.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the two which you press provided most of the 15 fossils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1918.52,1922.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the deposits that contain Australopithecines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1922.36,1924.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are no stone tools at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1924.3,1926.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at one site where there are stone tools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1926.633,1929.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Australopithecines the sward crime site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1929.14,1932.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same deposits also contain remains of a more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1932.2,1935.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advanced kind of human being belonging to the genus homo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1935.61,1938.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's probably true that this homo made the stone tools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1938.83,1941.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say almost certainly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1941.8,1943.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we not only don't have any reason to suppose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1943.3,1946.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the astrophysicists brought the bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1946.65,1948.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to these sites but there's no evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1948.18,1949.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they were doing anything around them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1949.287,1951.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They probably would just the victims of some other carnival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1951.78,1954.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we move upwards in time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1955.28,1957.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somewhere probably between a million and a half","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1957.39,1959.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a million years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1959.26,1960.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the kinds of Australopithecines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1960.46,1962.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I believe there were two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1962.01,1963.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a matter of ongoing debate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1963.46,1964.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think there were at least two different kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1964.66,1966.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clearly three different kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1966.98,1967.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think represented the new South African sides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1967.86,1969.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of those evolved into something more advanced,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1969.86,1972.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more advanced belonging to the genus homo,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1972.167,1976.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we belong to as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1976.24,1977.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And more particularly probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1977.99,1978.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the species erectus, Homo erectus like peaking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1978.92,1981.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the job","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1981.07,1981.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's when the archeological record it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1982.85,1984.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the appearance of the genus Homo in Southern Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1984.32,1987.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps as much as a million and a half years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1987.1,1989.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's when the archeological record has reflected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1989.52,1991.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the stone tools in particular becomes fairly rich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1991.44,1995.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we find lots and lots of stone tools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1995.03,1996.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in sites that are younger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1996.53,1997.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than a million and a half years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1997.62,1999.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm gonna show you one of these sites now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=1999.48,2000.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I think is a very exciting site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2000.88,2003.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably this one is not as old as the million and a half.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2003.78,2006.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would guess the things here are probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2006.11,2007.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the vicinity of five and 500,000 to a million years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2007.6,2011.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see the sea out there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2011.19,2013.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're now, again, not very far from the (indistinct) site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2013.08,2016.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not very far from Cape town only about 80 miles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2016.52,2018.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"North of Cape town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2018.23,2019.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The site is this patch of sand here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2019.1,2021.907"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're going to go down into it in a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2021.907,2022.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is obviously taken from the air.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2022.99,2025.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The site is known as Elandsfontein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2025.6,2027.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's famous in lots of ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2027.83,2029.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes it's known as Saldanha","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2029.17,2030.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because nearby is a is a town called Saldanha.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2030.43,2032.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's a skull from the Elandsfontein site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2032.73,2034.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is known as the Saldanha skull.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2034.95,2036.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It tells us in the most direct way possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2036.95,2040.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the kinds of people who lived in this area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2040.07,2041.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps a half a million or more years ago look like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2041.98,2044.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they look like Homo erectus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2044.68,2046.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least that's my opinion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2046.54,2047.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I became man, a job with me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2047.39,2049.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm more interested of course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2049.29,2050.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in what they were doing than what they looked like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2050.123,2052.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And next slide .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2052.1,2052.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you are on the ground approaching the site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2054.66,2056.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Remember that the area you could see in the last slide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2056.6,2058.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the area around the sand patch","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2058.56,2059.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is very heavily vegetated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2059.86,2061.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you see the vegetation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2061.33,2062.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then there off in the distance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2062.33,2063.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see something that looks like a little bit of the Sahara","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2063.24,2064.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with these dunes arising up like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2064.68,2067.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody knows how this little patch of sand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2067.2,2069.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"began to form when the wind erosion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2069.16,2071.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that gave rise to it began","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2071.43,2072.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably about only about 20 to 25 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2072.93,2075.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the farmer who lived in the area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2075.89,2077.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drove his tractor to this patch of sand one day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2077.29,2079.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's about two miles long by one mile wide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2079.64,2082.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And suddenly you saw them in the areas between the dunes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2082.12,2084.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we call bagels between the huge dunes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2084.443,2087.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were fast quantities of fossils.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2087.13,2089.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He called this to the attention of professor Ronald Singer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2089.42,2092.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was at that time at the Cape town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2092.21,2093.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's now in every department of Chicago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2093.84,2096.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and professor Singer came out here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2096.92,2098.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with students from the university of Cape","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2098.5,2099.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that wasn't very far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2099.69,2100.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they collected vast point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2100.81,2101.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the (indistinct) in the very second year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2101.98,2105.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their work here was a human skull","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2105.04,2107.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the kind that I think belong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2107.32,2108.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To people like (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2108.82,2110.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also well-known in East Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2110.61,2112.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or reasonably well-known and in North Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2112.14,2114.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.\nCan I have next slides?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2115.67,2117.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you're inside the dune patch,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2117.95,2119.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sorry, let's not get dirty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2119.58,2121.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see here the fast dunes rising on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2121.19,2123.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he saw all sides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2123.42,2124.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there's patch in between the dunes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2124.59,2127.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a kind of hard surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2127.8,2128.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The wind can't get down below it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2128.98,2130.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are many of these spots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2130.79,2132.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you're seeing here are bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2132.91,2134.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in addition to bones of animals and occasionally humans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2134.24,2138.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are vast quantities of stone tools here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2138.15,2140.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly the things that are called (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2140.11,2142.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually in (indistinct) .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2142.69,2143.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's no question, but most of the bones at this site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2145.06,2147.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unlike the Australopithecines science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2147.21,2148.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the books of decider are related","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2148.91,2151.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the activity people were killing animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2151.27,2153.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're probably around waterfall in large point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2153.09,2154.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2154.74,2156.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're gonna see one of the animals that killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2160.63,2163.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2163.95,2165.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2165.58,2166.565"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you're looking at here is the skull","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2166.565,2167.398"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of an extinct Buffalo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2167.398,2168.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the horns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2168.72,2169.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's one here going across the forehead","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2169.553,2171.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going out like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2171.8,2172.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the skull here just lying in the sand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2172.633,2174.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other bits of bone lying around it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2174.75,2176.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't find when I looked at this at home","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2176.32,2178.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I couldn't find a stone tool in that picture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2178.9,2180.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there was one at one point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2180.5,2182.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The distance from here to here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2182.39,2183.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from one and the one horn from the next is 14 feet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2183.98,2186.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that had quite a horn span.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2187.61,2188.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The animal weighed about as an adult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2188.91,2191.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably weighed about 4,000 pounds or two times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2191.01,2193.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pretty good sized Buffalo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2193.5,2194.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very common animal at this site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2194.7,2196.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very often there were stone tools scattered around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2196.58,2198.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the body parts, the various parts of the skeleton","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2198.59,2200.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our (indistinct) a way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2200.66,2201.926"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that suggests butchering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2201.926,2203.075"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are a lot of bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2203.075,2204.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which had marks from stone tools on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2204.69,2206.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's no question in my mind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2206.54,2208.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by this time people were actively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2208.62,2210.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) bones here, very definitely,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2210.39,2211.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really keen activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2211.94,2213.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I might point out something else here too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2213.01,2215.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This side as I say is perhaps a half a million,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2215.17,2216.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps a little more years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2216.87,2218.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The number of different kinds of carnivores","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2218.92,2220.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at this site is exactly the same as the number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2220.98,2222.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that existed in the area historically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2222.88,2224.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, by this time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2225.8,2226.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by half a million years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2226.83,2227.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were very much in the meet-eating business","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2227.71,2231.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at least following up on ideas that I mentioned earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2231.24,2234.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the number of carnivores has been reduced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2234.6,2236.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to about the point where it was historically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2236.997,2237.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the number of prey animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2237.83,2239.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was also about the same as modern nine situation, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2239.02,2242.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have other sites like this in Southern Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2244.13,2245.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was perhaps the most spectacular one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2245.34,2248.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1097","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now they seem to arrange these things with hand-axes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2248.09,2250.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1098","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with animal bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2250.097,2251.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1099","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between about let's say 200,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2251.35,2254.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a million and a half years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2254.267,2255.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this one right in the middle of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2255.29,2257.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I would like to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2257.77,2258.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have a lot more information about them than we do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2258.73,2261.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't, for example, know whether in Southern Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2261.78,2264.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether these people built structures in any of these sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2264.38,2266.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's some evidence for this in East Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2266.97,2268.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think been 10 years, probably they did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2268.5,2270.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They probably built (indistinct) shelters with some story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2270.8,2275.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The chances of finding these things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2275.02,2276.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the archeological record are pretty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2276.15,2277.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty slim I'm afraid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2277.38,2278.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wouldn't be all that substantial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2278.66,2280.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wouldn't have much archeological visibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2280.0,2282.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They lived in caves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2282.33,2283.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Presumably the cave provided them a shelter as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2283.73,2286.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And many of the sites picked in the cave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2286.4,2287.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They went back time after time, after time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2287.76,2289.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they built up (indistinct) .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2289.277,2290.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's another site in your Cape town with several meters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2291.867,2295.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps as much as seven or eight feet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2295.82,2297.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of (indistinct) deposit for seven or eight feet minimum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2297.2,2301.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the opening on the exposed profile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2301.14,2303.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you could go down further,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2303.06,2304.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suspect would be something like 15 to 20","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2304.0,2306.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with (indistinct) just coming out of the deposit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2306.45,2308.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that must indicate a fairly long period of occupation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2308.89,2311.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps tens of thousands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2311.08,2311.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or hundreds of thousands of years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2311.98,2313.428"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the case of the cave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2313.428,2314.261"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's easy enough to understand why they came back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2314.261,2316.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time after time because the cave provided shelter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2316.3,2318.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a site like this they probably continue to come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2318.6,2320.706"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there was that the animals coming here to drink","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2320.706,2323.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were killing the animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2323.39,2324.237"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And other sites it's not so clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2324.237,2325.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We sometimes find sites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2325.73,2327.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have these in East Africa where well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2327.2,2328.648"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the handbags is formed, literal carpets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2328.648,2331.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't walk without stepping on hand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2331.73,2333.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what brought people back to the site?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2333.28,2334.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So often that they left his (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2334.93,2337.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"behind by the tens of thousands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2337.0,2338.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It isn't always clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2338.12,2339.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have any good answers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2340.21,2341.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2342.59,2343.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I get another map.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2344.7,2346.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were looking here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2347.38,2348.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the site we just looked at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2348.213,2349.604"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's what it contain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2349.604,2350.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's the Thomas Saldanha right there, not very far away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2350.65,2352.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is why I decided he likes take sometimes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2352.93,2354.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known as Saldanha.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2354.64,2355.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to call your attention to a couple other vocations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2355.6,2358.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While I have this map on here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2358.34,2359.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is the site of (indistinct) river mouth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2359.93,2362.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right here which I'm going to be talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2362.32,2363.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's about 400 miles East of Cape town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2363.98,2366.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's Cape town right here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2366.8,2368.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another is Nelson Bay Cain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2368.46,2369.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right here the microphone is there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2369.72,2372.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the sign of Dina Fountain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2372.04,2374.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fountain is just an Afrikaans word for spring or fountain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2375.36,2378.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elan Fountain means Elan Spring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2378.37,2379.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dina Fountain means Dune Spring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2379.96,2382.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another dune site I'm going to talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2382.26,2383.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Dina Fountain for a couple minutes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2383.79,2385.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2385.59,2386.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Moving ahead in time this is the city of Cape town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2388.0,2390.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're looking over downtown Cape town here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2390.99,2393.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see these dunes across the Bay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2393.47,2394.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope you can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2394.84,2395.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I realize this slide is not as good as it could be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2395.673,2397.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See these dunes over here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2397.56,2399.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the Atlantic ocean side of Cape town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2399.27,2402.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was doing some work living in Cape town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2402.84,2405.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mainly working in the museum in downtown Cape town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2405.4,2408.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Africa museum Cape town is a modern city of a million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2408.03,2411.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or so people looked like an American city actually more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2411.13,2413.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than like a European one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2413.05,2413.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see the skyscrapers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2413.98,2415.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the background and our weekends for relaxation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2415.01,2418.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we get into the land Rover","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2418.08,2419.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and drive out to that area of dunes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2419.65,2421.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was known that there were bones lying in the sand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2421.31,2423.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're very much like the (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2423.16,2424.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even something between the dunes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2424.1,2426.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We hope that if we went out there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2426.42,2427.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often enough and then one day we strike it lucky","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2427.72,2429.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'd actually find the bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2429.61,2430.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a situation where we could excavate them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2430.73,2432.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just lying on the surface,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2432.08,2433.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but still sealed in by dirt by (indistinct) by sand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2433.62,2437.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that hope was relaxed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2437.19,2439.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rather remarkable thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2439.19,2440.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Incredible piece of luck.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2440.44,2441.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2441.99,2442.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here we are now over in that patch of sand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2444.12,2446.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only about 30 miles North of Cape town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2446.4,2447.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the other side of the Bay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2447.647,2449.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See the white cover sand that you were looking at before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2449.47,2452.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're building a new nuclear power plant at this place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2452.99,2454.922"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We spend a billion dollars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2454.922,2456.784"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the process or in preparation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2456.784,2460.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they put in several bulldoze of trenches to get an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2460.37,2462.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what the underlying deposit was locked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2462.39,2464.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before they put it in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2464.45,2465.838"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reactor seemed like a wise idea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2465.838,2467.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Walking into one of these bulldoze trenches one day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2467.18,2468.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I saw a line of stones and bone sticking out of the wall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2468.97,2472.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We dug into this and found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2472.16,2473.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that these things were definitely in place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2473.38,2475.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a later excavation designed to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2475.61,2478.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn something more about the site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2478.41,2480.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can I have next slide, please?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2480.78,2482.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you see some bones in place at the site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2483.18,2484.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lower jaw, actually both halves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2484.87,2487.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the lower jaw of a large Buffalo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2487.97,2489.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was one of its vertebrae in between.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2489.77,2491.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another part of the jaw actually, of one of these jaws","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2491.82,2494.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's been moved as much as a meter away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2494.07,2496.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps, roughly three or four feet away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2496.48,2499.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another bit of bone 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doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2505.984,2507.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a crowbar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2507.53,2508.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2508.927,2511.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, it's not as neat as I might like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2511.01,2512.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was a very exciting sort of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2512.78,2514.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were actually able to excavate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2514.46,2516.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bones our date back probably about 3000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2516.73,2519.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were stolen tools and unfortunately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2519.93,2521.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not clearly exposed in this picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2521.19,2522.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is one down there, but it's hard to see in the slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2522.8,2525.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So scattered in and amongst these bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2525.63,2527.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And again this is a one of these sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2527.97,2530.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where people were predominantly killing animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2530.51,2533.105"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Would you come down and drink near water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2533.105,2534.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a little bit more recent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2534.71,2536.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the last time we looked at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2536.07,2537.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By this time they'd stopped making (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2537.17,2540.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd say 200,000 years ago, they weren't making handouts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2540.22,2542.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This seems to be true all over Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2542.71,2545.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so far as we can establish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2545.12,2546.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2548.685,2550.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, in terms of trying to get an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2550.61,2553.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of change through time in the way in which human beings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2553.32,2557.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have dealt with that was in Southern Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2557.04,2559.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's really the last 125 to 130,000 years that we know best.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2559.49,2564.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a very substantial record","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2564.25,2565.555"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's because we have a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2565.555,2566.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of very nice case sites that dates from his time there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2566.87,2569.288"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but where we have long sequences of deposit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2569.288,2570.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in some cases span nearly the entire 135, 130","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2570.803,2575.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"125,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2575.07,2576.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is one such 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(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2579.61,2581.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classy site complex that I pointed out on the map","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2581.68,2583.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 400 miles East of Cape town, lots of caves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2583.73,2586.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is called (indistinct) one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2586.69,2587.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The one I'm sitting on top of is called (indistinct) too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2587.867,2590.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's a fantastic sites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2590.75,2592.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They look little bit almost battalion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2592.57,2593.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't been in the excavation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2593.75,2594.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The excavation has done by Professor Singer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2594.69,2597.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Chicago with John (indistinct) from Britain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2597.55,2600.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What i might not contribution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2600.73,2601.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this project was studying the animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2601.563,2603.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the food debris are very interesting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2603.98,2606.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) this is the oldest evidence at this site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2606.877,2609.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in anywhere in the world for use of seafoods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2609.49,2613.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that makes it sound strange but we have other sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2613.74,2617.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"older sites that were located either near","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2617.72,2620.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on your seat coast or on a Lake shore sites that are older","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2620.68,2623.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than this site, older than 130,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2623.68,2626.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In all of those sites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2626.09,2627.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most evidence we have we'll use the seafoods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2628.23,2630.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe an occasional shell or occasional bird bone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2630.56,2633.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seabird bone, like a golf bone or a fish bone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2633.41,2635.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nothing that indicates systematic exploitation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2635.52,2637.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of sea resources, Marine resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2637.53,2639.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At this site with data about 130,000 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2639.56,2642.378"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're indirect age but I think they're 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them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2645.72,2647.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At this site people were accumulating large numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2647.25,2649.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of shelves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2649.96,2650.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were actually building up millions of shells.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2650.793,2652.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were killing large numbers of seals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2652.43,2654.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and large numbers of penguins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2654.98,2656.791"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but when they were at the sites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2656.791,2658.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were utilizing the resources of the sea nearby.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2658.17,2661.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The coast is practically where I'm standing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2661.2,2663.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in relation to the slot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2663.03,2664.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very, involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2664.4,2665.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there's some other interesting things about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2667.51,2668.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"however, we have it's the (indistinct) 130,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2668.95,2673.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The record is in fact fairly continuous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2674.4,2677.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from about 130,000 to about 50.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2677.56,2679.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then it sort of drops off next","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2679.65,2681.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pick it up at other sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2681.07,2682.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at sites that are in the same kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2683.6,2685.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of geographic situation but much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2685.66,2687.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much younger within say the last 10 to 12,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2687.17,2690.429"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't know if we have lots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2690.429,2692.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's an interesting contrast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2692.15,2693.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the way in which people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2693.39,2694.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last 10 to 12,000 years use the same resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2694.9,2697.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the way these people did say 130 to 50,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2697.75,2701.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned that these people 130","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2701.55,2703.929"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"50,000 years ago were bringing back shells.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2703.929,2706.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were catching seals, they were catching pregnant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2706.1,2708.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there's some things missing there, no fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2708.1,2710.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there were no bones to fine birds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2710.36,2712.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and fine birds, seabirds, (indistinct),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2712.19,2713.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cormorants, albatrosses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2713.94,2715.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things like this are very common on the coast today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2715.02,2716.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Additionally, these bones of flying birds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2716.473,2719.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a Fisher, very common sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2719.17,2720.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're saying in the last 10 or 12,000 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2720.7,2722.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this suggests to me that people living here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2722.93,2724.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"130,000 years ago or so we're sure explaining resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2724.587,2728.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not anywhere near, as effectively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2728.75,2730.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as people who lived in the area much more recently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2730.1,2732.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we have a problem we'd like to know, of course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2732.63,2734.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when did active fishing and falling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2734.33,2736.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I can use that word going after (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2736.61,2740.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when did this come about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2740.153,2741.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, it's a very difficult thing to establish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2741.74,2743.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I'm sure that those of you who are familiar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2743.71,2746.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the last 230,000 years of fanatic history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2746.81,2749.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that much of that period of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2749.3,2750.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beginning perhaps 65 or 70,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2750.9,2753.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and running to 10,000 years ago was a period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2753.44,2756.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of enormous increase in the ice sheets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2756.1,2757.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Northern hemisphere, great place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2757.93,2759.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the candidate covered sometimes (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2759.69,2761.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it for two or three miles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2761.72,2762.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Take that water came out of the sea and sea level fell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2762.553,2766.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you went to this site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2766.51,2767.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you could have been there 50,000 years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2767.66,2770.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the coast would have been 30 or 40 miles away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2770.16,2772.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course in deposits that think between","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2773.58,2775.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say 40, 50,000 years ago, and 10,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2775.48,2779.045"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no trace whatsoever of the sea being nearby","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2779.045,2783.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause it wasn't people couldn't bring back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2783.32,2785.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marine resources when they could have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2785.52,2787.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's unlikely that in their daily rounds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2787.16,2789.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would travel 30 miles to the sea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2789.36,2790.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bring back seals or paintings or fish or anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2790.72,2794.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's very difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2794.11,2795.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We cannot establish when active fishing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2795.16,2797.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fallon came about in this area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2797.68,2799.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply because the relevant sites are probably underwater.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2799.27,2801.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're out there on the continental shelf.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2801.28,2802.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're submerged, when the sea level rose again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2802.8,2805.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beginning to say 10 or 12 or 14,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2805.53,2807.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the glaciers began to melt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2807.533,2809.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All we know is right now in sometime","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2809.46,2811.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between let's say 60,000 or 70,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2811.4,2815.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 10 or 12,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2815.127,2816.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a major cultural change, a major advance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2816.68,2819.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the ability of people to deal with Marine resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2819.06,2822.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They began fishing in fallon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2822.16,2823.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We found interestingly enough, in much more recent sites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2823.14,2825.965"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The last 10 to 12,000 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2825.965,2828.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's sea level was back (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2828.31,2830.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and between it was there were two periods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2830.4,2832.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're talking about here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2832.62,2833.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What sea level will tie one between about 130,000, 70,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2833.453,2836.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's known as the last year glacier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2836.89,2838.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the last 10 or 12,000 we call it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2838.93,2840.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the precedent (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2840.64,2842.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the two periods of high sea level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2842.35,2844.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the precedent of glacier and deposits that date","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2845.19,2847.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the last 10 or 12,000 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2847.25,2848.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we actually have the artifacts that were used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2848.78,2850.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for catching fish birds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2850.59,2852.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have double pointed toothpick like things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2852.13,2855.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which were tied to the end of the string.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2855.24,2856.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have ethnographic evidence for this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2856.87,2858.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you could either you put a bit of bait on it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2858.73,2860.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either a bugger or a fish with swallowing (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2860.74,2862.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no artifacts like that in the over deposits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2862.72,2865.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the under deposits the ones that are 10 to 12,000 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2865.82,2868.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have (indistinct) to either wide (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2868.65,2870.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bits of (indistinct) i sort of grew around them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2870.72,2872.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which were used either do (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2872.43,2873.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lions or (indistinct) Nets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2873.81,2875.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again to catch fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2875.25,2876.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't have such things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2876.81,2877.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in deposits of 130 to 70,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2877.74,2880.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the technology to do efficiently following the very clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2880.21,2883.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last 10 to 12,000,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2883.34,2884.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it wasn't present 130,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2884.173,2887.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, some other things that are very interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2887.41,2888.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the animal remains from these sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2888.79,2890.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this sites and later sites contrast in particular.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2890.88,2894.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we look at the terrestrial animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2894.12,2895.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the land living animals that came out of this site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2895.72,2897.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positive river mouth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2897.9,2898.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most common animal is the (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2900.41,2903.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the least common animals are pigs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2903.4,2905.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African wild pig for the Bush, Bush pig, and the warthog.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2906.44,2910.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now it's a very strange thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2910.41,2911.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there is no environment in Africa today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2911.44,2914.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much less the one that is starkly here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2914.21,2916.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where even they're very common","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2916.89,2918.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and wild pigs African wild pigs are very uncommon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2918.98,2921.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is the spot because they tell me very strange here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2921.93,2924.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course you can also 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years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2929.3,2931.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Insights of a young 40,000 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2931.82,2933.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the same area, same geographic setting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2933.61,2935.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) very uncommon pigs are very calm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2935.933,2938.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much more like you'd expect it to be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2938.48,2940.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of what was actually running around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2940.553,2941.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the environment, animals on the boat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2941.64,2942.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You would expect no pigs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2942.79,2945.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's going on between before 40,000 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2945.07,2948.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and decide like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2948.46,2949.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why is there so much (indistinct) in Sophia pigs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2949.293,2951.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, there are a lot of people would disagree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2951.95,2955.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with my thinking on this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2955.41,2956.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if you know anything about African large animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2956.76,2959.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you were on going out to hunt yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2959.52,2961.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You were arranging the animals on some kind of continuum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2961.18,2963.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the most ferocious, when attack to the least ferocious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2963.77,2967.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most ferocious would probably be the pigs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2967.37,2970.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among the more common prey.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2970.02,2971.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The least ferocious would be (indistinct),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2971.43,2973.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of their response to the Hunter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2973.62,2975.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I think is involved that people living","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2975.84,2978.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before 40,000 years ago, certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2978.07,2979.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before 50 or 60 and back 30,000 perhaps beyond that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2979.95,2984.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're not as capable hunters as people living this side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2984.29,2986.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 40,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2986.91,2988.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore they were not able to deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2988.65,2989.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the most dangerous praying environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2989.95,2991.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what could have happened 40,000 years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2991.8,2993.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they could have made the change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2993.143,2994.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"40,000 years it's a very important date,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2994.92,2996.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"40, or maybe as much as 50.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2996.62,2997.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's hard to be precise sometime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2997.95,2999.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're right at the edge of the limit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=2999.81,3001.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the radiocarbon techniques.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3001.35,3002.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have a difficult time coming with precise dates`","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3002.6,3004.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but 40 to 50,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3004.95,3006.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something very important happened to Syria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3006.75,3008.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We get this change in the animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3008.2,3010.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the kinds of animals that we're dealing with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3010.017,3013.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also, we get a change in the cultural materials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3013.01,3015.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a 40 or maybe 50,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3015.98,3017.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We get the first art objects appearing in science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3017.9,3021.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We get the first really nice looking bone tools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3021.35,3024.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obviously very significant cultural change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3024.38,3027.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that with this cultural change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3027.34,3028.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're probably going to find out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3028.73,3029.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we also get the first modern people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3029.93,3032.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately, the actual human fossil record is very poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3032.28,3035.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last 10 or 30,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3035.69,3037.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that by these 10 to 12,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3037.29,3039.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're dealing with modern people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3039.38,3040.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no question about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3040.78,3041.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Beyond 12,000 years, it's a blank.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3041.75,3043.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have the stone tools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3044.72,3045.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have animal bolts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3045.553,3046.386"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but don't have any really good in the fossils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3046.386,3048.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I would bet anything because the situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3048.05,3050.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the picture is very similar to Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3050.69,3052.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that roughly 40,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3052.37,3053.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Modern people will come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3053.62,3054.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into this area with a very different culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3054.453,3055.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They began doing things in modern ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3055.88,3057.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like catching fish, catching flying birds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3057.75,3061.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Additionally, these modern people probably had weapons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3061.33,3063.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps bows, arrows and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3063.24,3065.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Projectiles that made it possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3065.47,3066.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for them not to have to get very close to dangerous animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3066.87,3069.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe they pitch who knows, they were able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3069.0,3071.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do things hunting in a way that allowed them to deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3071.44,3073.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the most dangerous animals in the environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3073.92,3076.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things that with animals that the people were perceived of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3076.02,3078.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beyond 40,000 years ago, couldn't deal with effectively.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3078.75,3081.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's just a kind of hypothesis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3081.79,3083.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'd love to be able to prove someday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3083.75,3085.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe when we get the more sites we get some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3085.51,3088.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decent human remains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3088.06,3089.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll be able to say more about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3089.2,3090.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can I get next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3090.623,3091.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we get a lot of animals bones out of this sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3093.47,3095.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've already referred to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3095.76,3097.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just a couple of quick points here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3097.02,3098.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I have a tendency to talk too long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3098.18,3100.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I could probably cloud","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3100.37,3101.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your mind without any problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3101.59,3103.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I can point to what this says up here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3104.32,3108.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Small bottle, small medium bottles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3108.1,3109.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"large medium bottles, large bottles, very large bottles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3109.51,3111.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously there's an increase in size","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3111.69,3113.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moving in that direction, the animals are getting larger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3113.1,3115.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These diagrams are very similar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3115.64,3117.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the diagrams that I showed you before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3117.94,3119.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Different kinds of body parts and the number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3119.25,3122.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of animals represented by the different body parts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3122.82,3124.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"54 small bobbits,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3124.33,3126.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bobbits are the general term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3126.02,3127.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for antelopes, buffaloes and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3127.84,3130.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Small ones are things that would only maybe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3130.14,3131.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stand 12 to 20 inches off the table.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3131.9,3134.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Small medium ones or ones that might stand as much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3134.95,3137.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as three feet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3137.01,3138.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So forth up to large ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3138.41,3139.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The very large ones are the giant Buffalo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3139.73,3143.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you saw skull up before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3143.19,3144.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've probably, it was well over seven feet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3144.41,3146.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four close to seven feet at the shoulder of (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3146.143,3148.931"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they provided that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3148.931,3151.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The purpose of this slide is simply to show you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3151.02,3152.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the different kinds of body parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3152.59,3155.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as among these different size antelopes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3155.61,3157.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are represented very differently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3157.91,3159.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't get the same pattern of representation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3159.01,3161.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if I take more time the explanation for this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3161.79,3166.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have to get into it more detailed to make it convincing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3166.04,3168.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The explanation is, that the small animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3168.07,3170.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are getting back to the site's hole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3171.6,3173.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3173.75,3174.758"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to mouth site material that is perhaps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3174.758,3177.374"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between 79 and 30,000 years, but it doesn't really matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3177.374,3179.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the same.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3179.52,3180.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This kind of thing is the same right through time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3180.353,3181.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The small animals get back to the side hole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3181.84,3183.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People bring back and kill us on antelope stands a foot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3183.61,3186.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a half off the ground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3186.38,3187.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He weighs 25 30 pounds and throw it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3187.213,3188.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the shoulder and take it home and eat there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3188.67,3190.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happens to the act to the bones of the animal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3190.68,3192.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason some are more common than others is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3192.82,3194.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in the process of butchering and eating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3194.25,3196.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some bones are destroyed others are preserved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3196.36,3198.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The larger animals on the other hand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3198.85,3201.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are being butchered where they're killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3201.17,3202.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We saw the Dina Fountain site, a moment ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3202.73,3205.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a place where buffalo were killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3205.08,3208.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certain body parts were taken away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3208.17,3209.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps to the site like this, perhaps to a cave site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3209.87,3212.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For the home base sound like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3212.647,3214.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You get a very much different (indistinct) representation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3214.4,3216.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for that reason.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3216.35,3217.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, if you look at this list of detail,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3217.183,3218.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'd find that with these animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3218.67,3220.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the large so-called bobbits went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3220.05,3221.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the ordinary buffalo in (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3221.86,3223.247"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The very large (indistinct) to the giant buffalo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3223.247,3225.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the only body parts which are very common","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3225.77,3227.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"representative are head bones, foot bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3227.52,3229.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and almost everything else is very poorly represented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3229.21,3232.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's because those are the bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3232.38,3233.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for one reason or another that people chose to bring back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3233.37,3235.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sites most often got.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3235.42,3236.632"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can I have next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3236.632,3238.082"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here I'm trying to make this point about the difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3239.15,3241.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between a site where the animals are killed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3241.09,3244.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a site where people were living","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3244.25,3246.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bringing back the bones of animals they killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3246.93,3248.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's the classy site that we were just talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3248.98,3251.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about a few moments ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3251.66,3253.146"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"130,000, 120 or to 70,000 years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3253.146,3256.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roughly in terms of the bones around here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3256.17,3257.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dates don't matter very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3257.92,3259.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are in fact, a bunch of American Indian sites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3259.43,3261.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the other sites represented here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3261.84,3263.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bars, again are the numbers represent the numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3263.89,3266.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of bones by which animals of comparable size","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3266.69,3270.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are represented the (indistinct) sites of bison.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3270.44,3272.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bison is about the same size","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3272.53,3274.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the buffalo and the (indistinct) represented up there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3274.64,3278.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The American Indian sites are of two kinds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3278.26,3280.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's one, that's a kill site where bison were killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3280.77,3283.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's called the (indistinct) site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3283.12,3285.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's see (indistinct), isn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3285.56,3287.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then a series of other sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3287.68,3289.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are mainly in the Dakotas by society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3289.7,3292.436"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's (indistinct) in South Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3292.436,3294.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there are a lot of differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3294.48,3295.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the patterns and there are obvious differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3295.49,3297.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there's one very strong similarity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3297.62,3299.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the (indistinct) site at all the sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3299.63,3302.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the (indistinct) site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3302.83,3304.312"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these other sites are like (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3304.312,3306.744"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That there are places where people live rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3306.744,3308.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than were where animals were killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3308.02,3310.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The extent of discrepancy the extent of difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3311.36,3314.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the least common bone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3314.96,3316.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the most common bone is very (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3316.05,3317.764"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have a lot of bones that are very well-represented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3317.764,3319.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a lot of bones that are very poorly represented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3319.38,3321.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lots of long bars and lots of short ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3321.21,3323.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's generally true of a site, where people were living.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3323.3,3326.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason for that is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3326.95,3328.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because at a site when they were living,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3328.05,3329.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they weren't bringing back all body parts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3329.44,3330.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're only bringing back some bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3330.93,3332.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ones that they wanted for one purpose,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3332.42,3333.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no most bones are being left at the place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3333.81,3335.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the animals killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3335.24,3336.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At kill site on the other hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3336.82,3338.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tendency is for all the bars to be much closer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3338.19,3340.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to one another in lengh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3340.75,3341.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't get such great discrepancy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3341.59,3343.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so many long ones in so many shortcuts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3343.19,3345.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very nice sort of thing that you can use.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3346.13,3347.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you have any kind of question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3347.93,3349.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you have a pick and your trying to decide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3349.41,3351.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it was a place where animals were killed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3351.27,3353.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a place where people were living.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3353.15,3354.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes of course they can do the same thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3354.22,3355.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both they can kill animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3355.78,3356.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they sit down and camp there eat them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3356.613,3359.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the time they make a distinction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3359.3,3360.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the archeological record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3360.79,3362.384"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That distinction is fairly clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3362.384,3363.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the two kinds of sites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3363.22,3364.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can I have the next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3364.73,3366.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna close up but showing you pictures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3367.45,3369.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a site that I excavated in 1970, 1971","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3369.26,3373.508"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first set of excavated in South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3373.508,3374.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which among other things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3374.91,3375.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in a spectacularly beautiful setting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3375.92,3377.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we'll tell you a little bit about what I found here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3377.54,3379.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She's located on the Indian Ocean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3379.86,3381.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the sites we've talked about so far closer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3381.81,3383.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the West coast of Africa to the Atlantic coast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3383.72,3386.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is on the South coast the Indian coast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3386.55,3388.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indian ocean coast, this is the Peninsula here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3388.49,3390.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the Robert Peninsula.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3390.46,3391.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's about two miles long tipping there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3391.82,3394.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the headland being over here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3394.017,3396.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I explain the cable it was located,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3396.28,3397.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unfortunately i couldn't get a good picture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3397.96,3399.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the (indistinct) itself it's right on the other side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3399.24,3401.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can i have next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3401.35,3403.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you're on the other side of that peninsula looking down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3404.18,3406.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's unbelievable in terms of sheer seating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3406.8,3409.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're standing at the mouth of the cave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3409.7,3411.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I (indistinct) looking down it was another big cave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3411.61,3413.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which you can grab to see there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3413.71,3415.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, this face there's several caves here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3415.23,3417.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they have very nice deposits in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3417.23,3419.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's fine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3419.449,3420.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here you're now looking at the cave,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3421.97,3423.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a long slit like affair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3423.73,3425.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, this distance is only about six feet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3425.39,3428.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from here to here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3428.77,3429.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, if you were to take away all of the deposit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3429.95,3432.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's built up in the mouth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3432.63,3434.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The distance from here down to the rock below,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3434.17,3437.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about 60 feet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3437.19,3438.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So a lot of positiveness site, most of it is shell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3438.4,3441.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see some of the shelves that we carried","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3441.81,3443.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the cave down here on the slope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3443.22,3445.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sheldon deposit built it for (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3445.67,3446.707"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but people bring back shell fish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3446.707,3448.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they can build up a few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3448.1,3449.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several feet of deposit in just a few thousand years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3449.58,3451.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can get a very rapid buildup","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3451.93,3453.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the deposit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3453.23,3454.789"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can I have next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3454.789,3456.239"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, these got out of order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3457.43,3458.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let's leave this one for the moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3458.37,3460.276"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me tell you a couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3460.276,3461.109"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of interesting things about this site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3461.109,3461.942"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My other thing so I can make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3461.942,3463.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one point with the slide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3463.13,3464.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on right away, when you have these periods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3464.25,3466.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of great ice sheet growth in the Northern hemisphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3466.7,3468.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there wasn't very much of ice sheet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3468.71,3470.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Southern hemisphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3470.96,3472.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the water that left the ocean went into ice sheets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3472.17,3475.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Northern hemisphere but you still had this effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3475.45,3477.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Southern hemisphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3477.56,3478.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course sea level lowering that was worldwide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3478.42,3480.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see this dark line here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3482.1,3484.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the modern coast up there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3484.09,3485.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and behind it the land mass which is spot,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3485.76,3488.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see this dark line here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3488.19,3489.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the last glacial coastline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3489.45,3491.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the coastline 18,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3491.04,3492.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the ice sheets were at their maximum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3492.96,3495.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that it's been established","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3495.32,3497.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by that the metric work they've actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3497.15,3498.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done the underwater mapping topography to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3498.5,3501.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this what's more, they dredged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3501.09,3502.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up oyster shells off this coastline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3502.47,3504.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very marked kind of niche in the continental shelf","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3504.67,3507.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a cliff source 18,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3507.35,3510.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've drugged up oyster shells in relation to it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3510.15,3512.442"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) Grow very near sea level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3512.442,3513.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These shells dated about 17 or 18,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3513.65,3516.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that 17 or 18,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3516.29,3517.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other evidence was the time of greatest 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somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3551.53,3555.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No more than say eight to 10 miles from the cave 12 at most.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3555.35,3560.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we get the first appearance of 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(indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3577.49,3578.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's now been confirmed with a variety of other sites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3578.84,3581.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that there were a series of 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animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3646.41,3647.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then there are a very large number of people who don't think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3649.0,3651.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that played much of a role at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3651.02,3652.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We argued back and forth all the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3652.89,3654.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about why these animals became extinct in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3654.54,3658.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, here it seems to me I've got some evidence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3658.27,3660.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3660.69,3661.644"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course sea food that in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3661.644,3662.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've already been talking about it for three million years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3662.68,3664.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or more, at least in this part of Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3664.24,3666.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly in East Africa for much more than 300 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3666.53,3668.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this part for at least three in Southern Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3668.82,3671.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can't argue that it's the first appearance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3671.83,3673.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people 10,000 years ago, they didn't do it the extinct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3673.51,3676.905"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I still think that people played a very important role.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3676.905,3679.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I'm closing this let's really make a couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3679.39,3682.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of points here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3682.18,3683.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"10,000 years ago of course was a period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3683.03,3685.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of (indistinct) environmental change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3685.15,3686.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've already mentioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3686.23,3687.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that was a time when the ice sheets were melting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3687.063,3688.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"significantly sea level was rising.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3688.34,3690.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were also very important changes in temperature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3690.67,3693.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Precipitation patterns and therefore vegetation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3693.45,3696.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The vegetation and this area (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3696.49,3697.975"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can I have next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3697.975,3699.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay brought a slide all show you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3699.15,3700.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's the vegetation of this area of day it's forest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3700.81,3703.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is taken along the side of the road.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3703.14,3704.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's hard to get a picture in the forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3704.56,3705.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's big trees it's like the forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3705.84,3707.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Northern California.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3707.02,3708.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay the next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3708.03,3709.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You go back beyond 10,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3710.61,3712.179"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what it looked like Grassland very clear in terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3712.179,3714.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the vegetation evidence we have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3714.69,3716.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially in terms of the animals for everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3716.01,3717.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So at around 12 to 10, 8,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3717.96,3721.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a very substantial amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3721.34,3722.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of environmental change here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3722.55,3723.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the animals that became extinct,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3723.89,3726.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this part of the world 10,000 years or so ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3726.16,3728.481"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were animals that were basically grassland animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3728.481,3730.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So of course, with the change from grassland to forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3730.81,3733.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the modern forest, they would have become less numerous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3733.57,3735.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had because their living conditions would not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3735.71,3738.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have best favorite as fortunate for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3738.12,3740.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3740.36,3741.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that the same kind of environmental change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3741.55,3744.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from grassland to forest occurred a have 25,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3744.52,3748.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the period of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3748.35,3749.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we were moving from the glacial before last","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3749.71,3752.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the last interglacial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3752.19,3754.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've had these periods of environmental change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3754.0,3756.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a kind of repetitive fashion occurred in many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3756.04,3757.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3757.76,3758.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have the one that occurred 10,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3758.98,3761.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very much the same kind of thing occurred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3761.04,3762.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"20,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3762.52,3763.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same animals that became state 10,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3763.727,3765.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive that they survived 125,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3765.823,3769.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got less numerous because the environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3769.09,3771.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause something was not as favorable for them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3771.25,3772.217"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they continue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3772.217,3773.966"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then when the glacial conditions came back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3773.966,3775.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roughly 70,000 years ago, they did very well again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3775.36,3778.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So environmental change by itself is not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3778.52,3780.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sufficient explanation for their extinction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3780.38,3782.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They could've survived environmental change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3782.46,3783.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same environmental change 125,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3783.85,3785.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He couldn't have made them extinct 10,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3785.54,3787.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What that is the explanation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3787.79,3788.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, a few minutes ago i was telling you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3788.92,3790.942"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there's a very great difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3790.942,3792.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the way in which people 125 or 130,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3792.03,3794.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Exploited animals, their ability to exploit animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3794.91,3797.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the way in which people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3797.8,3798.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did it 10,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3798.7,3799.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know at 10,000 and company modern people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3801.41,3804.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were ancestral to the local bushman hot (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3804.72,3808.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and from the animal remains left behind the sites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3808.13,3810.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were much more effective, much more efficient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3810.183,3812.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big game hunters, fishers, whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3812.49,3814.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then were the people that are under 30,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3814.39,3817.502"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's the explanation, that 10,000 years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3817.502,3820.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had this environmental change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3820.35,3822.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It reduced the numbers of the animals that became extinct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3822.69,3825.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It restricted their ranges.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3825.46,3827.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People in the area just try to carry out a way of life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3827.56,3830.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they always have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3830.5,3831.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tried to hunt big game like they always had,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3831.333,3832.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the big game was now very much (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3832.847,3835.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went to (indistinct) all kinds of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3835.03,3836.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) was a hollow shaft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3836.633,3838.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see it here, it goes down some depth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3838.58,3841.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they put the shoe drops on top of the person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3841.08,3843.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably they weren't slanted at the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3844.54,3845.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they may have fallen into the hole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3845.98,3847.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This bearing was about 8,000 years old,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3847.84,3850.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that sort of thing in the last 10 or 12,000 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3850.617,3852.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to very the debt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3852.727,3853.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They probably were doing it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3853.56,3854.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for as much as 20 or 30,000 years before that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3854.393,3856.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't have all that many sites older","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3856.0,3857.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than 10 or 12,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3857.95,3859.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, it's from situations like this of course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3859.45,3861.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can get a very good idea of what people look.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3861.91,3864.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This person look like the moderate people in the area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3864.05,3866.691"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were called (indistinct) when the Dutch arrived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3866.691,3870.625"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can I next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3870.625,3871.825"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then finally, I hope you can see somethings here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3872.76,3875.099"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could have perhaps picked a better one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3875.099,3876.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I always have a hard time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3876.96,3878.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I'm looking through my slides site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3878.3,3880.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See these figures, these are paintings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3880.07,3882.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is of course it's something else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3882.35,3884.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people have been doing in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3884.1,3885.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a very long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3885.76,3886.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the paintings either on a rock face.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3886.96,3889.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the paintings that occur on his open rock face.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3889.63,3892.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We probably not sure, only a few 1000 years old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3892.13,3893.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at most because they're exposed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3894.763,3895.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they wouldn't last this such nice colors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3895.827,3898.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope you can see these things, human figures and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3898.13,3900.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A whole crowd of people look like they're fighting up there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3900.42,3902.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some more animal like figures over here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3902.85,3905.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of these things I see are probably not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3905.87,3907.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct) 1000 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3907.323,3909.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very recently in Namibia or Southwest Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3909.03,3913.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Namibia is the United Nations term.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3913.07,3915.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southwest Africa is what its called.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3915.3,3917.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were some slabs of rock actually found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3917.41,3919.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the ground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3919.33,3920.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could get an associated date chuckle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3920.853,3922.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they come out about 28,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3922.53,3924.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People painting that for a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3924.7,3926.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My own guess is that when the record gets very good,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3926.29,3929.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe hopefully within my lifetime","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3929.46,3931.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make it a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3931.99,3933.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're gonna find out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3933.17,3934.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the painting goes back to roughly 40,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3934.003,3936.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then before that they did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3936.32,3937.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, one of the reasons I guess that is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3937.52,3938.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we have some reason to suppose that's true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3938.96,3940.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3940.52,3941.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the same thing's going on again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3941.637,3943.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, maybe I haven't talked too long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3944.38,3946.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can answer you some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3946.19,3947.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3950.263,3951.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3951.96,3953.384"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3953.384,3955.801"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Raymond:\u003c/strong\u003e Or maybe some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3961.499,3962.332"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of you have pressing engagements elsewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3962.332,3964.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You feel, you need to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3964.47,3965.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"please feel free to do so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3965.66,3967.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"otherwise you have some question (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3967.12,3969.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e A man:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3972.116,3972.956"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=3972.956,3975.373"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30082/annotation/1921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/082/original/AV167944_Ecology_of_Early_Man_in_Southern_Africa_a.vtt?1624899184","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/082/original/AV167944_Ecology_of_Early_Man_in_Southern_Africa_a.vtt?1624899184"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30083","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV167944_Ecology_of_Early_Man_in_Southern_Africa_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614/transcript/30083/annotation/1922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Raymond] I called the Iowa State University Committee on lectures and the anthropology club. It's my pleasure to introduce to you this evening, Dr. Richard Klein from the University of Chicago. Who has come here to talk to us about the ecology of early man in Southern Africa. Dr. Klein has done archeological work in a number of different areas of the world, including the Soviet Union where he did his dissertation research. More recently, he has worked for several years in Republic of South Africa where he has concerned himself with essentially with the food debris produced by human beings, living many many centuries and millennia ago. And the interpretation of this food debris in terms of the relationships between human beings and their environment. Oh, I think that without further ado, I'll just ask Dr. Klein to carry on with his thoughts.\r\n\r\n- [Dr.Klein] Thank you, Raymond. It's a great pleasure to be here. I think that what I would probably be best to doing tonight is to give you some ideas of the kinds of research I've been involved in the past seven or eight years. Very much in the kind of thing Dr. Barack suggested. Mainly when I look at our animal bones try and understand as much as I can about the past particularly about the way in which people interacted with them from the bone. What I've done is to bring a bunch of slides. And I thought that perhaps many of you, probably most of you have not seen this part of the world. We'll give you a bit of a feeling with the countryside and perhaps at the same time, that general idea of how prehistoric people living in this area. It's donate people utilize the countryside and more particularly the animal resources of the countryside had to offer. So I'm gonna turn I think I'll ask for the slides right away. Let me, well, let's take a look at the first one which is a map because that's the first thing take care of. Tell you something about the geography. I think we're gonna have to be there Kodachromes here. I think we'll need the lights out, the shine screen as well. That's awful. What about...Is that the screen?\r\n\r\n- [A man] That's the screen yeah.\r\n\r\n- [Dr. Klein] I will maybe wait while, Mr. Barrack looks to see what he can do about the lights. This is obviously not on map of Africa. I would prefer to have one that was more detailed as far as Southern Africa was concerned because it's Southern Africa I'm gonna talk about, but at least I can point out on this map, the area that I'm concerned. Can you focus that a bit? The, unfortunately the area that's blocked off here is East Africa and more particularly that part of East Africa, which has proved to be so exciting in recent years in providing human remains. Great antiquity hominid remains, hominids thing the technical term for human beings going back perhaps as much as 14 or 15 million years. And certainly back to at least five or six. Now in recent years because of the very important spectacular interesting discoveries that have been made in East Africa. More or less than the area blocked out on the map. Southern Africa is kind of going into eclipse in a sense. Most people are aware that research on early man continues in Southern Africa and yet. It was in Southern Africa that the whole thing began. The first manics were all still at the scene. I'm sure many people have heard of what are today. The oldest well-documented ancestral humans were found in South Africa in the 1920's. More particularly they were found at this site down here called Tom. And then subsequently in South Africa in the 1930s and 1940s a series of other sides were discovered from which these Maddix or Australopithecines were recovered as possible. One of the difficulties in South Africa was for a very long time trying to get an idea of how all of these mandates work in geological terms. And it wasn't until work began in East Africa where it's possible to actually date rocks through geochemical, geophysical means that we became aware of just how old these medic fossils work. We can compare. We can establish in Southern Africa. These are the Southern African sites down here that are provided the managed cross Atlanta scenes. We can compare the animal remains that come out of the same sites with animal remains that come from East Africa, where we have actual dates and years that is broadly speaking in years. And therefore get an idea of how old the Southern African sites are. Even though we can't get the same concept dates in Southern Africa. The mandates in Southern Africa appear on the basis of this kind of comparison to be between roughly one and three,eight years old. Well, I'm gonna turn to the next slide. I don't know, but this is basically the area I'll be talking about South about a line that I'm drawing there with my hand, that's Southern Africa. In addition to the mandates in Southern Africa we have a very rich archeological record and also some extent a biological record or a record of the evolution of the human organism as a biological bank following the names after 1 million years ago. And here's the problem with the lights. I wondered if there was one over here which says off Let me continue talking about I can perhaps give you some background information and if we can get the lights off, then we'll be able to slides up I mentioned a moment ago, that in East Africa we have fossils that can be called human in the very broadest sense along the geolological family. I'm in a dye, which is these all just technical terms for you human being. Going back to the racks as much as 12 or 14 million years. You studied a bit about fossils. You've heard of these fossils they referred to the Ronald originally Louis Leakey referred to the East African ones as Kenneth but they're now regarded by most biological anthropologist and even pet intelligence, primary paleontologist as the same as things that were found in India were initially called And in East Africa things like that have been welded to roughly 12 to 14 million years ago. Now in that same time range in Southern Africa, we have very very few sites that have provided fossils at anytime. Obviously you've got to have a site with bones some kind of general sense before you can expect to find human asset because with the sun and site like that, as I say a very rare asset in Africa, we only have one so far. I could show you on the map a moment ago but it's not all that in files in the part of Southern Africa that's called Southwest Africa by the South Africans and Namimbia by most of the rest of the world. And so far the amount of bone that's come from it's very small and there are no assessment human beings from the sun. It's only when they move upwards in time to the time of the mandates or all fill up in the scenes of Africa, a one to 3 million years ago that created time between one and 3 million years ago that the record picks up. And then we begin to get some notion in Southern Africa, even evolution, proper. There's a site, not very far from Cape town basically about 45 million years ago. Oh, there we go. Great. There's a site located about 80 miles North of Cape town in the extreme South Western extreme South Western . I see some people trying to write things down. Maybe I can spell it for you later. It's an, a font that is with animal bones that we know on the basis. East African must be about four to five million years old. And it's interesting, not because it has managed but because it does. And I'd like to elaborate on that. A couple, I think very different view points at this site provided by not providing but not having given us the bones of This is the site. It's a vast open air phosphate cori, the bones come off the floor and the overlying deposits of being mined for phosphate which you use the fertilizer. And the fossils were discovered in the process of this mine. In fact, it's probably true that worldwide most early man sites are discovered in the context of economic or commercial activity rather than by deliberate searches by archeologist or paleontologist. And this site is in that sense, a part of the rule rather than an exception was found by people who were they recognize fossils in the processes doing this phosphate mine. The fossils come off the bottom of the cori down here fortunately concentrated below the level of the phosphate. And next slide. I've already said to say there's some four to five million years old or the bones of the site are some 45 years old. And the animals that are involved are very interesting ones. There are penguins and seals very much as there are on the coast today only about 10 miles away. However, the species that are involved are very different. The ceiling factory constructed here is very similar to the seal that lives in the Mediterranean today rather than to the seal which lifts off the coast of South Africa right now which is an indication that the great antiquity of the site. Now, the next slide. These are all a series of reconstructions. Here you're looking at something else which perhaps can give you an idea of the great antiquity of this site. These animals here are bears. And so far, he's the only one been discovered in Africa. Here they are right at the Southern tip of Africa far down South in Africa, as you can possibly get. Again this isn't a in substance of measure of the antiquity of the cycle. 45 million years ago things were very different in Africa than they are today. And then there's some other animals to pick it for you here. These are three toed horses. Rather our kid kinds of horse very different from the modern ones. Some more back there, some strange looking antelopes these antelopes, in fact that are drawn there are much more like animals that live in India today then like antelopes that live in Africa? And in fact, if you go back four or five million years ago there were connections of sorts, final connections animal connections to EUroAsia. And there were very very clear cut in Africa at 45, millions years ago. And the next slide. Here, again another reconstruction to some of the strange animals. This is a saber-tooth cat back here is an animal that's related to giraffes but had a rather short neck and a kind of oxalic body. And these antlers lived in this area about four to 5 million years ago. Here are a bunch of strange hyena like animals. They were, were ancestral hyenas feeding off of carcass and some ostrich like animals in the background and some hippo or not quite sure what those were supposed to be. I think there's supposed to be pigs there. There were hippos there as well but the animals back there. The next slide please. Again another reconstructed here dairy definitely a pig. This pig in fact, it's very interesting. It was the size of a Rhinoceros. That pig is a very useful animal at the site because the same animals, the same species or at least the same genus. You have what kind of thing is represented in East Africa. And it's one of the ways that we can get an idea of how the site it is because presumably it existed in the two places at about the same time, 45 millions years ago. So you more or less modern giraffe there, some other strange sorts of antelopes in here and ancestral rhinoceros not too different from the living life rhinoceros and some ancestral elephants there, they also very useful for getting an idea of how the site. You can see that the environment that's been reconstructed from the animal bones and also from plant remains so forth that we have as a kind of floodplain, with a river meandering down very near the coast, coast to just off it. You saw it before reconstruction to the coast to seals and things. Next slide please. It should be the last one at least in this series. Here you have a kind of a thing like a big jet cat, strange kind of animal. I suppose the closest parallel in the Americas would be do a thing like a weasel or a mink. Only this was an enormous animal several times the size. Here there's a giant which is very interesting because it's very, very similar It lived in Europe 45 million years ago. Again gives you an idea of the 45 millions years ago, Africa was very different than it is today. In some ways the fauna was more like a European fund. Now I mentioned that one of the things that's missing at this site are bones of the . of Africa. In East Africa in this 45 million time range. We have, there are some sites Southwest of like Rudolf or what's now called Kenya Lake Turkana, where these things are represented. Why aren't they present here? Well, one thing you might say is that perhaps we don't have enough folks from the side. Maybe there are more from East Africa. Well, that one I can rule out immediately. The accumulated bones from this particular site, the number of bones that are involved the total volume of the collection is several times that with all the like age East African sites put together in the 45 million year range. You took all their bones and put them in one place. They wouldn't compare it to the size of the collection from this side. One of the reasons why the number of bones in the site is so large because it is very close to Cape town a major metropolitan center, it's on a paved roads. They're easy to get them out of the ground back to Cape town and the collection is simply enomous. So the actions of human bones in the very broad sense, both from the site is not a matter of small sample size, not a matter of not having collected enough. I think the answer, the reason that there aren't bones in the site is because the there. That becomes interesting several respects. First of all, you ask yourself well, we're a long way South of the equator here. All the East Aberdeen sites and to provide human remains in this general time range four to five million years ago or even as recently as two to three million years ago are very close to the equate, within just a few degrees to the South. Here we're 32 degrees South. We're in fact in tempered latitudes, we're in an area today where it can snow at least the winter time. In fact, the kind of weather we're having outside right now is not at all a known in this region, right now in their winter which is the mirror image box comes in July and August. It was even fairly chilly perhaps, in the time period that we're talking about here 45 million years ago. In any case there were areas in between, that have a fairly substantial high altitudinal high, which might've been very difficult for these to pass through. I think that what we're looking at here and we don't find them, the man age deposits 45 million years ago, this far South. What we're looking at is their inability, both in the cross biological terms and the cultural terms to penetrate so far South of the equator. That was another very interesting thing about this site. Assuming now that I'm correct, that the people in the very broad sense, medics weren't representative. You look these animals here and there's another one down here. I think it's sort of like a mongoose was a kind of ancestral mongoose. I showed you bears before I showed you same a few cats and hyenas. It's a very exciting thing that at the site, there's a third high proportion of the bones which are carnival bones. In fact far more than you would ever find. If you were just to suppose you were to go to a modern African environment today you start killing animals around it. You wouldn't get anywhere near as many carnivores as you get out of this site. Carnivores are very much over-represented, not just in terms of numbers of individual carnivores but in terms of the different numbers of different kinds of carnivores, lots of different cats. For example let's take the hyenas. There's no modern African environment today where you can find two kinds of hyenas together. In this part of the world, you'll have the spotted hyena and the brown hyenas. Same thing in East Africa you have a little bit further North and you get the spotted hyena and the stripe hyena but you never find more than two together in any given environment. Here we have at least five, different kinds of findings. In terms of cats, there are five or six different kinds of cats, reasonably good size cat. The very diverse form of carnivores. That's a very interesting thing, because as I say it's very different from the modern situation in any part of Africa. What strikes me when I think is involved here, I think we're looking at what an African looked like before people appeared on the scene, because what are people in essence, people are all that were classified in another there's all a logical order that the carnivores, we live a very similar web life, in lots of respects and in particular were mediums. When people entered the meeting niche in a big way that people became mediators in an important fashion, somebody had to lose and it was carnivores. I say, in this area, I think that in this 45 million year, time period there were no people present and that's what it counts for in a sense for the great diversity of conflict or putting it perhaps more precisely when you move upwards in time, to perhaps just demeanor two million years ago in this area, the diversity of carnivores is about the same as it is today. We know that there were people present, somewhere between I mean a million years ago let's say five million years ago people appeared in the area and after their appearance the carnivores suffer because people we're very successful with meeting and somebody will just say had the energy that went into people, went out as carnivores. At least I think that must be part of the reason for the decline in carnivores after 45 years ago. It might be possible in East Africa to do something with this in a harder fashion in East Africa they have a continuous sequence of fossil defers deposits providing carnivore and other bones, beginning at least five million years ago. Continuing on upwards, well virtually to the present. unfortunately the cons of samples that they have in most places of animal bones don't allow you to make good count. You never know whether you're dealing with the presence or absence sort of situation because of small sample size or because of collecting bias, they don't necessarily collect everything in the same way that we do it this side. Partly that's a logistical problem, they can't necessarily pick up everything and take it home. They can only collect certain sorts of things, in terms of the available transport back to Nairobi or whatever. Probably it's a matter of research problems, not necessarily asking that question. Can I have next slide now please? I tried to stick in a bunch of maps here because I know there's one problem that I would have faced several years ago before I went to Southern Africa, was the geography. Now the site we were just looking at for the reconstructions really none of that back is right here. Here's Cape town down here, Cape town is about 34 degrees South along must be at about 33. I would guess right about in here. The Australopithecine sites the sites in South Africa. Well, the site is not here but it would be right about here. There are three very important sites located here in new Johannesburg called and . And another one, about 150 miles North of Johannesburg called . You'll see it up there. They say the human remains, remains in these sites all day between about one and three million year ago. I think I can say that with some security, in fact am prepared to say, some of them are closer to three million years and some are closer to one. Well, not all my colleagues would think you could be so precise but I believe it's possible now. Anyway, one of the authentic problem with this sites I think some of you who've studied this will be aware of this problem, is that the sites themselves were at the time the bones got their deep, underground cataracts. They weren't caged so you see them referred to as the Australopithecine caves of Southern Africa. Well, they weren't caves and the kind of sense that we often think of Cave, you couldn't walk into the horizontal. There were long shafts leading down to deep underground caverns. There's a problem with trying to understand how the bones got into those caverns. They obviously fell in, and they were washed in. They weren't carried there by any terrestrial vertebrate. They weren't carried thereby certainly by people. They weren't carried there by any other kinds of carnival but then how did they get there? Well, something accumulated them around the mouth, of the shaft leading down to the ground. There's been an argument going on for many years about whether it's the accumulator was with the who were of course representative on the bones themselves, or another large meeting animal. That's the next thing I'd like to talk about. Okay. Here you're looking at the countryside as it stands today, you're standing at one of these sites, the site of Stair Fontane which is probably closer to 3 million years. Looking toward another one over there at the site of prompt which is probably, you can't actually see the site and you'll see why in a moment you're just looking at the area piece of rock let's say in which the site is located. That site is probably closer to one . One of the things about these sites today is that there's been an enormous amount of erosion in the area. You have these deep underground caverns that performing one to three million years ago with all these bones in them. At that time they say they were very much underground. The shafts that led down to the may have been as much as 100 feet long but then there's been a in the meanwhile the shafts were completely gone in the filling and dirt, whatever the field the underground cavities are now exposed to the surface because the overlying hillside has been eroded away. That's what you find. There's pockets of bone, which are filling ancient caves and you don't actually see the case at all anymore. Well, the countryside, as you can see today is rather open. Actually the vegetation is obviously been affected by long human occupation, particularly in recent times a lot of agriculture but there never been a whole lot of trees in fact, the trees that you're looking at here are all probably European trees recently planted. That's an important point I was saying, well this is also an important point, incidentally, that's true. Many of you know this already and identifying the as human beings, in some broad sense. A rain garden first discovered these things in the mid 1920s, pointed out that if you had something that looks sort of human living in an area like this, it must've been he couldn't have been living in trees. Therefore it must have would more likely to be related to people in substance than to the apes. Although just the skull, if he discovered first there was some argument about whether it was a person, people in the broad sense, Renee. He was using ecological data, environmental data and suggested that in this kind of, in this part of the world, you'd be very likely to have these because there was no evidence that there were ever any kind of forest. He used that as an argument that the skull which some people thought was was more likely to be a person who I don't want to get into that many sick. Have next slide here please. You're looking into the site of Swart Crohn's and it looks like a cave now because the archeologists and others Meredith emptied it out in a sense but it didn't look like it. This is a time discovery, where the people was standing was just full of dirt and bone, all glued together. It's hard kind of abrupt much of which was removed, these sites incidentally likely the long of my backside that I showed you a little while ago. The four to five million year old site were discovered through commercial activity in the deposit to fill the cave. In addition to the bones and so forth, there were vans of pure white line, called Travertine which again you can use for fertilizer, you can use for toothpaste and any number of other things. This was mine commercial and it's in that process that the sites were discovered only later did archeologist and go in there and began working these things in some kind of scientific fashion. Here you're looking at an excursion of the South African fraternity association to the side of in 1973. Next slide please. One of the problems with these sites is that the bones are all sort of glued together in a kind of dirty matrix. This is a machine for getting bones F you put a bit of the block. You put a bit of the rock because it has bones in it between these two kilobits and then you screw them together and they crack it. Hopefully they crack around the bones rather than through but it doesn't always work that way. Now, I mentioned before that one of the problems that plagued the anthropology, the anthropology have been intrigued by for many years is how do the bones get into these sites? Well, Raymond name, I mentioned a moment ago and it was responsible for the discovery of was maintained for many years, that it was the brought the bones back to the sites and it came . Presumably now, if he were talking about this he would say around the miles of these shafts and then some of the bones funnel down into the underground characters. Other people, I suppose right now very much in this camp have suggested that were not bringing both back themselves. We're getting the many bones and the bones of other animals were being brought back by the car particularly leopards and hyenas. Now, the leopard thing is a very interesting possibility. The person who suggested this most strongly has been at the Triathlon Museum Victoria. You remember a moment ago, I was talking about trees. They very rarely . It's a grassy sort of plane where you find trees, however at least in natural circumstances as opposed to trees that have been recently planted and irrigated by modern people, where you find trees in natural situations here. Is generally the model is if one of these underground cameras, the trees send their roots down again to grab a and there can be water below. There's also some amount of shelter provided in situations like this. Moisture and shelter being to correct for getting that situation. Now, the modern Leopard, this in many parts of Africa has a problem after it's made a kill leopard have a problem with keeping their kills from other carnivores, particularly from hyenas which will model leopard in chase it off it's killer alliances and the same thing. The Leopards response to that problem is often pick an animal, quite a large one. You can think that weigh nearly as much or sometimes as much as leopards. They will drive them long distances, 100s of yards sometimes more than a mile. Then up into a tree, where they're relatively safe certainly from hyenas and most of the time from lions then they eat the animal. They eat they're killed in the tree and the bones fall out. If there were in fact, the trees were largely limited to the miles of these underground shafts. Then of course, that would be a good source for the bones with in these underground shafts and is argued very cogently that for storefronts and stair fountain to these Australia and size that's the source of the bones. He actually has, I'm sorry. I forgot to bring a slide of it because I have. They actually has a piece of Australopithecines called skull with two depressions in it that are exactly the same breath of park as the canines, the IP of 11, 11 he lived there at the time. It was very similar to that is one to three million years ago. It was very similar for leopard, including the bed. I think his case is a very good one. Now, there's another site that I had on the map a moment ago. It's about 150 miles North of the site he's been talking about the site of Michael Clan Scott, who still maintains that the bones in fact were brought to all the sites but Australopithecine he was particularly interested in this side of . He had an assistant who did a study of the animals from the site of . incidentally interesting work named was a famous African chief in this area. Cut GAT in Afrikaans led his people into this cave or into a cave, actually not the one that the Australopithecine books were found but one nearby. Fight against the Afrikaners board for many years ago. They needed people died so the area known as Anyway one of his assistants studied the animal bones from the . Can slide this. Here's the microphone Valley. Very near with the site. If you see all this wider stuff that's online because the site other sites that we've been talking about were all discovered in the process of commercial limelight. Anyway, in the study of this the animal goes from the site. His assistant discovered that the animals were represented by all their body parts, but in very strange proportions. For example, the lower arm bone, we know technically as the as the distal humerus, the bone that makes up the upper part of the elbow lower arm was very common for the antelopes. It was antelopes that they looked at and most detail antelopes are the most common animals and all African sites. This bone is very common, the upper arm bone and the other upper half I could say at the arm, the proxy humorous was very uncommon for the antelopes. There were a lot of other discrepancies like the wrist bones were practically absent wrist and ankle bones were practically absent. The other hand to the far end of the shinbone it was very calm and there were all these strange discrepancy. Some bones were much better represented than you would have expected. Other ones were much more poorly represented in a thought this was evidence. If you put the Autroliapithecine were selecting some bones for tools and neglecting others that weren't useful as tools. Also, there were fractures. Can I have the next slide please? Here's some of the bones from . Here's a bit of broken and there's another bit of broken bone stepped into the hollow inside of the first bit. The fractures, the way in which they're broken thought that those kinds of breaks could only occur, If people were involved. You can take carnivores could do that plus the strange just a position two bones stuck into one another. There were also some bones and you're looking at others here. This is a complete photo of a horse where we agree I should say a toe, all three failings all three toolbox in order. Somehow thought that must be the kind of thing people would do. He thought that carnivores would have torn all the bones apart. They would never allow bones that were next to each other to stay together. Finding them together like this must mean that the flesh was still on. When they were introduced to the site didn't think carnivores allow that they would have torn them in bits. There were other things that thought were important in indicating that these bones have been brought here by people rather than by carnivores that there were some baboons skulls from this side and from others. Even some of the many skulls which has strange depressions. Like they've been hit over the head with a club or something like this thought that's what was involved that the Australopithecines were beating on each other and on baboons. All this evidence taken together, they strange proportion to the body parts. The nature of the breaks of the bones bones jammed into bones. bones that were still in anatomical order as they are here. The bash baboon and was convinced that this was evidence of human accumulation to the bone. More than that he said, no accumulate bones. He had assistance who run out and try to see whether in fact leopards and hyenas brought bones to one place and they'd never seen this. So that was again, evidence of this must be human. Have the next slide please. Now my own research has been involved to some extent in trying to resolve this problem because I've never found a convincing and a lot of other people have it either that those bones or the other sides that other site of Africa were in fact brought there by people in no stone tools. For example, at not a single stone tool. The other site, has no tools with the Austrolipithecine or where there are stone tools, they very late in the sequence after the Australopithecines were already accompanied by later kinds of people and where it might be that the later kinds of people make the stone tool. Now we're looking at here, the niche in rock near Cape Town into this area in shadow is a kind of cutting into rock near Cape Town. The rock here, it's not very old. It's nowhere near as old . Nor the infilling is we're only talking about a scientist perhaps 40 or 50 or 60,000 years old. I have next slide, please. I hope here you are inside that niche. This nice kind of bedding here that's dune rock that's in fact, a classified dunes Then you see this strange sort of thing here, that's a that was cut into this dune, perhaps 40 or 50 or 60,000 years ago. In that gully there are lots of bones. Almost all of these points here are bones. next slide. Here you have a close enough. These things are all bones all those white spots are bones. Now this is a site is known as by his state hated the name because the name can be very confusing in this Names. it's worth it near Cape town as opposed to which is an Austrolipithecine site near your Johannesburg. This is not an Australopithecine site, the site score but it's much later. It's very interesting because there are no stone tools here, besides somewhere i can't be precise on the age. We know it's more than 40,000 years old because we can date it with radiocarbon. It's older than 40,000. It's somewhere between 40 and a hundred thousand. Probably I would guess 50 to 60, something like that. Anyway, there are no stone tools here and yet in this time range in Africa certainly in this immediate area. People were making stone tools by the tens of thousands of sites where they were accumulating bones. So it doesn't look like this is a human cell. What's more, these deposits in addition to these bones, there are fossil dome. What we call of hyenas. Almost certainly this is a hyena accumulation. I would bet almost anything. Additionally, it's now known that in fact hyenas do accumulate bones in their lives. This has now been observed assistants didn't observe it' People have observed both the Brown hyena and the spot I've been seeing to do this. Well. When I saw the site, it occurred to me, that you could perhaps dig out a lot of these bones. You can analyze them in detail and see how they compare to the . Can i have the next slide please. Here you're looking at Swart clip here, and my coupons got there. These are the frequencies by which different bones are representative antelopes. So there are 178 antelopes represented by the lower job and Michael pond's caught and 105 represented it's warfare but it's not the absolute frequencies. The absolute numbers that I'm interested in what I'm interested in is the different the relative frequencies of the different bones. So you've got the most common one at the top and the least common one at the bottom the most common bone that's where it clip is the mandible. The least common is the rips and roughly the same picture and not the pond's. Sure there's some differences. The differences in fact, I think I could explain very easily. The differences are partly due to different ways of counting. What I would love to do would be able to go back and recount the microphone kept both. Maybe someday I'll be able to do that. And there's now a much bigger sample them available yet. They're counting next were different than mine and it wasn't possible to make them exact make the numbers exact. Additionally, the animals that the actual antelopes that our representative plants get are not quite the same as the ones that are represented. It's worth it the sites are perhaps to me and years apart in age among other things. But maybe the differences that would almost certainly have existed between the size the pattern of body part representation the most frequent from the most frequent to the least frequent body part is represented on a graph like this is one is remarkably similar. Similar enough, for certainly we know all sorts of evidence that you do get these kinds of discrepancies that you can have only two animals represented by ribs and 105 represent by lower jaws. And it doesn't have to mean human activity. This side proves that. And there's other evidence for that as well. And I would say, wow, this kind of resemblance between the body parts at and those that the skeleton the different skeletal elements behavior for the seeds from any of these sites. I mentioned the stone to a problem a moment ago and two of the sites stair containing knock upon Scott the two which you press provided most of the 15 fossils in the deposits that contain Australopithecines. There are no stone tools at all at one site where there are stone tools with Australopithecines the sward crime site the same deposits also contain remains of a more advanced kind of human being belonging to the genus homo. And it's probably true that this homo made the stone tools. I would say almost certainly. So we not only don't have any reason to suppose that the astrophysicists brought the bones to these sites but there's no evidence that they were doing anything around them. They probably would just the victims of some other carnival. Now we move upwards in time. Somewhere probably between a million and a half and a million years ago one of the kinds of Australopithecines and I believe there were two this is a matter of ongoing debate but I think there were at least two different kinds clearly three different kinds I think represented the new South African sides. And one of those evolved into something more advanced, more advanced belonging to the genus homo, which we belong to as well. And more particularly probably to the species erectus, Homo erectus like peaking then the job that's when the archeological record it's with the appearance of the genus Homo in Southern Africa perhaps as much as a million and a half years ago, that's when the archeological record has reflected the stone tools in particular becomes fairly rich. And we find lots and lots of stone tools in sites that are younger than a million and a half years old. And I'm gonna show you one of these sites now, what I think is a very exciting site probably this one is not as old as the million and a half. I would guess the things here are probably in the vicinity of five and 500,000 to a million years old. You can see the sea out there. We're now, again, not very far from the site not very far from Cape town only about 80 miles North of Cape town. The site is this patch of sand here. We're going to go down into it in a minute. This is obviously taken from the air. The site is known as Elandsfontein. It's famous in lots of ways. Sometimes it's known as Saldanha because nearby is a is a town called Saldanha. And there's a skull from the Elandsfontein site which is known as the Saldanha skull. It tells us in the most direct way possible what the kinds of people who lived in this area, perhaps a half a million or more years ago look like. And they look like Homo erectus. At least that's my opinion. I became man, a job with me. I'm more interested of course in what they were doing than what they looked like. And next slide . Here you are on the ground approaching the site. Remember that the area you could see in the last slide that the area around the sand patch is very heavily vegetated. Here you see the vegetation but then there off in the distance, you see something that looks like a little bit of the Sahara with these dunes arising up like this. Nobody knows how this little patch of sand, began to form when the wind erosion that gave rise to it began probably about only about 20 to 25 years ago. And the farmer who lived in the area drove his tractor to this patch of sand one day it's about two miles long by one mile wide. And suddenly you saw them in the areas between the dunes what we call bagels between the huge dunes. There were fast quantities of fossils. He called this to the attention of professor Ronald Singer who was at that time at the Cape town. He's now in every department of Chicago and professor Singer came out here with students from the university of Cape that wasn't very far. And they collected vast point of the in the very second year of their work here was a human skull of the kind that I think belong. To people like . Also well-known in East Africa or reasonably well-known and in North Africa. Okay. Can I have next slides? Here you're inside the dune patch, sorry, let's not get dirty. You see here the fast dunes rising on it. And he saw all sides. And then there's patch in between the dunes. It's a kind of hard surface. The wind can't get down below it. And there are many of these spots that you're seeing here are bones. And in addition to bones of animals and occasionally humans there are vast quantities of stone tools here particularly the things that are called actually in . And there's no question, but most of the bones at this site unlike the Australopithecines science, most of the books of decider are related to the activity people were killing animals. You're probably around waterfall in large point Next slide please. You're gonna see one of the animals that killed. Next slide. Thank you. What you're looking at here is the skull of an extinct Buffalo. These are the horns. Here's one here going across the forehead going out like that. And the skull here just lying in the sand other bits of bone lying around it. I couldn't find when I looked at this at home I couldn't find a stone tool in that picture but there was one at one point. The distance from here to here from one and the one horn from the next is 14 feet. So that had quite a horn span. The animal weighed about as an adult probably weighed about 4,000 pounds or two times. Pretty good sized Buffalo. It's a very common animal at this site. Very often there were stone tools scattered around in the body parts, the various parts of the skeleton and our a way that suggests butchering. And there are a lot of bones which had marks from stone tools on it. And there's no question in my mind by this time people were actively bones here, very definitely, really keen activity. I might point out something else here too. This side as I say is perhaps a half a million, perhaps a little more years old. The number of different kinds of carnivores at this site is exactly the same as the number that existed in the area historically. In other words, by this time, by half a million years ago people were very much in the meet-eating business and at least following up on ideas that I mentioned earlier and the number of carnivores has been reduced to about the point where it was historically the number of prey animals was also about the same as modern nine situation, right? We have other sites like this in Southern Africa. This was perhaps the most spectacular one. Now they seem to arrange these things with hand-axes with animal bones between about let's say 200,000 years ago and a million and a half years ago with this one right in the middle of that. Well, I would like to say that we have a lot more information about them than we do. We don't, for example, know whether in Southern Africa whether these people built structures in any of these sites there's some evidence for this in East Africa. But I think been 10 years, probably they did. They probably built shelters with some story. The chances of finding these things in the archeological record are pretty, pretty slim I'm afraid. They wouldn't be all that substantial. They wouldn't have much archeological visibility. They lived in caves. Presumably the cave provided them a shelter as well. And many of the sites picked in the cave. They went back time after time, after time. And they built up . There's another site in your Cape town with several meters perhaps as much as seven or eight feet of deposit for seven or eight feet minimum. And the opening on the exposed profile. If you could go down further, I suspect would be something like 15 to 20 with just coming out of the deposit. And that must indicate a fairly long period of occupation perhaps tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years in the case of the cave It's easy enough to understand why they came back time after time because the cave provided shelter at a site like this they probably continue to come back because there was that the animals coming here to drink and they were killing the animals. And other sites it's not so clear. We sometimes find sites. They have these in East Africa where well where the handbags is formed, literal carpets. You can't walk without stepping on hand. So what brought people back to the site? So often that they left his behind by the tens of thousands. It isn't always clear. I don't have any good answers. Next slide please. Now I get another map. We were looking here. This is the site we just looked at. Here's what it contain. Here's the Thomas Saldanha right there, not very far away which is why I decided he likes take sometimes known as Saldanha. I'd like to call your attention to a couple other vocations. While I have this map on here. One is the site of river mouth right here which I'm going to be talking about. That's about 400 miles East of Cape town. Here's Cape town right here. Another is Nelson Bay Cain right here the microphone is there. And then the sign of Dina Fountain. Fountain is just an Afrikaans word for spring or fountain. Elan Fountain means Elan Spring Dina Fountain means Dune Spring. Another dune site I'm going to talk about Dina Fountain for a couple minutes. Next slide. Moving ahead in time this is the city of Cape town. You're looking over downtown Cape town here. You see these dunes across the Bay. I hope you can. I realize this slide is not as good as it could be. See these dunes over here on the Atlantic ocean side of Cape town. I was doing some work living in Cape town. Mainly working in the museum in downtown Cape town South Africa museum Cape town is a modern city of a million or so people looked like an American city actually more than like a European one. You can see the skyscrapers in the background and our weekends for relaxation. When we get into the land Rover and drive out to that area of dunes. It was known that there were bones lying in the sand. They're very much like the even something between the dunes. We hope that if we went out there often enough and then one day we strike it lucky and we'd actually find the bones. In a situation where we could excavate them, not just lying on the surface, but still sealed in by dirt by by sand. And that hope was relaxed. Rather remarkable thing. Incredible piece of luck. Next slide, please. Here we are now over in that patch of sand only about 30 miles North of Cape town and the other side of the Bay. See the white cover sand that you were looking at before. They're building a new nuclear power plant at this place. We spend a billion dollars and in the process or in preparation, they put in several bulldoze of trenches to get an idea of what the underlying deposit was locked before they put it in. The reactor seemed like a wise idea. Walking into one of these bulldoze trenches one day I saw a line of stones and bone sticking out of the wall. We dug into this and found that these things were definitely in place. This is a later excavation designed to learn something more about the site. Can I have next slide, please? Here you see some bones in place at the site. There's a lower jaw, actually both halves of the lower jaw of a large Buffalo. This was one of its vertebrae in between. Another part of the jaw actually, of one of these jaws that's been moved as much as a meter away perhaps, roughly three or four feet away. Another bit of bone there that's a piece of pelvis of an animal. This is actually the best five to show people who have had some experience with archeological excavations may wonder what I was doing with a crowbar. Anyway, it's not as neat as I might like but it was a very exciting sort of thing. We were actually able to excavate, bones our date back probably about 3000 years. There were stolen tools and unfortunately not clearly exposed in this picture. There is one down there, but it's hard to see in the slide. So scattered in and amongst these bones. And again this is a one of these sites where people were predominantly killing animals. Would you come down and drink near water. It's a little bit more recent than the last time we looked at. By this time they'd stopped making I'd say 200,000 years ago, they weren't making handouts. This seems to be true all over Africa so far as we can establish. Have next slide please. Now, in terms of trying to get an idea of change through time in the way in which human beings have dealt with that was in Southern Africa it's really the last 125 to 130,000 years that we know best. We have a very substantial record and that's because we have a lot of very nice case sites that dates from his time there but where we have long sequences of deposit that in some cases span nearly the entire 135, 130 125,000 years. This is one such sequences are one place that has a sequence like that. This is the area classy site complex that I pointed out on the map about 400 miles East of Cape town, lots of caves. This is called one. The one I'm sitting on top of is called too. He's a fantastic sites. They look little bit almost battalion. I haven't been in the excavation. The excavation has done by Professor Singer in Chicago with John from Britain. What i might not contribution to this project was studying the animals. Now the food debris are very interesting, this is the oldest evidence at this site in anywhere in the world for use of seafoods. Now that makes it sound strange but we have other sites older sites that were located either near on your seat coast or on a Lake shore sites that are older than this site, older than 130,000 years. In all of those sites, the most evidence we have we'll use the seafoods maybe an occasional shell or occasional bird bone, seabird bone, like a golf bone or a fish bone. Nothing that indicates systematic exploitation of sea resources, Marine resources. At this site with data about 130,000 years, they're indirect age but I think they're solid. I could perhaps later on explain how we got them. At this site people were accumulating large numbers of shelves. They were actually building up millions of shells. They were killing large numbers of seals and large numbers of penguins but when they were at the sites, they were utilizing the resources of the sea nearby. The coast is practically where I'm standing in relation to the slot. Very, involved. Now there's some other interesting things about this however, we have it's the 130,000 years. The record is in fact fairly continuous from about 130,000 to about 50. Then it sort of drops off next pick it up at other sites at sites that are in the same kind of geographic situation but much much younger within say the last 10 to 12,000 years. We didn't know if we have lots. There's an interesting contrast between the way in which people in the last 10 to 12,000 years use the same resources and the way these people did say 130 to 50,000 years ago. I mentioned that these people 130 50,000 years ago were bringing back shells. They were catching seals, they were catching pregnant but there's some things missing there, no fish. And there were no bones to fine birds and fine birds, seabirds, , cormorants, albatrosses. things like this are very common on the coast today. Additionally, these bones of flying birds and a Fisher, very common sites they're saying in the last 10 or 12,000 years, this suggests to me that people living here 130,000 years ago or so we're sure explaining resources but not anywhere near, as effectively as people who lived in the area much more recently. Now we have a problem we'd like to know, of course when did active fishing and falling. If I can use that word going after when did this come about? Well, it's a very difficult thing to establish because I'm sure that those of you who are familiar with the last 230,000 years of fanatic history, know that much of that period of time. Beginning perhaps 65 or 70,000 years ago and running to 10,000 years ago was a period of enormous increase in the ice sheets in the Northern hemisphere, great place. Most of the candidate covered sometimes it for two or three miles. Take that water came out of the sea and sea level fell. If you went to this site. If you could have been there 50,000 years ago, the coast would have been 30 or 40 miles away. Of course in deposits that think between let's say 40, 50,000 years ago, and 10,000 years ago there's no trace whatsoever of the sea being nearby 'cause it wasn't people couldn't bring back Marine resources when they could have but it's unlikely that in their daily rounds they would travel 30 miles to the sea and bring back seals or paintings or fish or anything. So it's very difficult. We cannot establish when active fishing in fallon came about in this area simply because the relevant sites are probably underwater. They're out there on the continental shelf. We're submerged, when the sea level rose again. Beginning to say 10 or 12 or 14,000 years ago when the glaciers began to melt. All we know is right now in sometime between let's say 60,000 or 70,000 years ago and 10 or 12,000 years ago there was a major cultural change, a major advance in the ability of people to deal with Marine resources. They began fishing in fallon. We found interestingly enough, in much more recent sites. The last 10 to 12,000 years let's sea level was back and between it was there were two periods we're talking about here. What sea level will tie one between about 130,000, 70,000. That's known as the last year glacier. Then the last 10 or 12,000 we call it the precedent These are the two periods of high sea level. In the precedent of glacier and deposits that date from the last 10 or 12,000 years, we actually have the artifacts that were used for catching fish birds. We have double pointed toothpick like things which were tied to the end of the string. We have ethnographic evidence for this. Then you could either you put a bit of bait on it either a bugger or a fish with swallowing . There's no artifacts like that in the over deposits. In the under deposits the ones that are 10 to 12,000 years, we have to either wide bits of i sort of grew around them, which were used either do lions or Nets again to catch fish. We don't have such things in deposits of 130 to 70,000 years ago. So the technology to do efficiently following the very clear in the last 10 to 12,000, it wasn't present 130,000 years ago. Now, some other things that are very interesting about the animal remains from these sites this sites and later sites contrast in particular. When we look at the terrestrial animals, the land living animals that came out of this site positive river mouth. The most common animal is the and the least common animals are pigs. African wild pig for the Bush, Bush pig, and the warthog. Now it's a very strange thing because there is no environment in Africa today, much less the one that is starkly here. Where even they're very common and wild pigs African wild pigs are very uncommon. So this is the spot because they tell me very strange here. Of course you can also look at the animal remains that come out of much later sites. Ones that are sitting younger than 40,000 years. Insights of a young 40,000 years in the same area, same geographic setting, very uncommon pigs are very calm much more like you'd expect it to be, in terms of what was actually running around in the environment, animals on the boat. You would expect no pigs. What's going on between before 40,000 years and decide like this. Why is there so much in Sophia pigs? Well, there are a lot of people would disagree with my thinking on this but if you know anything about African large animals, if you were on going out to hunt yourself. You were arranging the animals on some kind of continuum, from the most ferocious, when attack to the least ferocious. The most ferocious would probably be the pigs among the more common prey. The least ferocious would be , in terms of their response to the Hunter. What I think is involved that people living before 40,000 years ago, certainly before 50 or 60 and back 30,000 perhaps beyond that. We're not as capable hunters as people living this side of 40,000. Therefore they were not able to deal with the most dangerous praying environment. Now what could have happened 40,000 years ago, they could have made the change. 40,000 years it's a very important date, 40, or maybe as much as 50. It's hard to be precise sometime. We're right at the edge of the limit of the radiocarbon techniques. So we have a difficult time coming with precise dates` but 40 to 50,000 years ago something very important happened to Syria. We get this change in the animals and the kinds of animals that we're dealing with. Also, we get a change in the cultural materials. It's a 40 or maybe 50,000 years. We get the first art objects appearing in science. We get the first really nice looking bone tools obviously very significant cultural change. I think that with this cultural change, we're probably going to find out that we also get the first modern people. Unfortunately, the actual human fossil record is very poor in the last 10 or 30,000 years. We know that by these 10 to 12,000 years ago we're dealing with modern people. There's no question about that. Beyond 12,000 years, it's a blank. We have the stone tools. We have animal bolts but don't have any really good in the fossils but I would bet anything because the situation the picture is very similar to Europe that roughly 40,000 years ago. Modern people will come into this area with a very different culture. They began doing things in modern ways like catching fish, catching flying birds. Additionally, these modern people probably had weapons perhaps bows, arrows and so forth. Projectiles that made it possible for them not to have to get very close to dangerous animals. Maybe they pitch who knows, they were able to do things hunting in a way that allowed them to deal with the most dangerous animals in the environment. Things that with animals that the people were perceived of beyond 40,000 years ago, couldn't deal with effectively. That's just a kind of hypothesis which I'd love to be able to prove someday. Maybe when we get the more sites we get some decent human remains. We'll be able to say more about that. Can I get next slide please. Now we get a lot of animals bones out of this sites I've already referred to them. Just a couple of quick points here because I have a tendency to talk too long. I think I could probably cloud your mind without any problem. If I can point to what this says up here. Small bottle, small medium bottles, large medium bottles, large bottles, very large bottles. Obviously there's an increase in size moving in that direction, the animals are getting larger. These diagrams are very similar to the diagrams that I showed you before. Different kinds of body parts and the number of animals represented by the different body parts. 54 small bobbits, bobbits are the general term for antelopes, buffaloes and things like that. Small ones are things that would only maybe stand 12 to 20 inches off the table. Small medium ones or ones that might stand as much as three feet. So forth up to large ones. The very large ones are the giant Buffalo that you saw skull up before. We've probably, it was well over seven feet four close to seven feet at the shoulder of . So they provided that way. The purpose of this slide is simply to show you that the different kinds of body parts as among these different size antelopes are represented very differently. You don't get the same pattern of representation. Now, if I take more time the explanation for this. I have to get into it more detailed to make it convincing. The explanation is, that the small animals are getting back to the site's hole. This to mouth site material that is perhaps between 79 and 30,000 years, but it doesn't really matter. It's the same. This kind of thing is the same right through time. The small animals get back to the side hole. People bring back and kill us on antelope stands a foot and a half off the ground. He weighs 25 30 pounds and throw it over the shoulder and take it home and eat there. What happens to the act to the bones of the animal? The reason some are more common than others is because in the process of butchering and eating some bones are destroyed others are preserved. The larger animals on the other hand are being butchered where they're killed. We saw the Dina Fountain site, a moment ago which is a place where buffalo were killed. Certain body parts were taken away perhaps to the site like this, perhaps to a cave site. For the home base sound like this. You get a very much different representation for that reason. In fact, if you look at this list of detail, you'd find that with these animals, the large so-called bobbits went to the ordinary buffalo in . The very large to the giant buffalo that the only body parts which are very common representative are head bones, foot bones and almost everything else is very poorly represented. That's because those are the bones for one reason or another that people chose to bring back to sites most often got. Can I have next slide please. Here I'm trying to make this point about the difference between a site where the animals are killed and a site where people were living bringing back the bones of animals they killed. Here's the classy site that we were just talking about a few moments ago. 130,000, 120 or to 70,000 years ago, roughly in terms of the bones around here, dates don't matter very much. These are in fact, a bunch of American Indian sites. All the other sites represented here. The bars, again are the numbers represent the numbers of bones by which animals of comparable size are represented the sites of bison. The bison is about the same size as the buffalo and the represented up there. The American Indian sites are of two kinds. Here's one, that's a kill site where bison were killed. It's called the site. Let's see , isn't it? And then a series of other sites which are mainly in the Dakotas by society. Here's in South Africa. Now there are a lot of differences between the patterns and there are obvious differences but there's one very strong similarity. At the site at all the sites but the site and these other sites are like . That there are places where people live rather than were where animals were killed. The extent of discrepancy the extent of difference between the least common bone and the most common bone is very . You have a lot of bones that are very well-represented and a lot of bones that are very poorly represented. Lots of long bars and lots of short ones. That's generally true of a site, where people were living. The reason for that is because at a site when they were living, they weren't bringing back all body parts, they're only bringing back some bones. The ones that they wanted for one purpose, no most bones are being left at the place where the animals killed. At kill site on the other hand, the tendency is for all the bars to be much closer to one another in lengh. You don't get such great discrepancy, so many long ones in so many shortcuts. It's a very nice sort of thing that you can use. If you have any kind of question, if you have a pick and your trying to decide whether it was a place where animals were killed or a place where people were living. Sometimes of course they can do the same thing both they can kill animals and they sit down and camp there eat them. Most of the time they make a distinction, in the archeological record. That distinction is fairly clear between the two kinds of sites. Can I have the next slide please. I'm gonna close up but showing you pictures of a site that I excavated in 1970, 1971 the first set of excavated in South Africa which among other things is in a spectacularly beautiful setting. Then we'll tell you a little bit about what I found here. She's located on the Indian Ocean. Most of the sites we've talked about so far closer to the West coast of Africa to the Atlantic coast. This is on the South coast the Indian coast. Indian ocean coast, this is the Peninsula here called the Robert Peninsula. It's about two miles long tipping there and the headland being over here. I explain the cable it was located, unfortunately i couldn't get a good picture of the itself it's right on the other side. Can i have next slide please. Here you're on the other side of that peninsula looking down and it's unbelievable in terms of sheer seating. You're standing at the mouth of the cave that I looking down it was another big cave which you can grab to see there. In fact, this face there's several caves here and they have very nice deposits in. That's fine. Here you're now looking at the cave, it's a long slit like affair. In fact, this distance is only about six feet from here to here. In fact, if you were to take away all of the deposit that's built up in the mouth. The distance from here down to the rock below, is about 60 feet. So a lot of positiveness site, most of it is shell. You can see some of the shelves that we carried out of the cave down here on the slope. Sheldon deposit built it for but people bring back shell fish and they can build up a few several feet of deposit in just a few thousand years. So you can get a very rapid buildup with the deposit can I have next slide please. Oh, these got out of order. Well, let's leave this one for the moment. Let me tell you a couple of interesting things about this site. My other thing so I can make one point with the slide on right away, when you have these periods of great ice sheet growth in the Northern hemisphere and there wasn't very much of ice sheet in the Southern hemisphere. Most of the water that left the ocean went into ice sheets in the Northern hemisphere but you still had this effect in the Southern hemisphere. Of course sea level lowering that was worldwide. You see this dark line here, that's the modern coast up there and behind it the land mass which is spot, You see this dark line here, that's the last glacial coastline. That's the coastline 18,000 years ago when the ice sheets were at their maximum. We know that it's been established by that the metric work they've actually done the underwater mapping topography to show this what's more, they dredged up oyster shells off this coastline. It's a very marked kind of niche in the continental shelf with a cliff source 18,000 years ago. They've drugged up oyster shells in relation to it, Grow very near sea level. These shells dated about 17 or 18,000 years. We know that 17 or 18,000 years ago and other evidence was the time of greatest growth of the glaciers in the Northern hemisphere. Here's the site Nelson vacate here right up the coast today. You saw the coastline, that's 50 miles. Obviously that means a great difference in the life of the people who lived there. What, the glaciers are doing in the Northern hemisphere. Therefore, what the sea levels do. If you look at the deposits in Nelson Bay Cave that are older than 12,000 years. There's no indication whatsoever that people were using sea shells, seals, penguins, fish, or anything. Of course the reason is that the sea was the coast was too far away. By about 12,000 years ago. The glaciers that we got developed significantly it's probably, all roughly in here somewhere. No more than say eight to 10 miles from the cave 12 at most. Then we get the first appearance of shells, fish whatever in the site by six or 7,000 years ago the sea level was about where it is right now. The deposites most of the shells. People were using the site basically as a place to catch neat shellfish. Now that's kind of the side bears on earlier points. The most interesting thing, fine. I think I made it Nelson . It's now been confirmed with a variety of other sites is that there were a series of animals which lived in this part of the world more than 10,000 years ago which did not survive into the present. In fact, not survive younger than 10,000 years. They include a whole variety of weird wonderful things like that giant Buffalo that weigh two times more than twice the living African buffalo. There was a giant animal which was as big as a buffalo. There were a whole series of other animals perhaps as many as seven or eight different kinds of animals that became extended 10,000 years. This kind of thing of course was on in America as well and Europe. In America, it's particularly clear cut. We have a very dramatic wave of extinctions of large animals roughly 10, 12, 14, 1000 years ago. And there's been a controversy in America and United States, as to whether people played a role in this. There are a lot of archeologists who believe that people when they arrived in the United States, 10, 12, 14, 1000 years ago. Their impact disrupting the ecological equilibrium not necessarily killing every animal that they saw but just coming in and becoming a new predator and occupying initially was sort of there for them all the time but had never been occupied before. In doing this they caused the extinction of all these large animals. Then there are a very large number of people who don't think that played much of a role at all. We argued back and forth all the time about why these animals became extinct in the United States. Now, here it seems to me I've got some evidence. This is Africa. Of course sea food that in Africa we've already been talking about it for three million years or more, at least in this part of Africa. Certainly in East Africa for much more than 300 years this part for at least three in Southern Africa. So you can't argue that it's the first appearance of people 10,000 years ago, they didn't do it the extinct. I still think that people played a very important role. Now, I'm closing this let's really make a couple of points here. 10,000 years ago of course was a period of environmental change. I've already mentioned that that was a time when the ice sheets were melting significantly sea level was rising. There were also very important changes in temperature. Precipitation patterns and therefore vegetation. The vegetation and this area . Can I have next slide please. Okay brought a slide all show you. Here's the vegetation of this area of day it's forest. This is taken along the side of the road. It's hard to get a picture in the forest but it's big trees it's like the forest of Northern California. Okay the next slide. You go back beyond 10,000 years ago. That's what it looked like Grassland very clear in terms of the vegetation evidence we have especially in terms of the animals for everything. So at around 12 to 10, 8,000 years ago there was a very substantial amount of environmental change here. Most of the animals that became extinct, in this part of the world 10,000 years or so ago were animals that were basically grassland animals. So of course, with the change from grassland to forest to the modern forest, they would have become less numerous. They had because their living conditions would not have best favorite as fortunate for it. But. We know that the same kind of environmental change from grassland to forest occurred a have 25,000 years ago during the period of time, when we were moving from the glacial before last into the last interglacial. We've had these periods of environmental change in a kind of repetitive fashion occurred in many many times. We have the one that occurred 10,000 years ago. Very much the same kind of thing occurred 20,000 years ago. The same animals that became state 10,000 years ago survive that they survived 125,000 years ago. They got less numerous because the environment 'cause something was not as favorable for them but they continue. Then when the glacial conditions came back roughly 70,000 years ago, they did very well again. So environmental change by itself is not sufficient explanation for their extinction. They could've survived environmental change the same environmental change 125,000 years ago. He couldn't have made them extinct 10,000. What that is the explanation. Well, a few minutes ago i was telling you that there's a very great difference between the way in which people 125 or 130,000 years ago. Exploited animals, their ability to exploit animals and the way in which people did it 10,000 years ago. We know at 10,000 and company modern people who were ancestral to the local bushman hot and from the animal remains left behind the sites. They were much more effective, much more efficient big game hunters, fishers, whatever. Then were the people that are under 30,000 years ago. I think that's the explanation, that 10,000 years ago, we had this environmental change. It reduced the numbers of the animals that became extinct. It restricted their ranges. People in the area just try to carry out a way of life they always have. Tried to hunt big game like they always had, but the big game was now very much . We went to all kinds of things was a hollow shaft. You can see it here, it goes down some depth and they put the shoe drops on top of the person. Probably they weren't slanted at the time they may have fallen into the hole. This bearing was about 8,000 years old, that sort of thing in the last 10 or 12,000 years to very the debt. They probably were doing it for as much as 20 or 30,000 years before that. We don't have all that many sites older than 10 or 12,000 years. Anyway, it's from situations like this of course that we can get a very good idea of what people look. This person look like the moderate people in the area who were called when the Dutch arrived. Can I next slide please. Then finally, I hope you can see somethings here. I could have perhaps picked a better one but I always have a hard time when I'm looking through my slides site. See these figures, these are paintings. This is of course it's something else that people have been doing in Africa for a very long time. Most of the paintings either on a rock face. Most of the paintings that occur on his open rock face. We probably not sure, only a few 1000 years old at most because they're exposed and they wouldn't last this such nice colors. I hope you can see these things, human figures and so forth. A whole crowd of people look like they're fighting up there and some more animal like figures over here. Most of these things I see are probably not 1000 years old. Very recently in Namibia or Southwest Africa. Namibia is the United Nations term. Southwest Africa is what its called. There were some slabs of rock actually found in the ground. We could get an associated date chuckle when they come out about 28,000 years. People painting that for a long time. My own guess is that when the record gets very good, maybe hopefully within my lifetime to make it a long time. We're gonna find out that the painting goes back to roughly 40,000. Then before that they did. Now, one of the reasons I guess that is because we have some reason to suppose that's true in Europe. I think the same thing's going on again. Well, maybe I haven't talked too long. I can answer you some questions. Oh thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- [Raymond] Or maybe some of you have pressing engagements elsewhere. You feel, you need to go please feel free to do so otherwise you have some question .\r\n\r\n- [A man] Yeap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118614#t=0.0,3989.352"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV167944_Ecology_of_Early_Man_in_Southern_Africa_b.mp3"]},"duration":1168.824,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/118/615/small/lecture.png?1624899193","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/118/615/original/AV167944_Ecology_of_Early_Man_in_Southern_Africa_b.mp3?1624899193","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1168.824,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV167944_Ecology_of_Early_Man_in_Southern_Africa_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e In the samples, what do you suppose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=6.028,7.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the reason for that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=7.387,8.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, partly it's a matter of preservation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=8.53,10.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teeth are very dense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=10.02,11.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, I think anybody who's a dug a site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=11.68,14.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where bone preservation is reasonable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=14.91,16.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is used to the idea of finding, in most circumstances,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=16.4,19.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more teeth than anything else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=19.19,21.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's a largely preservational thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=21.37,23.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the reasons, I mean, this business where Dart argued,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=23.04,25.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Raymond Dart argued, that you had these disproportions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=25.82,28.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in body parts, in skeletal elements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=28.49,30.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some skeletal elements, like the end of the arm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=30.04,33.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was much more common than others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=33.9,35.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He didn't realize, he didn't think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=35.24,36.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if he gave it some thought, he would've 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better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=40.5,41.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, once bones are in the ground or even before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=41.42,43.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're subjected to all kinds of destructive pressures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=43.36,45.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An animal or a person will, an animal might chew on them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=45.57,47.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people can do quite a lot of damage with their teeth too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=47.82,49.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this has been observed many times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=49.76,50.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where people might slice in with a stone tool or whatever,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=50.593,53.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that causes destruction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=53.3,55.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Additionally, if they're lying on the ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=55.57,56.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can be leached out by ground acids","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=56.72,60.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or they could be grounded against one another, whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=60.42,62.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some body parts tend to survive better than others,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=62.19,64.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply because they're more durable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=64.58,65.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and teeth are among the most durable of all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=65.92,68.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=68.37,69.625"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You were talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=69.625,72.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pigs and elands at a site, you said that the pigs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=72.427,77.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the least common animal found there and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=77.43,79.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"human beings had something to do with it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=79.86,81.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that there weren't, human beings didn't know how to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=81.72,84.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, capture them and that's how,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=85.505,87.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't understand the correlation there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=87.11,89.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why there wouldn't be, you know (murmurs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=89.39,91.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well it may be that, it's a kind of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=91.72,94.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a flabby idea actually. Maybe that's part of the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=94.9,96.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a lot of people don't like this idea,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=96.823,99.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but basically this is a site,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=99.0,100.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is roughly, there are two sites actually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=100.69,102.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I only mentioned one of them but I have at least two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=102.48,104.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I can show exactly the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=104.0,106.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where, in the period of time, between 130,000,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=106.02,108.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say 70 or 60,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=108.51,110.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the (murmurs) of company sites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=111.45,113.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eland are very, very common and wild pigs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=113.37,116.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are two kinds that could occur,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=116.06,117.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are the Bushpig and the Warthog are very uncommon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=117.63,120.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, when you get into younger sites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=121.75,123.112"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sides that are younger than this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=123.112,124.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly younger than 40,000, it's the reverse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=124.2,127.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pig remains a very common and Eland are very uncommon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=127.15,129.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that, the younger sites are somehow a better reflection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=129.64,132.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what I would expect the environment to be like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=132.5,134.915"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I can't think of a modern African fauna","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=134.915,136.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where Eland are the most common animal by any means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=136.36,139.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eland are never that common.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=139.02,140.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And not that there are--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=141.35,142.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience member coughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=142.233,143.066"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Serengeti, there may be several hundred,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=143.066,144.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps as many as several, there have been estimates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=144.93,147.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of many as 50,000,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=147.31,149.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that doesn't compare to number of Wildebeest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=149.28,150.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over there or the number of Warthogs for that matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=150.69,154.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's not a, I can't think of one African environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=154.32,156.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where even the (murmurs) pigs would be that uncommon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=156.0,159.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's something very strange about the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=159.26,160.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which these people before 60,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=160.99,162.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were hunting the animals that occurred around their sites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=162.93,166.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that what's involved here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=166.343,167.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that they were technologically rather unsophisticated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=167.23,170.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's hard to be more precise, as I say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=170.7,172.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe they, in order to kill the animal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=172.41,173.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had to walk right up to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=173.69,175.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you had to do that, I think you'd be more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=175.007,176.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inclined to deal with less dangerous animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=176.52,178.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there's a problem with it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=179.86,181.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I, which is very interesting contrast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=181.577,183.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=184.59,185.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You know how far back the use of fire goes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=185.44,188.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's hard to say actually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=188.43,189.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In our sites...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=189.63,191.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience member coughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=191.303,192.136"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the oldest well-documented use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=192.136,193.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fire in this part of the world's about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=193.12,194.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"130,000 years that Klasies river mouth site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=194.89,197.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were looking for the Klasies site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=197.55,199.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the deposits, sorry, I could've brought a profile,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=199.19,202.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure you'd agree too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=202.44,203.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You get nice lenses of ash and charcoal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=203.273,206.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which unquestionably represent fossil fireplaces.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=206.27,208.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes they're surrounded by rock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=208.67,210.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those things can be documented back to 130,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=210.2,212.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prior to that time, it becomes a bit of a problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=212.87,215.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a site located very near Makapansgat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=215.02,218.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, in the same valley, called the cave of Haas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=218.17,221.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's an older site than the Klasies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=221.65,222.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No question that people making handouts as much of it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=222.89,224.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for as much as 500,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=224.917,226.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(murmurs) sounds like a place where the--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=226.87,228.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience member coughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=228.65,229.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, with the black stuff turns out to be...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=229.483,231.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(murmurs) and not fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=232.69,235.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that doesn't mean to say that people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=235.44,237.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weren't making fires.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=237.68,238.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no clear evidence for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=238.513,239.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a site near Cape Town, again, a cave site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=239.76,243.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with annexes in it and again much older than the Klasies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=243.3,245.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps as much as 500,000 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=245.667,246.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where, when you look at the deposits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=247.37,249.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't see clear parts, but there's a lot of ash","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=249.2,251.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the deposit none the less.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=251.48,253.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, whether this is a fire in the note","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=253.27,255.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps with stuff all being mixed up or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=255.53,257.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it's the people may have been bringing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=257.5,259.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in vegetable material that kind of accidentally lit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=259.15,261.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, it might be an accidental fire rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=262.73,264.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than a (murmurs) of some sort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=264.42,265.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very difficult thing to sort out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=265.54,266.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clear cut powers though, which were undoubtedly used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=266.76,268.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for cooking, perhaps for heat, only go back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=268.62,270.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 130,000 years in this part of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=270.297,272.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suppose the oldest ones I can think of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=272.69,275.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the overall archeological record would be (murmurs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=275.1,277.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With dates of 500,000 years or more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=279.03,281.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There they had clear cut.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=281.2,282.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, these ashes have learned to charcoal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=282.56,284.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In association with Peking Man and with the data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=284.09,287.264"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least 500,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=287.264,289.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No clear evidence for that kind of antiquity in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=289.77,292.314"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=292.314,293.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e About those reconstructions you showed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=293.147,294.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the beginnings as paintings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=294.81,296.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you made those, how much of that was based","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=296.7,298.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on some solid evidence and how much of it was just guessing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=298.69,303.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=303.07,303.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mostly guessing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=305.26,306.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=306.437,307.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe, what'd you do is, you see in a site like this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=307.72,309.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in addition to having the(murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=309.99,311.981"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm interested in the (murmurs),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=311.981,312.814"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we also have plant fossils.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=312.814,314.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we know something about the plants here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=314.89,316.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have both witnessed an area of the deposit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=316.01,318.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a kind of fossil peak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=318.67,320.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it actually has this wood in it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=320.1,321.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other macro plant remains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=321.6,323.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's also pollen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=323.13,324.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pollen hasn't been studied with as much detail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=324.68,326.899"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it like to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=326.899,327.732"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is a problem because the local plants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=327.732,329.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the pollen, it produces well now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=329.91,331.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you have to know, I mean, obviously,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=331.19,332.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before you can identify fossil pollen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=332.19,333.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to know what the recent pollen looks like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=333.53,335.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, but the plant remains suggest the kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=335.62,338.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of open, grassy plains with trees scattered on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=338.24,342.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the animals seem to conform with that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=342.42,343.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can tell, I mean, these animals are not that old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=343.92,346.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that many of them are extinct,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=346.12,347.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they have close living relatives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=347.53,348.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can tell from their close living relatives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=348.73,350.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what their environmental preferences would have been.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=350.08,352.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think the overall reconstruction is okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=352.18,353.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know the sea was right there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=353.93,355.658"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's about 10 miles away now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=355.658,356.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in addition to those seal bones, seal (murmurs),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=356.51,359.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are also through a few whale bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=359.3,360.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=360.75,361.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what we're dealing with is a river","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=361.583,363.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entering the sea right near the site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=363.92,365.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and along the floodplain of the river,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=365.68,367.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where terrestrial animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=367.86,369.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antelopes, pigs, and things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=369.23,371.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The details of reconstruction are pretty difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=371.26,373.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the, putting your flesh back on the animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=373.62,375.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isn't so easy either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=375.8,376.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=378.18,379.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How reliable do you think (murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=379.03,381.994"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for fossils onto the surface?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=381.994,384.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=384.87,385.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a very good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=385.77,386.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The one site in particular,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=386.69,388.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Elandsfontuin site, from which the Saldanha skull came,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=388.51,391.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's a particularly crucial site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=391.32,393.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for dealing with this problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=393.91,395.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The human skull from the site, which I said, in my opinion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=395.27,397.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looks like Peking Man or Java Man, Homo erectus type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=397.91,400.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of skull, did come off the surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=400.17,402.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so do all the other,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=402.45,403.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first they're all the other fossils we have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=403.44,404.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the fossils as a group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=404.73,407.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared to things that you find at Oldupai Gorge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=407.57,410.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in say bed two, upper bed two, bed three,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=410.02,411.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, mostly upper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=411.92,412.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bed three and bed four aren't very well known at Oldupai,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=412.83,415.445"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're not very fossiliferous, but in upper bed two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=415.445,416.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have some nice sites and the fossils are just like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=416.91,419.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, how old are those fossils at Oldupai Gorge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=419.16,421.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that's very (murmurs) 1,000,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=421.86,425.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, let's say the site's a little bit younger than that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=425.28,427.144"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I mean, I think even though they come off the surface,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=427.144,429.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can tell by the the kinds of animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=429.32,430.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are represented and then you assume","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=430.97,432.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the human skull somehow belongs with those animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=432.41,435.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That the things are quite old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=435.49,436.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're talking about hundreds of thousands of years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=436.76,438.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But whether we're talking about 400,000 or 900,000,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=438.98,443.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know. And I don't know any way to get at that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=443.36,445.711"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a good point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=445.711,446.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=446.83,447.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What size of population for humans do you consider","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=447.663,451.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to take such a drastic change in the animal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=452.91,456.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that's a good point too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=456.75,458.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, some people, when I've suggested this idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=458.01,460.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before, people say, well, you know, we're,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=460.04,461.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even art, let's suppose that you get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=461.95,463.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people showing up in line about back 2,000,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=463.25,466.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and make their first appearance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=466.45,467.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Would they really have been that numerous,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=467.32,468.879"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that important as meat eaters that they would have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=468.879,470.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"caused these other things to become extinct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=470.71,473.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I mean, I can't say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=473.05,474.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wouldn't have been very many.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=474.04,475.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is a more complicated problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=475.62,477.549"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than I presented it, because some of the things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=477.549,478.865"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that became less numerous, I talk about cats,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=478.865,482.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I talk about Hyenas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=482.54,484.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the cats were largely things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=484.302,485.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with long dagger-like canine teeth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=485.31,487.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we called saber tooths","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=487.75,488.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there were some things called false saber tooths as well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=488.96,490.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but all at the same time, dental structure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=490.77,493.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now they're animals, which obviously they're killing--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=493.56,495.909"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience member coughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=495.909,496.742"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"large ungulates, but they're not cracking up the bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=496.742,499.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An animal like that starts to crack down on big bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=499.9,502.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it breaks off its saber teeth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=502.46,504.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that means that they left a lot more for hyenas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=504.13,506.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the living lion or leopard years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=506.19,508.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that all you have to do in order to eliminate some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=508.7,510.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those hyenas, is eliminate the saber tooth cats.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=510.95,512.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bring in modern cats and a lot of them back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=512.76,515.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is nothing like the modern lion or the modern leopard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=515.244,518.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So partly, it would probably happen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=518.55,520.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the carnivores that lived (murmurs) 45,000,000 years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=520.42,523.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the arrival of other kinds of carnivores too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=523.58,526.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which caused some, which were perhaps better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=526.42,529.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at killing the local animals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=529.77,531.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the ones that were already there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=531.55,532.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, once they're present, say the modern lion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=532.96,536.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe shoves out one or two saber tooth cats","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=536.47,538.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then that has an affect on the hyenas as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=538.6,540.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They become less numerous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=540.27,541.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because a lion could eat a lot more of what a hyena can eat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=541.12,543.584"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than could those saber tooth cats.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=543.584,544.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lion means a lot less for hyenas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=544.77,546.251"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than those saber tooth cats and will certainly (murmurs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=546.251,547.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a more complicated problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=547.72,549.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Still, I mean, it strikes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=549.51,551.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't help but feel that humans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=551.12,552.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean surely they must've had an impact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=552.6,554.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they entered this meat eating way of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=554.25,557.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And maybe that's part of it too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=557.01,559.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think what we really need is more information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=559.0,560.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more detailed data, East Africa being the place to get it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=560.75,562.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because one problem we have with this part of the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=562.74,564.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the record isn't this continuous,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=564.64,566.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to skip from site to site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=566.32,567.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we've got long time intervals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=567.67,569.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have this site a long while back four to 5,000,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=569.07,572.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the next thing we have is up 2000 miles away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=572.15,575.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Transvaal, 1,000,000 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=575.27,576.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or 2,000,000 years later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=576.82,578.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In East Africa they've continued the sequences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=578.14,580.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Same place right straight through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=580.14,581.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they collected this stuff, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=581.43,582.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think they'd answer questions like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=582.96,584.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One problem that we've had for a long time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=584.96,587.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of the past, with a lot of people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=587.53,589.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You get these sites in East Africa and Oldopai Gorge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=589.06,591.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You've got site the deadline was like what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=591.52,593.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one 20 million years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=593.04,594.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here are a bunch of animal bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=594.87,596.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and stone tools scattered out there in the excavation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=596.03,598.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here are some bones of the Australopithecine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=598.62,600.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or sometimes the (murmurs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=600.55,602.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who is responsible for the stone tools?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=602.65,604.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who is responsible for the animals?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=604.47,605.644"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience member coughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=605.644,606.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is anybody eating animals?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=606.477,607.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or were these things just sort of--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=607.76,609.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience member coughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=609.367,610.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps brought to the site, well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=610.2,611.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe scavenged or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=611.31,612.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were there active hunting going on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=612.143,613.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To what extent does the association","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=613.71,615.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between stone tools and animal bones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=615.47,616.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mean that people were major meat eaters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=616.81,619.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or really eating meat in a major way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=619.8,621.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or to what extent is this sort of chance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=621.26,622.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a chance occurrence that happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=622.64,623.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like baboons would kill monkeys,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=623.68,625.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a small antelope and eat them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=625.59,626.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If baboons were to concentrate the bone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=626.93,628.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you might get a site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=628.59,629.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe that's all people were doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=629.44,630.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's more or less a random sort of occurrence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=630.45,632.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not really eating in any major way at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=632.5,634.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A little (murmurs) 1800,000 million years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=634.17,636.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I don't think you're ever going to get an answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=636.14,637.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a question like that by looking at a single site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=637.49,639.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You mean you're not going to get somebody laying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=639.7,641.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the ground with a stone tool about to bash an antelope","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=641.66,644.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way to get the answer to a question like that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=644.06,645.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to look at the overall picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=645.62,647.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hopefully, by looking at the frequencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=647.3,649.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of different kinds of animals through time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=649.613,650.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you'll find that at some point, well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=650.63,652.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we know this happened in some general sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=652.52,654.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when people became meat eaters in a major way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=654.35,657.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carnivores, their major competitors must've declined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=657.47,660.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because people were enormously successful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=660.37,661.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It goes on today. And we should be able to pick this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=661.64,663.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in the theological record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=663.95,665.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe I'm being a little overly optimistic (murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=665.29,668.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think it should be there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=668.15,669.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=669.82,671.352"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e When (clearing throat) you say that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=671.352,674.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you and the meat eaters in a major way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=674.007,676.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what percentage of your diet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=676.033,678.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would you say would you say was the (murmurs)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=678.35,679.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, well, gee, I mean, I think about the only way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=679.89,683.185"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can get an answer to that question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=683.185,684.265"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be to look at modern gatherings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=684.265,686.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the same kind of environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=686.04,688.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=688.27,689.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, I tried to do this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=689.153,690.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's enormous variability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=690.45,692.351"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, in the Kalahari, you see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=692.351,693.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the nearest parallels are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=693.44,696.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the sort of central desert of Southern Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=696.23,699.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is not a lot of meat to eat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=699.3,701.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there you might, you have people who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=701.62,703.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"10, 15% of their diet by weight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=703.24,707.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the maximum, in many cases for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=707.32,709.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's a kind of meatless area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=709.23,711.395"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What with hunter-gatherings who lived on the Serengeti.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=711.395,714.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't really have decent observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=714.18,715.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on hunter-gathers in the Serengeti,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=715.5,716.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but by the time (murmurs) in there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=716.61,718.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people who were occupying the Serengeti","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=718.51,719.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were not hunter-gatherers to any great extent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=719.77,721.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were likely (murmurs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=721.31,723.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What would a hunter-gatherer though,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=723.15,724.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exposed to the vast animal concentrated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=724.13,726.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Serengeti or for that matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=726.08,727.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Eastern Cape province of South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=727.36,729.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time historic context, how much would they pay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=729.09,731.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"50%?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=731.0,732.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just don't know. I think it's a hard thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=732.08,734.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the ethnographic parallels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=734.033,735.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the ethnographic hunter-gatherers we have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=735.35,737.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's from them that we would get an idea of this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=737.49,739.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are living in marginal environments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=739.95,741.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they've been pushed by more advanced peoples.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=741.65,743.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not living in the best possible environments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=743.76,745.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for hunter-gatherers, even in this part of Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=745.46,748.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's say 50%, maximum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=748.68,751.006"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=751.006,753.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Just right out of my head.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=753.06,754.794"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=754.794,755.627"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't mean to be facetious, but I'm just trying to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=755.627,758.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wish we had a single example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=758.65,761.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of hunter-gatherers in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=762.318,764.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dealing with the best sort of hunter-gatherer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=764.19,766.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"environment that Africa has to offer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=766.68,768.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like say the Serengeti or someplace where there really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=768.07,770.357"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are a lot of animals on the hook per square mile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=770.357,772.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, places like the Kalahari,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=772.52,774.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, sort of animal here and another one 10 miles away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=774.08,776.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see these pictures on the, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=776.49,777.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these poor people trying to catch it directly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=777.59,779.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they got to look for one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=779.51,780.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a week before they even see one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=780.61,782.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So how can, you know, you can't use them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=782.69,784.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not good ethnographic parallels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=784.38,786.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the archeological record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=786.2,787.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That would be my field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=787.483,788.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore it's very difficult to generalize from them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=788.44,791.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's more because they don't make stone tools,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=791.18,792.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I mean there are all kinds of other problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=792.68,795.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=795.41,796.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't mean to treat your question flippantly at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=796.43,798.514"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=798.514,799.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm just guessing it could be as much as that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=799.55,800.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course we have graphic examples among the peoples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=800.98,803.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the North, where it gets near to a 100%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=803.44,806.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well obviously that's not a good parallel either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=806.38,808.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=809.71,810.825"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you find anything similar to what Dart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=810.825,813.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"describes to be bones jammed one into--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=813.72,816.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, I should have said something about that yeah","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=816.06,819.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=819.01,819.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I left out a couple of important points, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=819.91,821.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bones jammed into bones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=821.82,823.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I've been working in a Maison site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=823.22,825.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that's a site that's probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=825.23,826.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 15,000,000 years old,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=826.73,828.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Southwest African Namibia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=828.4,829.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we got the bones jammed in all kinds of bones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=829.56,831.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=831.45,832.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's no question who the people were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=832.283,833.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The people were 10,000,000 away,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=833.81,835.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just distance but years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=835.05,836.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that kind of thing happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=836.54,837.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's true about (murmurs) logically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=837.6,839.379"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How does it happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=839.379,840.212"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it's just moving into deposit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=840.212,841.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, Dart, I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=841.6,842.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not very many (murmurs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=842.51,844.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He selected those out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=844.49,845.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's like, you know, you can always find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=845.86,848.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any kind of, of natural gravel possibly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=848.56,850.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can always find a few pieces if you look hard enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=850.42,852.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That look like artifacts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=852.53,854.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's the same kind of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=854.26,855.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think he was selecting from a very large sample","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=855.33,857.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and found something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=857.767,858.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And every large (murmurs) sample I've ever looked at,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=858.81,860.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think is natural, has a few things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=860.6,862.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as the batching is concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=862.89,864.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that's not a (murmurs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=864.94,867.014"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's almost certainly all post mortem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=867.014,868.604"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It happens in the ground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=868.604,869.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's crushing (clapping hands) the deposit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=869.437,871.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And (murmurs) fairly conclusive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=871.23,875.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, your batching is quite incredible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=875.07,876.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if Dart was right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=876.38,877.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These people weren't just hitting each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=877.57,878.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the head with clubs and they would stand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=878.91,880.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the one where they just kind of kept keeping","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=880.81,883.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pounding and pounding and pounding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=883.1,884.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the (clapping hands) skull would go like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=884.04,886.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, they were really inflicting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=886.163,887.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enormous amounts of damage and it's much more plausible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=887.83,889.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this was done after death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=889.97,891.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can actually see, in some cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=891.75,893.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you look at the rock that was attached to the skull,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=893.23,894.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can see a bit of a pebble","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=894.803,897.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or something that was in fact pressing on the skull","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=897.53,899.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"causing a depressed fractures or something like this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=899.91,902.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than a club.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=902.04,903.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's no, that's, those are important points.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=903.76,905.811"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=905.811,906.644"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, I can't explain that kind of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=906.644,909.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the juxtaposition of one bone into another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=909.207,911.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except to say that I've seen it in lots of contexts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=911.29,913.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I don't think people are involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=913.59,915.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and (murmurs) wise I don't think they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=915.43,916.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could have been involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=916.47,918.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's the only answer I have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=918.53,919.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=919.91,920.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e How old did you say that you're on (murmurs)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=920.743,922.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I would say roughly 500,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=922.95,925.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's an important point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=925.9,927.225"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, there was a book about...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=927.225,929.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1962, I think, called The Origin of Races,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=929.63,932.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a man the name of Carleton Coon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=932.09,933.937"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this skull figured very prominently in that book.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=933.937,936.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The, I didn't show you a picture of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=936.29,937.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=937.7,938.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should've been more thoughtful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=938.533,939.366"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and brought some pictures of fossils","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=939.366,940.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause I know they're interesting too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=940.67,941.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I tend to be more interested in the animal world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=941.503,943.076"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the human parts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=943.076,944.456"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, this human skull from Elandsfontuin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=944.456,947.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"featured very prominently in this book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=947.88,949.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because everybody said (murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=949.17,951.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that skull was only 40,000 years old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=951.4,953.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can still find it a lot of books.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=953.46,955.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And since it looked very archaic, very primitive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=955.11,957.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it didn't look like Homo sapiens, it look like Homo erectus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=957.23,959.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said that was proof that Homo erectus only evolved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=959.72,962.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into Homo sapiens in Africa 40,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=962.67,964.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas in Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=964.97,966.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it seems to have happened 250,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=967.04,969.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we know he said why Africans didn't invent the wheel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=969.86,972.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all that (audience laughs). No, this is in the book.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=972.603,974.269"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not being facetious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=974.269,975.102"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can read it in the preface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=975.102,976.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, now it turns out, I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=976.29,977.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beyond all the other arguments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=977.68,978.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can bring to bear on that kind of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=978.82,980.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean now it turns out that that skull is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=980.277,982.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least, I'm convinced in terms of the elements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=982.63,984.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are represented, at least 500,000 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=984.44,986.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This Klasies river (murmurs), I can go into that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=986.63,989.009"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a little more detail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=989.009,989.842"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Klasies river mouth site I was talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=989.842,992.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know it goes back 130,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=992.29,994.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have excellent evidence for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=994.37,995.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Without getting into the evidence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=995.49,996.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me tell you about the animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=996.39,997.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The animals from that site are completely modern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=997.33,999.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the modern part of Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=999.52,1000.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the exception of a few extinct things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1000.64,1002.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that became extinct at 10,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1002.7,1004.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At Klasies river mouth there are no saber tooth cats.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1004.82,1006.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are no short-neck giraffes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1006.82,1009.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are no giant baboons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1009.04,1010.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were baboons in Africa once as big as gorillas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1011.5,1013.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very common over by Gorge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1013.88,1015.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very common at Elandsfontuin as are saber tooth cats,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1015.19,1017.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as are giraffes and a whole variety of other things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1017.74,1021.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, these things clearly were extinct by 130,000 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1021.34,1024.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think they were extinct long before that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1024.76,1027.075"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if a skull from, as I'm sure it is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1027.075,1029.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Elandsfontuin belongs with them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1029.2,1030.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the skull is much older than 130,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1030.62,1032.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would 500,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1032.67,1033.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there is a technique for getting dates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1033.96,1035.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you may have heard about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1035.9,1037.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on these things called amino acid racemisation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1037.32,1040.236"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where you actually take a bit of bone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1040.236,1042.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by studying the amino acids in it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1042.29,1044.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's the isolators, you take an amino acid when it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1045.5,1048.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the death of an animal that does it kind of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1048.95,1050.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't understand this kind of thing very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1050.58,1051.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope I don't distort it too much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1051.9,1053.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it does a kind of chemical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1053.5,1055.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or actually a kind of photo flip-flop,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1055.03,1058.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it becomes a mirror image itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1058.01,1059.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the amino acid Leucine becomes Isoleucine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1059.41,1062.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this happens at a rate, which is theoretically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1062.47,1065.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"calculated, unfortunate is dependent upon the rate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1065.71,1067.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is dependent upon temperature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1067.63,1068.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also dependent upon pH.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1068.91,1070.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are a lot of problems with this technique.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1070.97,1072.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, you could theoretically take a bit of bone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1072.82,1074.836"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if it has a little bit of the original protein in it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1074.836,1077.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can use this technique to try and get an age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1077.3,1079.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the bone by looking at the amount of Leucine savers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1079.48,1083.436"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as Isoleucine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1083.436,1084.269"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One amino acid versus its mirror image.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1084.269,1086.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you think, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1086.18,1087.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rate at which the mirror image is forming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1087.18,1089.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the original amino acid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1089.35,1091.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can guess the age of the bone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1091.81,1093.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This isn't done for Elandsfontuin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1093.29,1095.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Admittedly, I told the investigator","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1095.01,1097.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I thought the age was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1097.6,1098.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It comes out about 300,000 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1098.48,1100.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's nice. I mean, maybe if I had said 50,000,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1101.71,1104.044"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would have been 50,000 too, I'm not sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1104.044,1104.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1104.88,1107.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a kind of problematic technique,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1107.74,1109.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because obviously it's not like radiocarbon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1109.26,1110.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rate at which radiocarbon decays","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1110.98,1114.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not dependent upon temperature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1114.12,1116.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The temperature in which it's decaying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1116.29,1118.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this bone dating thing is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1118.58,1120.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I wouldn't take it all that seriously.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1120.84,1123.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Seems to confirm my ideas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1123.18,1124.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience member coughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1125.357,1128.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, if there are no further questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1128.66,1129.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like to thank Dr. Fine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1129.533,1131.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I was talking to say this at the beginning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1131.67,1135.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm glad that I didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1135.57,1137.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that I think of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1137.16,1138.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I appreciate the, although one thinks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1138.35,1141.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of early man in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1141.17,1142.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One's mind automatically focuses on East Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1142.38,1145.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There isn't in fact a very interesting information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1145.28,1147.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming out of Southern Africa as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1147.64,1150.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Fine's obviously very deeply involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1150.054,1152.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in producing this information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1152.643,1154.025"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thanks very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1154.025,1155.175"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1155.175,1156.008"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=1156.008,1159.175"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30084/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/084/original/AV167944_Ecology_of_Early_Man_in_Southern_Africa_b.vtt?1624899194","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/030/084/original/AV167944_Ecology_of_Early_Man_in_Southern_Africa_b.vtt?1624899194"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30085","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV167944_Ecology_of_Early_Man_in_Southern_Africa_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615/transcript/30085/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- In the samples, what do you suppose is the reason for that?\r\n\r\n- Well, partly it's a matter of preservation, teeth are very dense. I think, I think anybody who's a dug a site where bone preservation is reasonable is used to the idea of finding, in most circumstances, more teeth than anything else. And that's a largely preservational thing. One of the reasons, I mean, this business where Dart argued, Raymond Dart argued, that you had these disproportions in body parts, in skeletal elements, and some skeletal elements, like the end of the arm was much more common than others. He didn't realize, he didn't think, if he gave it some thought, he would've realized that some bones are just much denser than others, preserved better. I mean, once bones are in the ground or even before, they're subjected to all kinds of destructive pressures. An animal or a person will, an animal might chew on them, people can do quite a lot of damage with their teeth too, this has been observed many times, where people might slice in with a stone tool or whatever, and that causes destruction. Additionally, if they're lying on the ground they can be leached out by ground acids or they could be grounded against one another, whatever. Some body parts tend to survive better than others, simply because they're more durable, and teeth are among the most durable of all. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- You were talking about pigs and elands at a site, you said that the pigs were the least common animal found there and that human beings had something to do with it and that there weren't, human beings didn't know how to you know, capture them and that's how, I didn't understand the correlation there why there wouldn't be, you know .\r\n\r\n- Well it may be that, it's a kind of, a flabby idea actually. Maybe that's part of the problem. And a lot of people don't like this idea, but basically this is a site, which is roughly, there are two sites actually. I only mentioned one of them but I have at least two where I can show exactly the same thing. Where, in the period of time, between 130,000, let's say 70 or 60,000 years ago in the of company sites, Eland are very, very common and wild pigs. There are two kinds that could occur, there are the Bushpig and the Warthog are very uncommon. Now, when you get into younger sites, sides that are younger than this, certainly younger than 40,000, it's the reverse. Pig remains a very common and Eland are very uncommon. And that, the younger sites are somehow a better reflection of what I would expect the environment to be like, because I can't think of a modern African fauna where Eland are the most common animal by any means. Eland are never that common. And not that there are-- the Serengeti, there may be several hundred, perhaps as many as several, there have been estimates of many as 50,000, but that doesn't compare to number of Wildebeest over there or the number of Warthogs for that matter. There's not a, I can't think of one African environment where even the pigs would be that uncommon. So there's something very strange about the way in which these people before 60,000 years ago were hunting the animals that occurred around their sites. And I think that what's involved here, is that they were technologically rather unsophisticated. It's hard to be more precise, as I say, maybe they, in order to kill the animal, they had to walk right up to it. And if you had to do that, I think you'd be more inclined to deal with less dangerous animals. But there's a problem with it and I, which is very interesting contrast. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- You know how far back the use of fire goes?\r\n\r\n- It's hard to say actually. In our sites... the oldest well-documented use of fire in this part of the world's about 130,000 years that Klasies river mouth site. We were looking for the Klasies site in the deposits, sorry, I could've brought a profile, I'm sure you'd agree too. You get nice lenses of ash and charcoal which unquestionably represent fossil fireplaces. Sometimes they're surrounded by rock. Those things can be documented back to 130,000 years. Prior to that time, it becomes a bit of a problem. There's a site located very near Makapansgat, for example, in the same valley, called the cave of Haas. It's an older site than the Klasies. No question that people making handouts as much of it for as much as 500,000 years. sounds like a place where the-- Well, with the black stuff turns out to be... and not fire. And that doesn't mean to say that people weren't making fires. There's no clear evidence for it. There's a site near Cape Town, again, a cave site with annexes in it and again much older than the Klasies, perhaps as much as 500,000 years, where, when you look at the deposits you don't see clear parts, but there's a lot of ash in the deposit none the less. Now, whether this is a fire in the note perhaps with stuff all being mixed up or whether it's the people may have been bringing in vegetable material that kind of accidentally lit. You know, it might be an accidental fire rather than a of some sort. It's a very difficult thing to sort out. Clear cut powers though, which were undoubtedly used for cooking, perhaps for heat, only go back about 130,000 years in this part of the world. I suppose the oldest ones I can think of in the overall archeological record would be . With dates of 500,000 years or more. There they had clear cut. Again, these ashes have learned to charcoal. In association with Peking Man and with the data at least 500,000 years. No clear evidence for that kind of antiquity in Africa. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- About those reconstructions you showed just the beginnings as paintings. When you made those, how much of that was based on some solid evidence and how much of it was just guessing?\r\n\r\n- Well... mostly guessing. Maybe, what'd you do is, you see in a site like this, in addition to having the I'm interested in the , but we also have plant fossils. So we know something about the plants here. We have both witnessed an area of the deposit, which is a kind of fossil peak and it actually has this wood in it and other macro plant remains. There's also pollen. Pollen hasn't been studied with as much detail as it like to be. Which is a problem because the local plants, the pollen, it produces well now. And you have to know, I mean, obviously, before you can identify fossil pollen you have to know what the recent pollen looks like. Okay, but the plant remains suggest the kind of open, grassy plains with trees scattered on it. And the animals seem to conform with that. You can tell, I mean, these animals are not that old that many of them are extinct, but they have close living relatives. And you can tell from their close living relatives what their environmental preferences would have been. So I think the overall reconstruction is okay. We know the sea was right there. It's about 10 miles away now. But in addition to those seal bones, seal , there are also through a few whale bones and things like that. So what we're dealing with is a river entering the sea right near the site and along the floodplain of the river, where terrestrial animals, antelopes, pigs, and things like that. The details of reconstruction are pretty difficult. And the, putting your flesh back on the animals isn't so easy either. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- How reliable do you think for fossils onto the surface?\r\n\r\n- Well, okay. That's a very good question. The one site in particular, the Elandsfontuin site, from which the Saldanha skull came, that's a particularly crucial site for dealing with this problem. The human skull from the site, which I said, in my opinion, looks like Peking Man or Java Man, Homo erectus type of skull, did come off the surface. And so do all the other, first they're all the other fossils we have, but the fossils as a group compared to things that you find at Oldupai Gorge in say bed two, upper bed two, bed three, well, mostly upper. Bed three and bed four aren't very well known at Oldupai, they're not very fossiliferous, but in upper bed two we have some nice sites and the fossils are just like that. Well, how old are those fossils at Oldupai Gorge? Well, that's very 1,000,000 years. Okay, let's say the site's a little bit younger than that but I mean, I think even though they come off the surface, you can tell by the the kinds of animals that are represented and then you assume that the human skull somehow belongs with those animals. That the things are quite old. We're talking about hundreds of thousands of years. But whether we're talking about 400,000 or 900,000, I don't know. And I don't know any way to get at that. That's a good point. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- What size of population for humans do you consider to take such a drastic change in the animal?\r\n\r\n- Well, that's a good point too. And in fact, some people, when I've suggested this idea before, people say, well, you know, we're, even art, let's suppose that you get people showing up in line about back 2,000,000 years ago and make their first appearance. Would they really have been that numerous, that important as meat eaters that they would have caused these other things to become extinct? And I mean, I can't say. It wouldn't have been very many. And it is a more complicated problem than I presented it, because some of the things that became less numerous, I talk about cats, I talk about Hyenas. Well, the cats were largely things with long dagger-like canine teeth. I think we called saber tooths and there were some things called false saber tooths as well but all at the same time, dental structure. Now they're animals, which obviously they're killing-- large ungulates, but they're not cracking up the bones. An animal like that starts to crack down on big bones and it breaks off its saber teeth. And that means that they left a lot more for hyenas than the living lion or leopard years. So that all you have to do in order to eliminate some of those hyenas, is eliminate the saber tooth cats. Bring in modern cats and a lot of them back. There is nothing like the modern lion or the modern leopard. So partly, it would probably happen to the carnivores that lived 45,000,000 years ago was the arrival of other kinds of carnivores too, which caused some, which were perhaps better at killing the local animals, than the ones that were already there. And then, once they're present, say the modern lion maybe shoves out one or two saber tooth cats then that has an affect on the hyenas as well. They become less numerous because a lion could eat a lot more of what a hyena can eat, than could those saber tooth cats. A lion means a lot less for hyenas than those saber tooth cats and will certainly . So it's a more complicated problem. Still, I mean, it strikes, I can't help but feel that humans, I mean surely they must've had an impact when they entered this meat eating way of life. And maybe that's part of it too. I think what we really need is more information, more detailed data, East Africa being the place to get it, because one problem we have with this part of the world is the record isn't this continuous, you have to skip from site to site and we've got long time intervals. We have this site a long while back four to 5,000,000 years. Then the next thing we have is up 2000 miles away in the Transvaal, 1,000,000 years or 2,000,000 years later. In East Africa they've continued the sequences. Same place right straight through if they collected this stuff, right? I think they'd answer questions like this. One problem that we've had for a long time a lot of the past, with a lot of people. You get these sites in East Africa and Oldopai Gorge. You've got site the deadline was like what? one 20 million years old. Here are a bunch of animal bones and stone tools scattered out there in the excavation. Here are some bones of the Australopithecine or sometimes the . Who is responsible for the stone tools? Who is responsible for the animals? Is anybody eating animals? Or were these things just sort of-- perhaps brought to the site, well, maybe scavenged or something. Were there active hunting going on? To what extent does the association between stone tools and animal bones mean that people were major meat eaters or really eating meat in a major way? Or to what extent is this sort of chance of a chance occurrence that happened like baboons would kill monkeys, or a small antelope and eat them. If baboons were to concentrate the bone you might get a site. Maybe that's all people were doing. It's more or less a random sort of occurrence. They're not really eating in any major way at all. A little 1800,000 million years ago. Well, I don't think you're ever going to get an answer to a question like that by looking at a single site. You mean you're not going to get somebody laying on the ground with a stone tool about to bash an antelope The way to get the answer to a question like that is to look at the overall picture. Hopefully, by looking at the frequencies of different kinds of animals through time. I think you'll find that at some point, well we know this happened in some general sense, when people became meat eaters in a major way, carnivores, their major competitors must've declined because people were enormously successful. It goes on today. And we should be able to pick this up in the theological record. Maybe I'm being a little overly optimistic but I think it should be there. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- When you say that you and the meat eaters in a major way, what percentage of your diet would you say would you say was the ?\r\n\r\n- Yeah, well, gee, I mean, I think about the only way you can get an answer to that question would be to look at modern gatherings in the same kind of environment. And I don't know. I mean, I tried to do this. There's enormous variability. Of course, in the Kalahari, you see, where the nearest parallels are. the sort of central desert of Southern Africa. There is not a lot of meat to eat. And there you might, you have people who 10, 15% of their diet by weight. That's the maximum, in many cases for me. But that's a kind of meatless area. What with hunter-gatherings who lived on the Serengeti. We don't really have decent observations on hunter-gathers in the Serengeti, but by the time in there, the people who were occupying the Serengeti were not hunter-gatherers to any great extent. They were likely . What would a hunter-gatherer though, exposed to the vast animal concentrated of the Serengeti or for that matter the Eastern Cape province of South Africa time historic context, how much would they pay? 50%? I just don't know. I think it's a hard thing. And so the ethnographic parallels, all the ethnographic hunter-gatherers we have, and it's from them that we would get an idea of this, are living in marginal environments where they've been pushed by more advanced peoples. They're not living in the best possible environments for hunter-gatherers, even in this part of Africa. Let's say 50%, maximum.\r\n\r\n- Just right out of my head. I don't mean to be facetious, but I'm just trying to, I wish we had a single example of hunter-gatherers in Africa, dealing with the best sort of hunter-gatherer environment that Africa has to offer, like say the Serengeti or someplace where there really are a lot of animals on the hook per square mile. You know, places like the Kalahari, you know, sort of animal here and another one 10 miles away. You see these pictures on the, you know, these poor people trying to catch it directly. And they got to look for one for a week before they even see one. So how can, you know, you can't use them. They're not good ethnographic parallels for the archeological record. That would be my field. And therefore it's very difficult to generalize from them. What's more because they don't make stone tools, but I mean there are all kinds of other problems. I'm sorry. I didn't mean to treat your question flippantly at all. I just don't know. I'm just guessing it could be as much as that. Of course we have graphic examples among the peoples of the North, where it gets near to a 100%. Well obviously that's not a good parallel either. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- Did you find anything similar to what Dart describes to be bones jammed one into--\r\n\r\n- Oh, I should have said something about that yeah It's a very point. I left out a couple of important points, yeah. The bones jammed into bones. Well, I've been working in a Maison site. Now that's a site that's probably about 15,000,000 years old, in Southwest African Namibia, where we got the bones jammed in all kinds of bones, just like that. And there's no question who the people were. The people were 10,000,000 away, not just distance but years. So that kind of thing happens. And it's true about logically\r\n\r\n- How does it happen?\r\n\r\n- I think it's just moving into deposit. And in fact, Dart, I mean, it's not very many . He selected those out. It's like, you know, you can always find in any kind of, of natural gravel possibly. You can always find a few pieces if you look hard enough. That look like artifacts. I think it's the same kind of thing. I think he was selecting from a very large sample and found something like that. And every large sample I've ever looked at, that I think is natural, has a few things like that. As far as the batching is concerned. Well, that's not a . That's almost certainly all post mortem. It happens in the ground. It's crushing the deposit. And fairly conclusive. In fact, your batching is quite incredible if Dart was right. These people weren't just hitting each other on the head with clubs and they would stand over the one where they just kind of kept keeping pounding and pounding and pounding so the skull would go like that. I mean, they were really inflicting enormous amounts of damage and it's much more plausible that this was done after death. And you can actually see, in some cases, when you look at the rock that was attached to the skull, you can see a bit of a pebble or something that was in fact pressing on the skull causing a depressed fractures or something like this, rather than a club. But that's no, that's, those are important points. I don't know. I mean, I can't explain that kind of thing. And the juxtaposition of one bone into another except to say that I've seen it in lots of contexts where I don't think people are involved and wise I don't think they could have been involved. So that's the only answer I have. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- How old did you say that you're on ?\r\n\r\n- Well, I would say roughly 500,000 years. That's an important point. You know, there was a book about... 1962, I think, called The Origin of Races, by a man the name of Carleton Coon. And this skull figured very prominently in that book. The, I didn't show you a picture of it. I'm sorry. I should've been more thoughtful and brought some pictures of fossils 'cause I know they're interesting too I tend to be more interested in the animal world than the human parts. Anyway, this human skull from Elandsfontuin featured very prominently in this book because everybody said that that skull was only 40,000 years old and you can still find it a lot of books. And since it looked very archaic, very primitive, it didn't look like Homo sapiens, it look like Homo erectus. He said that was proof that Homo erectus only evolved into Homo sapiens in Africa 40,000 years ago. Whereas in Europe, it seems to have happened 250,000 years ago. Now we know he said why Africans didn't invent the wheel and all that . No, this is in the book. I'm not being facetious. You can read it in the preface. Well, now it turns out, I mean, beyond all the other arguments you can bring to bear on that kind of thing. I mean now it turns out that that skull is, at least, I'm convinced in terms of the elements that are represented, at least 500,000 years old. This Klasies river , I can go into that with a little more detail. Klasies river mouth site I was talking about. We know it goes back 130,000 years. I have excellent evidence for that. Without getting into the evidence, let me tell you about the animals. The animals from that site are completely modern. It's the modern part of Africa with the exception of a few extinct things, things that became extinct at 10,000 years ago. At Klasies river mouth there are no saber tooth cats. There are no short-neck giraffes. There are no giant baboons. There were baboons in Africa once as big as gorillas very common over by Gorge. Very common at Elandsfontuin as are saber tooth cats, as are giraffes and a whole variety of other things. Now, these things clearly were extinct by 130,000 years ago. I think they were extinct long before that and if a skull from, as I'm sure it is, at Elandsfontuin belongs with them, then the skull is much older than 130,000 years. I would 500,000. Now there is a technique for getting dates that you may have heard about on these things called amino acid racemisation. Where you actually take a bit of bone and by studying the amino acids in it, it's the isolators, you take an amino acid when it, after the death of an animal that does it kind of, I don't understand this kind of thing very well. I hope I don't distort it too much, but it does a kind of chemical or actually a kind of photo flip-flop, it becomes a mirror image itself so that the amino acid Leucine becomes Isoleucine. And this happens at a rate, which is theoretically calculated, unfortunate is dependent upon the rate is dependent upon temperature. It's also dependent upon pH. So there are a lot of problems with this technique. Anyway, you could theoretically take a bit of bone, and if it has a little bit of the original protein in it, you can use this technique to try and get an age on the bone by looking at the amount of Leucine savers as Isoleucine. One amino acid versus its mirror image. And you think, you know, the rate at which the mirror image is forming from the original amino acid. You can guess the age of the bone. This isn't done for Elandsfontuin. Admittedly, I told the investigator what I thought the age was. It comes out about 300,000 years. It's nice. I mean, maybe if I had said 50,000, it would have been 50,000 too, I'm not sure. It's a kind of problematic technique, because obviously it's not like radiocarbon. The rate at which radiocarbon decays is not dependent upon temperature. The temperature in which it's decaying but this bone dating thing is, so I wouldn't take it all that seriously. Seems to confirm my ideas.\r\n\r\n- Well, if there are no further questions I would like to thank Dr. Fine. I think I was talking to say this at the beginning. I'm glad that I didn't. Now that I think of it, I appreciate the, although one thinks of early man in Africa, One's mind automatically focuses on East Africa. There isn't in fact a very interesting information coming out of Southern Africa as well. Dr. Fine's obviously very deeply involved in producing this information. Thanks very much.\r\n\r\n- Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/45597/file/118615#t=0.0,1168.824"}]}]}]}