{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/t727941p4v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Skinner, James S. and Charles M. Tipton, Charles M., Exercise and Aging"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eExercise and Aging. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on access.\u003c/p\u003e (access)","\u003cp\u003eThis item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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speakers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=25.07,27.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ask the questions at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=27.67,29.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a lot of very expert people here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=29.8,33.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we hope that you will ask questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=33.67,35.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because if you've wanted a real expert to answer them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=35.83,38.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is your chance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=38.54,40.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'd like to thank the agencies who have 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Education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=51.42,53.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a woman who was head of that department,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=53.43,55.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Barbara Forker, for not only her 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up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=60.89,62.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)\nThank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=63.947,65.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me now introduce a man","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=70.08,71.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who has been a very staunch supporter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=71.36,73.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the strongest supporters of the Midwest 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president","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=79.21,81.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Midwest Chapter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=81.22,82.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dick, where are you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=82.7,84.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's coming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=84.31,85.562"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man talking off 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Jackie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=96.04,97.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On behalf of the Midwest Chapter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=98.38,100.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as a 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people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=160.76,163.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but among all age groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=163.24,166.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Poole has spent a great deal of 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conference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=172.28,174.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she's done a tremendous amount of work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=174.01,176.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and has to be 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much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=183.01,184.842"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=184.842,188.009"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Dick.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=189.24,190.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On that organization, we will hold that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=190.073,191.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until the conference is 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meet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=194.96,196.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another very staunch supporter of exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=196.8,200.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, of course, older people as 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University,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=206.05,209.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Daniel Zefrano.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=209.05,210.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Ladies and gentlemen, in the last few years at Iowa State,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=228.22,231.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've become increasingly involved in gerontology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=231.41,234.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We now have a gerontology center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=234.91,237.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we have research going on in many fields of gerontology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=237.58,242.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One nice thing about 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it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=249.01,250.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more interesting it becomes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=250.79,252.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see tonight, we're going to be 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nutrition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=262.75,264.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These bring to mind the questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=265.31,266.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of jogging for the aged and cholesterol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=266.94,271.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all those things that I've been hearing about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=273.12,274.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for so long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=274.91,275.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm often reminded, as I listen to the pros and cons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=277.42,280.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these things, of the commencement speaker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=280.68,283.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who said to the class,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=284.83,286.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I have two very disturbing thoughts to leave with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=286.697,289.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The first is that half of all the things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=290.557,294.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"you've learned here in the 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colleges.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=316.53,318.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have some fights with Kansas State","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=318.96,320.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Michigan State as to which is really the oldest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=320.86,323.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were one of the very first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=323.8,324.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the land grant colleges to grow to the point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=324.88,327.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we now have about 19,000 undergraduates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=327.8,331.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 3,300 graduate 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Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=465.77,467.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the caption was (speaking in foreign language)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=468.21,471.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a nation of 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you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=487.17,488.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=489.155,492.322"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Dr. Zafrano.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=494.768,496.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We do have a few announcements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=496.4,497.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before I introduce our first speaker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=497.83,499.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Zafrano has announced that there are a number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=501.0,503.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of things going on here at the ISU 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hostesses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=508.89,512.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we'll try to give you additional information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=512.18,514.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Carousel being at Fisher Theater","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=514.22,516.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the rodeo over at Hilton.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=516.36,518.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd also like to announce that we have a fun 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that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=689.89,691.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I asked Jim today, what are the kinds of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=691.94,694.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you like to do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=694.71,696.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I quote, \"God made beautiful women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=696.03,698.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"And what I do is appreciate them.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=698.467,700.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just want you to know that about him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=700.16,702.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=702.02,703.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He also told me that he runs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=703.07,704.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cross-country skis and makes wine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=704.45,706.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know if those go together or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=706.21,707.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but let me introduce Dr. James Skinner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=707.67,709.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=710.58,713.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Jackie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=720.48,721.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's easy to talk about aging process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=723.09,726.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since, as was mentioned earlier, we all age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=726.83,729.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, there are some of us who age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=729.63,731.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit faster than others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=731.01,733.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But Dr. Tipton would be a good example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=733.22,735.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that later when he talks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=735.01,736.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I won't go into that particular. (audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=736.34,740.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If someone were to ask the definition of aging,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=742.87,746.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would be that aging begins at birth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=747.17,750.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and continues until death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=751.96,753.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From womb to tomb, so to speak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=755.57,757.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The changes that you see with aging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=762.281,764.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it starts having an effect on the body","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=764.83,767.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its ability to exercise and to perform,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=767.31,770.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really starts at around the age of 25 or 30.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=771.48,775.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, although a lot of people wouldn't admit that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=775.81,779.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by definition then, middle age begins at 25 or 30.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=779.77,783.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a time in which a majority of the tissues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=784.86,788.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the body starts showing some chemical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=788.25,791.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and structural alteration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=791.05,792.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, it's very difficult to try to study exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=794.69,798.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and aging because of the difficulty in trying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=798.25,802.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to isolate what is the pure effect of aging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=802.19,805.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what is the pure effect of exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=805.87,808.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To give you an example, one of the characteristics of 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effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=831.13,833.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the physical work capacity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=833.0,835.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, a person who becomes older","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=835.12,837.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of some of these other changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=838.52,840.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't do as much exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=840.26,842.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, therefore, it's hard to say which came first,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=842.06,844.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they don't do as much exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=844.78,846.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or that they started aging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=846.64,849.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this relationship on the blood flow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=853.054,855.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the arterial system, one of the theories, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=856.56,860.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the changes in skin that takes place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=860.3,862.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that you will get a decreased blood flow to the skin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=863.89,868.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the blood flow decreases so much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=869.56,872.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that some of the cells start to change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=872.953,875.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and turn into connective tissue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=875.46,877.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they shrink down a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=877.45,879.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"further causing the blood flow to decrease slightly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=879.47,883.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then you get some of the changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=883.94,885.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that take place in skin with aging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=885.7,888.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another example of decreased blood flow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=889.52,892.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, one theory about adult onset diabetes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=892.14,897.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that you get a decreased blood flow to the pancreas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=897.13,901.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one result might be that you'll get more 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cells","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=908.52,911.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't function properly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=911.64,912.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, exercise has one advantage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=914.81,916.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we're trying to study the aging process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=916.53,918.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is that, at rest, a lot of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=918.77,920.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't really change, but when you put the person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=920.93,923.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under a certain amount of stress, then you will see changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=923.52,926.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the body has to adapt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=926.77,928.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I could have the first slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=931.03,933.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do I control the lights here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=940.61,942.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure where.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=944.04,945.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=945.88,946.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here, you see some changes that occur","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=950.69,953.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starting at about age 30,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=953.71,955.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we say that that would be 100%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=955.73,958.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some of the drop-off in age, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=958.36,960.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in nerve conduction velocity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=960.9,962.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is one of the reasons why older people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=962.67,964.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tend to have more accidents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=964.39,965.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It takes them longer to react.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=965.54,967.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The basal metabolism drops down because, one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=967.87,970.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have fewer active tissue cells.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=970.9,974.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's less muscle mass,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=974.38,976.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe that because there's more fat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=976.62,978.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the person is better insulated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=978.69,980.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, they don't need as much to produce as much heat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=980.29,984.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maximum heart rate goes down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=984.04,985.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Muscle strength goes down, the maximum blood lactate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=985.86,989.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the ability to withstand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=989.36,991.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the metabolites associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=991.78,993.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with heavy exercise goes down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=993.51,995.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vital capacity, the amount of air","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=995.68,997.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can hold in your lungs goes down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=997.27,999.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maximum breathing capacity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=999.37,1001.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the more you stress the system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1001.93,1004.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more you tend to see changes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1006.55,1009.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The more systems that are stressed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1009.1,1010.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more changes you tend to see with aging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1010.36,1013.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So since exercise is a form of physiological stress,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1014.21,1017.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this gives us the advantage of one of the advantages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1018.61,1021.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of looking at the aging process by using exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1021.67,1025.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, as I say, we don't necessarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1025.76,1027.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes see changes at rest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1027.92,1030.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You do see some, but in things like resting heart rate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1030.14,1033.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see no real difference with age,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1033.02,1035.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that the blood glucose,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1035.14,1037.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the amount of sugar in the blood at rest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1037.43,1039.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't really change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1039.06,1040.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The electrocardiogram may be normal at rest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1040.77,1043.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but when you put this person into an exercise situation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1043.84,1047.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the heart rate may take longer to adapt to it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1047.97,1050.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to recover from it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1050.46,1052.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You may find that the blood glucose changes more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1052.1,1055.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you give the person a blood glucose test,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1055.48,1057.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the older they are, the less efficient the body","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1057.6,1061.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to adapt to that physiological stress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1061.85,1065.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The electrocardiogram may be completely normal at rest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1065.78,1068.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but when you put the person under stress,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1068.13,1069.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you start seeing some sort of abnormality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1069.98,1072.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we would say that there is no change at rest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1072.93,1077.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but with aging, there are significant 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speed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1380.51,1383.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would go down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1383.38,1384.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reaction time would go 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size,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1416.232,1417.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one of the regular manifestations of aging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1417.93,1420.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Due to a decreased 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hormone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1428.56,1430.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's one unpublished research,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1430.17,1433.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which shows that in men after age 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up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1848.85,1851.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that you have more air in the chest and in the lungs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1851.46,1855.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even at the end of a normal breath.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1855.78,1858.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The compliance tends to decrease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1859.65,1861.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a little confusing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1861.81,1862.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I won't go into that now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1862.85,1864.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The diffusing capacity, the ability of the gas to diffuse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1864.24,1867.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the alveolar membrane decreases with age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1867.85,1871.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and increases with 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decreases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1884.45,1887.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is because of the difference in diffusion capacity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1887.05,1889.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you'll see that there's less 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lungs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1894.73,1898.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The forced expiratory volume,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1899.24,1900.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much resistance the person has to breathing out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1900.9,1904.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decreases with age, increases with training.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1904.23,1906.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the amount of air that they can breathe in and 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difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1923.47,1925.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then in exercise, it may not make a great deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1925.1,1927.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of difference because the lungs are not the limiting 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bronchitis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1933.97,1936.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these sorts of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1936.4,1937.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, therefore, it can become a 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system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1946.69,1950.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see, looking first at the heart,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1951.73,1954.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see that the volume of the heart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1954.5,1956.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tends to go up with aging and tends to go up training,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1956.48,1959.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's for two different reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1960.76,1962.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It tends to go up with age because of a, well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1963.97,1968.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we call it pressure overload.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1968.07,1970.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The peripheral resistance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1970.09,1971.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against which it has to pump is higher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1971.67,1975.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, the heart has to hypertrophy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1975.08,1978.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get larger to overcome this pressure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1978.13,1980.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a tendency, however, in training","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1981.41,1983.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have a volume overload, that is more blood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1983.91,1986.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is coming back into the heart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1986.6,1988.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, therefore, you get an increase due to that 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where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=1995.96,1999.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rate of relaxation to decrease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2003.82,2008.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, it takes longer for it to contract","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2008.1,2013.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and longer for it to relax in that particular sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2013.2,2016.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, looking at all these things, I can see a few faces here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2018.65,2023.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're saying, well, I knew I was getting old,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2023.19,2024.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I didn't think all those things are happening to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2024.88,2027.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They tend to go together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2027.82,2031.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that, as a result, when you're looking at the person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2031.25,2034.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll see that the person can, as they get older,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2035.27,2037.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't do certain things as well as others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2037.71,2039.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is in German, but I'll explain what it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2039.417,2041.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is just age here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2041.54,2044.819"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is the heart volume,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2044.819,2045.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is the amount of blood,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2045.79,2047.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oxygen being pumped per beat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2047.41,2049.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it gives you an idea of how much blood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2049.91,2051.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is being pushed out for a given heart volume.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2051.67,2054.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you see that the athlete, depending on the 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out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2061.93,2064.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though he has a larger volume.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2064.62,2066.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you get older, 10 to 19, 20 to 39,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2066.35,2069.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"40 to 59, 60 to 75, you get less and less amount of blood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2069.49,2074.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being pumped out for the same heart size.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2074.64,2076.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, in fact, the heart is less efficient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2076.94,2079.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though it gets larger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2081.07,2082.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this slide is a little confusing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2082.74,2084.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we'll go over it fairly rapidly to give you an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2084.38,2088.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of some of the things that do take place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2088.47,2090.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The amount of oxygen that the person takes in at rest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2090.88,2093.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't really change with age or with training.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2093.32,2097.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The amount of air the person has to breathe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2097.77,2099.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the efficiency of the respiratory system doesn't change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2099.47,2102.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a tendency for the amount of blood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2102.46,2104.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's being pumped out to decrease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2104.45,2106.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you really don't see much change at 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exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2112.43,2116.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you see that, for the same amount of oxygen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2116.07,2120.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being taken in, the older person has to breathe more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2120.32,2124.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has a less efficient respiratory system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2124.37,2127.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will pump out less blood, less blood per beat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2127.23,2132.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, therefore, has to extract more oxygen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2133.48,2136.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the blood that is being pumped out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2136.53,2138.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't really see a difference necessarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2138.71,2140.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the heart rate as I'll show you in a few minutes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2140.17,2143.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you'll see a lot of these changes are just the opposite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2143.74,2145.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what happens with 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exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2153.26,2155.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The effect of training on blood pressure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2155.33,2157.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a bit confusing at rest, but in 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drawing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2174.11,2176.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the energy reserves within the body,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2176.26,2178.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tends to go up at the same amount of work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2178.14,2181.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the person takes longer to recover","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2181.5,2183.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because he has a higher oxygen debt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2183.47,2185.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There seems to be that the rate of increase in heart rate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2187.138,2190.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the rate of decrease in heart rate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2190.27,2192.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tends to be slower in the older person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2192.16,2195.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it takes him longer to adapt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2195.04,2196.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the same amount of work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2196.56,2197.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, when you go to maximal exercise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2200.1,2202.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see that the maximum of the oxygen intake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2202.89,2206.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tends to go down with age, up with training.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2206.3,2208.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The maximum ventilation is less,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2208.9,2210.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you see, he breathes more at any given workload.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2210.82,2213.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, he reaches his maximum much sooner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2213.22,2216.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same thing with the cardiac output.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2216.51,2219.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has a lower amount of blood that he can pump out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2219.32,2222.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The heart rate goes down with age,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2222.32,2226.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't necessarily change with training.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2226.1,2228.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And since he has the same heart rate at a given 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sedentary,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2293.67,2296.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have essentially the same heart rate here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2296.53,2298.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the young untrained person and the trained skier,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2298.97,2302.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"60-years-old has a lower heart rate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2302.72,2305.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared to his age cohort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2305.44,2308.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he's not much different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2308.15,2310.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the other trained person at a lower 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Tipton","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2317.46,2318.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be talking about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2318.493,2320.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just to show you some of the 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non-athletes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2329.17,2330.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see, essentially, the same drop-off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2330.25,2332.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maximum heart rate tends to 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years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2343.95,2346.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he's paid by how much he can cut.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2346.27,2349.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so here's a person who's, theoretically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2349.13,2351.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"motivated to do as much as he can in eight hours.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2351.13,2353.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is over a period of 10 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2353.78,2355.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you see among the Swedish lumberjacks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2355.85,2358.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have, essentially, the same drop-off there, as you see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2358.31,2363.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in just the ability to do exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2363.15,2365.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an 80-kilometer ski race, cross-country ski race.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2365.29,2368.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see the same drop-off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2368.49,2370.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have this Swedish 30-kilometer run.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2370.75,2374.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see the same kind of drop-off here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2374.01,2376.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the marathon run age record versus world record.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2376.84,2379.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see the same kind of drop-off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2379.91,2382.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And no matter how you look at it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2382.58,2383.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the older person, even the well-trained older person,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2383.88,2387.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will have a drop-off with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2387.51,2389.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I would like to go just a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2397.32,2399.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into some of the evidence on aging versus activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2399.79,2404.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, again, this is very difficult to study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2405.8,2407.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because as you can see in this particular thing here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2407.6,2410.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is the number of hours of active leisure time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2410.83,2415.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a number of men in Tecumseh, Michigan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2415.75,2418.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you see that the older you get,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2418.11,2421.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those people are doing five hours a week or more, decreases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2422.4,2425.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And those doing less than one hour per week increases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2425.69,2429.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but more importantly, the intensity of that exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2429.07,2433.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the most active one and a half hours per week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2433.28,2436.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are very few people who are very 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active.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2449.487,2452.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you get older, you see they become,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2452.61,2456.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more and more are doing just between one MET,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2456.4,2459.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is sitting watching TV or lying down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2459.48,2462.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and four METs, which is walking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2462.41,2464.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walking a little bit faster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2464.71,2466.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then those who are in the mid 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active.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2469.04,2471.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is just another example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2473.26,2474.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also in Finland, you see the same thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2474.61,2477.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there's a decrease in the real active people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2477.0,2480.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they get older.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2480.89,2482.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is one of the examples of the kinds of activities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2483.32,2485.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the older people do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2485.62,2487.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This chair does all the work of lifting the person up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2487.12,2490.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he doesn't even have to exert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2491.61,2493.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit effort on his legs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2493.7,2495.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The usual result is something like this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2495.9,2498.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's exhausted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2498.05,2498.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This morning his electric toothbrush burned out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2498.95,2500.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he had to finish the job by hand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2500.8,2502.902"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2502.902,2505.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, it's hard to tell in this circumstance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2505.61,2508.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's the effect of age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2508.1,2509.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what's the effect of inactivity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2509.26,2511.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fact that the person is less active.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2512.2,2514.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So how do you do this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2514.74,2516.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we know that one effect of age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2516.93,2518.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a reduced tolerance distress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2518.84,2521.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what I've essentially been telling you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2521.04,2522.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That may have been more stressful for you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2522.663,2524.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's the fact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2524.67,2526.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the person as he gets older is less adaptable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2526.36,2529.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One effect of training is that the person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2530.23,2533.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increases his tolerance to the stress of exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2533.33,2536.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He becomes more adaptable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2536.16,2537.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's adapted due to the training effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2537.99,2541.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, a number of people have said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2541.03,2542.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that maybe training can reverse, delay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2542.42,2547.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or offset the aging effect, the aging trends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2547.49,2551.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the conclusion by many is that the active person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2551.22,2553.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who has a better functional capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2553.94,2556.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than a younger person is, in fact, younger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2556.44,2560.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that his chronological age is older.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2563.83,2567.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question now is whether his physiological age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2567.01,2569.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is really different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2569.64,2570.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, one way of studying the question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2572.13,2574.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a fairly difficult thing to study,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2574.59,2576.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but one way to do it is to look at a number of changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2576.12,2579.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that normally take place in age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2579.19,2580.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And look, if you see just the diffusing capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2580.65,2582.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the lung, the ability to exchange oxygen across the lung,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2582.83,2587.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll see a drop-off in that system with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2588.54,2591.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'll see another one in strength.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2591.59,2593.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'll see another one in the respiratory frequency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2593.27,2595.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another one in heart rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2595.6,2596.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These sorts of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2596.55,2597.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you use that as an index of aging,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2597.83,2600.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying that, okay, for the respiratory system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2600.08,2603.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is an index of aging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2603.42,2604.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you can somehow delay that particular one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2604.89,2608.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the line is this way, in fact, maybe you have delayed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2608.71,2611.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the aging process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2611.73,2613.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you look at people who are active","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2613.65,2615.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you see that their's tend to go this way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2615.49,2618.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the inactive tends to go that way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2618.89,2620.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you can say that there is an effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2620.9,2623.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, looking at some of this information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2623.04,2625.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here's what we found on just the ability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2625.91,2628.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to blow out air as fast as you can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2628.89,2630.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some index of the resistance in the pulmonary system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2630.91,2635.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you see, normals, you have this drop-off with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2635.14,2639.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In active athletes who are still competing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2639.45,2641.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have this drop-off in age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2641.97,2643.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In former athletes who were still active but not competing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2643.61,2646.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you essentially have that drop-off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2646.6,2648.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, there's obviously a difference in their position,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2648.43,2652.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not a difference in this slope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2652.33,2654.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you couldn't say in that particular case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2654.72,2656.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that whatever this measures in the respiratory system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2656.88,2660.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've affected it by being active.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2660.02,2662.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same thing in just the amount of air","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2663.87,2665.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can breathe in 15 seconds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2665.61,2667.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the normal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2667.54,2668.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a former athlete.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2668.78,2671.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, in here, are the active athletes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2671.02,2673.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There may be a slight difference here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2673.94,2675.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the numbers get a little small,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2675.21,2676.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you see that, in effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2676.33,2677.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've got essentially the same slope.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2677.78,2680.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see the same thing in maximum heart rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2680.02,2682.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each one of these points represents a mean of one study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2682.6,2687.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are about 4,000 people represented here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2687.59,2690.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you see that whether you're trained or untrained,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2690.2,2692.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"male or female, you essentially have the same drop-off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2692.79,2695.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in maximum heart rate with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2695.71,2698.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see the same thing if you look at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2699.71,2702.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maximum oxygen intake with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2702.03,2703.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is some of the early study by Robinson.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2703.96,2706.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is study that Wilmore looked at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2706.82,2710.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he figured out the slope here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2710.42,2712.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The slope is not really different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2712.04,2713.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're only higher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2713.64,2714.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We looked at data on (indistinct) to match with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2716.11,2721.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's the normals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2721.65,2723.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is about 4,000 people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2723.14,2725.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here are people who are still active and competing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2725.8,2730.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see, there's not a real big difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2730.27,2731.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the rate of change here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2731.94,2734.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are people who were formerly active,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2734.23,2737.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed active 20 years later when they were measured.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2737.36,2740.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This group was formerly 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university.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2744.51,2746.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"20 years later, you couldn't necessarily distinguish them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2746.01,2748.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the normal individual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2748.24,2749.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These dots here are all marathon runners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2750.89,2753.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So even in a person who's training, after age 30,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2753.81,2757.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see there's a drop-off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2757.09,2758.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even a person who's training to run a marathon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2758.84,2761.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have that drop-off with age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2761.45,2763.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that does take 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here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2768.95,2772.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he is a 30-year-old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2772.15,2773.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, in fact, what he is is a well-trained 60-year-old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2773.86,2776.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who has a functional capacity of a average 30-year-old slob,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2777.55,2782.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he's not a 30-year-old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2782.62,2785.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's a 60-year-old, who's had a number of changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2785.96,2789.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that particular time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2789.03,2790.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These were just the marathon runners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2793.17,2795.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even at age 48, you see they could run 242","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2795.78,2799.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all of these marathon runners that Costal had studied,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2799.29,2802.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of these people, they said they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2802.93,2804.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their best performance around the age of 32.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2804.49,2808.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after that, no matter how much they did,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2808.06,2809.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their performance went down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2809.75,2811.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if a marathon runner can't necessarily affect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2811.72,2815.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his rate of aging by keeping active,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2815.05,2818.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I doubt seriously whether the average person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2818.54,2820.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can do it either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2820.41,2821.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the drop-off in those two races I showed you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2821.67,2825.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before a 30-kilometer run and an 80-kilometer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2825.09,2828.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cross-country, ski race.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2828.11,2829.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After age 25 or 30, the drop-off is, essentially, the same.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2829.39,2832.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are people well-trained and untrained,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2832.9,2836.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who, at one time in their life, have to do the Vasaloppet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2836.21,2839.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's an 80-kilometer ski race in Sweden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2839.68,2841.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you get all kinds of people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2841.85,2843.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is in one year, 10,000 started and 7,600 finished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2843.54,2848.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's the drop-off in time in those who finished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2848.22,2852.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the question then is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2855.24,2858.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the person isn't younger even though he's very active,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2858.71,2863.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what can you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2865.34,2866.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How trainable is the older person?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2866.5,2868.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By definition, training is a form of adaptation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2868.52,2870.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and aging is a form of decreased adaptation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2870.87,2873.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the evidence seems to show that older people improve less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2873.9,2878.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than younger people in strength and endurance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2878.16,2882.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They require more time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2882.15,2883.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was one study, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2883.81,2885.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which showed that older people, 49 to 65,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2885.25,2888.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still have some of the same changes that young people have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2888.63,2892.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that particular study took 20 weeks to get there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2892.01,2895.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas in some of these studies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2895.18,2896.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with which it was compared, only took 10 weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2896.64,2899.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The answer is not very clear yet as to whether, in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2899.78,2902.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the older person is as trainable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2902.75,2905.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One reason is that the older person, generally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2905.75,2907.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is asked to do less work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2907.68,2909.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we don't know whether it's because they do less work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2909.53,2911.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therefore, they have less adaptation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2911.72,2914.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are they less adaptable?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2914.93,2916.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there is a tendency in some of the literature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2916.35,2918.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to show this kind of graph.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2918.36,2920.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you start at a very high level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2920.28,2922.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't expect much improvement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2922.57,2924.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is what you would see 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improvement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2927.61,2929.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this line tends to go like this with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2929.93,2934.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was only one study here and there were 60,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2935.64,2938.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a number of people around 70 years of age,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2939.69,2941.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they trained and they found no improvement whatsoever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2941.98,2945.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe at age 70, it's a bit too late to start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2945.05,2947.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, you can't change in one 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slowly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2970.44,2973.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increase the intensity more gradually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2973.47,2976.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do not expect as much of a 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person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2994.41,2997.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have to avoid competitive fast movements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=2998.88,3001.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isometrics, these kinds of things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3001.43,3003.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the older person can adapt to them very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3003.43,3007.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The older person is also less adaptable to heat and cold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3007.36,3010.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if you have environmental changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3011.38,3012.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to modify your 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fast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3043.79,3045.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the stereotype that he and many other people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3045.61,3048.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have is that the older person is not an active individual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3048.08,3052.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, sometimes, this is reinforced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3052.77,3054.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The person says I'm getting old, I can't do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3054.54,3057.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They don't do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3057.34,3058.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, they can't do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3058.173,3059.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they can't do it, then they say, see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3059.64,3061.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I shouldn't have done it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3061.28,3062.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they continue that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3062.43,3064.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you have to sort of break the cycle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3064.27,3066.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and get them going in the other way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3066.27,3067.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Show them that they can do it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3067.75,3069.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they will try to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3069.3,3071.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you have to reinforce this image that they have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3071.27,3074.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess the best way to describe that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3076.83,3079.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how some people will, the psychological effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3079.9,3083.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a question I heard once.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3083.37,3084.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the man asked, \"How old do you think you would 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longevity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3109.8,3114.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as such, but you add certainly more life to the years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3114.21,3118.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether you add more years to the 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queen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3124.95,3128.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said when someone asked her her philosophy of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3128.01,3131.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she said, \"I guess what's more 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you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3136.86,3137.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3138.81,3141.977"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, 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Hutton's respect, the respect that people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3250.28,3253.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have for the brokers and the expertise of the brokers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3253.95,3256.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, when Dr. Tipton speaks, everybody listens 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applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3262.934,3266.101"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you for those kind words, Jackie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3273.414,3276.831"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ladies and gentlemen, friends and a few former friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3277.71,3282.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3283.963,3287.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The planners for this symposium,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3287.05,3288.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, really should be complimented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3288.71,3290.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the truest and highest form","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3290.87,3293.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there's never been a need for research in an area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3293.92,3298.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we find ourselves with aging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3298.27,3301.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By analogy, I think the issue of exercise and aging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3301.55,3304.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is somewhat similar to what exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3304.97,3307.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and stress-testing was 15 years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3307.76,3312.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the last 15 years, it has been a tremendous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3312.1,3316.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on surge of research, establishment of guidelines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3316.16,3319.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involvement of professions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3319.73,3321.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think the same kind of approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3321.66,3324.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must be done with aging because the material","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3324.67,3328.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we will be exposed to in this symposium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3328.99,3333.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will reveal one very salient feature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3333.41,3336.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most important thing that you will go home with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3337.62,3341.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not be what is said, but what is not being said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3341.4,3346.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we do not know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3346.56,3348.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have not amassed the resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3348.46,3352.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the involvement of the professional groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3352.26,3354.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the interest of the people to get the answers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3354.53,3357.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a most important problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3357.49,3359.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to use the approach tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3361.18,3363.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of one of providing somewhat a overview,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3363.46,3367.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some selection of relevant findings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3367.29,3371.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try to indicate some directions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3371.39,3373.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think should be taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3373.47,3376.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, hopefully, to stimulate some of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3376.37,3378.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to consider in your own professions, your own interests,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3378.83,3383.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas that you'd like to see pursue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3383.06,3385.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe encourage others to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3385.4,3387.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are several ways to accelerate aging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3388.93,3393.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is to receive a broad topic as the one I received.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3393.48,3397.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second is to be associated with Skinner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3398.27,3401.945"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3401.945,3403.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think in the process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3403.57,3405.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have the critical question to answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3405.11,3407.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What really is the role of exercise?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3407.14,3410.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Does exercise really retard, delay, modify, the process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3410.69,3415.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if it does, how does it do it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3417.18,3420.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And last but not least, how can we live with it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3420.75,3423.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we need, at any conference of this type,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3424.64,3428.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get some working definitions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3428.77,3431.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is true that Dr. Skinner gave you a few.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3431.7,3434.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to amplify a little bit on those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3434.24,3436.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, hopefully, in the material that I will present,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3436.64,3440.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the material that would be presented tomorrow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3440.05,3442.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can have some common and useful reference points.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3442.39,3446.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Really age, by definition, is concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3446.91,3450.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the time from birth to the present.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3450.31,3453.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can see how many people will interpret it differently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3453.58,3457.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and evaluate it differently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3457.83,3459.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we talk about senescence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3460.47,3462.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we really are talking about the process of growing old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3462.49,3466.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when we talk about senility,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3467.9,3470.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are talking about being old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3470.38,3473.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, obviously, that's the stage that many of us, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3473.06,3476.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are probably the most afraid of age, old age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3476.29,3481.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not the fact of being old, I think, that disturbs us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3481.23,3485.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the fact of being senile in age is a disturbing fact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3485.9,3490.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that probably the issue is not really being directed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3492.02,3495.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or concern, but by very few people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3495.08,3497.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we should think in terms, at least I do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3499.09,3502.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and like to somewhat pass my concept onto you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3502.15,3506.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that exercise, to me, is really a disruption","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3506.39,3509.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a homeostatic environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3510.54,3513.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what we are trying to do is readjust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3514.96,3517.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you exercise, you are disturbing a myriad of systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3517.07,3521.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's a tremendous onslaught","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3521.55,3523.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of systems time to readjust.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3523.56,3525.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they obviously, as Dr. Skinner, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3526.44,3529.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has very eloquently presented,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3529.607,3532.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't become modified.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3532.01,3533.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that adjustment is the topic of much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3535.465,3537.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our conversation here and material today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3537.68,3541.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And last definition or point of reference,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3541.93,3545.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what do we really mean by training?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3545.2,3548.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when I use the term training,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3549.2,3551.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am describing that a fact that an adaptation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3551.32,3556.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has occurred from a chronic exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3556.58,3560.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A single bout of exercise is called acute exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3562.01,3565.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we have repetitive bouts of acute exercise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3566.82,3569.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we call it chronic exercise or training,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3569.95,3573.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provided some type of change has occurred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3573.18,3577.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The type of changes that I'm most concerned about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3578.62,3581.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the types of changes that were presented today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3581.94,3584.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not necessarily exclusively,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3584.67,3587.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been anatomical changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3587.27,3590.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biochemical changes, physiological changes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3590.11,3593.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You notice we have not alluded to or mentioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3593.57,3596.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the psychological changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3596.83,3598.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are probably just as equally as important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3598.21,3600.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but, unfortunately, we're very ignorant of those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3600.66,3603.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, obviously, we are avoiding them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3603.24,3605.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only from ignorance, not because of it's importance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3605.61,3608.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's clearly is an area that should be incorporated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3608.59,3611.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this spectrum of exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3611.81,3613.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its benefits for the aging population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3613.57,3616.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the way to approach the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3619.37,3622.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I am facing tonight is to present to you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3622.44,3626.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the concept of the first law of thermodynamics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3626.36,3630.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if I can figure out how to use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3630.93,3633.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this computer system down here, I wondered why Iowa State","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3633.49,3637.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was getting all this extra money in the legislature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3637.76,3640.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I can see this is where it's going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3640.64,3643.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But could we have the first slide or do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3643.2,3645.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I, see here, which one do I punch,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3645.86,3650.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"besides the projectionist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3652.69,3654.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3655.625,3658.625"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which one is the slide?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3661.0,3663.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e This.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3663.08,3663.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim hid it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3664.9,3666.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Good old Jim.\nYeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3666.34,3667.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim, where's the button?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3670.98,3672.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here, it is, see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3672.15,3673.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Uh-huh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3673.73,3674.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's right in front of him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3674.69,3675.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why you didn't see it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3675.523,3676.638"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There you go.\nOkay, thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3676.638,3678.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you, Jackie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3678.3,3679.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can see we're gonna have a successful 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loss,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3744.53,3746.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which clearly is an area that needs further exploration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3746.6,3750.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, fortunately, any questions in that 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others,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3844.18,3847.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they clearly deserve mentioning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=3847.19,3849.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have indicated that the loss of 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occurring,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4019.3,4022.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can always fall back on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4022.42,4024.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's really not a bad 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consuming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4050.38,4055.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not what they should be consuming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4055.65,4058.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is what they are 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attempted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4073.75,4076.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to study some 20,000 representative Americans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4076.01,4080.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find out more about their nutritional 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individual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4109.48,4113.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let us look at certain key features.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4113.2,4116.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you find your age and group and your 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intake,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4130.803,4133.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regardless of males or females.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4133.07,4136.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Notice the progressive decrease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4136.77,4138.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in our protein being consumed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4138.84,4141.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The calcium, interesting enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4142.37,4144.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seems to be only slightly decreased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4144.12,4148.611"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the females, markedly so, with iron after the age of 40.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4148.611,4153.611"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And notice our thiamine seems to be adequate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4162.833,4165.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for our purposes, contrary to the attempts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4165.27,4169.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Madison Avenue to convince you otherwise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4169.25,4172.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I've only listed these various nutrients here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4172.2,4176.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because space did not allow me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4178.05,4179.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have many, many more summarized in the same 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information,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4187.15,4190.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to write to the superintendent of documents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4190.6,4193.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and get on their mailing list.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4193.66,4196.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They send this out at periodic intervals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4196.63,4199.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is really the earliest information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4199.53,4203.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you will find coming from governmental sources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4203.84,4207.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'll receive a lot of other mail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4207.23,4208.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's not of interest to you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4208.74,4210.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but frequently this type of 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journals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4214.82,4218.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's my point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4218.14,4219.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you can see, this was published last 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moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4227.56,4229.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is, as you, I'm sure surmised, a decrease with age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4229.91,4234.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's a difference between age and sex.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4234.84,4237.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let us look at the caloric requirements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4242.19,4244.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What should you be consuming?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4244.93,4247.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The previous slide indicated what was being consumed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4247.16,4250.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this is a committee,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4251.69,4255.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suppose, the best way to resolve unknowns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4255.26,4257.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to form a committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4257.64,4258.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then you don't feel so insecure about your decision,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4258.7,4263.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this was a committee and this reaffirmed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4265.26,4270.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a second committee, I guess it reaffirmed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4270.47,4272.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first committee's finding,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4272.48,4274.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you can see, it's well over almost 30 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4274.6,4278.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I obtained this from Mayer, a book on nutrition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4278.57,4283.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you can see that by and large,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4283.57,4286.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's been recommended by the nutritional experts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4286.02,4288.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that your calories should be progressively decreased","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4288.71,4293.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhat in the fashion we saw,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4294.15,4295.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's actually being done, up to about 10%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4295.55,4298.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what it was when you were 25 years of age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4298.6,4302.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what does that have to do and what implication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4302.96,4307.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has it for individuals who are exercising,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4308.07,4311.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are attempting to become, quotes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4311.44,4315.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"More active to avoid some of the potential problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4315.547,4318.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of the aging process?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4318.927,4321.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we first have to realize that when we are exercising,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4322.63,4325.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have two substrates that are being utilized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4325.55,4328.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, let us look at fats and carbohydrates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4328.87,4333.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Notice here, we are going to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4335.93,4338.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at how much oxygen you're consuming,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4338.05,4340.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the intensity of the exercising is increasing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4340.45,4344.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and right at rest right now, most of you are using","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4344.8,4347.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around 50% fat and about 50% carbohydrates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4347.88,4352.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, when you exercise, we began to notice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4354.02,4356.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the exercise intensity increases, there is a shift","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4356.64,4361.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where as we began to use less and less fat as energy sources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4361.36,4366.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we began to use more and more carbohydrates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4366.82,4369.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This concept, I think, is familiar to many of you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4369.91,4373.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a subject of much intense investigation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4373.04,4376.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and clearly we should hear more about this tomorrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4376.17,4379.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the point I want to emphasize that doing exercise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4379.587,4382.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the two key substrates are going to be your fats","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4382.93,4387.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or your lipids and your carbohydrates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4387.12,4390.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, you should be thinking in terms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4391.85,4394.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you're active and you want to participate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4394.19,4396.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the events associated for individuals older than 25,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4396.61,4401.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what percentages should you be consuming?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4401.57,4406.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this is from Austrian who indicates a so-called a diet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4406.54,4411.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which he feels should be about 50% carbohydrates,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4412.5,4416.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"40% fat and about 12% protein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4416.08,4421.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, individuals who are performing more and more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4421.09,4425.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long-distance, endurance-type activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4425.61,4428.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not necessarily follow this regime, by and large,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4428.6,4432.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the figure becomes somewhat like 60% carbohydrates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4432.52,4437.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It seems to become 25% fat and about 15% protein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4437.66,4442.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In our most recent studies of the protein requirements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4446.89,4451.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of individuals who are middle age and beyond,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4453.55,4457.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it appears that you should be consuming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4457.43,4459.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 15% of your diet should be protein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4459.84,4464.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if you want a little harder figure than that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4465.44,4469.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it appears to be about 0.8 grams","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4469.27,4472.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"per kilogram of body weight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4472.13,4473.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that, by and large, whatever your total caloric needs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4475.08,4479.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it does appear that we want that to be around 12 to 15%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4479.28,4484.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're going to participate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4486.6,4488.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in endurance types of activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4488.26,4490.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we would expect this figure to be increased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4490.25,4494.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And obviously we would, as a consequence of that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4494.29,4497.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expect a lower fat and particularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4497.57,4499.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the problems of aging that Dr. Skinner alluded to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4499.69,4503.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, clearly, will be discussed in greater detail tomorrow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4503.64,4507.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we want to reduce the fat content,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4507.02,4509.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but again you will have to adjust your caloric needs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4510.77,4514.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to your age and your demands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4514.03,4517.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we still need to keep our percentage figures in mind,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4517.0,4522.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depending upon how active we are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4522.11,4524.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, particularly, what age we are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4524.16,4526.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This slide is to dramatize the dietary manipulations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4532.16,4537.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are occurring to increase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4537.33,4539.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the carbohydrate stores in the body.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4539.65,4542.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what this is showing and emphasizing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4543.53,4547.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that if we have exercise and we deplete,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4547.16,4550.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we began to go on the diet of fat and protein","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4550.77,4553.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for an extended period of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4553.99,4556.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we switch to carbohydrate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4556.53,4558.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can produce what is known as carbohydrate-loading,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4558.83,4563.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"super compensation, or overloading the muscle with glycogen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4565.58,4570.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's been 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slide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4577.6,4579.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there was, to my knowledge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4579.06,4581.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hope tomorrow we can indicate that that is an error,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4581.06,4585.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no evidence with older people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4585.57,4587.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how well this process works and how it is modified.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4587.73,4592.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, Dr. Skinner showed a slide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4593.24,4595.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indicating that glycogen depleted or was lower with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4595.06,4599.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I'd like to modify that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4599.24,4601.781"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In animal studies, it doesn't seem to be true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4601.781,4605.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for skeletal muscles that the glycogen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4605.95,4608.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seems to be lower with age,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4608.37,4610.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it does seem to be lower in the heart with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4610.68,4613.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It does seem to be lower in the liver with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4613.13,4617.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It does seem to be lower in other tissues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4617.42,4622.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I suppose, when in doubt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4622.1,4624.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can always say it's a controversial issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4624.1,4626.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not controversial as to what effect age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4626.34,4629.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has on this process, because we really don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4629.21,4632.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the advocacy of carbohydrate-loading","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4632.38,4636.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for younger people as it's being used now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4636.28,4639.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all probability, will have to be modified","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4639.23,4641.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for older individuals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4641.37,4642.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the way it would have to be 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need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4649.53,4652.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for this kind of information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4652.33,4653.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd just like to show you this slide to indicate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4657.07,4659.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I'm leading up to what is happening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4659.57,4663.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with changes in the stomach and the intestines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4663.13,4667.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the material can make the transition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4667.05,4670.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the movement from this region,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4670.56,4672.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ultimately, to get into the intercellular region","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4672.88,4676.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be a source of energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4676.18,4678.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This involves not only the laws of diffusion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4679.18,4681.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it also involves active transport.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4681.54,4684.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a tendency to take this process as being constant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4684.08,4688.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how wrong we are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4688.12,4690.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like to show you that there are changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4690.35,4692.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are occurring in the stomach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4692.63,4694.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the intestine that are clearly going to have quite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4694.01,4696.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an impact on what really, ultimately, will become available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4696.81,4701.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for energy purposes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4702.55,4704.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously, with respect to age, and here is a summary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4704.42,4709.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of some of the changes that are occurring,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4709.91,4712.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and obviously, these changes are starting to occur,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4712.81,4717.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to a variety of sources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4717.21,4719.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at probably around 35, and this would tie in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4719.3,4722.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the point made by Dr. Skinner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4722.82,4725.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it seems to be around 30 years of age,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4725.0,4728.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seems to be the magical end point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4728.53,4730.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And after that, or that's a steady state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4730.39,4732.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and after that things start to decline,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4732.44,4736.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some more rapidly than others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4736.28,4737.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think I want to emphasize each one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4739.11,4741.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think the key features are collective impact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4741.5,4746.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are anatomical and physiological changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4749.672,4752.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are occurring in the digestive processes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4752.54,4755.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the digestive regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4755.61,4758.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, therefore, we have to begin to 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energy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4766.13,4768.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And all I'm doing is just reiterating that they exist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4769.4,4774.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sensitizing you to the fact that they are occurring,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4774.08,4777.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I cannot give you a figure on how important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4777.3,4781.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any one alone is, except that collectively,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4781.16,4783.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are happening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4783.98,4785.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Collectively, they will affect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4785.37,4788.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the metabolic events within the cell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4788.04,4791.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And consequently, it becomes almost paramount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4791.59,4795.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find out to what extent will aging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4795.84,4799.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"modify some of these changes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4799.1,4801.562"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4801.562,4803.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Exercise and aging combined will modify these eight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4803.23,4807.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I'd like to spend a little bit of time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4807.33,4809.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the last three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4809.97,4811.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Remember, I have indicated that it looked like glycogen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4811.65,4816.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the muscles didn't seem to change too much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4817.24,4820.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet here, I want to talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4820.31,4822.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about glucose absorption being constant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4822.56,4825.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This seems to be true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4825.03,4827.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Glycogen seems to be true,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4827.16,4828.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it also is known that the tolerance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4828.7,4831.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a glucose test is modified by the aging 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test,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4841.25,4843.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will cause a release of insulin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4843.25,4846.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will then allow the insulin to work on the cells","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4846.3,4849.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to move the glucose out of the blood,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4849.08,4851.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the hyperglycemic response,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4851.18,4853.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that glucose tolerance does change with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4853.24,4856.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You become less tolerant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4856.56,4858.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that seems to be related more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4858.67,4860.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to insulin or the insulin receptors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4860.26,4863.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the absorption or the uptake of glucose and the like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4863.59,4868.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that clearly implicates hormonal changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4868.79,4873.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hormonal involvements as well as a metabolic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4873.44,4877.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we start to talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4877.38,4879.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the significance of these changes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4879.39,4881.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The amino acid absorption appears to be reduced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4882.834,4886.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It also appears that amino acid uptake is reduced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4886.45,4891.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amino acid synthesis into protein seems to be reduced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4891.79,4896.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we'll show you some data later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4896.75,4899.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see a person shaking his head on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4899.44,4901.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, obviously, we are going to have an interesting challenge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4901.75,4905.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on that point and that is the purpose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4905.75,4907.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all these symposium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4907.33,4908.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But at any rate, there are definite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4909.37,4912.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and definitive changes that are occurring here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4912.47,4915.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will modify the metabolic responses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4915.31,4917.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, here's a little summary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4922.02,4924.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is about as complicated as some of Skinner's slides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4924.04,4927.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And all I want to emphasize is that we have in the cell,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4927.6,4932.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"events occurring outside the mitochondria,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4933.73,4937.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this amazing organelle, it has a capability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4937.36,4941.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of taking oxygen and converting it into water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4941.63,4945.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then during the process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4945.78,4947.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we yield ATP, we have CO2 being produced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4947.57,4952.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we have events outside the cell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4952.46,4955.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the energy requirements, by and large, are dependent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4955.84,4959.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upon the mitochondrion and its functions and its enzymes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4959.12,4963.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what I'd like to do now is to focus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4963.67,4966.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this energy-yielding system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4966.31,4968.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this is where the, if you want a cliche,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4968.53,4972.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is where the action is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4972.43,4974.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are fascinating structures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4974.43,4977.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and are involving numerous researchers in a variety of ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4977.04,4982.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, therefore, I'd like to show you 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variety","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4990.83,4993.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ways that oxygen consumption decreases with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4993.03,4996.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This happens to be oxygen consumption during sleep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4996.79,4999.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a data web clearly emphasizing the point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=4999.63,5003.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so vividly demonstrated by Dr. Skinner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5003.81,5006.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next slide, likewise shows a decrease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5006.69,5009.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a data represented from Bruce in Seattle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5010.778,5015.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and others that he utilized to make this graph.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5015.49,5020.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've seen this time and time again, the single best measure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5021.1,5024.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of aerobic performance or work performance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5024.84,5027.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oxygen consumption clearly declines with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5027.7,5030.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, therefore, the question is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5030.99,5032.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the decline that we see with age,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5032.85,5035.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a function of the mitochondrion?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5035.06,5037.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are they changing and is the change that we see here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5037.42,5042.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just a reflection of the change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5042.15,5044.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the mitochondrion?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5044.017,5045.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or can we see any adaptive changes in the mitochondrion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5045.42,5049.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with exercise in populations of different ages?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5049.35,5053.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, first of all, I want to show you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5054.79,5056.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is from Parizkova,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5056.5,5058.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that with time, there is a decrease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5058.55,5062.022"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in percent of lean body mass,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5062.022,5065.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parizkova has done extensive studies on youngsters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5066.09,5070.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and obviously, individuals much older up to 70 and 80.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5070.148,5074.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the point we want to emphasize is that, with age,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5074.887,5078.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is an increase in fat and a decrease in the amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5078.76,5083.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of lean body mass or the active metabolic tissue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5083.27,5087.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So clearly you have less active metabolic tissue with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5087.67,5092.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question that Dr. Skinner alluded to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5093.6,5096.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, hopefully, will be explored in greater detail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5096.78,5100.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is can you modify this loss in active tissue with time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5100.28,5105.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what are the mechanisms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5105.69,5107.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that seem to, with age, promote this loss?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5107.3,5112.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But clearly your active metabolic tissue is decreasing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5112.01,5116.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Consequently, you should anticipate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5116.75,5118.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a decrease in oxygen consumption","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5118.73,5121.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the ability to utilize this most important parameter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5121.24,5125.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to go to an energy-yielding system to try to see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5129.07,5133.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we can learn anything from insects and muscle function.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5133.37,5138.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, notice the array of mitochondria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5138.35,5140.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are aligned on each side of the myofibril.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5140.753,5145.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this insect has a capacity as a blow fly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5146.64,5151.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to beat more than five or 600 times a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5151.77,5154.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The muscle is contracting that many times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5154.27,5157.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously, for that requirement,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5157.47,5159.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it must have a tremendous amount of energy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5159.8,5163.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be made available because of the importance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5163.09,5165.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ATP for contraction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5165.77,5168.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, therefore, I'd like to show you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5168.12,5169.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what are some of the changes that are occurring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5169.81,5171.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this model system that may give us a better insight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5171.76,5175.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to what is happening to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5175.63,5178.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And notice, as you can see from Baker,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5180.57,5184.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are a rather marked number of 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ATP.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5356.7,5360.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, first of all, the enzyme activity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5364.62,5367.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people who are active, this is from the date of 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here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5380.07,5382.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that an enzymatic, narrowed enzymatic capacity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5382.87,5386.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who are elite runners have a much greater","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5386.21,5389.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enzymatic capacity than middle distance runners","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5389.56,5393.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the so-called 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ignored,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5418.28,5420.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there's an adaptive component as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5420.61,5422.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, when you look at age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5425.08,5427.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look at the capacity for cells to induce enzymes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5427.21,5431.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this induction process is 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inactive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5484.53,5486.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These individuals were exercising for seven weeks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5486.99,5489.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at around 60 to 80% of their max, four days a 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capacities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5497.84,5501.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the succinate dehydrogenase is increased some 20%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5501.12,5505.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not even approachable to the levels that we have found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5505.02,5509.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in younger men, many times as much as 200%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5509.87,5513.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we can increase the enzyme 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reinforced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5530.03,5533.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The tendency is there, but the capability is not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5533.74,5537.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, therefore, the potential for performance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5537.19,5539.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should likewise decrease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5539.96,5541.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he's shown you rather dramatically, it does.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5541.69,5544.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is likewise showing you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5546.52,5548.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you look at this cytochrome oxidase enzyme","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5548.4,5551.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in human skeletal muscles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5551.21,5553.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can see the tendency to increase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5553.38,5558.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if you looked at really, can I say we see Skinner again?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5558.29,5563.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The younger people will be much higher","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5563.11,5568.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and have a much greater activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5568.75,5570.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So even though we see this tendency for increasing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5570.64,5574.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we cannot obtain the values that are sort of characteristic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5574.17,5577.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the elite and the younger individual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5577.22,5579.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"undergoing a training program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5579.49,5581.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether this is related to the synthetic capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5581.95,5584.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the mitochondrion is beyond me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5584.86,5587.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, perhaps, some of those in the audience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5587.92,5589.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can elaborate on that in subsequent time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5589.79,5593.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One interesting thing, if we look at the ATP levels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5595.64,5600.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in old versus young populations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5600.16,5603.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it doesn't seem to be a marked difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5603.5,5605.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There does seem to be, as shown here on this slide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5605.79,5610.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a difference between young and old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5611.69,5613.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we look for the ability for phosphocreatine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5613.23,5616.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very important energy-yielding process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5616.76,5620.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in skeletal muscles, does seem to be a difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5620.5,5623.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that this is one energy-yielding process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5623.48,5627.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may be different, although at the moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5627.333,5630.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of age at the moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5630.31,5631.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the explanation for that has not been too clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5631.87,5635.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So emerging from these two discussions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5637.15,5640.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one on nutrition, one on metabolism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5640.96,5643.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that clearly there are changes that are emerging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5643.43,5647.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are changes that are emerging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5647.09,5649.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can be modified somewhat by training","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5649.45,5652.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not to the extent that we have seen earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5652.01,5655.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that's important to appreciate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5655.28,5657.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that means you have to be more realistic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5657.24,5660.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your achievement and your expectations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5660.3,5663.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the same token, it does show that the tissues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5663.92,5667.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do have adaptive capability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5667.21,5670.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, we haven't mentioned anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5670.03,5672.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about to what extent are these changes modified by hormones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5672.16,5676.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this latter portion of my presentation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5677.7,5680.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to say a little bit about hormones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5680.93,5682.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think they need to be put","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5682.75,5685.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into perspective in greater degree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5685.33,5687.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly with regard to exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5687.93,5690.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's very encouraging and very exciting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5690.4,5694.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see so many studies, in the last five years anyway,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5694.22,5698.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerned with hormonal changes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5698.17,5700.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the most important hormone or the most,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5700.34,5703.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to say the most important hormone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5703.83,5705.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but clearly one of the key hormones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5705.82,5707.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're gonna be concerned about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5707.92,5710.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be concerned with the neural humors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5710.15,5712.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming from the adrenal medulla,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5712.96,5714.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's epinephrine and that which is released","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5714.82,5717.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the sympathetic nerves ending,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5717.56,5719.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"norepinephrine or noradrenaline or adrenaline,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5719.68,5724.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever term you prefer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5724.38,5726.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But epinephrine and norepinephrine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5726.07,5728.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the ones in most usage today, except on Monday night TV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5728.17,5733.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what are some of the effects that are occurring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5733.23,5737.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the presence of this hormone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5737.79,5739.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can see, obviously, many of the things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5739.84,5742.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we characterize and describe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5742.49,5744.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by exercise, blood pressure being elevated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5744.68,5747.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increased cardiac output, increased metabolism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5747.88,5751.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have bronchial dilation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5751.32,5753.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have glucose being mobilized and released","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5753.89,5756.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we have free fatty acids being released and so forth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5756.14,5759.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all important aspects in the exercise response.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5759.58,5764.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question then, one question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5764.54,5767.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to what extent is this important hormone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5767.78,5771.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or these hormones being modified by, A, aging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5771.12,5775.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and/or exercise training program?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5775.31,5778.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, first of all, this is trying to emphasize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5779.98,5783.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the point that these,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5783.66,5785.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"okay, are we ready to go forward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5792.31,5794.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a charge here in a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5794.66,5796.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a bad slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5799.78,5800.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, this is the data of Galbo,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5800.613,5803.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looks likes it's fading.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5803.14,5804.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man talking off mic)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5806.079,5808.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm glad you're not falling asleep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5808.54,5810.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You usually do this, Skinner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5810.38,5811.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For those who don't know, I like to insult my friends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5816.631,5820.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my enemies too, but if we can ever,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5820.06,5824.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if I can, I probably got (indistinct) going on up here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5824.32,5828.575"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd chattering)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5828.575,5831.492"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we look at epinephrine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5832.73,5833.657"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can see with maximum exercise to exhaustion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5833.657,5837.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it clearly is a significant increase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5837.02,5839.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you look at the other catecholamine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5839.33,5841.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"norepinephrine, clearly, they are increased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5841.64,5844.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you look at the relationship","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5844.22,5845.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the intensity of exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5845.61,5847.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and either plasma levels or urine levels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5847.76,5851.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a very linear relationship that, in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5851.43,5855.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been used by many as an indices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5855.59,5857.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the strenuousness of an exercise bout.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5857.43,5860.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Hellerstein has used this somewhat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5860.26,5863.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to evaluate his cardiac patients.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5863.25,5866.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I imagine tomorrow more will be said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5866.23,5868.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about this measurement in some of those cardiac patients.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5868.16,5871.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, clearly, you can see that with exercise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5871.87,5875.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these two important catecholamines are being released.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5875.59,5880.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the question is to what extent is the release","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5880.17,5883.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these catecholamines modified by aging and/or training?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5883.24,5887.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's some evidence with training","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5887.82,5889.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the release seems to be modified,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5889.4,5891.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly, at sub-maximal levels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5891.52,5893.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when we began to look at aging in this perspective,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5894.36,5897.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's very little information that we have available.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5897.97,5901.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One bit of data that we do have from animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5901.5,5904.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is if you look at the release of free fatty acids","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5905.58,5910.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from adequate sites which was quite responsive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5910.39,5913.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the influence of these catecholamines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5913.63,5916.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in this particular case, it happens to be epinephrine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5916.29,5919.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can see that there's a difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5919.96,5921.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the response in the ability of the cell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5921.81,5925.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to, the adipocyte, to release free fatty acids.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5925.0,5929.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, whether this is truly a matter of a change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5929.4,5932.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sensitivity of the receptor or not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5932.73,5935.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remains to be determined,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5935.76,5937.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the fact seems to be worthy of mentioning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5937.32,5940.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that with age, there appears to be a decrease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5940.96,5945.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the capacity of the receptor to be stimulated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5945.65,5948.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and/or release a given substrate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5948.73,5951.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we would require for an exercise response.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5951.7,5955.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, again, this is an area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5955.33,5956.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that requires much further investigation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5956.72,5959.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, here's a little something that I made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5961.5,5963.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up on the way over here before I got stopped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5963.3,5968.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by one of your finest law enforcers, but it's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=5968.37,5973.23"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28935/annotation/1908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/935/original/AV168028_Exercise_and_Aging_a.vtt?1622849945","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/935/original/AV168028_Exercise_and_Aging_a.vtt?1622849945"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28936","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV168028_Exercise_and_Aging_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758/transcript/28936/annotation/1909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Welcome to the Exercise and Aging Conference sponsored by the Midwest Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine. We're very pleased that you could attend this evening and hope that you will be at all the sessions tomorrow. During this conference, there'll be some opportunity for you to ask questions. And if you have any questions that are not answered in these sessions, please feel free to approach the speakers and ask the questions at that time. We have a lot of very expert people here and we hope that you will ask questions because if you've wanted a real expert to answer them, this is your chance. We'd like to thank the agencies who have helped to sponsor this conference with both their moral and, of course, their financial support, particularly, I'd like to thank the Department of Physical Education and a woman who was head of that department, Dr. Barbara Forker, for not only her encouragement but her support as well. Dr. Forker, would you please stand up? Thank you. Let me now introduce a man who has been a very staunch supporter, one of the strongest supporters of the Midwest Chapter of American College of Sports Medicine, Dr. Richard Bowers, who was our immediate past president of the Midwest Chapter. Dick, where are you? He's coming. Oh.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Jackie. On behalf of the Midwest Chapter, and as a representative of the American College of Sports Medicine, I would like to welcome you to this conference. For the past several years, the Midwest Chapter has been in existence and has had a number of fine meetings. Our pattern is to have two sessions each year, the fall meeting, which is the one we're currently attending, is the annual meeting. And then we have a second session in late winter or early spring each year. There are a number of highlights from these past meetings that we can recall. One of 'em happened to be at the University of Iowa a number of years ago. A conference that was conducted by Dr. Tipton and, looking over the program here this evening at Iowa State University, it's ironic that we have what seems to be, and for all appearances, will be an excellent conference. The topic is very timely and we see more and more people becoming interested in exercise. And it's just not among the young people, but among all age groups. Dr. Poole has spent a great deal of time, it's been at least a full year in planning for this conference. And she's done a tremendous amount of work and has to be congratulated on the organization of this meeting. I look forward to the papers and I hope everyone has a good time. Thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Dick. On that organization, we will hold that until the conference is over and see how many problems we have. We'd like to also have you meet another very staunch supporter of exercise and, of course, older people as well. This gentlemen is Dean of the Graduate School and Vice President for Research at Iowa State University, Dr. Daniel Zefrano.\r\n\r\n- Ladies and gentlemen, in the last few years at Iowa State, we've become increasingly involved in gerontology. We now have a gerontology center and we have research going on in many fields of gerontology. One nice thing about gerontology is that you're fairly well guaranteed, that the longer you study it, the more interesting it becomes. I see tonight, we're going to be talking about the relationship between aging and exercise and aging and nutrition. These bring to mind the questions of jogging for the aged and cholesterol and all those things that I've been hearing about for so long. I'm often reminded, as I listen to the pros and cons of these things, of the commencement speaker who said to the class, \"I have two very disturbing thoughts to leave with you. \"The first is that half of all the things \"you've learned here in the university \"in the last four years are not true.\" He said, \"The second disturbing thought \"is that we don't know which half is not true.\" I'd like to tell you two words about Iowa State University. We are one of the oldest of the land grant colleges. We have some fights with Kansas State and Michigan State as to which is really the oldest. We were one of the very first of the land grant colleges to grow to the point where we now have about 19,000 undergraduates and 3,300 graduate students. And the university here has changed very much in the last 30 years that I've been here. When I first came here, Iowa State reminded me a bit of a Gertrude Stein's poem that she wrote about returning home. She'd dreamt for many years about returning home. And she wrote then, she said, 'When I got there, there was no there, there.\" And Iowa State was almost like that 30 years ago. There wasn't very much here. In the last 30 years, the things like this center has developed. We have a building back here, the Colosseum, in which there'll be a rodeo tomorrow night for 15 or 16,000 people to watch, if they wish. We have the Guarneri String Quartet performing tonight at eight o'clock and the shaman in the Stephens Auditorium and Carousel is being governed up here in Fisher. And here we're talking about exercise, physiology and all these good things. Iowa State has made great progress from something like back 30 years ago to what I fairly believe can be maybe, eventually, the Athens of the Midwest right here. Somebody from SUI just said that. This whole set of complex, interesting thing about it was that it was built completely through alumni contributions, funds. No state funds were involved in it at all. And so in many ways, it's a model of what can be done with someone's vision. And that vision, in large measure, is due to Jimmy Hilton, former President of Iowa State, who is sitting in the back, listening to what you have to say today. I spent a couple of years in England and, when we were there, a friend of mine dug a map out of a bookstore, which is printed in France in the early 1800s. And, on this map, it had a picture of the region, which is now called Iowa. And the caption was a nation of savages. Well, the natives may have been savages sometime ago. They may not be completely civilized yet, but I hope that when you leave here, you'll say to others that you've met the natives and they were friendly. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Dr. Zafrano. We do have a few announcements before I introduce our first speaker. Dr. Zafrano has announced that there are a number of things going on here at the ISU Center. And if you need further information, come and speak with me or one of our hosts and hostesses. And we'll try to give you additional information about Carousel being at Fisher Theater and the rodeo over at Hilton. I'd also like to announce that we have a fun run. There is no fee for the fun run. There's a three-mile and a nine-mile run tomorrow south of the Hilton Coliseum starting at 4:00 p.m. There is also a tour of the ISU Center. Both of these things are announced, by the way, at the bottom of your program for Saturday. I think that's at 3:45. Most of you were out in the lobby filling out those little white cards. If you have not done so, we would greatly appreciate your filling out that card and putting it in the box at the registration desk. We'd kind of like to know the kinds of people who were interested in this topic. This is a reminder to the physicians who are receiving credit. There is some information out on the booth. It says AFP and AMA. Also the American Dietetic Association credit should be out there. We have just a small problem in organization, Dick. We need to have the people who want the AMA credit to meet with me just very briefly. If I could have your names and addresses, I will send you the proper form or the certification that you have attended and the number of credits for this conference. There's also a table out there about membership in the Midwest Chapter and about the national chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine. We also have an information center, which is simply some items that might be of interest to people who would like to send away for information on aging and exercise. The last thing is that there is a Midwest Chapter board meeting at 9:30 during the social hour off of the lobby. So would the members of the board please check with me at around 9:30. Now, to our first speaker. Dr. James Skinner is currently professor at the University of Western Ontario. He was born in Mississippi, attended the University of Illinois for undergraduate and his graduate degrees. He spent three or four years with the US Public Health Service in Washington D.C., working with exercise and heart disease. and also with the Division of Cardiology in Seattle. He also has taught and done research at Penn State in the laboratory of Human Performance Research, spent a year in Freiburg, Germany, the medical school there. He has spent six years at the University of Montreal and has now in his second year at the University of Western Ontario. His research interests are, of course, in exercise and training and cardiovascular health as well as the area of aging. He has written a number of reviews on exercise and aging and is also a very prolific researcher having over 45 research publications. One of the most distinguishing things about him at this point, and I'm very pleased about this is he is president elect of the American College of Sports Medicine. So we're very proud of that. I asked Jim today, what are the kinds of things that you like to do? And I quote, \"God made beautiful women. \"And what I do is appreciate them.\" I just want you to know that about him. He also told me that he runs and cross-country skis and makes wine. I don't know if those go together or not, but let me introduce Dr. James Skinner.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Jackie. It's easy to talk about aging process since, as was mentioned earlier, we all age. Of course, there are some of us who age a little bit faster than others. But Dr. Tipton would be a good example of that later when he talks. So I won't go into that particular. If someone were to ask the definition of aging, it would be that aging begins at birth and continues until death. From womb to tomb, so to speak. The changes that you see with aging where it starts having an effect on the body and its ability to exercise and to perform, really starts at around the age of 25 or 30. And so, although a lot of people wouldn't admit that, by definition then, middle age begins at 25 or 30. And this is a time in which a majority of the tissues in the body starts showing some chemical and structural alteration. Now, it's very difficult to try to study exercise and aging because of the difficulty in trying to isolate what is the pure effect of aging and what is the pure effect of exercise. To give you an example, one of the characteristics of aging is that people tend to get more cardiovascular disease, so that you could say that heart disease is accelerated aging of the arterial system. Both of these have the same effect on the physical work capacity. Therefore, a person who becomes older because of some of these other changes, can't do as much exercise. And, therefore, it's hard to say which came first, that they don't do as much exercise or that they started aging. And this relationship on the blood flow and the arterial system, one of the theories, for example, of the changes in skin that takes place is that you will get a decreased blood flow to the skin. Some of the blood flow decreases so much that some of the cells start to change and turn into connective tissue. Then they shrink down a little bit further causing the blood flow to decrease slightly. And then you get some of the changes that take place in skin with aging. Another example of decreased blood flow, for example, one theory about adult onset diabetes is that you get a decreased blood flow to the pancreas. And one result might be that you'll get more diabetes at that particular point because of the problem of inadequate circulation and, therefore, the cells can't function properly. Now, exercise has one advantage when we're trying to study the aging process. And that is that, at rest, a lot of things don't really change, but when you put the person under a certain amount of stress, then you will see changes because the body has to adapt. If I could have the first slide, please. Do I control the lights here? I'm not sure where. There. Here, you see some changes that occur starting at about age 30, where we say that that would be 100%. And some of the drop-off in age, for example, in nerve conduction velocity. This is one of the reasons why older people tend to have more accidents. It takes them longer to react. The basal metabolism drops down because, one, they have fewer active tissue cells. There's less muscle mass, maybe that because there's more fat, so the person is better insulated. Therefore, they don't need as much to produce as much heat and maximum heart rate goes down. Muscle strength goes down, the maximum blood lactate, which is the ability to withstand some of the metabolites associated with heavy exercise goes down, vital capacity, the amount of air that you can hold in your lungs goes down and maximum breathing capacity. Now, the more you stress the system, the more you tend to see changes. The more systems that are stressed, the more changes you tend to see with aging. So since exercise is a form of physiological stress, this gives us the advantage of one of the advantages of looking at the aging process by using exercise. So, as I say, we don't necessarily sometimes see changes at rest. You do see some, but in things like resting heart rate, you see no real difference with age, in that the blood glucose, the amount of sugar in the blood at rest, doesn't really change. The electrocardiogram may be normal at rest, but when you put this person into an exercise situation, the heart rate may take longer to adapt to it, to recover from it. You may find that the blood glucose changes more. If you give the person a blood glucose test, the older they are, the less efficient the body is to adapt to that physiological stress. The electrocardiogram may be completely normal at rest, but when you put the person under stress, then you start seeing some sort of abnormality. So we would say that there is no change at rest, but with aging, there are significant differences in one, the extent of the reaction to exercise and to the rate of recovery from exercise. Therefore, age could be characterized by a decreased ability to adapt to and to recover from any kind of physiological stimulus. The greater the stress and the larger the number of regulating mechanisms involved, then the greater will be the loss in function with age. The approach I want to use in the paper tonight is four-fold. First, to look at some of the changes in the various systems and their effect on performance. Second, to contrast the effects of training which is in itself, a form of adaptation, with that of the aging process. Third, to look at the effect of regular activity on the aging process. And four, the implication of these age changes on the type of exercise that older people should be doing. Looking first at some of the changes that would take place with age, we will start with the neuromuscular system, the nervous system and the muscular system. One of the things that happens with age and old age is that there's an increase in the number of local motor disorders, in other words, the ability to move around, due to changes in some of the nerve cells, due to changes in some of the muscle cells. And we will see, for example, that the, let me get that clear, we see not only in the brain, but in the entire nervous system that there are certain, some of the neurons, the nerve cells, with aging, there is a decrease. The size of the neuron decreases, the presence of connective tissue increases. I'll skip this part right now. The nerve conduction velocity decreases, as you've already seen. The maximum conduction frequency, how fast can you stimulate the nerve, that goes down with age. The excitability threshold, you have to stimulate it more, before it starts to discharge, the number of motor units that you would need in order to do light muscle, not light workloads, increases with age. So you see, there are a number of things that are taking place. You start getting changes in the muscle cell. You get change in the nerve cell. And as a result, you start getting a number of changes in the ability to perform. Here, you see some more in terms of the speed of contraction of the muscle. And for those of you who may not be familiar, there are two different kinds of muscle fibers. If we would just, in very general terms, call them fast muscle fibers and slow muscle fibers. It seems as though the fast becomes slower and the slow become faster, so that you as you get older, there's less differentiation between the two kinds of fibers. The speed of relaxation goes down in the fast fiber and the speed of relaxation speeds up in the slow muscle fiber. In the muscle itself, you lose a certain number of muscle fibers. The diameter of the fibers tends to go down. The number of capillaries around each muscle fiber, which provides the oxygen and the nutrients, has a tendency, depending on which literature you read, to either go down or stay roughly the same. The capillary to fiber ratio, in other words, the number of capillaries for each muscle fiber, has a tendency to go down. Now you see, in some cases, we don't know what the effect of training is, but in other cases, it tends to be opposite of what you would normally see with the aging process. Now, what effect does this have on the ability just to move around and to perform? This are the curves for about 25 different muscle groups. The strength in men, you see that it tends to go up until about 25 or 30, and then starts coming down. In women, you see the same thing. And even if you correct for the difference in height between men and women, you see that up to about age 30, it plateaus off and then it starts going down. That is an inevitable change that tends to take place in the strength of that individual. So you see that, with aging, there is a decrease, for example, in strength. With training, you can increase the person's strength. The speed goes down with age. With training, it tends to go up. Power, which is a combination of strength and speed, would go down. The reaction time would go down. In other words, it would take the person longer to react. The reflex time increases. We don't know about some of the coordination in terms of motor skills, the fine skills, the gross motor skills that is a little bit more difficult to determine. Going back just a second to the strength, I would like to point out one thing here. We know that there is that atrophy, or decrease in muscle size, is one of the regular manifestations of aging. Due to a decreased mass, it may be too that there's a decrease in the production of serum growth hormone. There's one unpublished research, which shows that in men after age 50, there is less of an increase in serum growth hormone. After a person has exercised, before age 50, if you stress the person, one thing that will happen is that the body will secrete serum growth hormone, which is one of the things needed to maintain this muscle mass that you have. And after age 50, in this particular study, they found no increase in serum growth hormone, which may be one of the reasons why in the advanced age, that the person, the older person does not have the large muscle mass. And, therefore, you'll find that maybe they can't adapt as well when you give them strength-training programs. And maybe that's the reason why they have a decrease in their ability for strength. Just to go forward a second and I'll come back, if you look at some of these characteristics plotted against age in a number of different studies, you will see, for example, that strength, if I can find it, and there's so many different ones in here, but you see that, basically, strength drops off with age. The vertical jump, just how high the person can jump, which is in relation to the power that starts out here, and will go down with age. The shot put, these are age records the masters competition, people at different ages and how well they do compared to the world record as being 100% at people at different ages for shot put, discus and the 200-meter run. So that's power and strength events. You see that they all tend to drop-off with age. Flexibility drops off with age. Reaction time drops off with age. So a number of things are taking place in the person when they are getting older. So getting to a little bit further into efficiency, for example, getting back to, the fine motor skills, we really don't know. You can find a number of people, like Pablo Casals, Rubinstein, who was still playing piano, Horwitz, some of these people. But, of course, maybe that's a form of training, the fact that they continued playing the piano or the cello for such a long period of time. We do know that gross motor skills, just the ability to walk, for example, the efficiency in that will decrease about 5% over age. Mechanical efficiency, we don't really know. Balance, one of the things that occurs in the older person is that they will lose their balance. Flexibility, the same sort of thing, and muscular endurance. These will tend, if not for light exercise, but for heavy exercise, this will tend to decrease with age Going back for a second to flexibility. We know, for example, that with age, there's increased dehydration, so that the joints and the disc in the vertebral column tend to shrink. This reduces the flexibility somewhat. There's more connective tissue and the person is less active. So the combination of these three things tends to reduce flexibility. Training may improve that situation, but it doesn't affect the aging process per se. In balance, there you've got a problem of integrating a number of impulses coming in at the same time. You have to perceive, you have to interpret, and you have to execute a response. We know, for example, that older people have more falls. One of the reasons is because they're weaker, but secondly, they have more falls because they take longer to react to the situation and then they get out of the state of balance and before they realize that it has happened. Older people tend to have a greater postural sway. We don't know the reason for that, but if you ask a person to stand perfectly still, you'll see a small amount of movement. The older person tends to move more. We know that the receptors in the feet, for example, the deep reflexes are weaker in the older person or the older person tends to take shorter steps and walk with a wider base of support. You see the older person who will tend to walk with a wider base and take shorter steps. This is because the balance is less. And, therefore, the person has to maintain a wider base of support so that he can control. The older person tends to have more postural dizziness when he changes his body position. And this is thought to be due to some of the responsiveness of some of the receptors in the body or maybe it's even a decreased blood supply to some of the parts of the body that are required in order to react to these kinds of situations. So, as you can see, there are a number of different things that take place with the aging process, in terms of the person's ability to perform a number of different kinds of tasks. In some cases, a training program specifically designed for that program will improve it. Now, going on to another system, we will look at the respiratory system now and the lungs. Again, we see that there are a decrease in the number of functional units, in this case, it's the part of the lung where you have the exchange of gas. There's decreased tone or atrophy of some of the muscles involved in breathing. If you have shrinkage of the intervertebral disc, therefore, the chest size tends to decrease somewhat. The thoracic cage becomes more rigid and the elastic recoil of the lungs decreases. As a result of all of these, you start getting changes in the ability to exchange air and the number of alveoli, the site of exchange, tends to decrease with aging. There's no effect of training on that. No one knows about the size of the alveoli. The total lung capacity, the total amount of air that you can hold in your lungs decreases with age, has a tendency to increase with training. The residual capacity, after you've blown out the air, the residual volume, these things tend to go up, so that you have more air in the chest and in the lungs, even at the end of a normal breath. The compliance tends to decrease. That's a little confusing. So I won't go into that now. The diffusing capacity, the ability of the gas to diffuse across the alveolar membrane decreases with age and increases with training. We see an interesting thing here, that the amount of oxygen that's actually in the lungs doesn't change with age, but the amount of oxygen that actually gets into the arteries decreases. This is because of the difference in diffusion capacity. So you'll see that there's less oxygen is actually getting into the bloodstream across the membrane of an older person's lungs. The forced expiratory volume, how much resistance the person has to breathing out, decreases with age, increases with training. And the amount of air that they can breathe in and out very rapidly over a period of 15 seconds, for example, will decrease with age and increase with training. Now, you can see that there are a number of changes taking place here. At rest, it probably wouldn't make a great deal of difference. And then in exercise, it may not make a great deal of difference because the lungs are not the limiting factor. But with age, there's also the tendency to have more emphysema, more chronic bronchitis, these sorts of things. And, therefore, it can become a problem as we will see later on. Going a little bit into the cardiovascular system, you see, looking first at the heart, you see that the volume of the heart tends to go up with aging and tends to go up training, but that's for two different reasons. It tends to go up with age because of a, well, we call it pressure overload. The peripheral resistance against which it has to pump is higher. Therefore, the heart has to hypertrophy, get larger to overcome this pressure. There is a tendency, however, in training to have a volume overload, that is more blood is coming back into the heart and, therefore, you get an increase due to that factor. And, in some circumstances, a large pressure overload becomes pathological where the rate of relaxation to decrease. Now, it takes longer for it to contract and longer for it to relax in that particular sense. Now, looking at all these things, I can see a few faces here and they're saying, well, I knew I was getting old, but I didn't think all those things are happening to me. They tend to go together. So that, as a result, when you're looking at the person you'll see that the person can, as they get older, can't do certain things as well as others. Now this is in German, but I'll explain what it is. This is just age here. And this is the heart volume, and this is the amount of blood, oxygen being pumped per beat. So it gives you an idea of how much blood is being pushed out for a given heart volume. And you see that the athlete, depending on the size of the heart, still will pump out more blood. So he's pushing more of the same amount of blood out even though he has a larger volume. And as you get older, 10 to 19, 20 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 75, you get less and less amount of blood being pumped out for the same heart size. So, in fact, the heart is less efficient even though it gets larger. Now, this slide is a little confusing, but we'll go over it fairly rapidly to give you an idea of some of the things that do take place. The amount of oxygen that the person takes in at rest doesn't really change with age or with training. The amount of air the person has to breathe, the efficiency of the respiratory system doesn't change. There's a tendency for the amount of blood that's being pumped out to decrease, but you really don't see much change at rest. Where you start seeing changes in the older person is that during sub-maximal exercise where you see that, for the same amount of oxygen being taken in, the older person has to breathe more. It has a less efficient respiratory system, will pump out less blood, less blood per beat, and, therefore, has to extract more oxygen from the blood that is being pumped out. You don't really see a difference necessarily in the heart rate as I'll show you in a few minutes, but you'll see a lot of these changes are just the opposite of what happens with training. The blood pressure tends to be higher at rest as well as during exercise. The effect of training on blood pressure is a bit confusing at rest, but in exercise, for the same amount of work, the person does tend to have a lower blood pressure. Therefore, it's a little more economical for that particular system. The amount of oxygen debt or the lactate, which is an index of how much the person is drawing on the energy reserves within the body, tends to go up at the same amount of work. And the person takes longer to recover because he has a higher oxygen debt. There seems to be that the rate of increase in heart rate and the rate of decrease in heart rate tends to be slower in the older person. So it takes him longer to adapt to the same amount of work. Now, when you go to maximal exercise, you see that the maximum of the oxygen intake tends to go down with age, up with training. The maximum ventilation is less, but you see, he breathes more at any given workload. Therefore, he reaches his maximum much sooner. The same thing with the cardiac output. He has a lower amount of blood that he can pump out. The heart rate goes down with age, doesn't necessarily change with training. And since he has the same heart rate at a given workload, he will reach his maximum much sooner. So those things change and you see the same thing here. The blood pressure will be higher and he can't go as far. He can't go into an oxygen debt as much the older person, simply because he doesn't have the system which will allow him to do this sort of thing. And it takes him longer to recover afterwards. Now, you can see this in the heart rate, for example, at some of the lower workloads, there's no real difference. As you get closer to maximum, you see that the older person, that starts to drop-off because the older person has a lower, maximum heart rate. But if you have a person who's trained or untrained, your 20 to 30-year-old students and athletes here, you see the student is here. The athlete is down here and has a much lower heart rate for the same amount of work that he's doing. If you look at people 50 to 60 years old, the industrial workers, essentially, sedentary, they have essentially the same heart rate here as the young untrained person and the trained skier, 60-years-old has a lower heart rate compared to his age cohort. But he's not much different than the other trained person at a lower age. So heart rate doesn't necessarily show very much. I'll skip this 'cause Dr. Tipton will be talking about that. Just to show you some of the changes that take place with age and you see the oxygen consumption tends to go down with age in athletes as well as in non-athletes. You see, essentially, the same drop-off. Maximum heart rate tends to drop-off. This is Swedish lumberjacks. This particular index is the index of how much the Swedish lumberjack was paid over a period of 10 years. And he's paid by how much he can cut. Okay, so here's a person who's, theoretically, motivated to do as much as he can in eight hours. And this is over a period of 10 years and you see among the Swedish lumberjacks, you have, essentially, the same drop-off there, as you see, in just the ability to do exercise. This is an 80-kilometer ski race, cross-country ski race. You see the same drop-off. You have this Swedish 30-kilometer run. You see the same kind of drop-off here. And the marathon run age record versus world record. You see the same kind of drop-off. And no matter how you look at it, the older person, even the well-trained older person, will have a drop-off with age. Now, I would like to go just a little bit into some of the evidence on aging versus activity. Now, again, this is very difficult to study because as you can see in this particular thing here, this is the number of hours of active leisure time of a number of men in Tecumseh, Michigan. And you see that the older you get, those people are doing five hours a week or more, decreases. And those doing less than one hour per week increases, but more importantly, the intensity of that exercise. This is the most active one and a half hours per week. There are very few people who are very active eight times the resting metabolic rate, which would be tennis, this sort of thing. You see two or 3%. And as you get older, you see even less, you see less than 1% in that particular instance that were that active. And as you get older, you see they become, more and more are doing just between one MET, which is sitting watching TV or lying down, and four METs, which is walking, walking a little bit faster. And then those who are in the mid range start to decrease too. So people are becoming less and less active. This is just another example. And also in Finland, you see the same thing that there's a decrease in the real active people as they get older. And this is one of the examples of the kinds of activities some of the older people do. This chair does all the work of lifting the person up. So he doesn't even have to exert a little bit effort on his legs. The usual result is something like this. He's exhausted. This morning his electric toothbrush burned out and he had to finish the job by hand. Now, it's hard to tell in this circumstance what's the effect of age and what's the effect of inactivity? The fact that the person is less active. So how do you do this? Well, we know that one effect of age is a reduced tolerance distress. That's what I've essentially been telling you. That may have been more stressful for you, but it's the fact. So the person as he gets older is less adaptable. One effect of training is that the person increases his tolerance to the stress of exercise. He becomes more adaptable. He's adapted due to the training effect. Therefore, a number of people have said that maybe training can reverse, delay or offset the aging effect, the aging trends. And the conclusion by many is that the active person who has a better functional capacity than a younger person is, in fact, younger. We know that his chronological age is older. The question now is whether his physiological age is really different. Now, one way of studying the question, it's a fairly difficult thing to study, but one way to do it is to look at a number of changes that normally take place in age. And look, if you see just the diffusing capacity in the lung, the ability to exchange oxygen across the lung, you'll see a drop-off in that system with age. You'll see another one in strength. You'll see another one in the respiratory frequency, another one in heart rate. These sorts of things. If you use that as an index of aging, saying that, okay, for the respiratory system, this is an index of aging. And if you can somehow delay that particular one, so the line is this way, in fact, maybe you have delayed the aging process. So if you look at people who are active and you see that their's tend to go this way and the inactive tends to go that way, then you can say that there is an effect. Well, looking at some of this information, here's what we found on just the ability to blow out air as fast as you can. Some index of the resistance in the pulmonary system. And you see, normals, you have this drop-off with age. In active athletes who are still competing, you have this drop-off in age. In former athletes who were still active but not competing, you essentially have that drop-off. Now, there's obviously a difference in their position, but not a difference in this slope. So you couldn't say in that particular case that whatever this measures in the respiratory system, you've affected it by being active. The same thing in just the amount of air that you can breathe in 15 seconds. This is the normal. This is a former athlete. And, in here, are the active athletes. There may be a slight difference here, but the numbers get a little small, but you see that, in effect, you've got essentially the same slope. You see the same thing in maximum heart rate. Each one of these points represents a mean of one study. So there are about 4,000 people represented here and you see that whether you're trained or untrained, male or female, you essentially have the same drop-off in maximum heart rate with age. You see the same thing if you look at maximum oxygen intake with age. This is some of the early study by Robinson. This is study that Wilmore looked at and he figured out the slope here. The slope is not really different. They're only higher. We looked at data on to match with age. Here's the normals. This is about 4,000 people. Here are people who are still active and competing. You see, there's not a real big difference in the rate of change here. These are people who were formerly active, stayed active 20 years later when they were measured. This group was formerly active, 20 years later, they had stopped their activity completely after they left university. 20 years later, you couldn't necessarily distinguish them from the normal individual. These dots here are all marathon runners. So even in a person who's training, after age 30, you see there's a drop-off. Even a person who's training to run a marathon, you have that drop-off with age because that does take place. So you can't say that a 60-year-old person here, who has essentially the same capacity as a 30-year-old here, that he is a 30-year-old. And, in fact, what he is is a well-trained 60-year-old who has a functional capacity of a average 30-year-old slob, but he's not a 30-year-old. He's a 60-year-old, who's had a number of changes in that particular time. These were just the marathon runners. Even at age 48, you see they could run 242 and all of these marathon runners that Costal had studied, all of these people, they said they had their best performance around the age of 32. And after that, no matter how much they did, their performance went down. So if a marathon runner can't necessarily affect his rate of aging by keeping active, I doubt seriously whether the average person can do it either. This is the drop-off in those two races I showed you before a 30-kilometer run and an 80-kilometer cross-country, ski race. After age 25 or 30, the drop-off is, essentially, the same. These are people well-trained and untrained, who, at one time in their life, have to do the Vasaloppet. It's an 80-kilometer ski race in Sweden. So you get all kinds of people. This is in one year, 10,000 started and 7,600 finished. And that's the drop-off in time in those who finished. So the question then is, if the person isn't younger even though he's very active, what can you do? How trainable is the older person? By definition, training is a form of adaptation and aging is a form of decreased adaptation. So the evidence seems to show that older people improve less than younger people in strength and endurance. They require more time. There was one study, for example, which showed that older people, 49 to 65, still have some of the same changes that young people have. But that particular study took 20 weeks to get there. Whereas in some of these studies, with which it was compared, only took 10 weeks. The answer is not very clear yet as to whether, in fact, the older person is as trainable. One reason is that the older person, generally, is asked to do less work. So we don't know whether it's because they do less work, therefore, they have less adaptation. Are they less adaptable? But there is a tendency in some of the literature to show this kind of graph. If you start at a very high level, you don't expect much improvement. This is what you would see here. If you start at a very low level, you would find a great deal of improvement. And this line tends to go like this with age. There was only one study here and there were 60, a number of people around 70 years of age, they trained and they found no improvement whatsoever. Maybe at age 70, it's a bit too late to start. Now, you can't change in one night what you've been cultivating for 70 years. So you have to take that into consideration, that the older person is probably less adaptable and have to take that into consideration when you're looking at that particular problem with that person, the person takes longer to adapt to and to recover from. Therefore, you have to start out more slowly, increase the intensity more gradually. Do not expect as much of a change. Any major increase in activities should be proceeded and followed by a warmup period, tapering off, so that you don't have these drastic changes, so that you wind up with prolonged periods of mild, gradually-increasing exercise or decreasing exercise in the older person. You have to avoid competitive fast movements, isometrics, these kinds of things, because the older person can adapt to them very well. The older person is also less adaptable to heat and cold. So if you have environmental changes, you have to modify your program. The kinds of programs should be rhythmical, continuous exercise, not static exercise. But any change, any kind of program has to take into consideration the fact that you are working with the older person, who also has some psychological attitudes which can affect and be affected by activity. If you ask an actor, for example, to play the role of an older person, he tends to lean over. He doesn't move very fast. And the stereotype that he and many other people have is that the older person is not an active individual. So, sometimes, this is reinforced. The person says I'm getting old, I can't do that. They don't do it. Therefore, they can't do it. When they can't do it, then they say, see, I shouldn't have done it. And they continue that way. And you have to sort of break the cycle and get them going in the other way. Show them that they can do it, they will try to do it. So you have to reinforce this image that they have. I guess the best way to describe that, how some people will, the psychological effect is a question I heard once. And the man asked, \"How old do you think you would be, \"if you didn't know how old you actually were?\" And I think you would find a number of people who are 20 years older or 20 years younger than their actual age, if they were honest with themselves. So we don't know a number of things about the aging process. We don't know all the answers in terms of the ability to exercise. You may not, and you probably do not improve longevity as such, but you add certainly more life to the years whether you add more years to the life. And I guess the best way to summarize what I've been saying is a statement that Mae West, the burlesque queen, said when someone asked her her philosophy of life. And she said, \"I guess what's more important \"to me is the life in my men and not the men in my life.\" Thank you.\r\n\r\n- Thank you, Jim. Our next speaker is Dr. Charles Tipton. He is a professor at the University of Iowa. He was born in Evanston, Illinois. He attended Springfield College and University of Illinois where he received his Master's and PhD. He is a member of numerous professional societies and honoraries. He is also a fellow in several of these kinds of organization, including the Council on Circulation, the American Heart Association, the American Academy of Physical Education. And, of course, the American College of Sports Medicine. He's been extremely active in the American College of Sports Medicine. He has been on a number of national committees. He was Vice President for Physiology from '66 to '67 and '72 to '73. He's been on the board of trustees of the American College for six years. And, in 1974, he was president of the American College of Sports Medicine. He has been extremely active in a number of state and national organizations working with various associations in trying to promote cardiovascular health and training. He's the author of several books and monographs, a tremendously prolific researcher. I looked at his vitae and there were over 73 research articles or chapters in books. His emphasis in his research has been on training, on ligament strength, some on hormones, some metabolic work and some work in hypertension. He has presented over 150 seminars or scientific papers. He's taught physiology for a number of years at the University of Iowa and the medical school there. And I guess one of the things I'd like to say about him is if you've seen that TV ad where they say when E.F. Hutton speaks everybody listens because of E.F. Hutton's respect, the respect that people have for the brokers and the expertise of the brokers. Well, when Dr. Tipton speaks, everybody listens too. Dr. Charles Tipton.\r\n\r\n- Thank you for those kind words, Jackie. Ladies and gentlemen, friends and a few former friends. The planners for this symposium, I think, really should be complimented in the truest and highest form because there's never been a need for research in an area as we find ourselves with aging. By analogy, I think the issue of exercise and aging is somewhat similar to what exercise and stress-testing was 15 years ago. In the last 15 years, it has been a tremendous on surge of research, establishment of guidelines, involvement of professions. And I think the same kind of approach must be done with aging because the material that we will be exposed to in this symposium will reveal one very salient feature. The most important thing that you will go home with will not be what is said, but what is not being said because we do not know. We have not amassed the resources, the involvement of the professional groups or the interest of the people to get the answers to a most important problem. I'd like to use the approach tonight of one of providing somewhat a overview, some selection of relevant findings, to try to indicate some directions that I think should be taken and, hopefully, to stimulate some of you to consider in your own professions, your own interests, areas that you'd like to see pursue and maybe encourage others to do it. There are several ways to accelerate aging. One is to receive a broad topic as the one I received. The second is to be associated with Skinner. But I think in the process, we have the critical question to answer. What really is the role of exercise? Does exercise really retard, delay, modify, the process and if it does, how does it do it? And last but not least, how can we live with it? I think we need, at any conference of this type, to get some working definitions. And it is true that Dr. Skinner gave you a few. I'd like to amplify a little bit on those. And, hopefully, in the material that I will present, the material that would be presented tomorrow, we can have some common and useful reference points. Really age, by definition, is concerned with the time from birth to the present. So you can see how many people will interpret it differently and evaluate it differently. When we talk about senescence, we really are talking about the process of growing old. And when we talk about senility, we are talking about being old. And, obviously, that's the stage that many of us, I think, are probably the most afraid of age, old age. It's not the fact of being old, I think, that disturbs us. It's the fact of being senile in age is a disturbing fact. And that probably the issue is not really being directed or concern, but by very few people. I think we should think in terms, at least I do, and like to somewhat pass my concept onto you, that exercise, to me, is really a disruption of a homeostatic environment. And what we are trying to do is readjust. When you exercise, you are disturbing a myriad of systems and there's a tremendous onslaught of systems time to readjust. And they obviously, as Dr. Skinner, I think, has very eloquently presented, doesn't become modified. And that adjustment is the topic of much of our conversation here and material today. And last definition or point of reference, what do we really mean by training? And when I use the term training, I am describing that a fact that an adaptation has occurred from a chronic exercise. A single bout of exercise is called acute exercise. When we have repetitive bouts of acute exercise, we call it chronic exercise or training, provided some type of change has occurred. The type of changes that I'm most concerned about and the types of changes that were presented today, but not necessarily exclusively, have been anatomical changes, biochemical changes, physiological changes. You notice we have not alluded to or mentioned the psychological changes, which are probably just as equally as important but, unfortunately, we're very ignorant of those. And, obviously, we are avoiding them, only from ignorance, not because of it's importance. And that's clearly is an area that should be incorporated with this spectrum of exercise and its benefits for the aging population. I think the way to approach the problem that I am facing tonight is to present to you the concept of the first law of thermodynamics. And if I can figure out how to use this computer system down here, I wondered why Iowa State was getting all this extra money in the legislature, and I can see this is where it's going. But could we have the first slide or do? And I, see here, which one do I punch, besides the projectionist? Which one is the slide?\r\n\r\n- This. Jim hid it.\r\n\r\n- Good old Jim.\r\n\r\n- Yeah. Jim, where's the button? Here, it is, see.\r\n\r\n- Uh-huh.\r\n\r\n- It's right in front of him. That's why you didn't see it.\r\n\r\n- There you go.\r\n\r\n- Okay, thank you. Thank you, Jackie. I can see we're gonna have a successful conference. The first law of thermodynamics is really another way of stating energy will not be created, nor will it be destroyed. It will be transformed. In the topic of food intake or nutrition, metabolism, and I want to add a little bit more to that, namely endocrines, really must be, I think, evaluated in this framework because it's really a process of, exercise is really a process of transformations. It's a process of transformation at a variety of levels. When you think about the many reactions that are going on, just involvement of food and food and being digested, then we will think in terms of the processes of transformations that are going on to accomplish the work that we wish to undertake. We will ignore the key and important role of heat and heat production and heat loss, which clearly is an area that needs further exploration. And, fortunately, any questions in that area, we should direct to Doctor Jossefi, who's an expert in the area. But the point is we are ignoring that today and we probably pay very little attention to the problem of storage, storage in the form of fat or storage in the form of glycogen, which by today's standard, is one of the most interesting and important and probably overemphasized aspect of nutrition and performance. But I'd like to have you keep this in mind as we go through the various slides and try to understand and integrate, and maybe relate to some of these points as they concern you to this topic. My first concern will be concerned with food and involved with food. Before we do that, we should have some idea that when we talking about aging, what are the causes and the theories? Because we're concerned about the changes. And every change that we are going to discuss or emphasize, we must relate it to what are some of the aspects or theories that pertain to aging that are the basis for much of the research and exploration in this field? And the one that is probably the most used is the first one, cell destruction. Now, these are not mutually exclusively. They are interrelated, some are emphasized more by different investigators and others, but they clearly deserve mentioning. I have indicated that the loss of mitochondria because when we talk about energy-yielding systems, the energy to do work, the energy to accomplish our various tasks, we must concern ourselves with the organelle that's concerned with the provision of that energy. And I've mentioned that because I think, as we go through some of the changes, the anatomical changes in the cell, we'll have to concern ourselves with this very fundamental point and see if that can explain. We've seen the detriment in performance in so many parameters, as mentioned by Dr. Skinner. Now, we've got to try to attempt to explain 'em. And I want to focus in this regard on nutritional, metabolic and some endocrine aspect. The point number three is clearly one of key importance. What is really going on with the gene and its messages, its ability to send a message, the ability for the message to be modified, the ability for the message to be translated into action. And, clearly, it's been shown in enzyme systems that the genes have changed or been decoded or have been modified. So the sequence of protein synthesis has been somewhat modified or the enzyme is not being produced in the same way in the same fashion as it was earlier. And the best way to account for some of these types of changes is to go back to the gene and the message that it is sending and the way that message is being translated. Transcription and translation, two rather simple terms for two very complex and involved intricate processes. And the last is one that is frequently mentioned, probably more so than it deserves, although it has an excellent example, and what I'm specifically relating to and alluding to is a modification of proteins, such as collagen, which has been shown to change its cross linkage. They don't show the same elastic stiffness or the same extensibility that they once were associated with when they didn't have this modification. So these are four aspects that should be kept in mind. And, superimposed upon these four, is probably a very useful concept, the wear and tear of aging. When in doubt as to why a change is occurring, you can always fall back on that. And it's really not a bad concept because truly a wear and tear takes its effect. And that's a simple way to describe a complex process. Now, what I'd like to do, I want you first of all to find your age group in there. Once we go to adjust it. And I'll talk a little bit about, this is the most recent information on what the American population is consuming. This is not what they should be consuming. This is what they are consuming. This is known as the Hanes Survey, which stands for health and nutritional examination survey. This is a scientifically-designed, statistical study involving interviews, where they have attempted to study some 20,000 representative Americans to find out more about their nutritional status, nutritional requirements or, at least, what they're consuming. And you can see, we have a wide range of ages represented. We have, hopefully, the populations being somewhat represented and we're relating the changes that we see, in many cases, to what should be consumed as recommended for the 20 to 29-year-old individual. And let us look at certain key features. As you find your age and group and your sex, notice the differences as we, here we have Skinner down here, but notice there's a progressive decrease in the caloric intake, regardless of males or females. Notice the progressive decrease in our protein being consumed. The calcium, interesting enough, seems to be only slightly decreased. In the females, markedly so, with iron after the age of 40. And notice our thiamine seems to be adequate for our purposes, contrary to the attempts of Madison Avenue to convince you otherwise. Now, I've only listed these various nutrients here because space did not allow me. They have many, many more summarized in the same fashion. And I urge you who are really interested in being a recipient of this type of information, to write to the superintendent of documents and get on their mailing list. They send this out at periodic intervals. It is really the earliest information that you will find coming from governmental sources. You'll receive a lot of other mail that's not of interest to you, but frequently this type of information will be made available to you. And it gets to you sooner than it gets in the journals. That's my point. And as you can see, this was published last year. So it does appear that, with respect to calories at the moment and proteins at the moment, there is, as you, I'm sure surmised, a decrease with age and there's a difference between age and sex. Let us look at the caloric requirements. What should you be consuming? The previous slide indicated what was being consumed. Now, this is a committee, I suppose, the best way to resolve unknowns is to form a committee. And then you don't feel so insecure about your decision, but this was a committee and this reaffirmed, it's a second committee, I guess it reaffirmed the first committee's finding, but you can see, it's well over almost 30 years old. I obtained this from Mayer, a book on nutrition, but you can see that by and large, it's been recommended by the nutritional experts that your calories should be progressively decreased somewhat in the fashion we saw, what's actually being done, up to about 10% of what it was when you were 25 years of age. But what does that have to do and what implication has it for individuals who are exercising, who are attempting to become, quotes, \"More active to avoid some of the potential problems \"of the aging process?\" Well, we first have to realize that when we are exercising, we have two substrates that are being utilized. First of all, let us look at fats and carbohydrates. Notice here, we are going to look at how much oxygen you're consuming, or the intensity of the exercising is increasing and right at rest right now, most of you are using around 50% fat and about 50% carbohydrates. Now, when you exercise, we began to notice as the exercise intensity increases, there is a shift where as we began to use less and less fat as energy sources and we began to use more and more carbohydrates. This concept, I think, is familiar to many of you. This is a subject of much intense investigation and clearly we should hear more about this tomorrow. But the point I want to emphasize that doing exercise, the two key substrates are going to be your fats or your lipids and your carbohydrates. Therefore, you should be thinking in terms, if you're active and you want to participate in the events associated for individuals older than 25, what percentages should you be consuming? Now, this is from Austrian who indicates a so-called a diet which he feels should be about 50% carbohydrates, 40% fat and about 12% protein. Well, individuals who are performing more and more long-distance, endurance-type activities, do not necessarily follow this regime, by and large, the figure becomes somewhat like 60% carbohydrates. It seems to become 25% fat and about 15% protein. In our most recent studies of the protein requirements of individuals who are middle age and beyond, it appears that you should be consuming about 15% of your diet should be protein. Now, if you want a little harder figure than that, it appears to be about 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight. So that, by and large, whatever your total caloric needs, it does appear that we want that to be around 12 to 15%. If you're going to participate in endurance types of activities, we would expect this figure to be increased. And obviously we would, as a consequence of that, expect a lower fat and particularly with the problems of aging that Dr. Skinner alluded to, and, clearly, will be discussed in greater detail tomorrow, we want to reduce the fat content, but again you will have to adjust your caloric needs to your age and your demands, but we still need to keep our percentage figures in mind, depending upon how active we are and, particularly, what age we are. This slide is to dramatize the dietary manipulations that are occurring to increase the carbohydrate stores in the body. And what this is showing and emphasizing is that if we have exercise and we deplete, we began to go on the diet of fat and protein for an extended period of time, we switch to carbohydrate, we can produce what is known as carbohydrate-loading, super compensation, or overloading the muscle with glycogen because it's been demonstrated that the muscle glycogen is a key factor in performance. Now, I'm showing you this slide because there was, to my knowledge, and I hope tomorrow we can indicate that that is an error, there's no evidence with older people how well this process works and how it is modified. Now, Dr. Skinner showed a slide indicating that glycogen depleted or was lower with age. I think I'd like to modify that. In animal studies, it doesn't seem to be true for skeletal muscles that the glycogen seems to be lower with age, but it does seem to be lower in the heart with age. It does seem to be lower in the liver with age. It does seem to be lower in other tissues. And I suppose, when in doubt, you can always say it's a controversial issue. It's not controversial as to what effect age has on this process, because we really don't know. And the advocacy of carbohydrate-loading for younger people as it's being used now, in all probability, will have to be modified for older individuals. And the way it would have to be modified is gonna require some systematic research and less talking about the need for this kind of information. I'd just like to show you this slide to indicate that I'm leading up to what is happening with changes in the stomach and the intestines before the material can make the transition and the movement from this region, ultimately, to get into the intercellular region to be a source of energy. This involves not only the laws of diffusion, it also involves active transport. We have a tendency to take this process as being constant and how wrong we are. And I'd like to show you that there are changes that are occurring in the stomach and the intestine that are clearly going to have quite an impact on what really, ultimately, will become available for energy purposes. Obviously, with respect to age, and here is a summary of some of the changes that are occurring, and obviously, these changes are starting to occur, according to a variety of sources, at probably around 35, and this would tie in with the point made by Dr. Skinner that it seems to be around 30 years of age, seems to be the magical end point. And after that, or that's a steady state, and after that things start to decline, some more rapidly than others. I don't think I want to emphasize each one because I think the key features are collective impact. There are anatomical and physiological changes that are occurring in the digestive processes in the digestive regions. And, therefore, we have to begin to appreciate to what extent do they and will they modify the ability to utilize energy? And all I'm doing is just reiterating that they exist, sensitizing you to the fact that they are occurring, but I cannot give you a figure on how important any one alone is, except that collectively, they are happening. Collectively, they will affect the metabolic events within the cell. And consequently, it becomes almost paramount to find out to what extent will aging modify some of these changes? Exercise and aging combined will modify these eight. Now, I'd like to spend a little bit of time on the last three. Remember, I have indicated that it looked like glycogen in the muscles didn't seem to change too much. And yet here, I want to talk about glucose absorption being constant. This seems to be true. Glycogen seems to be true, but it also is known that the tolerance to a glucose test is modified by the aging process. In other words, if you are loaded with glucose, the glucose tolerance test, which will cause a release of insulin, which will then allow the insulin to work on the cells to move the glucose out of the blood, the hyperglycemic response, that that glucose tolerance does change with age. You become less tolerant. And that seems to be related more to insulin or the insulin receptors than the absorption or the uptake of glucose and the like. So that clearly implicates hormonal changes, and hormonal involvements as well as a metabolic when we start to talk about the significance of these changes. The amino acid absorption appears to be reduced. It also appears that amino acid uptake is reduced. Amino acid synthesis into protein seems to be reduced. And we'll show you some data later. I see a person shaking his head on that. So, obviously, we are going to have an interesting challenge on that point and that is the purpose of all these symposium. But at any rate, there are definite and definitive changes that are occurring here that will modify the metabolic responses. Okay, here's a little summary. This is about as complicated as some of Skinner's slides. And all I want to emphasize is that we have in the cell, events occurring outside the mitochondria, and this amazing organelle, it has a capability of taking oxygen and converting it into water. And then during the process, we yield ATP, we have CO2 being produced and we have events outside the cell. And the energy requirements, by and large, are dependent upon the mitochondrion and its functions and its enzymes. So what I'd like to do now is to focus on this energy-yielding system because this is where the, if you want a cliche, this is where the action is. These are fascinating structures and are involving numerous researchers in a variety of ways. And, therefore, I'd like to show you that and reiterate the point that when we look at age, first of all, we've seen before in a variety of ways that oxygen consumption decreases with age. This happens to be oxygen consumption during sleep. This is a data web clearly emphasizing the point so vividly demonstrated by Dr. Skinner. The next slide, likewise shows a decrease. This is a data represented from Bruce in Seattle and others that he utilized to make this graph. We've seen this time and time again, the single best measure of aerobic performance or work performance, oxygen consumption clearly declines with age. And, therefore, the question is, is the decline that we see with age, a function of the mitochondrion? Are they changing and is the change that we see here just a reflection of the change in the mitochondrion? Or can we see any adaptive changes in the mitochondrion with exercise in populations of different ages? Well, first of all, I want to show you, this is from Parizkova, that with time, there is a decrease in percent of lean body mass, Parizkova has done extensive studies on youngsters and obviously, individuals much older up to 70 and 80. And the point we want to emphasize is that, with age, there is an increase in fat and a decrease in the amount of lean body mass or the active metabolic tissue. So clearly you have less active metabolic tissue with age. The question that Dr. Skinner alluded to and, hopefully, will be explored in greater detail is can you modify this loss in active tissue with time? And what are the mechanisms that seem to, with age, promote this loss? But clearly your active metabolic tissue is decreasing. Consequently, you should anticipate a decrease in oxygen consumption and the ability to utilize this most important parameter. I'd like to go to an energy-yielding system to try to see if we can learn anything from insects and muscle function. First of all, notice the array of mitochondria that are aligned on each side of the myofibril. And this insect has a capacity as a blow fly to beat more than five or 600 times a minute. The muscle is contracting that many times. Obviously, for that requirement, it must have a tremendous amount of energy to be made available because of the importance of ATP for contraction. And, therefore, I'd like to show you what are some of the changes that are occurring in this model system that may give us a better insight as to what is happening to us. And notice, as you can see from Baker, there are a rather marked number of changes that are being associated with age in the blow fly. And notice there are changes in functional, the changes in oxygen consumption, paralleling the type we've seen before. We've seen changes that in here the number and sizes of mitochondrion were decreased. And notice we see some cytochrome oxidase activity. The cytochrome c is an important pigment in the electron transport system. A variety of changes all indicating that the energy capability has been decreased. So now, if this is what is happening in one model system, what is happening in man and what do we know know about some changes that are occurring with man? First of all, let us look at the number, the average volume of fibrillar mitochondrion. And you can see, this is data from Kisling, and first of all, if you look at the volume of the mitochondrion, first of all, we see the well-known effect that I think was first made popular by Galnick in his studies that have been clearly the keynote for much research into the cell, notice the sort of staircase effect that is occurring. Younger individuals seem to have a greater volume than trained old men and, obviously, a sedentary old man, and that the trained young man who was not an athlete still seems to have slightly higher, but not to the degree as the athlete. This, I think, clearly reflects the genetic component that is superimposed upon the adaptive capability of the cell. We have a tendency to maybe overemphasize that at times, but we clearly cannot ignore it. The genetic component deserves to be emphasized. And this is, I think, is a reflection of that point. On the other hand, if you look at the number of mitochondrion, you can see that we have from the work again of Kisling, not the same picture. That clearly what we have to be concerned with then is not necessarily the number of the mitochondrion or the volume of the mitochondrion, but also the enzymatic capacity within the mitochondrion. And, therefore, that forces us to look at enzymatic activity, the capacity of the enzymes within the cells to be involved, particularly in the case I want to emphasize, the utilization of oxygen and the electron transport system in the production of ATP. Well, first of all, the enzyme activity of people who are active, this is from the date of Costal, and he's taken this look at the enzyme activity of this succinic dehydrogenates in the Krebs cycle, all we want to do is emphasize, as Costal has indicated here, that an enzymatic, narrowed enzymatic capacity, people who are elite runners have a much greater enzymatic capacity than middle distance runners and the so-called untrained. So there's a spectrum of differences among the active versus the inactive population. But that doesn't answer the question as to whether or not older individuals have the capacity to adapt as is implied from this difference that we see between here and here and here. Obviously, this has a genetic component that cannot be ignored, but there's an adaptive component as well. First of all, when you look at age and look at the capacity for cells to induce enzymes, this induction process is modified. You can induce enzyme activity and enzymatic changes by a variety of means. This happens to be glucokinase, this important liver enzyme. That's capable of taking glucose and phosphorylating it. Well, you can see that this capacity, this inductive potential, is truly modified by age. So we would anticipate then that the enzyme's activity and the enzyme capability will change with age as well. And we want to know now if training can modify it. What I have here are some data, fairly recent, put it in percentage. This is a middle-aged group. You can see their differences again, characterizing active and inactive. These individuals were exercising for seven weeks at around 60 to 80% of their max, four days a week. And notice, for example, at two enzymes associated with aerobic capacities, the succinate dehydrogenase is increased some 20% but not even approachable to the levels that we have found in younger men, many times as much as 200%. So we can increase the enzyme activities, but we don't seem to have a capacity to increase them to the level that we find them in younger populations. So clearly, this is the ability to adapt, as indicated by Dr. Skinner, is reinforced. The tendency is there, but the capability is not. And, therefore, the potential for performance should likewise decrease and he's shown you rather dramatically, it does. This is likewise showing you, and if you look at this cytochrome oxidase enzyme in human skeletal muscles, we can see the tendency to increase. But if you looked at really, can I say we see Skinner again? The younger people will be much higher and have a much greater activity. So even though we see this tendency for increasing, we cannot obtain the values that are sort of characteristic of the elite and the younger individual undergoing a training program. Whether this is related to the synthetic capacity of the mitochondrion is beyond me. And, perhaps, some of those in the audience can elaborate on that in subsequent time. One interesting thing, if we look at the ATP levels in old versus young populations, it doesn't seem to be a marked difference. There does seem to be, as shown here on this slide, a difference between young and old as we look for the ability for phosphocreatine, a very important energy-yielding process in skeletal muscles, does seem to be a difference. So that this is one energy-yielding process that may be different, although at the moment, because of age at the moment, the explanation for that has not been too clear. So emerging from these two discussions, one on nutrition, one on metabolism, that clearly there are changes that are emerging. There are changes that are emerging that can be modified somewhat by training but not to the extent that we have seen earlier. I think that's important to appreciate because that means you have to be more realistic about your achievement and your expectations. By the same token, it does show that the tissues do have adaptive capability. Now, we haven't mentioned anything about to what extent are these changes modified by hormones. In this latter portion of my presentation, I'd like to say a little bit about hormones because I think they need to be put into perspective in greater degree, particularly with regard to exercise. And it's very encouraging and very exciting to see so many studies, in the last five years anyway, concerned with hormonal changes. Well, the most important hormone or the most, I want to say the most important hormone, but clearly one of the key hormones that we're gonna be concerned about, will be concerned with the neural humors coming from the adrenal medulla, that's epinephrine and that which is released from the sympathetic nerves ending, norepinephrine or noradrenaline or adrenaline, whatever term you prefer. But epinephrine and norepinephrine are the ones in most usage today, except on Monday night TV. Now, what are some of the effects that are occurring in the presence of this hormone? And you can see, obviously, many of the things that we characterize and describe by exercise, blood pressure being elevated, increased cardiac output, increased metabolism, we have bronchial dilation. We have glucose being mobilized and released and we have free fatty acids being released and so forth, all important aspects in the exercise response. The question then, one question, to what extent is this important hormone or these hormones being modified by, A, aging and/or exercise training program? Well, first of all, this is trying to emphasize the point that these, okay, are we ready to go forward with a charge here in a minute. That's a bad slide. First of all, this is the data of Galbo, looks likes it's fading. I'm glad you're not falling asleep. You usually do this, Skinner. For those who don't know, I like to insult my friends and my enemies too, but if we can ever, if I can, I probably got going on up here. If we look at epinephrine, we can see with maximum exercise to exhaustion, it clearly is a significant increase. If you look at the other catecholamine, norepinephrine, clearly, they are increased. If you look at the relationship between the intensity of exercise and either plasma levels or urine levels, there's a very linear relationship that, in fact, has been used by many as an indices of the strenuousness of an exercise bout. And Hellerstein has used this somewhat to evaluate his cardiac patients. And I imagine tomorrow more will be said about this measurement in some of those cardiac patients. But, clearly, you can see that with exercise, these two important catecholamines are being released. Now, the question is to what extent is the release of these catecholamines modified by aging and/or training? There's some evidence with training that the release seems to be modified, particularly, at sub-maximal levels. But when we began to look at aging in this perspective, there's very little information that we have available. One bit of data that we do have from animals is if you look at the release of free fatty acids from adequate sites which was quite responsive to the influence of these catecholamines, and in this particular case, it happens to be epinephrine, you can see that there's a difference in the response in the ability of the cell to, the adipocyte, to release free fatty acids. Now, whether this is truly a matter of a change in the sensitivity of the receptor or not remains to be determined, but the fact seems to be worthy of mentioning is that with age, there appears to be a decrease in the capacity of the receptor to be stimulated and/or release a given substrate that we would require for an exercise response. And, again, this is an area that requires much further investigation. Now, here's a little something that I made up on the way over here before I got stopped by one of your finest law enforcers, but it's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116758#t=0.0,5982.36"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The argument if anybody's interested,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=12.11,14.812"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=14.812,15.645"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this is the pituitary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=15.645,19.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the hormones that are released.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=19.0,21.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, if you remove the hormones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=26.38,28.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"notice what happens to oxygen consumption","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=28.99,32.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and particularly two tissues that are in the more active","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=32.82,36.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's clearly it would be more metabolically viable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=36.57,39.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"namely liver and muscle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=39.23,41.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These connective tissues didn't show much change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=41.3,46.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if we remove the influence of hormones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=46.03,49.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're clearly reducing the metabolic potential of a cell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=49.3,54.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And again, the issue refocuses, if we are aging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=54.95,59.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to what extent are the changes that we see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=61.05,64.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in metabolic potential due to hormones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=64.11,68.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the absence of those hormones?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=68.39,70.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the second thing that I like to emphasize is this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=70.21,74.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we look at one enzyme system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=74.71,76.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we've talked about throughout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=76.65,78.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is cytochrome oxidase and notice again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=79.82,83.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all tissues, the metabolic activity is diminished","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=83.83,88.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this important enzyme in the ET system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=88.91,93.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that, again, these two slides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=94.27,97.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope reinforce the concern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=97.03,99.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for hormones and metabolic factors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=99.31,102.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I want to show this slide indicate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=105.25,108.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that truly one important hormone that's concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=108.34,111.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with oxygen consumption","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=111.2,112.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and oxygen utilization is thyroxin T4.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=112.23,116.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a slide indicating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=116.07,117.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the degradation of thyroxin or iodine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=117.77,122.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being obviously being modified by the aging process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=122.22,126.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, this is an interesting finding,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=126.71,128.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because if you look at Irvine studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=128.99,131.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was investigated rats, dogs, horses and man","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=131.41,136.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clearly thyroxin function does change with exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=136.65,140.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not only is T3 and T4 seem to be elevated during exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=140.39,145.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the turnover of T3 and T4 seems to be clearly modified","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=145.2,150.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the exercise and training program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=150.36,154.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Therefore, the question that is being raised is, again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=155.27,160.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if some of the changes that we are seeing with respect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=160.64,164.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this detriment in performance with age, again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=164.49,168.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reflection of changes in our hormones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=168.83,172.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their actions or their receptors to those hormones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=172.62,176.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And actually, this university has done quite the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=177.66,181.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the work of the late Griffin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=181.55,183.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has done considerable amount of work in this area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=183.34,185.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And clearly is in a position to do much more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=185.72,188.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I assume they are and I'd be disappointed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=188.1,190.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they don't continue along some of the lines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=190.61,193.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=193.22,194.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But here again, this is a work of Sutton's demonstrating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=194.71,199.657"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first of all, the growth hormone is increasing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=200.51,203.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cortisol is increasing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=204.22,206.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We see androgens going up, likewise with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=206.45,211.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this just happened to be, I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=211.83,213.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around 60% of max, surprisingly, we didn't see any change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=213.7,218.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in luteinizing hormone, although others have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=219.34,223.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the point again is that exercise is a stimulus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=223.17,226.282"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for hormonal release.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=226.282,228.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where and how is it modified by exercise and aging process?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=229.19,234.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here we are looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=239.4,240.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at steroids males versus females, the removal dose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=240.55,245.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This happens to be old people versus young people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=246.48,250.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And clearly we see the removal time being altered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=250.54,255.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after a standardized dose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=256.37,258.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reflecting age component here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=258.78,261.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to close with an aspect that pertains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=264.1,268.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sports medicine, maybe focuses on much of what I've said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=268.61,273.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that concerns an aspect concerning connective tissue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=273.43,277.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and connective tissue changing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=277.62,279.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a ligament","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=280.33,281.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the fibroblasts that you see here, sparsely located.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=281.72,286.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next slide indicates what happens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=288.02,289.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to fibroblasts after an injury, surgical injury.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=289.97,294.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Notice a tremendous proliferation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=294.0,296.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fibroblasts, notice the formation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=296.37,301.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of blood vessels and a whole merit of organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=301.23,305.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is going to be formation of collagen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=305.69,308.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And clearly there's a transition that is occurring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=308.45,312.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next slide indicates the process by which after repair","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=313.58,318.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have collagen in the mitosis and migrating of cells","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=319.64,323.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ultimately we end up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=323.58,326.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a repaired and recovered wound.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=326.63,331.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But how is wound healing modified by age?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=332.9,337.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been interested in the role of exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=340.14,342.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and clearly exercise does seem to enhance the process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=342.93,347.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been interested in the role of hormones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=347.33,349.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and clearly hormones do make a big difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=349.88,353.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, the androgen seemed to be more important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=353.76,358.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the other hormones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=359.12,361.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also growth hormone is important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=361.13,363.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is showing you that wound healing is apparently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=363.97,368.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"modified with age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=368.99,371.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we have a standardized, I don't know how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=371.73,376.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Korcheki ever did this, but he did it in Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=377.26,379.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But anyway, he did these human experiments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=379.9,382.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to show that age made a difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=382.95,384.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these healing experiments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=384.81,387.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the question that I like to leave you with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=387.79,390.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and clearly have you consider, is that to what extent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=390.62,395.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, will surgical repair be modified by age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=395.74,400.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how can that process be modified by aging and training?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=402.85,407.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And can we enhance the process by hormones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=410.69,415.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and exercise to where we can shift this curve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=416.75,421.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or we in doubt to remain the way our cells age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=422.4,427.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and even though we exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=429.62,431.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and even though we may increase hormones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=431.35,434.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will we be able to shift the curve in this one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=434.21,438.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but one aspect of sports medicine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=438.33,441.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've talked about metabolism and it alluded only to muscle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=442.33,446.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that's probably the interest to most of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=446.25,449.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we have an important muscle to talk about tomorrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=449.41,453.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cardiac muscle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=453.23,454.552"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll probably emphasize skeletal muscle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=454.552,457.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well this tissue, connective tissue, is equally important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=457.14,460.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the area of sports medicine, clearly involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=460.16,463.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a whole ramifications of nutrition, metabolism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=463.23,466.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hormones and exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=466.73,468.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I like to tell you, or I know the answers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=468.95,471.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=471.2,472.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to believe that 10 years from now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=472.4,475.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will know the answers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=475.02,476.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I will hope that many of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=476.72,479.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in one way, shape or form will enable us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=479.86,483.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the next 10 years to get the answers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=483.55,486.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the issues that we can't resolve.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=486.57,488.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't give you equal time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=488.7,490.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but thank you for your attention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=490.07,491.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=492.573,495.656"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Could we have the lights on, please?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=497.757,499.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know that a lot of you have some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=499.01,501.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some will be more detailed than others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=501.09,503.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some will be more along the practical lines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=503.47,505.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hope that you will please try to ask those questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=505.94,509.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe we could start out with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=509.643,512.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you may be asking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=513.51,515.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what does some of this mean to me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=515.48,516.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I'm getting older and for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=516.96,520.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Skinner started out by saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=520.55,522.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that deterioration does occur with aging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=522.8,525.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said that the rate of aging is the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=525.69,529.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the trained person and in the untrained person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=529.09,531.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, the slopes of the lines were the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=531.23,533.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he also said training increased our ability to adapt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=533.91,537.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the physiological stress of exercise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=537.03,540.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what, what would you say, Dr. Skinner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=540.18,544.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to start with this one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=544.1,545.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of you can jump in on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=545.08,546.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What would you say to the older person who says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=546.65,549.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well if I'm going to deteriorate anyway,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=549.92,552.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why should I do this exercise?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=554.37,556.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I think it boils down essentially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=563.45,565.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to what position you want to be on that curve.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=565.45,568.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because obviously, as I said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=568.41,569.945"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't take a 60 year old person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=569.945,572.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and make them a 30 year old person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=572.73,574.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by some of these training programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=574.62,577.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you do give them the functional capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=577.39,580.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe of an untrained 30 year old or a 40 year old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=580.1,583.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they have the ability to do these things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=583.11,585.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they wouldn't have had to do otherwise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=585.18,587.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's really, I think you're changing your position rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=587.07,590.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the rate of aging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=590.53,592.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's really quite an important thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=592.75,594.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned that the older person is less trainable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=594.94,597.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that may be at age 70","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=597.95,599.736"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least in terms of maximal capacity, there was no change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=599.736,604.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would not want to leave the impression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=604.15,606.389"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can't make a lot of other changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=606.389,610.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are just as important,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=610.15,611.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because obviously there aren't too many 75 year olds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=611.23,613.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are interested in doing maximal exercise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=613.29,616.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but just doing submaximal exercise, light activities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=616.24,620.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a number of the things that they would want to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=620.17,622.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in their normal life that they can do better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=622.52,625.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's simply a matter that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=625.66,627.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you can increase your maximum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=627.08,629.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you should do this early and not wait","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=629.777,631.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until you're 70, 75 to do it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=631.99,634.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by keeping a higher maximum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=634.16,635.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all these other workloads are less relative to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=635.75,639.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the ability to perform those activities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=639.09,642.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is much easier on that 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28937/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/937/original/AV168028_Exercise_and_Aging_b.vtt?1622849955","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/937/original/AV168028_Exercise_and_Aging_b.vtt?1622849955"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28938","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV168028_Exercise_and_Aging_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759/transcript/28938/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The argument if anybody's interested, but this is the pituitary and the hormones that are released. First of all, if you remove the hormones notice what happens to oxygen consumption and particularly two tissues that are in the more active and it's clearly it would be more metabolically viable namely liver and muscle. These connective tissues didn't show much change but if we remove the influence of hormones we're clearly reducing the metabolic potential of a cell. And again, the issue refocuses, if we are aging to what extent are the changes that we see in metabolic potential due to hormones and the absence of those hormones? Now, the second thing that I like to emphasize is this where we look at one enzyme system that we've talked about throughout and that is cytochrome oxidase and notice again in all tissues, the metabolic activity is diminished of this important enzyme in the ET system. So that, again, these two slides I hope reinforce the concern for hormones and metabolic factors. Well, I want to show this slide indicate that truly one important hormone that's concerned with oxygen consumption and oxygen utilization is thyroxin T4. And this is a slide indicating that the degradation of thyroxin or iodine as being obviously being modified by the aging process. Now, this is an interesting finding, because if you look at Irvine studies who was investigated rats, dogs, horses and man clearly thyroxin function does change with exercise. Not only is T3 and T4 seem to be elevated during exercise but the turnover of T3 and T4 seems to be clearly modified by the exercise and training program. Therefore, the question that is being raised is, again if some of the changes that we are seeing with respect to this detriment in performance with age, again reflection of changes in our hormones and their actions or their receptors to those hormones. And actually, this university has done quite the with the work of the late Griffin has done considerable amount of work in this area. And clearly is in a position to do much more. I assume they are and I'd be disappointed if they don't continue along some of the lines that he started. But here again, this is a work of Sutton's demonstrating first of all, the growth hormone is increasing. Cortisol is increasing. We see androgens going up, likewise with this just happened to be, I think around 60% of max, surprisingly, we didn't see any change in luteinizing hormone, although others have. But the point again is that exercise is a stimulus for hormonal release. Where and how is it modified by exercise and aging process? And here we are looking at steroids males versus females, the removal dose. This happens to be old people versus young people. And clearly we see the removal time being altered after a standardized dose reflecting age component here. I'd like to close with an aspect that pertains to sports medicine, maybe focuses on much of what I've said and that concerns an aspect concerning connective tissue and connective tissue changing. This is a ligament with the fibroblasts that you see here, sparsely located. The next slide indicates what happens to fibroblasts after an injury, surgical injury. Notice a tremendous proliferation of fibroblasts, notice the formation of blood vessels and a whole merit of organization. This is going to be formation of collagen. And clearly there's a transition that is occurring. The next slide indicates the process by which after repair we have collagen in the mitosis and migrating of cells and ultimately we end up with a repaired and recovered wound. But how is wound healing modified by age? I've been interested in the role of exercise and clearly exercise does seem to enhance the process. I've been interested in the role of hormones and clearly hormones do make a big difference. For example, the androgen seemed to be more important than the other hormones. Also growth hormone is important. This is showing you that wound healing is apparently modified with age. When we have a standardized, I don't know how Korcheki ever did this, but he did it in Russia. But anyway, he did these human experiments to show that age made a difference in these healing experiments. Now, the question that I like to leave you with and clearly have you consider, is that to what extent for example, will surgical repair be modified by age and how can that process be modified by aging and training? And can we enhance the process by hormones and exercise to where we can shift this curve or we in doubt to remain the way our cells age and even though we exercise and even though we may increase hormones will we be able to shift the curve in this one but one aspect of sports medicine? We've talked about metabolism and it alluded only to muscle because that's probably the interest to most of you but we have an important muscle to talk about tomorrow. Cardiac muscle. We'll probably emphasize skeletal muscle. Well this tissue, connective tissue, is equally important in the area of sports medicine, clearly involved with a whole ramifications of nutrition, metabolism and hormones and exercise. I like to tell you, or I know the answers. I don't. I'd like to believe that 10 years from now we will know the answers and I will hope that many of you in one way, shape or form will enable us in the next 10 years to get the answers to the issues that we can't resolve. I can't give you equal time but thank you for your attention.\r\n\r\n- Could we have the lights on, please? I know that a lot of you have some questions. Some will be more detailed than others. Some will be more along the practical lines and I hope that you will please try to ask those questions. Maybe we could start out with, you may be asking what does some of this mean to me? If I'm getting older and for example, Dr. Skinner started out by saying that deterioration does occur with aging. He said that the rate of aging is the same in the trained person and in the untrained person you know, the slopes of the lines were the same but he also said training increased our ability to adapt to the physiological stress of exercise. So what, what would you say, Dr. Skinner? I'm going to start with this one and some of you can jump in on it. What would you say to the older person who says, well if I'm going to deteriorate anyway, why should I do this exercise?\r\n\r\n- Well, I think it boils down essentially to what position you want to be on that curve. Because obviously, as I said you don't take a 60 year old person and make them a 30 year old person by some of these training programs. But you do give them the functional capacity maybe of an untrained 30 year old or a 40 year old. And so they have the ability to do these things they wouldn't have had to do otherwise. So it's really, I think you're changing your position rather than the rate of aging. And that's really quite an important thing. I mentioned that the older person is less trainable and that may be at age 70 at least in terms of maximal capacity, there was no change. I would not want to leave the impression that you can't make a lot of other changes which are just as important, because obviously there aren't too many 75 year olds who are interested in doing maximal exercise but just doing submaximal exercise, light activities and a number of the things that they would want to do in their normal life that they can do better because it's simply a matter that if you can increase your maximum and you should do this early and not wait until you're 70, 75 to do it by keeping a higher maximum all these other workloads are less relative to that. And so the ability to perform those activities is much easier on that person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43666/file/116759#t=0.0,653.136"}]}]}]}