{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/vh5cc0vm5c/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Dennis, Marie, Putting Human Faces on Economic Policy"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Putting Human Faces on Economic Policy. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=7.994,12.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, the faculty list should say faculty and staff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=12.15,16.274"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Institute of World Affairs is a process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=16.274,18.969"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that takes almost the entire year to fulfill all the work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=18.969,22.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we're gonna take off between now and next 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month","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=27.84,32.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be the most important issue we can find,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=33.0,34.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most important issue in the world today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=34.95,37.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And everyone here is invited to participate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=38.47,42.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't have to be a student,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=42.673,43.902"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't have to be a faculty member,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=43.902,45.475"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't have to be a staff 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can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=57.85,60.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to enlighten us about the issue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=60.11,62.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the best films,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=62.32,64.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or exhibits we can get well beyond speakers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=64.21,68.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any case, before our first speaker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=68.05,73.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for this year is introduced, I'd like to remind you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=73.33,75.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if you have in your mind an issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=75.3,77.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's like the one we're gonna have this year, who cares?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=78.699,83.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you have an issue that you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=84.32,85.706"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be able to enlighten your friends, and people on campus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=85.706,88.281"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and people and names in Iowa about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=88.281,90.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're a group of people with a budget","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=90.677,93.438"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who you can come and talk into that issue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=93.438,96.001"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least mind speakers in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=96.001,98.288"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, like I would argue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=98.288,100.528"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, we'll open with our first speaker of the week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=100.528,104.778"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Welcome. My name's Stephen Gasteyer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=111.826,114.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm one of these mythical students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=114.453,117.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Gary mentioned in his opening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=117.14,120.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to start off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=121.86,123.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we have a very exciting week coming up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=123.33,125.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'd like to start off by introducing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=125.29,126.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our speaker for today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=126.88,128.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Her name is Marie Dennis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=129.69,130.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marie has long been involved in bringing 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analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=139.26,141.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most recently as the Director","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=141.96,143.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Maryknoll Office of Global 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encouraging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2081.06,2085.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our partners overseas to simply tell the stories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2085.65,2089.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are making them feel that there is something wrong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2089.81,2094.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this picture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2095.46,2096.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we have been analyzing their 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countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2103.91,2106.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not a scientific or academic study,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2106.28,2109.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but something that is a rather simple tool","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2109.65,2113.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is helping local communities in some countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2113.15,2117.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where adjustment has been 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proposals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2123.97,2128.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for economic policy reform in their own country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2128.33,2131.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is there movement in terms of this debate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2134.67,2137.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about structural adjustment programs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2137.45,2139.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it probably began almost 20 years 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Caribbean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2173.64,2177.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on, have begun to book very seriously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2177.07,2181.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at how these policies are affecting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2181.34,2184.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those poorest communities and countries that have adjusted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2186.026,2189.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A study of the ILO/UNDP called Jobs for Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2190.28,2194.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's like a study that demonstrates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2194.44,2197.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how the gap between the rich and the poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2197.62,2200.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Latin America is undercutting what looks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2200.25,2204.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like significant economic improvement in that 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program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2213.4,2217.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the funding mechanism for countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2217.39,2221.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while they're doing this kind of economic 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interestingly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2227.96,2232.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think identifiable problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2232.51,2235.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the structural adjustment 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Bank,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2259.65,2263.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who has been obviously with some backing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2263.11,2267.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the World Bank President, Wolfensohn,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2267.21,2270.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been increasingly vocal in his criticism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2270.82,2275.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the so-called Washington Consensus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2275.68,2278.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was part of that body of thought that has helped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2278.74,2283.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of walk these kinds of policy reforms into 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conditions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2509.69,2514.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2516.52,2518.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What may be new? This is not a new problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2518.14,2520.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has been with us over the last 20 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2520.98,2525.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Its first sort of major manifestation was in Latin 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creditors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2559.95,2562.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the world's major creditors are in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2562.82,2566.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least willing to talk about how to resolve this 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together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2757.01,2760.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was the people in the IMF","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2760.03,2764.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the World Bank, principal staff,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2764.827,2767.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who are managing their debt relief programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=2767.36,2771.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28429/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/429/original/AV204593_Putting_Human_Faces_on_Economic_Policy_a.vtt?1622660999","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/429/original/AV204593_Putting_Human_Faces_on_Economic_Policy_a.vtt?1622660999"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28430","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204593_Putting_Human_Faces_on_Economic_Policy_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400/transcript/28430/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- You will notice the bottom of the page a list which says students, faculty, and then community. Actually, the faculty list should say faculty and staff. The Institute of World Affairs is a process that takes almost the entire year to fulfill all the work. So we're gonna take off between now and next semester. In the spring, we meet for about a month, weekly to choose what we determine by vote after a month to be the most important issue we can find, the most important issue in the world today. And everyone here is invited to participate. You don't have to be a student, you don't have to be a faculty member, you don't have to be a staff member, some of the names here are community. We will have lots of students and staff. We'd like you to take part. We choose the most important issue we can find, and we spend the next two months trying to find the most interesting people we can to enlighten us about the issue, or the best films, or exhibits we can get well beyond speakers. In any case, before our first speaker for this year is introduced, I'd like to remind you that if you have in your mind an issue that's like the one we're gonna have this year, who cares? If you have an issue that you know to be able to enlighten your friends, and people on campus, and people and names in Iowa about, we're a group of people with a budget who you can come and talk into that issue, or at least mind speakers in. So, like I would argue. Now, we'll open with our first speaker of the week.\r\n\r\n- Welcome. My name's Stephen Gasteyer. I'm one of these mythical students that Gary mentioned in his opening. I'd like to start off, I think we have a very exciting week coming up, but I'd like to start off by introducing our speaker for today. Her name is Marie Dennis. Marie has long been involved in bringing together the local realities, theological reflections, and policy analysis. Most recently as the Director of Maryknoll Office of Global Issues, she has been drawing on the reflections of Maryknoll missioners, and that's fathers, brothers, and sisters, and lay people throughout the world in policy analysis in Washington in particular. As a major part of that, and what she'll focus on today, has been her work as the chair of the religious working group on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund which is the US coalition of Catholic and Protestant organizations and institutions working to develop a more just global economy. The coalition has given a particular focus to the debt crisis and the impact of structural adjustment programs. She has also been on the executive committee or the steering committee of Jubilee 2000 in the USA, which is also concentrated in large part on these issues. Without further ado, I will introduce you to my mother-in-law, Marie Dennis.\r\n\r\n- Thanks Stephen. And thank you all for inviting me to Iowa this week. It's very nice to get out of Washington sometimes. Due to the trends of our times, I work for institutions, or I should say I work for institutions that due to the trends of our times, have a truly global reach. What distinguishes Maryknoll from other transnational entities however, is that we have an absolutely committed and a very happy habit of accompanying the poorest and the most marginal communities wherever we work, which is in about 40 countries around the world. When the economy of Indonesia falls apart, banks fail in Korea, or the Mexican peso crashes, our people and their friends feel the impact, as do billionaire investors, business owners, and just about everyone else. When finance ministers, the International Monetary Fund officials, and others, prescribe and implement economic reforms to stabilize failing economies, our friends, again, carry the burden. When heavily indebted impoverished countries scramble to service their debts, once again, the poorest people in the poorest countries in the neighborhoods where our missioners live and work are hurt. In about 1981, as Latin America struggled to survive a series of severe economic shocks, the debt crisis, the oil crisis, a sharp rise in interest rates, and so on, a Maryknoll priest, Tom Burns who worked in an extremely poor neighborhood outside of Lima, Peru, was invited to give testimony to a US congressional committee that was considering appropriations for the International Monetary Fund that struggled, we've just repeated recently. Tom walked into the hearing room and placed on a table in the center of the meeting room, a few potatoes and a small pile of beans, all that most families in his parish had to eat each day. He then proceeded to connect IMF policies with growing poverty and outright hunger in his parish, literally putting human faces on economic policy. Tom Burns came to the House of Congress with his beans and his potatoes nearly 15 years ago. In the intervening years, as you all know, we have seen, for example, two major debt crises of somewhat different characteristics, 15 years of structural adjustment programs in nearly 100 countries around the world, the end of the Cold War with all its invocations for the head Germany of capitalism, the phenomenon of globalization with its complex repercussions, the uncontrolled flow are huge sums of money, something akin to a trillion dollars a day across national borders, and increase in speculative and non-productive foreign investment, and unprecedented accumulation of wealth in the hands of fewer and fewer people. While macro economic indicators suggest that poor economies in many parts of the world, including Latin America, where I had the most experience had improved, many have at least begun to stabilize or accomplish the stabilization of their economies by drastic measures that have brought inflation under control. The experience at the margins of the global economy has not been pretty. In Chile, for example, which is considered a model for modern economies emerging from extreme poverty or serious poverty, a few layers at the top of the poverty group have been pulled across the poverty line, improving macroeconomic indicators, but the poorest people are still extremely poor. Now, however, they are surrounded by a plethora of shopping centers and extraneous consumer products, many of them imported, that lure them into disappointment and frustrate their children, insult their dignity, and often threaten their culture. At the same time in Chile, many workers, including teachers have seen their once secure jobs converted into part-time temporary positions without benefits. Our missioners have worked in Chile for well over 50 years, and as I have visited in different parts of that country, the story is remarkably the same, in a country where every indicator over the last 10 years has said, things are getting better, the economy is improving, poverty is decreasing. Small farmers have lost or sold their land to huge fruit and forestry for production firms with really dire, very significant consequences for rural communities. Indigenous peoples are being displaced and sacred grounds destroyed for hydroelectric projects on the Biobio River, for example, to surface the growing production needs in the country. Always the poorest of the poor are sacrificed in the name of progress. Some of us believe we can do better, that no human being, even those at the farthest reaches of marginalization can be considered disposable. From the Philippines to Zambia to Peru, local communities have been remarkably aware and increasingly articulate in their objections to this process. And they have formed alliances South to North, with friends of their friends to raise awareness where decisions are being made that shape the global economy. Many relief agencies, development organizations, and religious groups like Maryknoll, with members working in places where poverty is endemic and misery unrelenting, find themselves persistently trying to put a human face on economic decisions. Components of this task over the last years might include such steps as learning the process. Where are decisions being made that have such an enormous impact in Maryknoll Father Ken Thesing's parish in Mozambique, or Maryknoll Lay Missioner, Dan Moriarty's neighborhood in El Alto, outside of La Paz, Bolivia? Who has input into these decisions? What will they consider in making the decisions? And what accountability do they have to the human community, to real people, and real neighborhoods? Second, the task of doing the research and the study necessary to understand the current state of the conversation about economic policy and to appropriately nuance the concerns raised by our partners overseas. There were many years when every time I traveled outside of the US and visited a country where there had been a serious attempt at economic reform through IMF agreements, and so on, I would hear in community after community after community, a harsh criticism of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and especially a structural adjustment programs. One of the major tasks over the last few years in our office has been that of trying to sort out what that meant. Were all of these policy reforms negative? Were they all destructive in poor communities? Were there some that were worse than others? How can we help people on the ground in local neighborhoods begin to gather the information? How could we encourage research institutes and universities to gather the kind of data that would help us assess the impact of the poorest of the poor of this particular set of policies? So, just the task of nuancing the criticism became a very important one. Another was that of literally creating space at the table for participation in decision-making of those most effected by a given set of policies, and then of making sure that those communities had the skills they needed to participate in a meaningful way in the conversation. For example, the shaping of anecdotal accounts of what's happening in a local community in such a way that it is useful in the policy debate became a really significant challenge that has been undertaken by many development groups and others around the world. And then I think that of building the political wheel in our own country and in other industrialized countries to support the kinds of changes that are necessary. This afternoon in the time that we have, I'd like to develop a few examples of how development organizations and religious groups and others have engaged in this debate following some of these steps, examples of work done to literally bring human faces into economic policy debates about especially structural adjustment programs and debt. But there are many other areas that I could have spoken about as well, areas with which I have not been so closely connected, for example as many of them you've heard about, or perhaps participated in in the really significant debate that took part in our country around the NAFTA Agreements in 1993. There was a component of that debate that came from the experience of local communities, especially in Mexico, that were concerned about what would be the impact of this agreement. In the debate about the reform of the international financial institutions, there have been rather large movements in our own country and in other parts of the world. One of which has been given a fair amount of public visibility was called 50 Years Is Enough at the time of the 50th anniversary of the Bretton Woods institutions for World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. 50 Years Is Enough brought forward into the public arena a very strong critique of how the process of decision-making is made within those institutions, how transparent they are in terms of the information that they make available to the public, how much space they provide for local communities that will be profoundly affected by their policies and projects to participate in the decisions that will affect their communities. There are many who work on very specific projects. For example, projects funded by the multilateral development banks, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the African Development Bank, and so on. There is an organization in Washington called the Bank Information Center, which regularly gathers a large community of non-governmental organizations that follow very closely specific projects around the world that are funded by the multilateral development banks. This group gathers once a month in Washington to share the information they have, and to then begin to share it with their collaborators in other parts of the world. It's a very interesting process, a very deliberate tracking of specific projects to assess the benefits or the costs that they will bring into local communities. Some of the most notorious have been the big dam projects and major waterway transformation projects, and so on. But there are many, many other specific projects funded by multilateral institutions that are followed very closely by local community groups whose concern is what will be the impact of these projects on the community where they're being located? Who will benefit and who will carry the cost of them, either sociologically or culturally or politically or economically? Another interesting project has been the process of equipping local communities in impoverished countries to speak their peace as their own government negotiates with potential aid donors or predators. So, for example, prior to the Consultative Group meetings, when all of the potential donors for a given country gather to discuss the sort of aid that they will be given or loans that they will be making in a particular country. There has been an increasingly articulate voice from non-governmental organizations and community groups to speak their piece about what kind of investment, what kind of aid, what kind of loans should be made in their country. A very interesting debate in the last month has been taking place around the Guatemala Consultative Group meetings, which took place about three weeks ago, which were convened by the Inter-American Development Bank, but that included the World Bank and all of the donor countries that were considering making a post-peace process contributions to Guatemala. Citizens groups in Guatemala put together their own proposal for the Consultative Group meeting that was, I think, a significant step in citizen participation efforts to bring the human face into the discussion about economic policy. What I'd like to focus on for a bit this afternoon, as I said, are two areas, one that of the sort of debate over the last decade about the pros and cons of what are called structural adjustment policies. And then I'd like to say a little bit about the increasing attention that is being given to the call for definitive debt relief for the poorest countries by the turn of the millennium. As I mentioned a little bit before, I am consistently amazed as I travel to very poor countries about what and how much local people know about what feel like very distant and very powerful international institutions that define economic policy including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It is always an amazing experience to me to have a conversation with a Campesino in the Chapare of Bolivia or a teacher in Nicaragua about the role of the International Monetary Fund or the US Treasury in their local community, or in their lives. During a recent trip to Venezuela, I listened to one neighborhood group after another in the vicinity of Barquisimeto, a bit outside of Caracas, made clear connections between pretty obtuse economic policy decisions that Venezuela had implemented under the tutelage of the International Monetary Fund and their declining quality of life. What was an important insight for me in listening to them, of course, was that the IMF, Venezuela government policies that they were talking about were not at all obtuse as far as they were concerned, they were very understandable as unemployment or decrease in job security, sometimes, for people who had worked for 20 years for the same company as unaffordable healthcare. Venezuela not too many years ago, had a healthcare system that rivaled that of the United States in terms of quality, and it was accessible to all of its citizens. And even as hunger, these policies became very real in local communities because they had a very serious impact in the lives of people in the communities. Many efforts have been underway in the past decade to engage a debate about these particular set of economic policy reforms, like those implemented in Venezuela that are called stabilization and structural adjustment programs. These particular policies, as I mentioned before, are often blamed for deteriorating social conditions especially for particular sectors in countries that have adjusted their economy, and also for a generalized neglect of the poor. These reforms have been implemented with some difference in probably almost 100 countries around the world, and they usually includes such steps as currency devaluation, reductions in government spending. And very often the first reductions took place in social service programs, since those programs, most often served a portion of the population with the least political cloud, and few, if any places around the negotiating table, when decisions were made about how they were going to cut government spending. There was also generally a reduction or an elimination in government subsidies on basic grains, fuel, agricultural imports, and so on. There was a very consistent move to privatize any businesses that were owned or partially owned by the public sector, including banks, energy, and communications infrastructure, and so on. There was generally, or I would say always a reduction or an elimination of import or export constraints, this process of trade liberalization, and there were often a number of measures implemented to improve the climate for investment, especially foreign investment. And one of the most predominant of those and one that was very noticeable in Venezuela was the weakening of labor laws that were already implemented in the country. Stabilization measures, the first steps usually taken in a country in serious economic trouble, certainly can help reduce inflation, bring in sometimes astronomical rates of inflation under control. And that has been beneficial for everyone in the country. And that has been an element that has, although been somewhat debated, largely acknowledged. But it is most often those who are better off in a country that can most likely take advantage of opportunities created by deregulation, privatization, investment incentives, and so on. And it is most often the poorest people in the country who are hurt by the reduction of government services and subsidies by less access to credits, by devaluation and by the loss of public sector jobs. In Nicaragua, a country devastated by poverty for the last more than a decade, the reduction of public sector jobs was absolutely overwhelming in community after community because so many people were working for the government. Sometimes the problem is not the policy change itself, but the the order in which particular policy changes are made or the speed with which they're made. And one of the arguments over the last decade has found that local communities must have a voice in determining not only what the policies might be, but how quickly they can bear the kind of adjustment that's going to take parents in their local economy. The impact of these policy reforms is enormous because they are assumed by the international financial institutions and other powerful forces in the global economy to be essential steps to a sound economy. The implementation of these reforms then is a condition attached almost without exception to debt relief, new loans, aid, even often to foreign investment in a country. Before many companies, even in the private sector, will look at a country as a potential locus of new investment, they will first look at what the IMF is saying about the soundness of that country's economy. And will often hold back from new investment until the country is given a seal of approval by the International Monetary Fund, which means that they have implemented this particular set of reforms. In other words, unless an impoverished country follows this adjustment prescription, it can very easily be excluded for meaningful participation in the global economy. The impact that these policies of these policy reforms on the poor must be considered as an essential determinant of their ethical acceptability. That's the claim on local communities. It may be that some or all of these policies are ultimately beneficial, but how they're implemented, whether they're implemented, at what speed they're implemented is having such a profound effect on local communities that they need to be participants in determining whether they are acceptable policies or whether we need to begin to look in some other directions. The improvement of macro economic indicators, which is the most commonly accepted measure of success in terms of economic reform is simply not enough. How these policies are affecting the poorest of the poor must also be considered. One very interesting effort to get to the bottom of the debate about structural adjustment programs is called the Structural Adjustment Program Review Initiative, or SAPRI. This is now a joint project of the World Bank and a long list of non-governmental organizations from around the world, but it was initiated after a long struggle and a lot of hard work on the part of non-governmental organizations called SAPRI. This is a multi-year process that has taken place in about 10 countries in different parts of the world that involves research, the collection of testimony from local communities and interaction with government officials, it will result in a report that should contribute in a significant way to the assessment of the impact of structural adjustment and to an assessment of the human impact and the environmental impact of structural adjustment programs. The World Bank, finally agreeing to participate in this project has agreed to take the results of this study very seriously. It was a very interesting project to set up because in order to implement the strategy of review and the collection of testimony, and so on, in these different countries, there had to be agreement from the local government or the national government of the country implementing the program of the World Bank and of the non-governmental organizations most present in that country. There were a number of countries, including Mexico, I think ultimately El Salvador and several others that refused to participate in the study at all. Another example of a group that has tried to address the debate about structural adjustment policies is the working group that Stephen mentioned when he introduced me, the religious work group on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, as he said, we're rather ad hoc coalition of about 45 religious bodies, institutions, Catholic religious orders, denominations members of the national council churches, organizations like Bread for the World and others, that many of whom have a very significant experience of working in the poorest countries of the world. Groups like Church World Service and Catholic Relief Services, they've been on the ground in places at a remarkable number of countries and come into this discussion specifically from that perspective. A significant part of the energy of this working group has been given to furthering the discussion about structural adjustment programs, literally because our partners overseas kept putting this back on our table, \"Do something about structural adjustment programs, figure out where they're coming from. How can they be changed? How can we begin to discuss them in a serious way?\" The working group has shaped its efforts in three different directions. One is just education. We have spent quite a lot of time over the last few years, listening to experts from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the UN Development Program, academics and researchers from universities, researchers from non-governmental sector that have been looking at the impact of structural adjustment policies. And we have been trying to educate within our own institutions or in partners on the ground in countries that have been going through these programs and people in the pews, if you will. And you asked about what are these programs? What are we talking about? Why are they important and why should we care about them? Secondly, we have been engaged in a very interesting and pretty lively debate dialogue with the officials in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and US Treasury, US State Department, and so on. We've had a couple of long meetings, one full day meeting with Michel Camdessus, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund between Michel Camdessus and the heads of denominations and religious leaders affiliated with our institutions that was very interesting. And we have organized a number of public events to just raise the visibility of these issues in the US. Specifically each year when the World Bank and International Monetary Fund have their annual meetings, they meet in Washington two years out of every three, when they meet in Washington. We have hosted a very visible inter-religious or interfaith prayer services to which we have invited the IMF and World Bank officials in Washington to raise as a moral issue the impact on human beings and the rest of creation of these particular policies. We've produced a few resources that have helped shape our conversation. Most particularly we put together a short statement, I have a few copies if anyone's interested, called moral imperatives for addressing structural adjustment and economic reform measures. We were aware as representatives of different religious institutions, that many of our institutions had made significant, sometimes fairly general statements about economic justice or morality of economic life and so on. We're also aware that we had been hearing so much from partners working locally overseas, that there was something wrong with this picture, that we put together a statement of that sort of did a synthesis of the principles articulated most frequently by the various institutions of which we were apart. And then held next to that, some of the questions that we were asking about structural adjustment programs, we found that statement, which has now been endorsed by many religious leaders around the country to be at an interesting sort of point of entree into our discussions with the international economic decision makers. We have also collected quite a few what we call human face stories encouraging our partners overseas to simply tell the stories that are making them feel that there is something wrong with this picture. And then we have been analyzing their stories to connect them with particular policies that were implemented in given countries. This is not a scientific or academic study, but something that is a rather simple tool that is helping local communities in some countries where adjustment has been done to look in a new way at the reality around them, or to listen with new ears to the proposals for economic policy reform in their own country. Is there movement in terms of this debate about structural adjustment programs? I think it probably began almost 20 years ago. Remarkably, I think actually, it may be a small part of the movement may be the result of the concern of ordinary people around the world. Maybe more than a small part. At least more and more official studies are being done about the social and environmental impact of structural adjustment programs. Groups like the International Labor Organization, the UN Development Program, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, and so on, have begun to book very seriously at how these policies are affecting those poorest communities and countries that have adjusted. A study of the ILO/UNDP called Jobs for Africa, and that's like a study that demonstrates how the gap between the rich and the poor in Latin America is undercutting what looks like significant economic improvement in that region. And an external review commissioned by the International Monetary Fund of their ESAF program, which is the funding mechanism for countries while they're doing this kind of economic reform. All of these studies are suggesting at least some very serious, and actually interestingly, I think identifiable problems with the structural adjustment programs. And as a result, I think that you can begin to see some shifting in the ground in terms of what even the international decision makers are calling for. So, for example, during the IMF World Bank annual meetings this year, a number of us had a very interesting conversation with Joseph Stiglitz, who is the Chief Economist at the World Bank, who has been obviously with some backing of the World Bank President, Wolfensohn, has been increasingly vocal in his criticism of the so-called Washington Consensus, which was part of that body of thought that has helped sort of walk these kinds of policy reforms into place. This way of thinking, which has really been unquestioned for a number of years would see these reforms as essential, absolutely essential to the shaping of a responsible and solid economy, sound economy. Step by step, they are, I think, being questioned and perhaps in a way that is really useful, not sort of wholesale throwing out the baby with the bath water, but a sort of a very considered look at how they have a specific impact. The other example that I would like to offer for you this afternoon just briefly, is that of the Jubilee 2000 campaign and other related efforts to achieve a definitive debt relief for the world's most impoverished countries by the end of the year 2000. You may have begun to hear bits and pieces about this actually in the discussions about... At the time of the last few annual meetings of the World Bank and IMF, there has been some significant notice given to the call for definitive debt relief. At the last meeting of the G7, G8 in Birmingham, in England, in May of this year, there was a very large British demonstration of people who were insisting that the finance ministers of the G7 nations make a commitment to solving the burden of debt that is so enormous. Debt is not a new problem, it is one that has, and nor is all debt a problem, but the debt that has become an unbearable burden for many countries has become increasingly heavy over the last few years in certain parts of the world. In Nicaragua, for example, I believe that the degree of devastation that we have just seen in that country in the last 10 days was indirect proportion to the heavy weight of Nicaragua's debt over the last 20 years until very recently, and it actually may still be true, Nicaragua had the highest per capita debt in the world. It is a very poor country. It's one of the few extremely indebted countries in Latin America. Most are in Sub-Saharan Africa. But because Nicaragua has been struggling to adjust its economy, struggling to pay back its debt, trying to figure out how to function in a global context in which it had almost no opening, its infrastructure, its ability to respond to the real needs of its people has seriously deteriorated in the last number of years. And that has been true across a number of administrations in Nicaragua. In many countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa right now, much more is spent every year on servicing the debt than is spent on health or education or other basic needs of people in countries where death is much too often occasioned by curable disease, or by treatable unsanitary conditions, and so on. What may be new? This is not a new problem. It has been with us over the last 20 years. Its first sort of major manifestation was in Latin America. Some of you may remember Mexico's threat to default on its debt payments in 1980 or '81. But the focus of the debt crisis has shifted somewhat in the last two years. And what I think is really new is that thanks to the work of literally millions of people around the world, the possibility of a real solution is much closer than it ever has been. And some of the world's creditors, most of the world's major creditors are in fact, at least willing to talk about how to resolve this problem. About four years ago there was, 93, '94, there was a serious attempt on the part of many organizations, non-governmental organizations and community groups around the world to get the World Bank and IMF to attend to the problem of multilateral debt. And their answer in those years was multilateral debt is not a problem, the debt owed to these international financial institutions. And even if it were, by charter, we cannot do anything about it. So really too bad you have to find a solution somewhere else. Fairly shortly after that however, they did begin to both acknowledge that it was a problem and put some proposals on the table for solutions that have limitations that at least were first step. One of those called the HIPC Initiative, I'll say a little bit more about in a minute. I think what's one of the experiences that I had in the last three weeks was a really helpful demonstration in my mind of positive movement in the direction of a real resolution to the debt crisis. And that was a meeting that I was invited to participate in at Seton Hall University mid-October. It was a small meeting that was convened by one of the members of the religious working group sort of in her capacity as the economic policy advisor for the US Catholic conference. It was a meeting that was set up intentionally as a dialogue between all of the principal players in the reality of debt around the world. And for two days, about 40 or 50 people sat and talked about what it would mean, why deb was a problem, how it looked from different perspectives, and what kind of qualities a real solution might have participating in that meeting. And this was the part that was pretty amazing, I think, was James Wolfensohn, the President of the World Bank, Michel Camdessus, the Managing Director of the IMF, Larry Summers, the Under Secretary of the US Treasury, the finance ministers of Honduras, Zambia, and Uganda, the Catholic archbishops of those three countries, the principal nongovernmental organizations from those three countries, the Chair or the Executive Director of Oxfam International and CAFOD and Catholic Relief Services, and a whole set of people who don't usually sit in the same room together. There was the people in the IMF and in the World Bank, principal staff, people who are managing their debt relief programs, there were...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116400#t=0.0,2778.384"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That at the turn of the millennium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=5.71,7.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there must be a what they're calling a jubilee level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=7.6,12.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of debt relief has become so strong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=12.04,15.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every major Christian denomination in the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=15.63,20.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has spoken out strongly for this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=20.06,22.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jewish communities, Muslim communities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=22.883,25.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have become strong advocates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=25.903,29.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even as the, sort of, economists of the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=29.01,31.855"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have said, \"Well, well be careful now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=31.855,33.668"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can't upset the global economy,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=33.668,36.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the religious groups have been saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=36.25,38.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We can't wait any longer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=38.957,41.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are too many people whose lives are being lost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=41.21,43.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's too much destruction from this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=43.58,45.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It cannot be paid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=45.86,47.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's time to solve it.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=47.47,48.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that a few years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=49.99,52.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would not have been possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=52.52,54.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in local communities around the U.S., around the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=54.06,58.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"local people, government officials,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=59.85,62.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NGO and church leaders, economists, academics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=62.27,66.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are wrestling with questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=66.41,68.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like what kind of debt are we talking about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=68.05,70.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All debt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=70.46,71.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or just debt that exacerbates poverty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=71.39,74.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and environmental destruction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=74.36,75.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or prevents the solution to those problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=75.74,79.187"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why can't we solve it with the mechanisms that we have now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=79.187,83.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because there are no bankruptcy provisions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=83.05,87.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the international arena.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=87.0,89.318"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orange County, California a few years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=89.318,92.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was legally allowed to, and went through an orderly process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=92.64,97.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of declaring bankruptcy and negotiating with its creditors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=97.14,101.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is no such provision in the international community,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=102.71,105.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one of the demands of these calls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=105.56,110.289"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for debt relief is that there be some kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=110.289,112.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a just arbitration process set up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=112.56,116.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that a country going down the drain trying to pay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=116.98,119.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its creditors can do something about it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=119.76,123.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without prejudicing the health and safety","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=123.33,127.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and well-being of its people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=127.54,129.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orange County did not have to cut off its traffic lights,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=129.14,133.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"close its police departments, stop its sewer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=133.44,135.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turned into its water purification needs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=137.48,141.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Didn't close its schools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=141.13,142.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It didn't stop repairing roads.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=142.35,145.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It maintained the basic services necessary for its people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=145.97,150.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need to do the same thing for countries in the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=151.06,154.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are being chewed up by debt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=154.11,158.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certainly, everyone is agreeing corruption","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=158.44,162.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needs to be tended to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=164.37,165.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Much of the loan money was deposited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=165.56,168.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in people's, in the pockets of corrupt leaders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=168.07,170.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or put in foreign bank accounts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=170.74,172.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there needs to be accountability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=172.39,174.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for that if there is any way to achieve 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required","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=399.46,401.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to undergo in the last few years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=401.64,403.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's in his name that we are working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=404.307,407.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to change the way the global economy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=407.94,411.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is functioning right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=411.31,414.719"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm gonna stop with that and invite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=414.719,416.458"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your comments or 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money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=430.838,435.185"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have a specific reason for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=435.185,437.619"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanna buy a car or get mortgage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=437.619,440.087"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna buy a house, or something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=440.087,443.521"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we said countries were borrowing money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=443.521,447.188"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what happens with this money that all turns out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=448.153,451.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be mismanaged, gobbled up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=451.267,453.684"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We figure we need to buy a car to get to work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=455.316,457.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is a legitimate 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account","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=468.937,471.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Mr. (indistinct) or somewhere like (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=471.95,474.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There are many answers to that 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countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=539.55,544.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially in Latin America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=544.36,545.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and often without sufficient care,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=545.89,550.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without sufficient criteria, without sufficient,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=553.06,555.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even taking the kinds of 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ability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=562.61,564.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to manage the loan and collateral and all of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=564.85,568.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So a lot of money was lent out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=568.38,571.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under a very aggressive marketing program of private banks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=571.42,576.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that was at a time when interest rates were very 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rates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=589.1,592.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that skyrocketed shortly after that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=592.51,594.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was one 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reactor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=604.45,607.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Philippines that is built on an earthquake fault","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=607.62,611.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really had basic problems (chuckles) to start with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=613.62,615.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it seems to me that the World Bank","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=615.91,618.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had responsibility for making that loan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=618.2,620.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just as did the government in the Philippines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=620.2,623.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that to, for the Filipino people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=623.4,626.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to continue to pay that loan off is unconscionable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=626.71,630.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=631.54,635.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was ruling brutally in his country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=636.61,640.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"creditors, including the World Bank,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=641.51,643.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also made loans to him knowing perfectly well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=643.33,647.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that money was going to go into his private account.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=647.46,650.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Should the people of Nicaragua,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=650.99,652.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this little boy that was white-washing windows,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=652.33,655.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pay for that loan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=655.31,656.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mm, I don't think so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=656.34,657.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that the creditors have a responsibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=657.41,660.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be discerning in their loan making too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=660.38,665.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Africa often loans were made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=665.08,666.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for military hardware purchases during the Cold War,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=667.773,672.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the kind of, sort of, welcoming of allies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=673.51,678.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and search for allies that went on for those years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=678.79,683.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there was some amount of debt left from that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=683.17,686.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the sort of package of indebtedness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=691.57,694.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any one country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=694.29,695.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was some, in Venezuela I had an interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=695.2,697.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conversation with one of the members of Congress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=697.98,702.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the parliament in Venezuela who was describing the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=702.59,707.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had actually a history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=709.65,711.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of about, hmm, the limited numbers of loans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=711.22,714.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe three or four major loans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=714.26,716.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made at a particular time in Venezuela's history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=716.73,719.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the person who was signing the loans for Venezuela","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=719.55,723.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was also on the board of the bank that was making the loans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=723.2,726.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, I mean, there was just a completely illegal process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=726.92,731.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on and a lot of personal benefits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=734.07,736.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there're a lot of reasons for it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=736.21,738.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are also legitimate loans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=738.403,740.325"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have done what they needed to do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=740.325,743.808"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and probably should be paid back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=743.808,745.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=746.54,747.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, I'd like to follow up whether there was any evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=747.373,750.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the Sacred Hall meeting or any other meetings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=750.33,753.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you've been part of where the World Bank people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=753.19,756.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the other international finance people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=756.073,758.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see that Somoza benefited, if Idi Amin benefited?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=759.6,764.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe those loans should be looked at under a different set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=765.05,768.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of criteria then than other loans that went bad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=768.27,771.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is there any evidence of that again?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=771.67,772.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't think so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=772.59,773.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=773.873,774.706"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are still, the debate in the institutions tends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=774.706,779.706"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be centered on their framework for debt relief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=779.76,783.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have big initiative,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=783.07,784.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=784.29,786.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which sets debt cancellation criteria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=786.03,791.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to what they call sustainability,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=791.42,794.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's how they're still looking at it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=794.91,798.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that question is, you know, beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=799.68,803.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find its way at least into the conversation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=803.35,805.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but like I don't think any are hearing it yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=805.41,808.199"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=808.199,809.032"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You paint a very compelling picture of the world we're in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=810.701,814.691"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you address sort of the overall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=814.691,818.216"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"title of our conscience?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=818.216,819.872"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why should we care?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=819.872,821.455"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=822.52,823.616"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess the sort of fundamental premise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=823.616,826.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of my thoughts is that we should care","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=826.83,830.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we are part of a global community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=830.97,833.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what happens to one affects the well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=833.3,836.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is detrimental effects the well-being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=836.91,838.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all of us because we're sisters and brothers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=838.89,842.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's where I start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=842.523,844.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there are also specific other reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=844.53,849.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think point to a significant impact in our own lives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=849.55,854.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of some of the most dysfunctional components","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=856.0,861.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the global economy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=863.25,864.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of them is environmental.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=864.6,866.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If countries around the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=867.109,869.535"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are extracting their natural resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=869.535,873.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or exploiting their forests in order to export a product","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=873.65,878.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to earn money to pay their debt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=879.05,881.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are going to feel that eventually if we aren't already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=881.43,885.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another area is in that sort of realm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=886.74,891.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the narcotics problem that we're having in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=892.05,897.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are a number of countries, many countries actually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=897.97,901.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the economy of a country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=901.86,905.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is benefiting from the production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=905.26,907.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of either the raw materials for or the drugs themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=907.71,912.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, for example, Bolivia is a highly indebted poor country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=913.87,918.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It just got some debt relief through the HIPC Initiative,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=918.28,920.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's a very heavily indebted country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=920.68,922.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also one of the major producers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=923.77,925.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of coca leaf in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=925.46,927.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether there is a direct link in which, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=928.8,933.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bolivian authorities are reluctant to slow down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=934.62,939.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the export of coca leaves because at least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=940.41,943.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is some foreign exchange coming into the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=943.72,948.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and flowing into the economy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=948.0,950.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You go to Cochabamba in Bolivia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=950.55,953.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see the impact of a drug economy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=953.37,957.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is raising housing and construction and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=957.63,962.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or whether it's more distant and more subtle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=963.56,967.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the coca growers in the Chapare region","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=967.26,970.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Bolivia don't have another product that they can,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=970.15,975.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another work they can do that they can,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=975.39,978.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with which they can support their families.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=978.01,980.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a healthy economy things would look different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=980.52,984.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess that the other connection that I would love","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=987.07,990.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see some of you in Iowa think about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=990.23,994.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that how the, what is happening in to countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=994.41,999.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in serious debt or countries that have had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1001.81,1004.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go through certain kinds of adjustment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1004.7,1007.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is mirrored in the economy in Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1008.29,1011.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How are the markets for Hobbes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1011.34,1016.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or other Iowa products affected by indebtedness?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1018.917,1023.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I do know is that at a most basic bare minimum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1023.46,1028.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when there are at least 40,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1029.43,1034.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I would guess more like 60 or 70 countries in the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1034.11,1038.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whose economies are absolutely strangled by indebtedness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1039.36,1043.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sort of a baggage that they're still carrying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1043.99,1048.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those countries are not contributing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1049.11,1052.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a lively global economy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1052.53,1054.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has a measure of justice to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1054.78,1056.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'd love to see Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1056.45,1058.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Iowans give that a little bit of 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connections","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1065.437,1070.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are at least suggested in terms of the kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1070.954,1075.954"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of economic policies that were required","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1076.67,1081.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of countries in Asia and the, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1082.49,1086.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the opening of markets, including currency markets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1086.5,1090.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are the same policies that poor countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1097.67,1100.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been having to implement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1100.42,1102.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's having an effect in Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1102.56,1106.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can we begin to understand that we live","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1106.43,1108.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a world where the economy is a global system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1108.62,1112.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we don't get to exempt ourselves from its impact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1112.32,1117.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1119.91,1120.898"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What are the institutions or the academics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1120.898,1124.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the academic comments, what are they teaching?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1124.58,1129.109"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I would say that there is up until fairly recently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1129.109,1134.109"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most the teaching pretty classical free market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1138.13,1143.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the only way to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1143.44,1144.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think some of the rollercoaster ride","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1146.27,1148.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've been on in the last few years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1148.213,1150.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is, you know, opening some more questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1151.26,1154.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There of course always, you know, economists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1154.16,1158.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are thinking in other directions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1158.24,1161.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and challenging in other directions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1161.39,1163.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there are, if there's sort of interesting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1163.52,1167.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always this sort of interesting flow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1169.09,1171.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of which economists are in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1171.43,1172.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which ones are affecting the Congressional thinking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1172.9,1175.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which ones are affecting the bank, but I think a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1175.1,1179.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are at least asking 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say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1189.27,1194.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the economists in the institutions are shifting now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1194.16,1199.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the exception of, I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1199.03,1200.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty big exception of Mr. Stiglitz,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1200.71,1202.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but most would say it is really a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1202.95,1207.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when a country adjusts by cutting its social spending.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1208.9,1212.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We won't accept that anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1212.63,1214.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A country has to show that it will make a commitment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1214.47,1217.131"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to health and education and so on in order","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1217.131,1220.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get new loans and debt relief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1220.02,1221.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're also saying, \"We agree that in order","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1222.859,1225.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for debt relief to be meaningful,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1225.69,1227.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have to find mechanisms to direct it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1227.25,1229.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the sectors of an economy that are most needy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1229.98,1232.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we will give, we were willing to consider giving faster","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1232.76,1236.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and deeper debt relief to a country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1236.75,1238.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that makes a 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saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1245.6,1250.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Maybe there's something wrong with the model itself.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1250.027,1252.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think that's big 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being.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1257.19,1258.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think for now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1258.66,1260.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some would really challenge that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1260.4,1263.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are some groups calling for debt relief","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1263.63,1266.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will not use the HIPC Initiative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1266.25,1269.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a sort of first step","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1269.3,1271.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the HIPC Initiative in that program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1271.49,1275.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't even get in the door to have a conversation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1275.34,1279.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about debt relief until you have proven","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1279.25,1282.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can adjust your economy according","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1282.99,1285.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to IMF requirements for three years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1285.9,1288.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then once you get approval,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1288.43,1290.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to do another three years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1290.67,1291.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of adjustment and then you get debt relief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1291.95,1294.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So some people would say that is an unacceptable ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1294.03,1297.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on which to base debt relief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1297.94,1299.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I agree, but I think that the challenge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1300.71,1304.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to try to change the economic, the adjustment policies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1304.78,1308.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the same time that we're trying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1308.9,1310.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get debt relief on the table.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1310.17,1311.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1313.42,1314.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Within the 15th and 19th centuries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1316.097,1319.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the conduct of the world powers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1319.577,1322.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was based essentially as a result of Industrial Revolution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1323.122,1328.122"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and manifested through groundwork defaults","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1328.536,1332.006"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they can endure in the more guns I can navigate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1332.006,1335.536"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and transfer to the coming year to subjugate you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1335.536,1338.495"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and exploit what it is you become produced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1338.495,1340.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in raw material producing country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1340.99,1343.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then you buy that product.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1343.933,1346.234"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Essentially, that's what it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1346.234,1347.721"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're Chinese, you have to smoke white opium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1347.721,1350.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to commit the whole process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1350.303,1352.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that's in the 20th century that's been modified","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1352.61,1357.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a reaching mechanism that I'm no longer interested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1358.46,1363.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come and over (indistinct) but for some water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1364.599,1367.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sit down there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1367.69,1368.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All I'm interested is the money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1368.55,1370.308"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm gonna suck his blood, bit by bit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1370.308,1372.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contract by contract, IMF, so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1372.77,1375.768"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is this what's happening to us?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1375.768,1378.351"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think some would say that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1379.41,1380.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah, I guess that, one of the interesting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1380.78,1385.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a sort of obtuse answer to, (laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1386.054,1391.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or response to your comment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1394.482,1396.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the meeting at Seton Hall about debt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1396.69,1401.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was one, he was an economist and an ethicist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1401.58,1406.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he kept saying for two days,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1407.06,1410.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The issue, yes, debt is important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1410.137,1413.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the issue is about terms of trade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1413.09,1415.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's about the way (chuckles) the world works.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1415.83,1418.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These countries will never get past this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1418.67,1420.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless we look at these issues.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1420.83,1422.527"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought that was...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1423.51,1424.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody, nobody responded to his comment ever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1424.51,1427.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I thought was really interesting about it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1427.99,1429.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that he was getting at one of the demands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1429.62,1432.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Jubilee 2000 campaign platform,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1432.74,1435.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is that we achieve definitive debt relief","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1435.22,1439.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and mechanisms to prevent repeated cycles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1439.05,1442.535"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of destructive indebtedness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1442.535,1444.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suggests something very significant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1444.81,1446.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how we do our business in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1446.65,1449.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe, I know we probably are getting short on time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1449.35,1452.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe take one more question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1452.25,1453.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then I'm glad to chat for a little bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1453.75,1456.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, maybe both of you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1456.11,1457.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I was just wondering do you see any evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1459.511,1461.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of countries going to default","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1461.9,1465.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or cancel the debt with default?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1465.04,1467.675"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not pay their debt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1467.675,1468.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what would happen if there's a domino effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1468.83,1471.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of countries say that we can't pay it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1471.73,1475.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, you probably know that there's been conversation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1475.94,1479.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that over the last 20 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1479.11,1481.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Castro at one time tried to gather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1482.81,1485.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a group of countries willing to risk that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1485.03,1487.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's been interesting because that question points out to me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1489.056,1494.056"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the profoundly political nature of this issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1494.18,1498.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When Peru under Alan Garcia in the mid '80s said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1499.61,1504.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We will not pay more than 10%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1505.377,1507.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our export earnings on debt\", so this thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1507.23,1510.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peru was absolutely cut off from the global economy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1510.01,1514.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No loans, no investment, no, I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1514.33,1517.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peru got to a place where they had a freighter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1517.12,1519.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sitting in their harbor that no one would unload","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1519.81,1524.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until someone came out and paid cash","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1524.31,1526.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the products on board because its economy was so locked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1526.91,1531.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they had done this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1534.33,1535.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brazil, on the other hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1535.74,1537.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply didn't pay on its debt for a number of years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1537.24,1539.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it kept saying, \"Oh yeah, yeah, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1539.62,1541.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're gonna pay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1541.01,1542.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll pay, we'll pay.\"\n(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1542.0,1543.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it did not make an issue out of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1543.41,1545.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Countries are pretty afraid to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1546.48,1550.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The consequences are pretty high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1550.02,1553.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some are saying, \"We're not gonna have any choice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1553.37,1555.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to default if something isn't done about that.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1555.77,1558.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's, you know, some sympathy to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1558.27,1561.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a recognition that that's probably true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1561.6,1563.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But one of the most anxiety producing parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1563.61,1567.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this is that countries themselves will say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1567.04,1571.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"If our debt is canceled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1571.877,1573.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will that mean we can't get new loans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1573.81,1576.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we will get no new investment.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1576.52,1579.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some in the World Bank would say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1579.03,1582.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Yeah, that's true,\" or the IMF.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1582.997,1585.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Others don't agree.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1585.34,1586.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An interesting comment from a Merrill Lynch,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1587.2,1589.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a pretty high-level investment firm broker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1590.311,1593.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was at this meeting at Seton Hall,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1593.42,1595.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he was asked, \"What would happen if Honduras's debt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1595.64,1598.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were canceled tomorrow?\", and this was before the flood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1598.32,1601.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, \"We would consider for the first time investing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1602.82,1607.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Honduras because we would think the economy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1607.66,1610.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a chance to survive,\" which was interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1610.13,1613.899"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Last question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1613.899,1615.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It seems like your field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1615.147,1617.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been faced with humanitarian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1617.03,1619.946"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problems are at a human level, and speak to Iowans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1619.946,1624.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're asking Iowans to be aware of the theme,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1624.67,1627.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the quality of the problem, the debt problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1629.104,1630.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet you want to speak of a global community that is just,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1632.69,1637.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it seems like in order for that to become providence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1637.8,1641.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be some sort of critique","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1641.067,1642.385"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the high-level decision makers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1642.385,1645.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In order to implement these mechanisms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1648.03,1650.149"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the Jubilee 2000 thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1650.149,1652.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in order to come up with mechanisms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1652.23,1655.579"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there has to be some way of, it seems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1655.579,1658.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presenting these mechanisms to the authorities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1660.62,1664.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or presenting a critique of the authorities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1664.02,1667.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the mechanisms can at least surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1667.03,1671.138"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you know, first of all, what are the proposed mechanisms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1671.138,1676.138"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if there are none, who's going to win the critique?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1676.74,1681.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think that, and I just, pardon if I'd made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1683.72,1688.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little correction to the lady who said something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1688.34,1690.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are really pretty serious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1690.48,1692.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about trying to not sound critical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1692.38,1697.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of decision-makers themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1698.08,1700.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we actually believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1700.78,1702.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they are trying to do what they can,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1702.23,1704.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we are circuit of all of their policies. (chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1704.89,1709.122"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I watched, the reason I said that is that I watched","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1709.122,1712.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a World Bank official about have a nervous breakdown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1712.95,1717.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he was hearing all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1717.3,1718.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what was being said personally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1718.98,1720.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he was saying, \"We're doing the best we can.\" (laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1720.57,1723.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was really upset about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1723.23,1724.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I felt really badly, but.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1724.26,1725.711"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we're really,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1725.711,1726.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're serious about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1726.94,1728.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, there are proposals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1728.49,1730.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are going to be, some of them are quite specific.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1730.73,1735.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Like, can we establish a mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1735.95,1739.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for negotiating bankruptcy on an international level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1739.16,1742.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or some such thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1742.02,1743.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Others are how do we improve the HIPC Initiative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1745.14,1749.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a level that it would really give significant 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Bank","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1765.72,1769.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the IMF and other institutions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1769.327,1771.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The U.S. Treasury has been off and on about it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1772.79,1776.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they've participated in making some proposals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1777.92,1780.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a 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debate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1786.34,1789.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a congressional level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1789.42,1790.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very tall order in Congress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1792.78,1795.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just, in a Congress that has pared down foreign aid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1795.49,1800.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to almost a non-existent level to even suggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1800.4,1805.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we want $70 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1805.6,1807.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for next year's debt relief is, you know, seems impossible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1807.54,1812.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, but there are specific proposals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1812.443,1816.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I think is likely to happen though is that I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1816.69,1820.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I don't think there's any way to do this other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1820.51,1822.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than on a country-by-country basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1822.71,1825.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that, I think it will be very interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1825.06,1828.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see what happens to Honduras","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1828.53,1830.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a result of this catastrophe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1830.43,1833.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Honduras was up until three weeks ago, two weeks ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1833.19,1837.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Honduras was considered to be a highly indebted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1837.7,1841.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very poor country, but that it's doubtless sustainable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1841.04,1845.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it wasn't likely to get much help","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1845.89,1847.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the existing frameworks for debt relief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1847.87,1850.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That just was blown out of the water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1851.36,1853.569"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how international creditors will handle that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1853.569,1858.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What level of debt relief they give to Honduras","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1858.35,1861.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on what conditions, if any?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1861.46,1863.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How they require it to be channeled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1863.57,1866.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be an interesting case study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1866.26,1869.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's likely to happen on a case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1869.01,1871.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country-by-country basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1871.24,1873.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then negotiate part of what we're doing is saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1873.21,1875.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that civil society has to be part of that negotiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1877.26,1881.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if there are conditions to be attached to debt relief,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1881.91,1885.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have to be agreeable to local people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1885.19,1888.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If local people say, \"Don't give our dictator debt relief","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1888.72,1893.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because she will put it in her pocket","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1893.63,1896.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and deposit it in a bank in Switzerland,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1896.55,1900.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we need to listen to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1900.19,1902.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's sort of the process becomes almost as important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1902.7,1906.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the formula in the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1906.67,1910.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So thank you all very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1910.31,1911.804"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=1911.804,1914.971"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28431/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/431/original/AV204593_Putting_Human_Faces_on_Economic_Policy_b.vtt?1622661005","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/431/original/AV204593_Putting_Human_Faces_on_Economic_Policy_b.vtt?1622661005"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28432","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204593_Putting_Human_Faces_on_Economic_Policy_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401/transcript/28432/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- That at the turn of the millennium there must be a what they're calling a jubilee level of debt relief has become so strong. Every major Christian denomination in the world has spoken out strongly for this. Jewish communities, Muslim communities, have become strong advocates. And even as the, sort of, economists of the world have said, \"Well, well be careful now. We can't upset the global economy,\" the religious groups have been saying, \"We can't wait any longer. There are too many people whose lives are being lost. There's too much destruction from this. It cannot be paid. It's time to solve it.\" I think that a few years ago that would not have been possible. Now in local communities around the U.S., around the world, local people, government officials, NGO and church leaders, economists, academics are wrestling with questions like what kind of debt are we talking about? All debt? Or just debt that exacerbates poverty and environmental destruction or prevents the solution to those problems. Why can't we solve it with the mechanisms that we have now? Because there are no bankruptcy provisions in the international arena. Orange County, California a few years ago was legally allowed to, and went through an orderly process, of declaring bankruptcy and negotiating with its creditors. There is no such provision in the international community, and one of the demands of these calls for debt relief is that there be some kind of a just arbitration process set up so that a country going down the drain trying to pay its creditors can do something about it without prejudicing the health and safety and well-being of its people. Orange County did not have to cut off its traffic lights, close its police departments, stop its sewer, turned into its water purification needs. Didn't close its schools. It didn't stop repairing roads. It maintained the basic services necessary for its people. We need to do the same thing for countries in the world that are being chewed up by debt. Certainly, everyone is agreeing corruption needs to be tended to. Much of the loan money was deposited in people's, in the pockets of corrupt leaders or put in foreign bank accounts, and there needs to be accountability for that if there is any way to achieve it. But we also need to acknowledge that much of this indebtedness was, came from, a significant piece of it, in many countries came from loans for projects that were never completed. That were failed projects, or for projects that never benefited the local community, that only benefited a few people. Much of the sort of size of the debt in some places came from the fact that these loans were made at variable interest rates. If you have a variable interest rate mortgage, you know what that means? It's fine when the interests go down, but in the early '80s when interest rates went from whatever, six or seven or 8% to 22%, many countries found themselves paying the principle over and over and over again. The biggest point though, and I'm going to end with this and maybe have some time for conversation is that what is at play here is that the debt burden that is carried by so many countries is taking a tremendous human and an environmental toll. Many countries, in order to earn export, in order to earn foreign currency with which to pay off the debt, are selling their forests much more quickly than would be advisable according to almost anyone. But also of import I think in this is that none of this will be accomplished without the political will to do so. The will of ordinary people. And that is a very tall order to bring about in the United States where debt, Nicaragua's debt or Zambia's debt, feels like it is on the other side of the world and irrelevant as far as we're concerned. And then on top of that, it's going to cost us if the debt is canceled. We have a big job to do to convince people that the cost of debt relief is relatively small. That, for example, in order for the U.S. to participate fully in what I might call jubilee level of debt relief over the next three years might cost a total of $1 billion over three years. The total debt of Sub-Saharan Africa, which is strangling people, is less than the annual military budget of the United States. It's not an astronomical price tag that's attached to this. There have certainly been some partial solutions, but many people feel that the turn of the millennium is an appropriate time to do something that is grand and significant and definitive in terms of this. Yesterday I met with a small group of students at St. Thomas Aquinas community here in Ames, and I told them about a child that I met in Nicaragua last year when we stopped at an intersection. I was in the car and there was, it was pouring, pouring, pouring rain, and this little bitty type about three years old, four years old, jumped up on the hood of the car and squeegeed off the windshield as the rain poured down, and I thought, I don't know whether to laugh or cry. This child is out after dark in the pouring rain trying to get anything that he can, not because he's having fun doing it, but because his family needs it to survive. And there is a direct connection between that and the debt of Nicaragua. There is a direct connection between that and the kinds of economic reforms, the speed of economic reforms that Nicaragua has been required to undergo in the last few years. It's in his name that we are working to change the way the global economy is functioning right now. So I'm gonna stop with that and invite your comments or questions, suggestions. Thank you, yes?\r\n\r\n- When I need to go to the bank and borrow money, we have a specific reason for it. I wanna buy a car or get mortgage. I'm gonna buy a house, or something like that. When we said countries were borrowing money, what happens with this money that all turns out to be mismanaged, gobbled up? We figure we need to buy a car to get to work, and that is a legitimate excuse. Now, what is the excuse of these countries that borrow all these money? They get into a project that doesn't pay. They can't pay. It turns out to be no project without pay. And most of the time, it ends up in the bank account of Mr. or somewhere like .\r\n\r\n- There are many answers to that question. It varies a fair amount from one situation to another. There are, of course, many loans that are made that are, that do serve the purposes for which they were negotiated. But the kinds of things that have created significant problems in, and which I would feel or ought to be looked at again are, for example, many countries in the late '70s when there was a tremendous glut of money in Western banks from the oil, sort of rise in early oil prices and so on, many of those banks were very anxious to get the money out in circulation. Otherwise, it was not much use to them. And in fact did, and they will admit it now and have stopped doing this largely. Did actually market loans to poor countries, especially in Latin America, and often without sufficient care, without sufficient criteria, without sufficient, even taking the kinds of steps that would be legally required in this country before a loan would be made in terms of ability to manage the loan and collateral and all of that. So a lot of money was lent out under a very aggressive marketing program of private banks. And that was at a time when interest rates were very low. They loaned, the burden of indebtedness was multiplied then by interest rates that skyrocketed shortly after that. That was one way. Another kind of loan that, I mean, there were just some loans that were flat-out made that should not ever have been made. The World Bank loans for a nuclear reactor in the Philippines that is built on an earthquake fault really had basic problems to start with, and it seems to me that the World Bank had responsibility for making that loan, just as did the government in the Philippines. And that to, for the Filipino people, to continue to pay that loan off is unconscionable. When Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua was ruling brutally in his country, creditors, including the World Bank, also made loans to him knowing perfectly well that that money was going to go into his private account. Should the people of Nicaragua, this little boy that was white-washing windows, pay for that loan? Mm, I don't think so. I think that the creditors have a responsibility to be discerning in their loan making too. In Africa often loans were made for military hardware purchases during the Cold War, that the kind of, sort of, welcoming of allies and search for allies that went on for those years, and there was some amount of debt left from that. So the sort of package of indebtedness in any one country. There was some, in Venezuela I had an interesting conversation with one of the members of Congress of the parliament in Venezuela who was describing the... He had actually a history of about, hmm, the limited numbers of loans, maybe three or four major loans made at a particular time in Venezuela's history when the person who was signing the loans for Venezuela was also on the board of the bank that was making the loans. And, I mean, there was just a completely illegal process going on and a lot of personal benefits. So there're a lot of reasons for it. There are also legitimate loans that have done what they needed to do, and probably should be paid back. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Yeah, I'd like to follow up whether there was any evidence at the Sacred Hall meeting or any other meetings that you've been part of where the World Bank people and the other international finance people see that Somoza benefited, if Idi Amin benefited? Maybe those loans should be looked at under a different set of criteria then than other loans that went bad. Is there any evidence of that again?\r\n\r\n- I don't think so. Not yet. They are still, the debate in the institutions tends to be centered on their framework for debt relief. They have big initiative, the Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative, which sets debt cancellation criteria according to what they call sustainability, and that's how they're still looking at it. But that question is, you know, beginning to find its way at least into the conversation, but like I don't think any are hearing it yet. Yes.\r\n\r\n- You paint a very compelling picture of the world we're in. Could you address sort of the overall title of our conscience? Why should we care?\r\n\r\n- Good question. I guess the sort of fundamental premise of my thoughts is that we should care because we are part of a global community and what happens to one affects the well, that is detrimental effects the well-being of all of us because we're sisters and brothers. That's where I start. But there are also specific other reasons that I think point to a significant impact in our own lives of some of the most dysfunctional components of the global economy. One of them is environmental. If countries around the world are extracting their natural resources or exploiting their forests in order to export a product in order to earn money to pay their debt, we are going to feel that eventually if we aren't already. Another area is in that sort of realm of the narcotics problem that we're having in the world. There are a number of countries, many countries actually, in which the economy of a country is benefiting from the production of either the raw materials for or the drugs themselves. So, for example, Bolivia is a highly indebted poor country. It just got some debt relief through the HIPC Initiative, but it's a very heavily indebted country. It's also one of the major producers of coca leaf in the world. Whether there is a direct link in which, for example, Bolivian authorities are reluctant to slow down the export of coca leaves because at least there is some foreign exchange coming into the country and flowing into the economy. You go to Cochabamba in Bolivia and you can see the impact of a drug economy that is raising housing and construction and so on. Or whether it's more distant and more subtle that the coca growers in the Chapare region of Bolivia don't have another product that they can, another work they can do that they can, with which they can support their families. In a healthy economy things would look different. I guess that the other connection that I would love to see some of you in Iowa think about is that how the, what is happening in to countries in serious debt or countries that have had to go through certain kinds of adjustment is mirrored in the economy in Iowa. How are the markets for Hobbes or other Iowa products affected by indebtedness? What I do know is that at a most basic bare minimum that when there are at least 40, and I would guess more like 60 or 70 countries in the world whose economies are absolutely strangled by indebtedness and sort of a baggage that they're still carrying, those countries are not contributing to a lively global economy that has a measure of justice to it. So I'd love to see Iowa, Iowans give that a little bit of thought in terms of where are the connections? How does, sort of, I mean, the connections are at least suggested in terms of the kinds of economic policies that were required of countries in Asia and the, for example, the opening of markets, including currency markets. Those are the same policies that poor countries have been having to implement. So that's having an effect in Iowa. Can we begin to understand that we live in a world where the economy is a global system and we don't get to exempt ourselves from its impact. Yes.\r\n\r\n- What are the institutions or the academics, the academic comments, what are they teaching?\r\n\r\n- Well, I would say that there is up until fairly recently, most the teaching pretty classical free market is the only way to go. I think some of the rollercoaster ride we've been on in the last few years is, you know, opening some more questions. There of course always, you know, economists who are thinking in other directions and challenging in other directions. I think there are, if there's sort of interesting, always this sort of interesting flow of which economists are in, which ones are affecting the Congressional thinking, which ones are affecting the bank, but I think a lot are at least asking questions about this sort of absolute commitment to a set of programs where I would say the economists in the institutions are shifting now with the exception of, I mean, pretty big exception of Mr. Stiglitz, but most would say it is really a problem when a country adjusts by cutting its social spending. We won't accept that anymore. A country has to show that it will make a commitment to health and education and so on in order to get new loans and debt relief. They're also saying, \"We agree that in order for debt relief to be meaningful, we have to find mechanisms to direct it to the sectors of an economy that are most needy, and we will give, we were willing to consider giving faster and deeper debt relief to a country that makes a commitment to attending to its poorest citizens.\" They're not yet, I don't think any institutions much saying, \"Maybe there's something wrong with the model itself.\" I don't think that's big question.\r\n\r\n- You have to just work within this model for the time being.\r\n\r\n- I think for now. Some would really challenge that. There are some groups calling for debt relief that will not use the HIPC Initiative as a sort of first step because the HIPC Initiative in that program you don't even get in the door to have a conversation about debt relief until you have proven that you can adjust your economy according to IMF requirements for three years. And then once you get approval, you have to do another three years of adjustment and then you get debt relief. So some people would say that is an unacceptable ground on which to base debt relief. I agree, but I think that the challenge is to try to change the economic, the adjustment policies at the same time that we're trying to get debt relief on the table. Yes.\r\n\r\n- Within the 15th and 19th centuries, the conduct of the world powers was based essentially as a result of Industrial Revolution, and manifested through groundwork defaults and they can endure in the more guns I can navigate, and transfer to the coming year to subjugate you and exploit what it is you become produced in raw material producing country, and then you buy that product. Essentially, that's what it is. You're Chinese, you have to smoke white opium in order to commit the whole process. Now that's in the 20th century that's been modified as a reaching mechanism that I'm no longer interested to come and over but for some water, sit down there. All I'm interested is the money, and I'm gonna suck his blood, bit by bit, contract by contract, IMF, so forth. Is this what's happening to us?\r\n\r\n- I think some would say that. Yeah, I guess that, one of the interesting, this is a sort of obtuse answer to, or response to your comment. At the meeting at Seton Hall about debt, there was one, he was an economist and an ethicist, and he kept saying for two days, \"The issue, yes, debt is important, but the issue is about terms of trade. It's about the way the world works. These countries will never get past this unless we look at these issues.\" I thought that was... Nobody, nobody responded to his comment ever. What I thought was really interesting about it was that he was getting at one of the demands in the Jubilee 2000 campaign platform, which is that we achieve definitive debt relief and mechanisms to prevent repeated cycles of destructive indebtedness suggests something very significant about how we do our business in the world. Maybe, I know we probably are getting short on time. Maybe take one more question, and then I'm glad to chat for a little bit. Well, maybe both of you.\r\n\r\n- I was just wondering do you see any evidence of countries going to default or cancel the debt with default? Not pay their debt? And what would happen if there's a domino effect. A lot of countries say that we can't pay it.\r\n\r\n- Well, you probably know that there's been conversation about that over the last 20 years. President Castro at one time tried to gather a group of countries willing to risk that. It's been interesting because that question points out to me the profoundly political nature of this issue. When Peru under Alan Garcia in the mid '80s said, \"We will not pay more than 10% of our export earnings on debt\", so this thing. Peru was absolutely cut off from the global economy. No loans, no investment, no, I mean, Peru got to a place where they had a freighter sitting in their harbor that no one would unload until someone came out and paid cash for the products on board because its economy was so locked because they had done this. Brazil, on the other hand, simply didn't pay on its debt for a number of years, but it kept saying, \"Oh yeah, yeah, yeah. We're gonna pay. We'll pay, we'll pay.\" But it did not make an issue out of it. Countries are pretty afraid to do that. The consequences are pretty high. Some are saying, \"We're not gonna have any choice but to default if something isn't done about that.\" And there's, you know, some sympathy to that. There's a recognition that that's probably true. But one of the most anxiety producing parts of this is that countries themselves will say, \"If our debt is canceled will that mean we can't get new loans? And we will get no new investment.\" And some in the World Bank would say, \"Yeah, that's true,\" or the IMF. Others don't agree. An interesting comment from a Merrill Lynch, a pretty high-level investment firm broker who was at this meeting at Seton Hall, when he was asked, \"What would happen if Honduras's debt were canceled tomorrow?\", and this was before the flood. And he said, \"We would consider for the first time investing in Honduras because we would think the economy had a chance to survive,\" which was interesting. Last question.\r\n\r\n- It seems like your field has been faced with humanitarian. The problems are at a human level, and speak to Iowans. You're asking Iowans to be aware of the theme, and the quality of the problem, the debt problem. Yet you want to speak of a global community that is just, and it seems like in order for that to become providence would be some sort of critique of the high-level decision makers. In order to implement these mechanisms for the Jubilee 2000 thing or in order to come up with mechanisms, there has to be some way of, it seems, presenting these mechanisms to the authorities or presenting a critique of the authorities so that the mechanisms can at least surface. Do you know, first of all, what are the proposed mechanisms, and if there are none, who's going to win the critique?\r\n\r\n- I think that, and I just, pardon if I'd made a little correction to the lady who said something. We are really pretty serious about trying to not sound critical of decision-makers themselves because we actually believe that they are trying to do what they can, but we are circuit of all of their policies. I watched, the reason I said that is that I watched a World Bank official about have a nervous breakdown because he was hearing all of what was being said personally. And he was saying, \"We're doing the best we can.\" He was really upset about it. I felt really badly, but. So we're really, we're serious about that. Yes, there are proposals. They are going to be, some of them are quite specific. Like, can we establish a mechanism for negotiating bankruptcy on an international level or some such thing. Others are how do we improve the HIPC Initiative to a level that it would really give significant relief? They are being discussed in 100 different places. They're being, proposals are coming forth from major development agencies like Oxfam International and KFAD from within the World Bank and the IMF and other institutions. The U.S. Treasury has been off and on about it, but they've participated in making some proposals. There is a policy. There will be a bill introduced in Congress this year that would at least begin the debate at a congressional level. It's a very tall order in Congress. It's just, in a Congress that has pared down foreign aid to almost a non-existent level to even suggest that we want $70 million for next year's debt relief is, you know, seems impossible. So, but there are specific proposals. What I think is likely to happen though is that I think, that I don't think there's any way to do this other than on a country-by-country basis. And I think that, I think it will be very interesting to see what happens to Honduras as a result of this catastrophe. Honduras was up until three weeks ago, two weeks ago, Honduras was considered to be a highly indebted, very poor country, but that it's doubtless sustainable. So it wasn't likely to get much help through the existing frameworks for debt relief. That just was blown out of the water. And how international creditors will handle that? What level of debt relief they give to Honduras on what conditions, if any? How they require it to be channeled will be an interesting case study. I think it's likely to happen on a case, country-by-country basis. And then negotiate part of what we're doing is saying that civil society has to be part of that negotiation. So if there are conditions to be attached to debt relief, they have to be agreeable to local people. If local people say, \"Don't give our dictator debt relief because she will put it in her pocket and deposit it in a bank in Switzerland,\" then we need to listen to that. But it's sort of the process becomes almost as important as the formula in the end. So thank you all very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43463/file/116401#t=0.0,1922.352"}]}]}]}