{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/tq5r786d7m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Lovins, Amory B., Why do it the Hard Way?"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Why do it the Hard Way? Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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cross-pollinating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=174.14,178.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in the process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=179.53,180.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've noticed a lot of people converging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=180.57,182.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a hopeful view of our energy future","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=182.75,185.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'd like to help you explore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=187.09,189.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by outlining two ways our energy system might evolve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=189.593,193.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the next 50 years or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=193.39,196.074"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These two paths are hypothetical and illustrative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=196.074,201.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although I think they're technically 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recommendations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=205.71,206.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but rather as a qualitative vehicle for ideas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=206.67,209.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to be using US examples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=210.39,213.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to be familiar and specific.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=213.24,216.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But studies on these lines are done or being 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countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=223.66,226.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the data already in are showing very clearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=226.42,228.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that although the technical details 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state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=233.62,236.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as diverse as this one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=236.09,237.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same principles apply essentially 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information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=244.82,247.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the basic thesis has already been set out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=247.93,251.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a book called Soft Energy Paths.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=251.07,253.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you really want to dig into the literature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=253.5,255.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a nice paperweight put out by the US 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critiques","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=267.02,269.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with responses and supplements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=269.44,271.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are also some more recent technical papers 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resist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=276.36,278.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least till our discussion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=278.47,280.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the temptation to get into some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=280.32,281.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the more seductive technical details","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=281.457,284.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to concentrate instead on some fundamental concepts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=284.76,288.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Until maybe a year or two ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=290.88,293.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a strong industry government consensus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=293.54,297.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remnants of which linger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=297.44,299.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the energy future should be like the past only more 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on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=334.17,335.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of the depletable fuels we can find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=335.71,338.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and convert them into premium energy forms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=339.33,342.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fluid fuels and especially electricity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=342.0,344.841"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ever larger, more complex, more centralized plans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=344.841,348.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now with that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=351.39,352.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tying my argument to the illustrative numbers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=352.94,356.628"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shown here which nowadays local little high,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=356.628,359.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to suggest 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utilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=617.073,621.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and local mainly politically weak Agrarian people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=621.76,626.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who don't want to live in this own of national 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kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=675.81,678.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are very tempted to substitute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=678.42,680.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we the experts for we the people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=680.17,682.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Elitist technocracy for democratic process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=683.73,686.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's gratifying for the experts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=686.65,688.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it may also lead to a loss of legitimacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=688.35,690.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over all of these domestic political problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=692.46,695.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are certainly serious enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=695.28,697.726"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looms a larger threat of nuclear violence and coercion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=697.726,702.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a world where we're told a couple of decades from now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=702.302,705.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're supposed to have some tens of thousands of bombs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=705.18,707.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worth a year of strategic material running around us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=707.54,710.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An item of commerce within the same international community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=710.91,714.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's never been able to stop the heroin traffic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=714.14,716.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=722.27,724.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this approach to the energy problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=724.03,725.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and yet they in turn interact with each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=727.02,729.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make new higher order side effects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=729.41,731.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which together, yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=731.62,732.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that the cheap and abundant energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=732.63,734.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at which this policy is aimed is not really cheap at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=734.48,737.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're just paying for it everywhere else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=737.61,739.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe I should spin that out a minute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=740.69,742.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because even those of us who should know better often tend,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=742.08,745.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, to treat energy too much in isolation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=745.99,749.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suppose we think, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=750.69,752.441"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that energy ought to be cheap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=752.441,755.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we continue to spend tens of billions of dollars a year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=757.38,760.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of your tax money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=760.49,761.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subsidizing it to make it look cheap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=761.48,763.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, if we think it's cheap,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=766.55,768.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clears throat)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=768.66,769.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will Continue to use it wastefully,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=769.493,771.644"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to import lots of oil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=771.644,773.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is bad for the dollar and our independence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=774.62,777.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and worse for Europe and Japan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=777.49,779.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and disastrous for the third world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=779.38,781.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That much I think is generally known.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=781.93,784.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's follow the argument a little further though.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=784.48,786.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We then have to earn the money to pay for the oil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=786.32,788.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Traditionally, we've done this in three main ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=789.87,792.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(coughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=793.696,794.529"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is to run down domestic stocks of commodities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=794.529,798.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's inflationary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=798.97,801.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It leaves big holes in the ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=801.06,802.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and leaves the forest looking kind of mothy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=802.7,804.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clears throat)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=806.34,807.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another way is to export weapons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=807.98,810.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's inflationary and destabilizing and immoral.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=810.49,814.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another is to export things like wheat and soybeans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=815.37,818.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And however you might feel about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=818.77,820.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a local economic issue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=820.33,821.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think looked at more broadly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=821.7,822.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not quite an unmixed blessing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=822.94,825.474"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It turns the Midwestern landmark it's upside down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=825.474,829.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It makes us mine soil in Iowa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=829.66,831.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and mine groundwater in West Kansas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=831.88,833.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those will catch up with us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=833.82,835.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We then export say some of the wheat to the Russians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=838.47,843.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we divert some of their investment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=845.81,848.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from agriculture into military activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=848.11,851.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have to raise our own military budget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=851.42,853.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's 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other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1013.01,1014.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did the third order effects look like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1014.64,1016.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then it becomes clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1016.43,1018.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you wouldn't really want to live there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1018.0,1020.332"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if, as proponents of this view tell us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1020.332,1022.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were no alternative to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1022.98,1025.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the human prospect would indeed be bleak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1025.45,1028.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There'd be no object in what we're doing in universities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1028.52,1031.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only useful skill to have, I suppose,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1031.9,1034.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be knowing how to dig very deep holes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1034.63,1036.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and pull them in after us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1036.81,1038.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there is however,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1039.44,1040.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite a different way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1040.8,1041.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can look at the energy problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1041.91,1043.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that leads us in a nicer direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1043.3,1045.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also more interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1045.04,1047.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll call it a Soft Energy Path.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1047.15,1049.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It might look for example something like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1049.06,1051.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it has three main technical components","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1051.68,1054.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'll take in turn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1054.19,1055.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Namely using much more efficiently the energy we've got,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1056.92,1061.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting an increasingly from the soft technologies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1061.04,1063.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'll define presently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1063.53,1065.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and intelligent the using fossil fuels for a transition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1065.85,1069.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this path is distinguished from the Hard Energy Path","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1070.88,1073.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not by how much energy we use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1075.55,1078.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not only by our choices of equipment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1078.0,1080.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but primarily by their very different political","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1081.36,1085.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and structural implications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1085.24,1087.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is the definition of hard and soft paths","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1087.0,1089.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rests more on political economy than on we are hardware","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1089.32,1093.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'll return to that point later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1093.71,1095.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These two paths also reflect two quite different views","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1097.46,1100.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what the energy problem is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1100.43,1102.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the hard path,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1103.41,1104.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a test that assumption that the more energy we use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1104.4,1108.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the better off we are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1108.05,1109.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Energy is tacitly elevated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1109.63,1111.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a means to an end in itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1111.13,1114.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas in the soft path,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1114.11,1115.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much energy we use to accomplish our social goals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1115.653,1120.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is considered a measure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1120.61,1122.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not of our success,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1122.11,1123.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if our failure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1123.12,1124.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just as if you wanted to get someplace","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1126.02,1127.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much traffic you had to endure to get there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1127.81,1130.296"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't measure how well off you are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1130.296,1133.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although it might measure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1133.11,1134.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say our failure to have a sensible settlement pattern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1134.17,1136.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which you're already near where you want to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1136.72,1139.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The energy problem then that's a soft path is addressing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1139.523,1142.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not just how to expand domestic supplies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1142.14,1145.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to meet projected homogeneous demands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1145.18,1149.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It starts at the other end of the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1149.01,1150.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It starts by asking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1150.53,1152.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what are our heterogeneous and used needs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1152.07,1154.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are the many different tasks we're trying to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1154.88,1156.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the energy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1156.99,1158.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how can we do those tasks with a minimum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1158.53,1161.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with an elegant frugality, if you like, of energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1161.903,1166.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supplied in the most effective way for each task?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1166.37,1170.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This emphasis on what's the job?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1171.27,1173.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's the best tool for the job?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1173.29,1174.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is really the classic criteria to good engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1174.86,1178.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leaves as you'll 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industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1231.26,1233.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"code generating electricity and factories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1233.93,1235.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a by-product of process steam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1235.86,1237.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"making car engines that are more efficient and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1237.54,1241.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the reason I've shown the curve of total energy 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stocks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1250.63,1254.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially buildings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1254.01,1255.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it becomes possible to increase the technical 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growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1264.53,1267.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in economic activity, population, comfort, equity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1267.72,1271.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have not assumed any significant 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do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1283.94,1286.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that today's values or institutions are imperfect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1286.17,1290.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then of course, you're welcome to assume some 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easier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1295.27,1296.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I haven't done that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1296.62,1297.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have carefully it with some 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senseless.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1305.42,1308.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is they make no sense no matter how you look at them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1308.59,1310.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I've assumed them anyway, just to save 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column.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1494.21,1496.895"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I'd like to point out though","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1496.895,1498.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that this is a diagonal matrix.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1498.71,1500.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every two years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1500.76,1501.897"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things are popping down into the next column","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1501.897,1504.615"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laugh)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1504.615,1505.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with (murmur) like regularity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1505.86,1508.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we haven't anywhere near hit bottom yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1508.01,1510.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, we only just discovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1510.93,1512.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if we had a real Energy Conscious Materials Policy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1512.74,1516.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we would roughly treble our national energy efficiency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1516.31,1518.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we didn't even know that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1518.85,1520.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it isn't in any of these numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1520.01,1522.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, so much for end use efficiency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1522.33,1524.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clearly if our long-term energy needs are going to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1524.767,1528.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the present level or a bit below","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1528.1,1529.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than soaring forever upwards,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1529.99,1532.359"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can do a lot more faster with soft technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1532.359,1535.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than we thought we could.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1535.453,1537.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I define soft energy technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1537.583,1540.481"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by five specific properties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1540.481,1543.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, they are diverse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1544.71,1545.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are dozens of kinds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1545.84,1547.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each use to do what it does best,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1547.04,1549.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not trying to be a panacea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1549.06,1550.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, they're renewable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1552.94,1554.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They run on sun, wind, water, farm and forestry residues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1554.65,1558.882"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not on depletable fuels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1558.882,1561.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third they're relatively simple and understandable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1562.91,1565.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the user's point of view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1565.56,1567.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they can still be technically very sophisticated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1567.81,1570.512"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, this pocket calculator is an extremely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1570.512,1574.217"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high technology device.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1574.217,1576.062"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think I could make one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1576.062,1578.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't quite know what goes on in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1578.27,1580.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what I most care about as a user","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1580.63,1582.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that this calculator is a tool, not a machine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1582.63,1586.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I run it, it doesn't run me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1586.91,1588.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not some mysterious, giant lurking over the horizon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1588.85,1592.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and presided over by a technological priesthood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1592.86,1596.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the kind of social criteria I have in mind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1596.31,1598.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after this third point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1598.6,1600.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And fourth and fifth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1600.37,1601.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soft technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1601.79,1602.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supply energy at the appropriate scale and quality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1602.83,1606.791"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a range of Andrew's needs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1606.791,1609.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to amplify those two very important points in turn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1610.86,1614.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let me start with scale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1614.47,1616.688"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are often told","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1616.688,1618.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that energy systems must be enormous to be affordable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1618.23,1621.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there often are some really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1622.34,1623.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"condominiums scale in construction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1623.61,1625.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there are also some equally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1626.24,1627.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real dis-economies of large scale","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1627.76,1629.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we just haven't counted before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1629.48,1631.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, if you build a power station,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1633.27,1635.702"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gas plant refinery, or whatever, to be bigger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1635.702,1638.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more centralized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1638.86,1640.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you then have to buy a bigger cost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1640.27,1642.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of your distribution network to spread out the energy again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1642.13,1644.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to dispersed users.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1644.83,1646.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've gotten to the point in this country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1646.81,1648.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with electricity in 72 or with gas last 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dollar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1654.4,1657.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is actually paying to buy energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1657.31,1659.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other 71 cents pays for getting it delivered to 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sample,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1693.97,1695.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say showing half of all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1695.29,1698.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the thermal power stations commissioned in this country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1698.28,1700.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a recent two year period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1700.46,1702.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can see that as the plants got 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theories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1805.29,1807.825"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it should go straight like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1807.825,1809.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, the bigger the 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earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1853.46,1854.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I would emphasize particularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1854.3,1856.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vulnerability or brittleness or lack of resilience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1856.57,1859.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a national security issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1859.84,1861.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no point having armed 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been.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1883.05,1884.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Otherwise, there's a political reaction to that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1884.9,1887.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transaction costs for the next side go up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1887.6,1889.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on exponentially.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1889.8,1891.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're well into that loop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1891.04,1893.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it then becomes possible to make really big mistakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1893.1,1895.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the East We call this The Con-ed Syndrome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1895.95,1898.892"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1898.892,1900.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are meanwhile encouraging all the (murmur)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1900.06,1901.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because small business can't make big machines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1901.82,1904.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we're doing is less 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hands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1913.96,1915.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of big promotional constituencies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1915.67,1918.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And anyway, as Freeman Dyson points 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with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1922.88,1925.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they may not be as innovative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1925.78,1927.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they would be with smaller, simpler,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1927.2,1928.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more accessible things that a lot of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1928.93,1930.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can take her with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1930.7,1932.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the great strengths of the soft technologies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1932.11,1935.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I happen to think all of these effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1935.7,1937.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are real and important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1937.8,1939.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if you believe in counting only what's readily countable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1940.69,1943.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you'll probably just count the first five on the list.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1943.3,1945.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let me just count the first two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1945.61,1947.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the costs and losses of distribution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1947.05,1950.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then do a little economics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1950.67,1952.595"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was brought up as a high technologist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1952.595,1955.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and are therefore always 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data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1964.83,1967.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from good technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1967.34,1969.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shopping around for the best buy in each 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astonishment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1975.59,1976.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that actually soft technologies are cheaper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1976.93,1978.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than hard technologies to do the same jobs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1978.88,1981.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heat exchangers that recover the heat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1993.31,1995.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or cool escaping and the outgoing air and water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1995.06,1997.479"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and recycle them into the incoming air and water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=1997.479,2000.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you don't have to start from 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Watts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2008.08,2009.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in most parts of the country, you won't need any heat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2009.75,2013.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Iowa, you 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collectors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2039.17,2042.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on your roof with enough storage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2042.0,2043.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you don't need any 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on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2068.09,2072.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether you're talking about low or high temperature heat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2072.52,2075.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"portable liquid fuels for vehicles or even electricity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2075.49,2079.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although the Soft Technologies are not cheap,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2079.244,2082.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're cheaper than not having 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replace","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2091.853,2094.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today's oil and gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2094.18,2095.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You notice I'm comparing all these alternatives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2096.92,2098.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the same table.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2098.98,2100.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'll do that later with energy price","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2101.56,2103.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is really the consumer's bottom line.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2103.22,2106.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that gets around a little shell game","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2106.13,2108.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which most official reports play with energy costs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2108.44,2112.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every department of energy report on this 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now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2153.44,2155.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more expensive kinds of solar heat at say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2155.49,2157.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"20 or 25 dollars per barrel oil equivalent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2157.92,2160.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause that's more than 15 bucks oil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2160.72,2163.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the same time they do 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subsidies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2167.074,2169.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for turkeys like synthetic gas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2169.833,2172.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at 40 bucks a barrel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2172.2,2174.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or nuclear electricity at a hundred bucks a barrel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2174.47,2177.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's obviously nuts or more formerly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2178.47,2181.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it leads to a misallocation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2181.53,2183.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2188.41,2191.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not compare some with each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2191.81,2193.897"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some with the cheap oil and gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2193.897,2195.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when we do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2195.98,2196.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we discovered that by far","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2196.82,2197.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the cheapest things to do are the efficiency improvements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2197.9,2201.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the soft and transitional technologies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2201.07,2203.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the synthetic fuels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2203.7,2205.284"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and most expensive by far","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2205.284,2207.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even with heat pumps are the electric systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2207.61,2209.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that doesn't mean that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2211.06,2212.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you decide not to build some Turkey, like Vandelia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2212.24,2214.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you should then go look for another way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2214.92,2216.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to send out big blocks of electricity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2216.47,2219.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not the point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2219.12,2220.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you're really interested in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2220.14,2221.891"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is how best to meet the end use needs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2221.891,2224.941"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you would have met with the oil and gas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2224.941,2227.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you had them in the first place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2227.33,2228.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it was because they were running out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2228.77,2230.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you were thinking of building more power stations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2230.19,2233.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that brings me to the fifth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2233.1,2235.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and perhaps most important part of the definition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2235.97,2238.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of soft technologies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2238.8,2240.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they should supply energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2240.58,2242.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the right quality for the job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2242.26,2245.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do we want the energy for?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2245.53,2247.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't have the Iowa numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2248.78,2250.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think anyone else does either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2250.01,2251.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a little disturbing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2251.76,2252.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hope somebody will work them out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2252.78,2254.984"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think it won't be far off the national average","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2254.984,2257.656"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which looks like this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2257.656,2259.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that at the point of end-use,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2259.01,2261.145"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"58% of our energy needs today are for heat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2261.145,2265.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mostly at low temperatures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2265.03,2267.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, 35% of the total is for heat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2267.12,2269.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"below the boiling point of water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2269.963,2271.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And half the total is for heat below about 600 Celsius","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2271.62,2274.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is within the convenient solar range.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2274.59,2276.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So 58% of our needs are for heat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2277.58,2279.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other 34% for portable liquid fuels for vehicles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2279.56,2284.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a total of only 8%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2285.15,2286.929"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"represents all of the premium uses that need electricity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2286.929,2291.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that can give us our money's worth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2291.633,2293.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of this very special, expensive kind of energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2293.6,2296.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Iowa, you're paying anywhere from 4 cents a kilowatt hour","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2299.239,2303.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is 65 bucks a barrel equivalent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2304.91,2307.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to maybe seven odd cents a kilowatt hour","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2307.39,2309.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is well over a hundred dollars per barrel equivalent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2309.58,2312.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for your electricity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2312.29,2314.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very expensive stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2314.08,2315.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very special, expensive, high quality kind of energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2315.38,2319.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New electricity will certainly cost the equivalent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2319.24,2321.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of over a hundred dollars per barrel heat equivalent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2321.56,2324.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not exactly what you'd want to heat your house with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2325.29,2327.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that's seven times the world oil price.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2327.4,2329.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if you were going to use it to run electronics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2330.68,2334.124"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lights, motors, smelters, electroplating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2334.124,2337.655"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"special uses the need of electricity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2337.655,2340.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You might be willing to pay that kind of price","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2340.27,2341.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but those special uses are only 8% of the total","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2341.93,2345.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and are already long since filled up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2345.06,2347.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because we have today, not eight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2347.52,2349.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but 13% supplied as electricity with more on the way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2349.77,2353.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the difference the extra five is already going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2354.47,2356.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as more would have to go if we made more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2356.84,2359.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inappropriately to be used in low grade heating and cooling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2359.183,2363.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and using electricity that way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2363.76,2364.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's kind of like cutting butter with a chainsaw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2364.647,2367.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's inelegant and expensive and messy and dangerous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2368.75,2373.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bad for chainsaws.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2373.52,2375.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me reiterate this point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2376.05,2377.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's really the one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2377.87,2379.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from which the whole soft pathologic flows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2379.25,2381.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our energy supply problem is overwhelmingly 92%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2382.46,2386.078"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A problem of heat at a portable liquid fuels for vehicles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2386.078,2390.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More electricity is not a sensible response to that properly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2390.7,2394.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's too slow and much too expensive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2394.55,2396.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore arguing about what kind of power station to build","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2397.812,2402.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is much of what passes for energy policy these days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2402.31,2405.301"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is completely irrelevant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2405.301,2407.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's like debating the best buy in champagne","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2407.1,2409.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when all you really want is a drink of water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2409.67,2411.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we can do a little thought experiment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2414.92,2417.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we took this 8% that really needs electricity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2417.67,2420.934"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we cut out the pure waste,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2420.934,2423.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"least two of that 8% is lighting offices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2424.435,2427.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at headache level and similarly silly pursuits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2427.5,2430.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we then use the remaining electricity efficiently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2430.65,2433.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ways that are now cost-effective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2433.71,2436.162"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we would end up shrinking it to less than 3%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2436.162,2439.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is to such a small number of the order","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2439.59,2442.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a fifth of our present electricity use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2442.97,2445.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we could cover it nationally with our present","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2445.26,2447.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hydro capacity, the readily available micro-hydro","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2447.76,2451.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using existing small dams","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2451.83,2453.599"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a bit of wind power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2453.599,2455.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but no thermal power stations of any kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2455.84,2458.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that thought experiment shows you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2460.18,2462.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think how far out of step we are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2462.22,2464.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the economically efficient ideal of supplying energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2464.63,2467.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only in the quality needed for the task at 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costs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2474.2,2476.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and losses of further converting the energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2476.0,2477.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It would already be in the right form.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2477.77,2479.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we supplied it at the right scale for each task","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2480.77,2485.278"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we could largely eliminate the costs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2485.278,2487.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and losses of distributing it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2487.28,2488.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It would be already where we wanted it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2488.66,2490.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those two kinds of losses, conversion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2491.47,2493.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and distribution losses dominate the growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2493.137,2496.436"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a heart energy path.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2496.436,2498.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They make the primary fuels that we toss into the hopper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2498.26,2501.501"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right away from the delivered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2501.501,2503.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and use (murmur) all the space in between","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2503.19,2505.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over half the growth is conversion of distribution losses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2505.51,2508.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that don't do you any good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2508.63,2509.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas in the soft path","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2511.17,2512.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we would gradually squeeze out most of those losses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2512.32,2514.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at the same time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2514.917,2516.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we'd be getting several times as much work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2516.12,2519.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of each unit of energy that was delivered to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2519.41,2522.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The bottom dashed line here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2522.37,2523.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I've called Functions Perform.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2523.88,2525.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is delivered goods and services","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2525.57,2527.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you're really care about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2527.16,2528.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That would end up higher than in a hard path.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2528.63,2531.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even though we were using less energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2531.72,2533.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'd be doing more with less.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2533.9,2535.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we have lately had, especially in the past year or two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2537.12,2540.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extraordinarily rapid technical progress,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2540.33,2542.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially outside the official programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2542.95,2545.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in developing a wide range of soft technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2545.81,2548.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in an article coming out this month","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2549.72,2552.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in annual review of energy volume three,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2552.82,2555.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've shown that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2555.84,2556.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you take the soft technologies that are today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2556.86,2559.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in or entering commercial service","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2559.46,2561.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is things that are now here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2561.42,2563.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you don't need a lot more R and D to get them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2563.49,2566.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you add them up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2567.007,2568.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're more than enough to meet our end use needs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2568.83,2572.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I say we've got enough soft technologies already,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2572.593,2576.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm Not assuming any solar electric technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2576.16,2578.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is what the utilities talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2578.75,2580.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they say solar isn't here yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2580.43,2582.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not assuming cheap solar cells","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2583.46,2585.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we will obviously have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2585.7,2586.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before we know what to do with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2586.87,2588.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some people think we have them already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2588.25,2590.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am not assuming presently commercial rank in heat engines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2590.99,2594.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which hook to solar ponds appear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2594.27,2595.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be the cheapest known source of base load power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2595.87,2598.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those things will be along,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2600.14,2601.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There'll be convenient,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2601.25,2602.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we don't actually need them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2602.11,2603.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So when I say we've gotten enough soft 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heating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2608.0,2610.026"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solar process heat for industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2610.026,2612.281"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"converting farm and forestry wastes to liquid fuels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2612.281,2616.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially alcohols for efficient vehicles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2616.67,2620.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Present hydro, micro-hydro and a bit of wind,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2620.0,2624.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some places for electricity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2624.24,2626.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but more often for water pumping, heat pumping,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2626.5,2628.814"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compressing air to drive machinery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2628.814,2631.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we add up the best art now if 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us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2639.06,2640.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or even for countries like Japan and Denmark","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2640.63,2643.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are the first ones I looked at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2643.48,2645.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet, even though we've got all these systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2646.96,2649.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it will take a long time to get them all in 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sluggish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2653.17,2655.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It takes about that long to do anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2655.34,2657.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we will certainly need to buy that 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Sweden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2670.839,2673.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where there's a commercial district heating station","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2673.81,2676.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"containing a fluidized bed boiler","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2677.21,2678.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will surpass our strictest air quality standards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2678.84,2682.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burning high sulfur coal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2682.25,2683.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather like Iowa coal with no scrubbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2683.67,2685.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It will also burn any kind of oil, gas, wood, peat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2686.77,2690.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trash, energy studies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2690.57,2692.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it doesn't care.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2692.46,2694.229"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2694.229,2695.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they've designed the district heating grid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2695.487,2697.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of insulated hot water pipes around town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2697.87,2699.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in such a way that it can later be easily converted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2699.81,2702.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to seasonal storage, solar district heating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2702.76,2706.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which costs only half as much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2706.29,2707.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as solar heating one building at a time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2707.71,2709.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, it's such a good deal that appears to compete","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2709.74,2711.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with eight bucks a barrel oil right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2711.82,2713.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that with such 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mining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2717.85,2720.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not entailing significant Western stripping.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2720.07,2722.526"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could squeeze down this oil and gas wedge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2722.526,2724.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from both sides,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2724.93,2726.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting off the OPEC hook faster","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2726.39,2728.615"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and leaving a lot of frontier or oil and gas in the ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2728.615,2731.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they can't get into mischief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2731.97,2734.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'd be doing this not by wiping the slate clean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2734.41,2737.311"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but by starting where we 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stocks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2741.3,2743.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through normal attrition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2743.21,2745.166"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not by abolishing big technologies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2745.166,2747.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but by saying that they've got an important place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2747.52,2749.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which they've already filled up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2749.93,2752.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we can take advantage of the ones we've got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2752.0,2754.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the electric grid without expanding them further.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2754.28,2757.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is in no sense an anti-technology program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2758.4,2761.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It involves, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2761.577,2763.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some very exciting technical challenges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2763.0,2765.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but have a different than just some of us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2766.95,2768.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an unfamiliar con that is making things that are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2768.96,2772.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sophisticated in their simplicity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2772.34,2774.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not in their complexity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2774.58,2775.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And my reason for setting up these two paths","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2778.0,2780.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was to draw some comparisons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2780.03,2781.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were a vehicle for ideas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2781.59,2783.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let me start with comparing them in costs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2784.08,2786.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've already suggested the soft path is a lot cheaper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2786.18,2788.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in capital costs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2788.82,2790.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has an even greater advantage and delivered energy price.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2790.51,2793.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Typically a factor of three or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2793.33,2795.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If, for example, you look at conservative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2795.96,2798.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"empirical calculations for low temperature heat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2798.85,2802.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is over a third of our end-use needs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2802.62,2804.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And probably more than that in Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2804.41,2807.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you find the cheap sources of heat in dollars per barrel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2807.02,2810.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or per million BTU roughly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2810.85,2812.848"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are conservation and passive solar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2812.848,2815.032"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next cheapest is solar district heating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2815.032,2817.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then neck and neck with the depletable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2817.997,2822.129"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subsidized fuels oil and gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2822.129,2824.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have active solar heating for a single building.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2824.86,2829.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if you don't do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2829.27,2830.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're stuck with synthetic gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2830.17,2831.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The DOE numbers are closer to 40 bucks a barrel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2831.68,2834.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or with electricity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2834.77,2835.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even with a heat pump more efficient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2835.75,2837.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than anything you can buy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2837.79,2839.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the electricity would not be a good deal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2839.45,2842.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even if by the way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2842.46,2843.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you did want more electricity for some reason","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2843.41,2845.909"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are presently commercial places to get it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2845.909,2849.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are a good deal cheaper than central stations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2849.18,2852.095"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think a soft path is not only cheaper than a hard path.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2852.095,2855.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also quicker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2855.78,2856.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is per dollar invested,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2856.8,2858.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it will give you more energy and money and jobs back faster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2858.49,2863.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are three main reasons why a soft path","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2863.407,2866.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is relatively fast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2866.42,2868.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One reason is that the things you're building","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2869.62,2871.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a soft path each have a construction time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2871.49,2874.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"typically measured in days, weeks or months, not 10 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2874.31,2877.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, they sell into a vastly larger market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2878.57,2881.601"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a hundred million households, not a few thousand utilities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2881.601,2885.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If things look a little more like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2885.69,2887.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CV radios or snowmobiles or pocket calculators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2887.6,2891.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they look like basic oxygen furnaces or reactors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2891.01,2894.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1097","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they spread into this enormously greater market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2894.55,2897.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1098","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More by spontaneous technical diffusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=2897.59,2900.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1099","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than by a specialized process of technology 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denuclearization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3073.27,3076.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In which it comes to be viewed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3076.92,3078.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a Mark of national immaturity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3078.16,3080.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have or want either reactors or bombs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3080.86,3084.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What gives us this leverage 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pumpkin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3088.81,3089.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This remarkable graph shows the range","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3090.545,3095.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of official projections","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3095.24,3097.276"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for how much nuclear capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3097.276,3100.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the US was supposed to have installed in the year 2000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3100.44,3103.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a function of when the government made the projections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3103.25,3106.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you see it's dropping so fast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3106.5,3108.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that by linear extrapolation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3108.33,3109.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it should hit zero around the end of this year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3109.7,3112.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laugh)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3112.6,3114.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In practice it'll come to rest somewhere between zero,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3114.03,3117.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the plants are phased out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3117.32,3118.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 120 odd, 130 odd gigawatts if they're 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zero","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3127.76,3129.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that everything in the pipeline came dribbling out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3129.75,3132.618"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then in the year 2000 US nuclear 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3%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3137.8,3139.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our present total delivered energy cubes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3139.87,3143.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now you might think this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3143.16,3144.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an American political eccentricity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3144.19,3146.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but when you plot the same graph for Canada","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3146.8,3149.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has a completely different kind of reactor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3149.07,3151.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and has had so far,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3151.14,3152.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"none of our regulatory problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3152.18,3154.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they don't even have hearings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3154.09,3155.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The graphs are so identical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3157.67,3159.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you cannot tell them apart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3159.29,3160.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That tells me that it's a market effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3161.79,3164.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fans of Adam Smith might say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3164.53,3165.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the invisible fist strikes again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3165.89,3168.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And indeed, if you plot the same graph for Germany","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3168.7,3170.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France, Japan, Britain, any nuclear country have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3170.99,3173.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get the same graph with minor variations of slope","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3173.81,3176.074"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the same basic economic reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3176.074,3179.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that means the nuclear power is not going to amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3180.32,3182.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a hill of beans before the oil runs out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3182.8,3185.396"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless among other things there was a massive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3185.396,3188.349"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say start with a hundred billion dollar bailout,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3188.349,3191.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very sustained bailout with your money to keep","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3191.61,3194.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the industry from going under.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3194.62,3195.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't see any prospect of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3195.73,3197.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just too much money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3197.29,3198.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Given that background,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3199.58,3201.128"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suppose our government does three things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3201.128,3203.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suppose first of all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3203.69,3205.298"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we say that however much we love nuclear power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3205.298,3207.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We love the market even more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3207.49,3209.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is we will accept its verdict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3209.03,3211.738"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will not bail out this 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slower","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3247.903,3250.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and more difficult task of mutual strategic arms reduction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3250.71,3254.145"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treating them at least as interrelated 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kinds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3301.3,3304.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the hard path,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3304.68,3305.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such problems as centrism, autarchy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3305.84,3308.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vulnerability, technocracy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3308.77,3310.799"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the soft path, the problems of pluralism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3310.799,3315.096"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting used to the idea of doing with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3315.096,3317.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hundreds of millions of individual choices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3317.22,3319.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using perhaps the market to which we profess devotion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3319.29,3323.189"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing with those what we would otherwise have done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3323.189,3326.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a few big projects run from Washington.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3326.3,3329.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Getting used to the idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3329.32,3330.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when a country or a state this big","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3330.47,3333.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this diverse with an energy problem as fine 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problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3340.56,3343.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than part of the solution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3343.54,3345.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perhaps a traumatic adjustment for central managers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3345.33,3347.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we can't imagine any kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3349.07,3350.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of energy future that's free of social problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3350.84,3353.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we have to do is choose which kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3353.677,3355.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of problems we prefer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3355.22,3357.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it seems to me that those of the soft path,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3357.43,3359.322"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although perhaps less familiar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3359.322,3361.307"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are a lot more attractable than the increasingly familiar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3361.307,3365.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and unpleasant problems have a hard path.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3365.02,3367.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the soft path problems get easier as we go, not harder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3367.83,3371.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed. I'd contend that the social and economic advantages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3371.61,3374.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a soft path are so great","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3374.62,3376.238"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if we let them show 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process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3380.38,3383.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to get that ball rolling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3383.69,3384.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we need to do three main 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level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3390.04,3391.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a long messy list of institutional barriers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3392.32,3395.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"market imperfections if you like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3395.58,3397.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that impede efficiency in soft technologies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3397.11,3400.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things like 3000 obsolete building codes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3400.48,3403.454"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obsolete mortgage regulations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3403.454,3405.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restrictive utility practices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3405.59,3407.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inequitable access to capital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3407.78,3409.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there's a neat answer to that one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3409.49,3412.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fee structure of the architects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3412.04,3415.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who designed this building,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3415.1,3417.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"split incentives between builders and buyers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3417.27,3420.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or between landlords and tenants and so long messy list.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3420.65,3425.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we aren't smart enough to solve those problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3425.57,3427.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think we'll be smart enough to solve the much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3427.5,3429.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formidable institutional problems looming in a hard path.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3429.78,3434.039"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, mainly at federal level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3434.039,3436.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we ought to stop spending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3436.447,3438.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about a hundred billion dollars a year in tax","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3438.21,3440.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and price subsidies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3440.7,3442.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to make conventional fuels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3442.36,3444.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and power look cheaper than they really are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3444.15,3447.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a very expensive kind of self-deception","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3447.04,3449.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has already bought us to the point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3449.67,3452.268"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the California 55% solar tax credit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3452.268,3456.315"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cannot compete with the larger federal tax subsidies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3456.315,3460.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being offered to things like Alaskan gas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3460.48,3462.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's obviously nuts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3462.89,3464.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third, we ought to move gradually and fairly as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3465.26,3468.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we know how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3468.92,3470.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towards pricing all depletable fuels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3470.63,3472.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and indeed depletable resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3472.58,3474.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and long run replacement cost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3474.77,3476.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not doing that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3476.83,3478.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's just a sophisticated way of stealing from our children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3478.08,3481.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now it will not be easy to do any of those three things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3481.763,3485.602"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think it will be easier than not doing them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3485.602,3488.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that if they're handled right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3489.72,3491.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a soft path can have a lot of political appeal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3491.46,3493.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because unlike a hard path,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3493.68,3495.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it offers simultaneous advantages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3495.56,3497.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for almost every constituency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3497.5,3499.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It offers for example, jobs for the unemployed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3500.17,3503.649"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capital for business people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3503.649,3505.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"otherwise their capital goes to energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3505.47,3507.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they never see it again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3507.38,3509.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"savings for consumers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3509.55,3511.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chances for a small business to innovate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3511.25,3513.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for big business to recycle itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3513.72,3515.916"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"environmental protection for conservationists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3515.916,3519.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better national security for the military,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3519.64,3522.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exciting technologies for the secular,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3522.47,3525.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a rebirth of spiritual values for the religious,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3525.39,3528.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world order and equity for globalists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3528.95,3532.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"energy independence for isolationists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3532.6,3534.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"radical reforms for the young,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3536.45,3538.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traditional virtues for the old,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3538.16,3540.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civil rights for liberals, local autonomy for conservatives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3540.47,3544.541"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's true that it doesn't quite 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wrangling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3569.94,3572.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying that before we could have even part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3573.329,3574.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the beginnings of an energy 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socialism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3581.059,3583.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hamilton versus Jefferson,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3584.744,3586.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the role of the oil companies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3586.42,3587.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the future shape of our whole society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3587.73,3589.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will never, thank heaven,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3589.53,3590.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agree about any of those things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3590.87,3592.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life would be awfully dull if we did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3592.82,3595.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if we try to make them a prerequisite to energy policy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3595.04,3598.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hello, freeze over first, maybe literally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3598.22,3601.376"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or as in a soft path","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3601.376,3602.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those kinds of disputes become pretty irrelevant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3602.9,3605.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because if you're an economic traditionalist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3605.02,3607.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the thing you most care about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3607.53,3609.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is lowest private internal cost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3609.3,3611.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's cheapest for you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3611.09,3613.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you can go ahead and build your solar collector.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3613.08,3615.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cause it's cheaper than not doing it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3615.03,3617.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're a worker, you might build it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3617.69,3618.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause it gives you far more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3618.97,3620.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and better jobs than building power stations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3620.16,3622.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're a conservationist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3622.84,3624.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you might build it cause it's benign.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3624.02,3625.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're a social transformationalist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3625.97,3628.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you might build it because it's autonomous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3628.23,3629.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you see it's still the same collector.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3629.74,3632.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't have to agree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3632.13,3633.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before or after about why you built it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3633.1,3635.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's motive free.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3635.27,3636.948"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we have in this country, an overwhelming consensus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3636.948,3640.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that energy husbandry and soft technologies are desirable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3640.76,3643.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're a good way to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3643.6,3644.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have no consensus on anything else in energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3645.83,3648.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So maybe what we ought to do is add up the bits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3648.133,3650.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we agree about cause they are enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3650.63,3652.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then we can forget the bits we don't agree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3652.76,3654.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about because there'll be superfluous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3654.5,3656.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've never tried before to design an energy policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3656.92,3660.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around consensus, but I think it's time we started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3660.06,3662.707"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet at the time left us to do that as short","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3662.707,3666.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because although each of these illustrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3666.167,3669.262"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"embraces infinite variations on a theme,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3669.262,3672.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was no single hard or soft path.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3672.13,3674.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there is a sense in which these two broad patterns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3674.78,3677.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are mutually inconsistent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3677.91,3679.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mutually exclusive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3679.917,3681.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I do not mean by that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3682.82,3684.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As some people have 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not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3689.59,3691.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's nothing technical to stop you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3691.1,3692.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from putting solar panels right on top with Wayne Arnold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3692.61,3696.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indeed in a soft path","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3696.6,3700.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'd start off with a bunch of hard technologies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3700.29,3703.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'd end up with a bunch of soft ones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3703.24,3705.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in between they'd co-exist side by side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3705.28,3707.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for 50 years as their mix gradually shifted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3707.65,3710.555"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that shift would take 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exclusivity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3714.92,3718.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, a cultural one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3718.01,3719.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each of these worlds simply makes the other 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here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3727.89,3730.304"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who cannot imagine any approach to the energy problem except","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3730.304,3734.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they've been doing for the past 30 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3734.32,3736.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just because of this cultural conditioning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3736.24,3738.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Second, each of these paths builds up around it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3739.5,3742.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A thick layer of organizations, laws, habits,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3742.51,3745.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"policy actions that get in the way of the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3745.56,3747.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just as today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3747.85,3749.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of institutional barriers left over from cheap oil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3749.25,3752.515"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are locking us into where we been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3752.515,3754.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not where we might want to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3754.85,3757.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Third, these paths compete for resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3757.089,3760.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every bit of work and scale and political attention,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3760.467,3763.965"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every dollar, every barrel of oil,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3763.965,3766.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most precious every year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3766.317,3768.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we put into these very demanding hard technologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3768.53,3771.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a resource we cannot also 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together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3776.4,3778.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cause the timing matters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3778.28,3779.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think in this sense, things like coal 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it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3791.3,3793.941"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fossil fuel bridge to it has literally been burned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3793.941,3797.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think we ought with deliberate speed to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3798.69,3801.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choosing one or the other of these broad patterns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3801.47,3804.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before one has foreclosed the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3804.15,3807.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or before proliferation has foreclosed both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3807.01,3809.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We ought to be asking where we could get to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3810.76,3812.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 50 years or so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3812.71,3813.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then working back to see how to get there smoothly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3813.78,3817.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rather than continuing line lead by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3817.14,3819.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incremental adhocracy one power station at a time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3819.22,3822.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not asking where we're going cause after anyway, that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3822.5,3824.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the next election.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3824.59,3825.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We ought to be using","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3826.7,3827.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those relatively cheap fossil fuels thrifty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3827.533,3830.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to capitalize the transition as nearly as possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3830.55,3833.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"straight to our ultimate energy income technologies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3833.24,3836.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because once the cheap fuels are gone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3836.41,3838.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we won't have another chance to get there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3838.53,3841.461"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I can't in a general talk of this kind do justice to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3841.461,3846.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very rich technical background and that wasn't my intention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3846.2,3849.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the impression I hope I've left you with is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3849.97,3852.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the really big, difficult, important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3852.3,3855.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exciting issues in energy policy are not at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3855.04,3858.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too complex or technical for ordinary people to understand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3858.76,3863.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although they may well be too simple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3863.69,3865.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and too political for many technical experts to understand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3865.73,3869.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3869.56,3870.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3871.482,3874.482"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much Henry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3889.97,3892.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Henry could fill some questions here for a while","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3892.3,3895.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and somebody has a hard exam tomorrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3895.11,3898.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you like to slip out, well, go ahead and do so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3898.55,3901.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he'd be glad to answer some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=3901.26,3903.383"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28919/annotation/1489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/919/original/AV168019_Why_do_it_the_Hard_Way_a.vtt?1622849879","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/919/original/AV168019_Why_do_it_the_Hard_Way_a.vtt?1622849879"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28920","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV168019_Why_do_it_the_Hard_Way_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750/transcript/28920/annotation/1490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- I'd like to announce that after this talk there will be coffee and donuts and Its a real pleasure to introduce Henry Brock Levine. He resigned as a Junior Research Fellowship of Merton college in Oxford in 1971 to be British representative of Friends Of The Earth Incorporated. This is a US non-profit conservation group. He's a Consultant Physicist, mainly consulting in United States, but throughout the world, since 1965. He now concentrates on energy and resource strategy, which he'll be speaking to us tonight about. His current or recent clients include, O-E-C-D, some UN agencies, The International Federation of Institutes For Advanced Study, The MIT Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies, The Science Council of Canada, Canada, US , US office of Technology Assessment Resources For The Future and other organizations in several countries. During the 1977 to 78, that's last year, he was his lecture at the University of California, Berkeley. He's active in all sorts of international energy affairs, He's testified before parliament, Congressional Committees, talk to Governor's Conferences in many States and it is broadcast extensively. So I think you'll see him tomorrow on... Where is that? Yup, on radio or TV?\r\n\r\n- I guess Smart Island on Mary Jane Odell 6:30,\r\n\r\n- 6:30, Mary Jane Odell It has published the six-- It'll be tomorrow night too. It's a two seconds. It's probably six books. There were monographs and numerous technical papers, articles and reviews. It's a great deal of pleasure. I'd like to introduce Henry Levine. The title of his talk is Why Do It The Hard Way, Alternative Energy Technologies.\r\n\r\n- Thank you. I've spent most of my time for the past few years running around the international energy great vine and cross-pollinating. And in the process, I've noticed a lot of people converging on a hopeful view of our energy future which I'd like to help you explore by outlining two ways our energy system might evolve over the next 50 years or so. These two paths are hypothetical and illustrative. Although I think they're technically realistic. They're not intended as precise forecasts or recommendations, but rather as a qualitative vehicle for ideas. I'm going to be using US examples just to be familiar and specific. But studies on these lines are done or being done in about 50 jurisdictions around the world including over a dozen countries. And the data already in are showing very clearly that although the technical details differ from one country to another and indeed within a country or state, as diverse as this one, the same principles apply essentially anywhere. I'm also going to be quite selective and drawing on a wide range of information because the basic thesis has already been set out in a book called Soft Energy Paths. And if you really want to dig into the literature there's a nice paperweight put out by the US Senate Small Business and Interior Committees called Alternative Long Range Energy Strategies. This contains virtually all of the 30 odd published critiques with responses and supplements. There are also some more recent technical papers out because all that's available, I'd like to resist, at least till our discussion, the temptation to get into some of the more seductive technical details and to concentrate instead on some fundamental concepts. Until maybe a year or two ago, there was a strong industry government consensus remnants of which linger at the energy future should be like the past only more so. And that the energy problem is simply how to expand domestic supplies to meet extrapolated demands. Treating the demands though as homogeneous as aggregated numbers we will need so many total quads of energy in the year X and not looking particularly at their structure. If you were to make up a composite of the main elements of that consensus as of a year or two ago, it might look something like this. Policy of strength through exhaustion in which we push very hard on all of the depletable fuels we can find and convert them into premium energy forms, fluid fuels and especially electricity in ever larger, more complex, more centralized plans. Now with that tying my argument to the illustrative numbers, shown here which nowadays local little high, I'd like to suggest that this qualitative pattern doesn't work. Not only for logistical and political reasons but also for economic reasons. And those show up very clearly. If you ask how much capital you have to invest to increase delivered energy supplies by the heat equivalent of one barrel of oil per day. As you go from the traditional direct fuel systems on which our economy has been built, to Arctic and offshore oil and gas and synthetic fuels from coal or oil shale, the capital intensity goes up roughly 10 fold. And as we go from those systems and turn to the central electric systems the capital intensity goes up about another 10 fold. It's that roughly a hundred fold increase in capital intensity that makes it impossible for any major country outside the Persian Gulf to use these big high technologies especially the electric ones on a truly large scale that is large enough to substitute for oil and gas. They're just so expensive. They're starting to look a bit like future technologies whose time has passed. They are however, also just the technologies on which the heart energy path, as I'll call it, relies for most of its growth. So it's not surprising that in a typical case the first 10 years of such a program up to 1985 would require an investment in energy of over a trillion, constant dollars. Three quarters of it for electrification. That trillion of dollars implies in turn that we would be putting into the energy sector it's present quarter of all of our discretionary investment, plus about two thirds of all the rest. And if we could figure out a way to do that we clearly would not have enough money left to build the things that we're supposed to use on that energy. The further up this kind of curve we went, the heavier the burden would become. Now these astronomical investments would give us electricity coming out of our ears but it would substitute only slowly and imperfectly for oil and gas especially in transportation. So we would still be seriously short of them. And even worse, out of all of the enormous energy growth over these 50 years, more than half would never get to the final users. It would be lost first in conversion and distribution as the efficiency of the whole fuel chain went steadily down. Putting these billion dollar blocks of capital into things to take about 10 years to build would tend to make inflation worse, utility finance unstable, and unemployment worse by stagnating capital instead of turning it around fast. In fact, every big power station we built would directly and indirectly lose the economy of the order of 4,000 net jobs just by siphoning capital away from other sectors. It appears to them that this approach would make our economic problems worse not better. At the same time, I think it would create some serious political problems. To start with, just to get these resources into the energy sector would require a strong central authority working outside the market. Perhaps something on the lines of the war production board which Mr. Rockefeller keeps proposing under various names. And then once we had built these big complex technologies I presume we would need big complex bureaucracies to run them into allocate their output. Because these energy systems are centralized. They would automatically allocate the energy and the side effects or the social costs of getting it to different groups of people at opposite ends of the transmission lines, pipelines, rail lines. It's the old story where the energy goes to BosWash and Los Angeles and Chicago. All the side effects go to Appalachia, Wyoming, Navajo country, the North slope. An arrangement that's considered admirable at one end and unjust at the other. We already have over 60 energy Wars going on around the country. Conflicts between central siting authorities or utilities, and local mainly politically weak Agrarian people who don't want to live in this own of national sacrifice for the benefit of somebody a thousand miles away. This is already a formidable political constraint to this kind of program. It's also worrying, I think, that these increasingly centralized systems would be increasingly vulnerable to disruption by accident or malice. Especially the electric systems which can be turned off by just a few people. The past 11 years I've been living in England where were turned off fairly often. If you don't like being turned off you may need to stringent social controls. It's also very hard just to make political decisions about technologies with compulsory perceived hazards that are exotic, disputed, unknown, maybe unknowable and governments faced with decisions of that kind are very tempted to substitute we the experts for we the people. Elitist technocracy for democratic process and that's gratifying for the experts, but it may also lead to a loss of legitimacy. Over all of these domestic political problems which are certainly serious enough, looms a larger threat of nuclear violence and coercion in a world where we're told a couple of decades from now we're supposed to have some tens of thousands of bombs worth a year of strategic material running around us. An item of commerce within the same international community that's never been able to stop the heroin traffic. Now these are some of the simple, direct, you might say first order side effects of this approach to the energy problem and yet they in turn interact with each other to make new higher order side effects, which together, yes, I think that the cheap and abundant energy at which this policy is aimed is not really cheap at all. We're just paying for it everywhere else. Maybe I should spin that out a minute because even those of us who should know better often tend, I think, to treat energy too much in isolation. Suppose we think, for example, that energy ought to be cheap. So we continue to spend tens of billions of dollars a year of your tax money, subsidizing it to make it look cheap. Well, if we think it's cheap, we will Continue to use it wastefully, and to import lots of oil which is bad for the dollar and our independence and worse for Europe and Japan and disastrous for the third world. That much I think is generally known. Let's follow the argument a little further though. We then have to earn the money to pay for the oil. Traditionally, we've done this in three main ways. One is to run down domestic stocks of commodities. That's inflationary. It leaves big holes in the ground and leaves the forest looking kind of mothy. Another way is to export weapons. That's inflationary and destabilizing and immoral. Another is to export things like wheat and soybeans. And however you might feel about this as a local economic issue, I think looked at more broadly. It's not quite an unmixed blessing. It turns the Midwestern landmark it's upside down. It makes us mine soil in Iowa and mine groundwater in West Kansas. Those will catch up with us. We then export say some of the wheat to the Russians and we divert some of their investment from agriculture into military activities. So we have to raise our own military budget. That's inflationary. We have to do that anyway, to defend the sea lanes to bring in the oil and to defend the Israelis from all those arms we just sold to the Arabs. If you follow that argument very far you discover that maybe the best kind of middle Eastern arms control might be American roof insulation. The costly wheat and soybeans are becoming important to our oil balance of trade. We feel driven to ever more energy and water and capital-intensive chemical agribusiness which does in some of the natural life support systems and burns out the soil faster. We then feel driven to steal more fertilizers, pesticides herbicides to solidation irrigation, It's just a vicious circle. Meanwhile, back in the cities because we think this energy is cheap, we've been substituting it disproportionately for human skills. Displacing people with black boxes, aided of course by taxes, unemployment and subsidies to capital. The economists call is processed increasing labor productivity or productivity for short. And they mean by that the productivity of people who have not yet been displaced. They then tell us that we need more of these black boxes to fuel the economic growth that they say we need to employ the people who we've just dis employed by this very process. Anyway, clearly when we replace people with black boxes we increase poverty and inequity and alienation and crime. And we then try to spend money on things like crime control and healthcare only we can't because we spent the money already on the energy sector which is contributing to the unemployment and illness at which those investments were aimed. At home we drift gradually towards the Garrison stage trying to protect ourselves from some of these homemade vulnerabilities. Abroad we strengthened oil and uranium cartels. We don't address rational development goals. In fact, we compete with our trading partners to see who can export the most reactors and weapons and inflation to the third world. These things all rightly encourage international distrust and domestic dissent which entail further suspicion and repression. Meanwhile, we're also burning all these fossil fuels putting a lot of gun Clyde, carbon dioxide into the air running the risk of destabilizing the climate on which marginal agriculture depends. For example, here in the Midwestern breadbasket on which by this point, everyone's depending for export and food. Meanwhile, we're also spreading bombs all over the place. The list goes on like that. But I think if you start to add up these kinds of side effects and ask yourself how do they interact with each other? What did the third order effects look like? Then it becomes clear that you wouldn't really want to live there. And if, as proponents of this view tell us there were no alternative to it. Then the human prospect would indeed be bleak. There'd be no object in what we're doing in universities. The only useful skill to have, I suppose, would be knowing how to dig very deep holes and pull them in after us. I think there is however, quite a different way we can look at the energy problem that leads us in a nicer direction. It's also more interesting. I'll call it a Soft Energy Path. It might look for example something like this. And it has three main technical components which I'll take in turn. Namely using much more efficiently the energy we've got, getting an increasingly from the soft technologies, which I'll define presently, and intelligent the using fossil fuels for a transition. But this path is distinguished from the Hard Energy Path not by how much energy we use and not only by our choices of equipment, but primarily by their very different political and structural implications. That is the definition of hard and soft paths rests more on political economy than on we are hardware and I'll return to that point later. These two paths also reflect two quite different views of what the energy problem is. In the hard path, there's a test that assumption that the more energy we use the better off we are. Energy is tacitly elevated from a means to an end in itself. Whereas in the soft path, how much energy we use to accomplish our social goals is considered a measure not of our success, but if our failure. Just as if you wanted to get someplace how much traffic you had to endure to get there wouldn't measure how well off you are. Although it might measure say our failure to have a sensible settlement pattern in which you're already near where you want to be. The energy problem then that's a soft path is addressing is not just how to expand domestic supplies to meet projected homogeneous demands. It starts at the other end of the problem. It starts by asking, what are our heterogeneous and used needs? What are the many different tasks we're trying to do with the energy? And how can we do those tasks with a minimum, with an elegant frugality, if you like, of energy supplied in the most effective way for each task? This emphasis on what's the job? What's the best tool for the job? Which is really the classic criteria to good engineering leaves as you'll see to quite a different impression of what kinds of new energy supply make sense. Now, let me run quickly through these three technical elements of a soft path starting with end use efficiency. That is how much work can we ring from each unit of energy that's delivered to us. There's so much good technical work published on this that I can just state flatly that in practice we can roughly double this end use efficiency by the turn of the century. Roughly redouble it over the next quarter century or so, and still have a ways to go entirely through technical fixes. That is measures which are now economic by normal criteria, use today's or more often 1870s technologies and have no significant effect on lifestyles. Simple-minded things like plugging up the square meter of holes in your house, insulating, recovering waste heat in buildings and industry, code generating electricity and factories as a by-product of process steam, making car engines that are more efficient and so on. Now, the reason I've shown the curve of total energy needs as turning downwards later in the 50 year period is that as we dig into some of the slow capital stocks, especially buildings, it becomes possible to increase the technical efficiency of using energy faster than growth in what we're doing with the energy. I have assumed here, Orthodox projections of rapid growth in economic activity, population, comfort, equity. I have not assumed any significant changes in lifestyles, settlement patterns composition of GNP, patterns of political organization. If you happen to feel, as I'm told some people do, that today's values or institutions are imperfect. Then of course, you're welcome to assume some mixture of technical and social changes which will make all this a lot easier but I haven't done that. I have carefully it with some difficulty kept my personal preferences separate from my analytic assumptions. I happen to think the classical ideas of unlimited economic growth are spherically senseless. That is they make no sense no matter how you look at them but I've assumed them anyway, just to save argument. And indeed I very much underestimated the scope for purely technical improvements in the efficiency of using energy. To emphasize that point, because those of us right in the middle of the energy business often don't realize how fast the ground been shifting under our feet lately. I've made up a little sociological matrix showing how much energy, various people have projected, that this country would need in the year 2000, measured in crazy units called Quads Per Year. We now use about 75 quads per year. And classified, according to when the forecast was made and by whom it was made. One of the Huxley's said that it's the fate of all knowledge to start as heresy and end to superstition. So I have those categories with And besides conventional wisdom I have a pre-heretical phase called Beyond The Pale, which means people don't even bother to read it. So reading through those from left to right, back before the embargo, people like me were saying that 125 quads would be ample in the year 2000. I think John Hold ridge at Berkeley was even below a hundred. Which was beyond, beyond the pale. The Sierra Club was up around 140, The Atomic Energy Commission about 160, Interior and the Federal Power Commission about 190. Somebody told me Exxon was up around 230, it's all pretty ambitious compared to 75 today. Then came The Embargo and The Ford Energy Policy Project who's a hundred quad scenario wasn't taken very seriously but their 124 technical fix was because it was a lot lower than IRDAs 140 or the utilities 160 odd. Two years ago in foreign affairs, and in the graph you've just seen, I was suggesting that 95 would be ample in 2000 in talks I was saying 75 made better use of the technical fixes we'd already discovered, Some Princeton analysts came up in between with a solid 89. By then earlier had come down to 124. They discovered technical fixes. Edison Electric Institute had come down to 140. They discovered price elasticity. Here we are in 1978. And of Wisconsin is talking about 33 quads for the year 2050. If you read science magazine, April 14th you'll have seen the very distinguished Demand Panel at the National Academy Conia study giving some scenarios for the year 2010, including 63 quads which could have been a pure technical fix. 77 to 96 which were. Alvin Weinberg at Oak Ridge is happy with 101. Ralph lab who believes energy and GNP Marching Lockstep is happy with 124. This matrix even has some predictive power. About a month ago, the department of energy came out with its latest forecast ranging from 95 quads which seems to be squarely in the conventional wisdom box, to an average of 123 which is over in the superstition column. What I'd like to point out though is that this is a diagonal matrix. Every two years, things are popping down into the next column with like regularity and we haven't anywhere near hit bottom yet. For example, we only just discovered that if we had a real Energy Conscious Materials Policy, we would roughly treble our national energy efficiency but we didn't even know that. So it isn't in any of these numbers. Well, so much for end use efficiency. Clearly if our long-term energy needs are going to be about the present level or a bit below rather than soaring forever upwards, we can do a lot more faster with soft technologies than we thought we could. And I define soft energy technologies by five specific properties. First of all, they are diverse. There are dozens of kinds, each use to do what it does best, not trying to be a panacea. Secondly, they're renewable. They run on sun, wind, water, farm and forestry residues not on depletable fuels. Third they're relatively simple and understandable from the user's point of view. But they can still be technically very sophisticated. For example, this pocket calculator is an extremely high technology device. I don't think I could make one. I don't quite know what goes on in there. But what I most care about as a user is that this calculator is a tool, not a machine. I run it, it doesn't run me. It's not some mysterious, giant lurking over the horizon and presided over by a technological priesthood. That's the kind of social criteria I have in mind after this third point. And fourth and fifth, Soft technologies supply energy at the appropriate scale and quality for a range of Andrew's needs. I'd like to amplify those two very important points in turn. And let me start with scale. We are often told that energy systems must be enormous to be affordable. And there often are some really condominiums scale in construction, but there are also some equally real dis-economies of large scale which we just haven't counted before. For example, if you build a power station, gas plant refinery, or whatever, to be bigger more centralized, you then have to buy a bigger cost of your distribution network to spread out the energy again to dispersed users. We've gotten to the point in this country with electricity in 72 or with gas last year where if you're an average residential customer, something like 29 cents of your utility bill dollar is actually paying to buy energy. The other 71 cents pays for getting it delivered to you. That's a dis-economy of centralization. Secondly, some of the energy gets lost along the way. Third, if we could mass produce power stations the way we do cars, for example they'd cost at least 10 times less than they do but we can't because they're too big. And that also makes it very hard to use total energy systems where we could sell waste heat and save a lot of money and fuel. Forth, There are some direct dis-economies of large-scale would show up if you look at this sample, let's say showing half of all the thermal power stations commissioned in this country in a recent two year period. And you can see that as the plants got bigger, the fraction of the time they didn't work also got bigger. It went up from about 10 to about 35%. For a very good technical reasons that aren't going to go away. In fact, it's even worse than that because if one of these big thousand megawatt station dies on you, it's embarrassing. It's kind of like having an elephant die in the drawing room and you have to have your standby elephant of a thousand megawatts or so ready to haul the carcass away. That is you need a lot of standby or backup capacity commonly known in the trade as Reserve Margin. And if indeed, instead of building the thousand megawatt station and letting all that backup sit there and eat interest, you would have build several smaller stations of a few hundred megawatts each. In a typical grid, that saving in reserve margin just from the change in unit size because the several smaller stations probably wouldn't all fail at the same time, that saving would let you provide the same level and reliability of service with about a third less new capacity. Congratulations, you've just saved $300 million. Indeed, if you went to say 10 megawatt units at the substation, you could probably get by with a factor of two or two and a half less new capacity to do the same job. Just from the backup saving. So we have some direct dis-economies of large scale and unreliability and a large need for reserve margin. But then there are some indirect dis-economies which show up. If you look at how much capital you have to invest to install a kilowatt of capacity at various plant sizes and on classical economy of scale theories, it should go straight like that. In other words, the bigger the plant, the cheaper per kilowatt. But actually something funny is going on. It's costing us less to install a kilowatt in a small plant than in a very big one. And I suspect what may be happening there is that the small plant is so much faster to build that it protects you from exposure to interest, cost escalation, premature completion, changes in regulatory requirements during construction. It gives you a low inertia, low risk investment at a time of rapid technical and social change. Now there were some other, even more interesting dis-economies of large scale. For example, there are all of the political costs I mentioned earlier and I would emphasize particularly vulnerability or brittleness or lack of resilience as a national security issue. There's no point having armed forces, If half a dozen people can come in and shut you down. Then there's increased local, social and environmental stress around the side of a big unit. So it's harder to find a site. Therefore, when the utility say gets aside it will try to pack as much capacity onto that side as possible. Then the plant is a worst neighbor than it would have been. Otherwise, there's a political reaction to that, transaction costs for the next side go up and so on exponentially. We're well into that loop and it then becomes possible to make really big mistakes. In the East We call this The Con-ed Syndrome. We are meanwhile encouraging all the because small business can't make big machines. What we're doing is less relevant to the needs of most of the people in the world. The personal responsibility of technologists diminishes and may even slip through the cracks as policy passes into the hands of big promotional constituencies. And anyway, as Freeman Dyson points out, Nick's systems are less fun to do and too big for technologists to play with. So they may not be as innovative as they would be with smaller, simpler, more accessible things that a lot of people can take her with. One of the great strengths of the soft technologies. Now I happen to think all of these effects are real and important. But if you believe in counting only what's readily countable then you'll probably just count the first five on the list. And let me just count the first two, just the costs and losses of distribution, and then do a little economics. I was brought up as a high technologist and are therefore always assumed then although soft technologies were nice, they would cost more. Well, I then started doing some conservative calculations based on empirical cost and performance data from good technology, shopping around for the best buy in each category. And conservatively calculating costs in that way, I discovered to my astonishment that actually soft technologies are cheaper than hard technologies to do the same jobs. Heat exchangers that recover the heat or cool escaping and the outgoing air and water and recycle them into the incoming air and water. So you don't have to start from scratch making that heat or cool. Well, when you've done that and your net heating load is down to the range of a few hundred Watts, in most parts of the country, you won't need any heat. In Iowa, you would. Well, where do you get it? The cheapest place to get it is a passive solar retrofit. Put a greenhouse on the South side of your house. That works just as well as a flat plate maybe better and costs a lot less. The next cheapest place to get your heat is a completely solar seasonal storage active solar system on a neighborhood scale, solar district heating. The next cheapest place to get your heat is to put up good field directed flat plate collectors on your roof with enough storage so you don't need any backup. But just do the silver one house at a time which is the most expensive way. Interestingly, if you shop around for a good solar system that investment for solar heat will be less than half what you would otherwise have to pay for a very efficient nuclear powered heat pump system to heat the same house. It will also be less than you would otherwise have to pay for a synthetic gas and fertile system to heat the same house and so on. Whether you're talking about low or high temperature heat, portable liquid fuels for vehicles or even electricity. Although the Soft Technologies are not cheap, they're cheaper than not having them. They may or may not be cheaper than present oil and gas. Some are some aren't, but what matters is that there are a lot cheaper than what you'd otherwise have to do to replace today's oil and gas. You notice I'm comparing all these alternatives in the same table. And I'll do that later with energy price which is really the consumer's bottom line. Well, that gets around a little shell game which most official reports play with energy costs. Every department of energy report on this subject likes to compare with each other in costs the things the department likes to build like synthetic gas plants versus power stations. And then when it comes to the things that they traditionally haven't been so excited about like silver heating, they'll compare its cost not with the competing hard technologies but instead with the historically cheap and heavily subsidized oil and gas which all these systems are meant to replace. Thus demanding of soft technologies and conservation and economic performance, which the hard technologies fail by a much wider margin to deliver or to put it more bluntly. The Department of Energy is rejecting as non economic right now, the more expensive kinds of solar heat at say, 20 or 25 dollars per barrel oil equivalent cause that's more than 15 bucks oil. At the same time they do that, they're proposing out of your pocket the most lavish and bizarre subsidies for turkeys like synthetic gas at 40 bucks a barrel or nuclear electricity at a hundred bucks a barrel. That's obviously nuts or more formerly it leads to a misallocation. But what we ought to be doing is to compare all of our alternative investments with each other. Not compare some with each other and some with the cheap oil and gas. And when we do that, we discovered that by far the cheapest things to do are the efficiency improvements. Then the soft and transitional technologies, then the synthetic fuels and most expensive by far even with heat pumps are the electric systems. Now that doesn't mean that if you decide not to build some Turkey, like Vandelia you should then go look for another way to send out big blocks of electricity. That's not the point. What you're really interested in, is how best to meet the end use needs that you would have met with the oil and gas if you had them in the first place. And it was because they were running out that you were thinking of building more power stations. Well, that brings me to the fifth and perhaps most important part of the definition of soft technologies, that they should supply energy in the right quality for the job. What do we want the energy for? I don't have the Iowa numbers. I don't think anyone else does either. That's a little disturbing and I hope somebody will work them out. But I think it won't be far off the national average which looks like this, that at the point of end-use, 58% of our energy needs today are for heat mostly at low temperatures. In fact, 35% of the total is for heat below the boiling point of water. And half the total is for heat below about 600 Celsius which is within the convenient solar range. So 58% of our needs are for heat and other 34% for portable liquid fuels for vehicles. And a total of only 8% represents all of the premium uses that need electricity. And that can give us our money's worth out of this very special, expensive kind of energy. In Iowa, you're paying anywhere from 4 cents a kilowatt hour which is 65 bucks a barrel equivalent to maybe seven odd cents a kilowatt hour which is well over a hundred dollars per barrel equivalent for your electricity. It's very expensive stuff. It's a very special, expensive, high quality kind of energy. New electricity will certainly cost the equivalent of over a hundred dollars per barrel heat equivalent. Not exactly what you'd want to heat your house with because that's seven times the world oil price. Now, if you were going to use it to run electronics, lights, motors, smelters, electroplating special uses the need of electricity. You might be willing to pay that kind of price but those special uses are only 8% of the total and are already long since filled up. Because we have today, not eight but 13% supplied as electricity with more on the way. And the difference the extra five is already going as more would have to go if we made more inappropriately to be used in low grade heating and cooling and using electricity that way, it's kind of like cutting butter with a chainsaw. It's inelegant and expensive and messy and dangerous and bad for chainsaws. Let me reiterate this point because it's really the one from which the whole soft pathologic flows. Our energy supply problem is overwhelmingly 92%. A problem of heat at a portable liquid fuels for vehicles. More electricity is not a sensible response to that properly because it's too slow and much too expensive. Therefore arguing about what kind of power station to build which is much of what passes for energy policy these days is completely irrelevant. It's like debating the best buy in champagne when all you really want is a drink of water. Now we can do a little thought experiment. If we took this 8% that really needs electricity and we cut out the pure waste, least two of that 8% is lighting offices at headache level and similarly silly pursuits. And if we then use the remaining electricity efficiently in ways that are now cost-effective we would end up shrinking it to less than 3%. That is to such a small number of the order of a fifth of our present electricity use that we could cover it nationally with our present hydro capacity, the readily available micro-hydro using existing small dams and a bit of wind power but no thermal power stations of any kind. And that thought experiment shows you I think how far out of step we are with the economically efficient ideal of supplying energy only in the quality needed for the task at hand. Now, if we were to do that we could largely eliminate the costs and losses of further converting the energy. It would already be in the right form. And if we supplied it at the right scale for each task we could largely eliminate the costs and losses of distributing it. It would be already where we wanted it. Those two kinds of losses, conversion and distribution losses dominate the growth in a heart energy path. They make the primary fuels that we toss into the hopper right away from the delivered and use all the space in between over half the growth is conversion of distribution losses that don't do you any good. Whereas in the soft path we would gradually squeeze out most of those losses. And at the same time because we'd be getting several times as much work out of each unit of energy that was delivered to us. The bottom dashed line here, which I've called Functions Perform. That is delivered goods and services What you're really care about. That would end up higher than in a hard path. Even though we were using less energy we'd be doing more with less. Now we have lately had, especially in the past year or two extraordinarily rapid technical progress, especially outside the official programs in developing a wide range of soft technologies and in an article coming out this month in annual review of energy volume three, I've shown that, if you take the soft technologies that are today in or entering commercial service that is things that are now here and you don't need a lot more R and D to get them. And if you add them up they're more than enough to meet our end use needs. When I say we've got enough soft technologies already, I'm Not assuming any solar electric technologies which is what the utilities talk about when they say solar isn't here yet. I'm not assuming cheap solar cells which we will obviously have before we know what to do with them. Some people think we have them already. I am not assuming presently commercial rank in heat engines, which hook to solar ponds appear to be the cheapest known source of base load power. Those things will be along, There'll be convenient, but we don't actually need them. So when I say we've gotten enough soft technologies all I'm assuming is the present best art in active and passive solar heating, solar process heat for industry, converting farm and forestry wastes to liquid fuels, especially alcohols for efficient vehicles. Present hydro, micro-hydro and a bit of wind, in some places for electricity, but more often for water pumping, heat pumping, compressing air to drive machinery. I think we add up the best art now if available in all of these and use each one to do what it does best. They're more than enough for us or even for countries like Japan and Denmark which are the first ones I looked at. And yet, even though we've got all these systems it will take a long time to get them all in place. It might take about 50 years because the energy system is so big and sluggish. It takes about that long to do anything. So we will certainly need to buy that time by briefly and sparingly using fossil fuels to build a bridge. And we should use them cleanly in ways that it's easy to plug the soft technologies into during the transition. There's a nice example in in-shopping Sweden. Where there's a commercial district heating station containing a fluidized bed boiler which will surpass our strictest air quality standards burning high sulfur coal, rather like Iowa coal with no scrubbers. It will also burn any kind of oil, gas, wood, peat trash, energy studies, it doesn't care. And they've designed the district heating grid of insulated hot water pipes around town in such a way that it can later be easily converted to seasonal storage, solar district heating which costs only half as much as solar heating one building at a time. In fact, it's such a good deal that appears to compete with eight bucks a barrel oil right now. I think that with such methods and with only a modest and temporary expansion of coal mining not entailing significant Western stripping. We could squeeze down this oil and gas wedge from both sides, getting off the OPEC hook faster and leaving a lot of frontier or oil and gas in the ground where they can't get into mischief. We'd be doing this not by wiping the slate clean but by starting where we are. Doing different things from now on replacing inappropriate capital stocks through normal attrition. Not by abolishing big technologies, but by saying that they've got an important place which they've already filled up. And we can take advantage of the ones we've got like the electric grid without expanding them further. This is in no sense an anti-technology program. It involves, I think, some very exciting technical challenges but have a different than just some of us an unfamiliar con that is making things that are sophisticated in their simplicity, not in their complexity. And my reason for setting up these two paths was to draw some comparisons. They were a vehicle for ideas. So let me start with comparing them in costs. I've already suggested the soft path is a lot cheaper in capital costs. It has an even greater advantage and delivered energy price. Typically a factor of three or so. If, for example, you look at conservative empirical calculations for low temperature heat which is over a third of our end-use needs. And probably more than that in Iowa, you find the cheap sources of heat in dollars per barrel or per million BTU roughly, are conservation and passive solar. The next cheapest is solar district heating. And then neck and neck with the depletable subsidized fuels oil and gas. We have active solar heating for a single building. But if you don't do that, you're stuck with synthetic gas. The DOE numbers are closer to 40 bucks a barrel or with electricity. And even with a heat pump more efficient than anything you can buy, the electricity would not be a good deal. Even if by the way, you did want more electricity for some reason there are presently commercial places to get it that are a good deal cheaper than central stations. I think a soft path is not only cheaper than a hard path. It's also quicker. It is per dollar invested, it will give you more energy and money and jobs back faster. There are three main reasons why a soft path is relatively fast. One reason is that the things you're building in a soft path each have a construction time typically measured in days, weeks or months, not 10 years. Secondly, they sell into a vastly larger market a hundred million households, not a few thousand utilities. If things look a little more like CV radios or snowmobiles or pocket calculators then they look like basic oxygen furnaces or reactors. And they spread into this enormously greater market. More by spontaneous technical diffusion than by a specialized process of technology delivery. It's a completely different business to be in. Thirdly, the soft technologies are diverse and each has held back by different problems. Micro-hydro is held back by regulatory hassles. Whereas say passive solar is held back by the need to retread architects and builders but those are two different problems. And because they are independent and others like them are independent, you can envisage several dozen relatively slowly growing wedges, each held back by different problems, but through their independence adding up by sheer strength of numbers to very rapid total growth. It's not at all the same game as having a few monolithic technologies held back by the same constraints every work was. The risk of technical failure is likely Is a lot lower if you spread it among dozens of fairly simple things known to work. Then if you put all your bets on big coal gas, plants, and breeders which are not here and might or might not work. The soft path is environmentally a lot more benign. And it hedges our bets on the important climatic problems like CO2 by getting out of the whole fossil fuel business as fast as possible. A soft path is well suited not only to urban and industrial societies but also to modern development concepts. For example, if you look at empirical data on two ways to make nitrogen fertilizer in India at a given rate, you find one way is to build a single Western style fertilizer plant and other ways to build 26,000 odd village scale gobar gas plants. Those turned out to have a lower total capital cost half that much with the Chinese technology, zero foreign exchange drain, over a hundred times more jobs in a country with a labor surplus and a capital shortage. And instead of being a net energy consumer or such a copious net producer of methane that they can meet virtually all of the cooking, lighting and pumping needs of the village. That is half of all energy needs in India right now. What's happening now of course is that the dung is being burned as a cooking fuel in open fires. So all the nitrogen and most of the heat are going up in smoke, which blinds people. Whereas in this case, you get out a better fertilizer than you started with plus this clean and efficient gaseous fuel. You break the cycle of firewood shortage, deforestation, erosion. Clearly these gobar gas plants are an example of a very powerful development tool. Which is why China has installed about 5 million bio gas plants in the past six years. There's another important geo-political side effect of a soft path, that is that it offers this country, I think, the political leverage to promote a world psychological climate of denuclearization. In which it comes to be viewed as a Mark of national immaturity to have or want either reactors or bombs. What gives us this leverage is that the world nuclear enterprise is rapidly turning into a pumpkin. This remarkable graph shows the range of official projections for how much nuclear capacity the US was supposed to have installed in the year 2000 as a function of when the government made the projections. And you see it's dropping so fast that by linear extrapolation it should hit zero around the end of this year. In practice it'll come to rest somewhere between zero, if the plants are phased out, and 120 odd, 130 odd gigawatts if they're not. That is if the net reactor ordering rate which has been going more and more negative for the past three years, we're miraculously to come up to zero so that everything in the pipeline came dribbling out. Then in the year 2000 US nuclear power would be down here in the firewood league. Representing somewhat under 3% of our present total delivered energy cubes. Now you might think this is an American political eccentricity, but when you plot the same graph for Canada which has a completely different kind of reactor and has had so far, none of our regulatory problems, they don't even have hearings. The graphs are so identical you cannot tell them apart. That tells me that it's a market effect. Fans of Adam Smith might say the invisible fist strikes again. And indeed, if you plot the same graph for Germany France, Japan, Britain, any nuclear country have you get the same graph with minor variations of slope for the same basic economic reasons. Now that means the nuclear power is not going to amount to a hill of beans before the oil runs out unless among other things there was a massive, say start with a hundred billion dollar bailout, very sustained bailout with your money to keep the industry from going under. And I don't see any prospect of that. It's just too much money. Given that background, suppose our government does three things. Suppose first of all we say that however much we love nuclear power. We love the market even more. That is we will accept its verdict. We will not bail out this technology, we'll design an orderly terminal phase for this unfortunate aberration. But we will try to make the market such as it is more efficient. So that these resources continue to be rapidly recycled as is already happening into the tasks of a soft path because they make more sense. Secondly, that we will freely, unconditionally, non-discriminatory help any other country that wants to do the same thing. Perhaps with the moral sense of atoms for peace but a bit more common sense. Third that we will link those efforts with whatever we can do on the slower and more difficult task of mutual strategic arms reduction treating them at least as interrelated parts of the same problem with intertwined solutions. Now nobody can guarantee that this three part approach to the proliferation problem would be fully successful. But there is a growing feeling in the arms control community, that it is much more likely to work than anything else we've thought of. And that accepting as a and building on the market failure of the nuclear enterprise is an absolute necessity for any effective non-proliferation policy. The last comparison I wanna make between these two paths and the one which as I mentioned earlier, really defines the difference between them is political. Because each of these paths entails difficult political problems are very different kinds. In the hard path, such problems as centrism, autarchy, vulnerability, technocracy. In the soft path, the problems of pluralism, getting used to the idea of doing with hundreds of millions of individual choices, using perhaps the market to which we profess devotion, doing with those what we would otherwise have done with a few big projects run from Washington. Getting used to the idea that when a country or a state this big and this diverse with an energy problem as fine grained as the one we've got. Central management is much more part of the problem than part of the solution. Perhaps a traumatic adjustment for central managers. I think we can't imagine any kind of energy future that's free of social problems. What we have to do is choose which kinds of problems we prefer. And it seems to me that those of the soft path, although perhaps less familiar, are a lot more attractable than the increasingly familiar and unpleasant problems have a hard path. And the soft path problems get easier as we go, not harder. Indeed. I'd contend that the social and economic advantages of a soft path are so great that if we let them show themselves it would largely implement itself through existing market and political process. And to get that ball rolling we need to do three main things. First of all, to clear away, you mainly at state and County and local level, a long messy list of institutional barriers, market imperfections if you like that impede efficiency in soft technologies. Things like 3000 obsolete building codes, obsolete mortgage regulations, restrictive utility practices, inequitable access to capital. I think there's a neat answer to that one. The fee structure of the architects who designed this building, split incentives between builders and buyers or between landlords and tenants and so long messy list. If we aren't smart enough to solve those problems I don't think we'll be smart enough to solve the much more formidable institutional problems looming in a hard path. Secondly, mainly at federal level, we ought to stop spending about a hundred billion dollars a year in tax and price subsidies, trying to make conventional fuels and power look cheaper than they really are. That's a very expensive kind of self-deception which has already bought us to the point where the California 55% solar tax credit cannot compete with the larger federal tax subsidies being offered to things like Alaskan gas. That's obviously nuts. Third, we ought to move gradually and fairly as I think we know how towards pricing all depletable fuels and indeed depletable resources and long run replacement cost. Not doing that, it's just a sophisticated way of stealing from our children. Now it will not be easy to do any of those three things but I think it will be easier than not doing them. And that if they're handled right a soft path can have a lot of political appeal. Because unlike a hard path, it offers simultaneous advantages for almost every constituency. It offers for example, jobs for the unemployed, capital for business people otherwise their capital goes to energy and they never see it again, savings for consumers, chances for a small business to innovate and for big business to recycle itself, environmental protection for conservationists, better national security for the military, exciting technologies for the secular, a rebirth of spiritual values for the religious, world order and equity for globalists, energy independence for isolationists, radical reforms for the young, traditional virtues for the old, civil rights for liberals, local autonomy for conservatives. It's true that it doesn't quite coincide with the perceived short term interests of a few powerful institutions which have not yet grasped its opportunities and therefore wrongly see it as a threat. But I think it does run with not across the political grain of what is still mainly a Jeffersonian country. And it cuts through the kinds of ideological disputes that are now installing energy policy. For example, in the Senate we've just seen a year and a half of wrangling saying that before we could have even part of the beginnings of an energy policy we'd have to agree on things like price versus regulation, capitalism versus socialism, Hamilton versus Jefferson, the role of the oil companies the future shape of our whole society. We will never, thank heaven, agree about any of those things. Life would be awfully dull if we did. But if we try to make them a prerequisite to energy policy, hello, freeze over first, maybe literally. Or as in a soft path those kinds of disputes become pretty irrelevant because if you're an economic traditionalist and the thing you most care about is lowest private internal cost what's cheapest for you. Then you can go ahead and build your solar collector. Cause it's cheaper than not doing it. If you're a worker, you might build it cause it gives you far more and better jobs than building power stations. If you're a conservationist you might build it cause it's benign. If you're a social transformationalist you might build it because it's autonomous but you see it's still the same collector. You don't have to agree before or after about why you built it. It's motive free. And we have in this country, an overwhelming consensus that energy husbandry and soft technologies are desirable. They're a good way to go. We have no consensus on anything else in energy. So maybe what we ought to do is add up the bits we agree about cause they are enough and then we can forget the bits we don't agree about because there'll be superfluous. We've never tried before to design an energy policy around consensus, but I think it's time we started. And yet at the time left us to do that as short because although each of these illustrations embraces infinite variations on a theme, there was no single hard or soft path. I think there is a sense in which these two broad patterns are mutually inconsistent, mutually exclusive. Now I do not mean by that. As some people have suppose that hard and soft technologies are technically incompatible because clearly they're not. There's nothing technical to stop you from putting solar panels right on top with Wayne Arnold indeed in a soft path you'd start off with a bunch of hard technologies. You'd end up with a bunch of soft ones in between they'd co-exist side by side for 50 years as their mix gradually shifted. But that shift would take place within a social and political context. That gives rise I think to three kinds of exclusivity. First of all, a cultural one. Each of these worlds simply makes the other world harder to imagine. Where we are now is a great example. There are a lot of people running around maybe a few tonight, even right here, who cannot imagine any approach to the energy problem except what they've been doing for the past 30 years just because of this cultural conditioning. Second, each of these paths builds up around it. A thick layer of organizations, laws, habits, policy actions that get in the way of the other just as today. A lot of institutional barriers left over from cheap oil are locking us into where we been not where we might want to go. Third, these paths compete for resources. Every bit of work and scale and political attention, every dollar, every barrel of oil, most precious every year, which we put into these very demanding hard technologies is a resource we cannot also use to do the tasks of a soft path urgently enough so they hang together. Cause the timing matters. And I think in this sense, things like coal gasification and nuclear power are not only unnecessary. There are positive encumbrance whose resource commitments threatened to push this soft technology wedge so far off into the future that before we can get to it the fossil fuel bridge to it has literally been burned. So I think we ought with deliberate speed to be choosing one or the other of these broad patterns before one has foreclosed the other or before proliferation has foreclosed both. We ought to be asking where we could get to in 50 years or so, and then working back to see how to get there smoothly. Rather than continuing line lead by incremental adhocracy one power station at a time. Not asking where we're going cause after anyway, that's after the next election. We ought to be using those relatively cheap fossil fuels thrifty, to capitalize the transition as nearly as possible straight to our ultimate energy income technologies. Because once the cheap fuels are gone we won't have another chance to get there. Now I can't in a general talk of this kind do justice to a very rich technical background and that wasn't my intention but the impression I hope I've left you with is that the really big, difficult, important, exciting issues in energy policy are not at all too complex or technical for ordinary people to understand. Although they may well be too simple and too political for many technical experts to understand. Thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much Henry. Henry could fill some questions here for a while and somebody has a hard exam tomorrow. you like to slip out, well, go ahead and do so. But he'd be glad to answer some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43658/file/116750#t=0.0,3909.984"}]}]}]}