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Hmm, I'll try again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=8.466,13.466"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm Roberta Abraham, and I'm Chair","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=14.64,16.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Interdisciplinary Linguistics program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=16.79,18.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here at Iowa state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=18.99,20.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Am I all right now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=20.5,21.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=22.71,23.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like to welcome all of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=24.63,26.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the 1991-92, Quentin Johnson Linguistics 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modeled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=484.81,487.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of something like prototype theory?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=487.77,490.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Oshelson and Smith in an important article in 1981,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=490.8,495.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raise doubts about prototype theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=495.6,497.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a theory of concepts 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together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=518.41,520.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to form more complex concepts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=520.28,523.955"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the mechanisms of conceptual combination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=523.955,524.788"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as giving insight into simple concepts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=524.788,529.788"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So our work and, oh, and I should mention, by the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=531.2,534.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as you may see on the handout,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=534.31,536.794"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should have stopped and said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=536.794,538.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope everyone has access to a handout.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=538.88,541.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you don't have one yourself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=541.25,543.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope you're sitting near someone who has one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=543.13,545.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I will refer to the handout from time to time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=545.68,549.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm sorry, I didn't bring enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=550.6,552.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we underestimated the size of the audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=552.98,557.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you see at the top of the handout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=557.1,558.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is joint work that I'm talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=558.86,561.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'll take all the blame for this talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=561.07,563.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the research represented here is joint","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=563.58,565.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the colleague, Hans Kamp","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=565.86,567.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is now at the University of Stuttgart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=567.22,569.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So when I say we, I mean, Hans and I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=569.64,572.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our work takes off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=578.53,579.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the work of Oshelson and Smith.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=579.87,582.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We agree with them on some of their concerns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=582.41,585.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On some of the concerns they raised","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=585.37,586.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we rediagnosed the problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=586.877,590.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there are some new problems that we found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=590.35,592.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the course of trying to look at their concerns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=592.64,596.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So to give a preview of some of the sample problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=596.8,600.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I'll be concerned with here tonight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=600.64,602.649"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one is how does the concept of pet fish relate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=602.649,607.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the concepts of pet and of fish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=607.19,610.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a case where it looks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=610.57,611.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like prototype theory is not going to be very helpful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=611.9,615.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in explaining the compound concept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=615.07,617.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because a guppy or a goldfish might be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=617.87,621.259"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"close to prototypical pet fish,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=621.259,624.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's very far from either a prototypical pet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=624.38,627.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a prototypical fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=627.36,629.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's not clear how one could take any notion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=629.67,632.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a prototype of a pet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=632.53,634.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a prototype of a fish and put 'em together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=634.42,636.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and get a compound concept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=636.713,639.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from which you could predict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=639.02,640.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a guppy or a goldfish would be a prototypical pet fish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=640.3,645.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there's an observation, but you can still ask","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=645.5,648.345"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does that cast any doubt on prototype theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=648.345,652.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or does that suggest that this is a case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=652.01,654.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the prototype is not determinative of the meaning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=654.83,659.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then that's one kind of issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=659.41,661.862"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another kind of problem is with expressions like apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=661.862,666.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is not an apple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=666.23,668.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This we take to be a contradictory concept.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=668.41,671.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll talk later about the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=671.37,673.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you might question whether it really is contradictory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=673.28,675.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we'll take it to be a contradictory concept.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=675.94,678.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But on some versions of prototype theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=678.56,680.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it will be predicted not to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=680.61,682.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's one problem that Oshelson and Smith raised","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=682.13,687.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we also discuss further.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=687.07,689.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another issue that arose out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=689.64,692.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our own extensions of this work is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=692.28,694.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that giant midgets are not the same as midget giants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=694.573,698.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we want to know why not and how we all know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=698.31,701.402"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in what way midget giants and giant midgets are different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=701.402,705.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And another question is how do words","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=707.3,709.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like sharp, shift their understood ranges?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=709.12,712.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is, the understood sense of how sharp does","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=712.61,715.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something have to be to count as sharp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=715.33,718.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do they shift in the different contexts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=718.94,721.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like knives are sharp versus this knife is sharp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=721.61,725.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The interests of these questions is partly technical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=726.48,730.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is partly a concern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=730.05,731.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for how to do compositional semantics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=731.21,733.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll say a little about that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=733.31,735.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think the interest should also be more general.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=735.29,738.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These kinds of questions may give us some insight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=738.007,741.489"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the versatility and adaptability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=741.489,745.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our cognitive mechanisms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=745.6,747.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for interpreting vague expressions in changing contexts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=747.85,752.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And thinking about this kind of issue a bit can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=753.08,755.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even help us appreciate how the existence of vague words","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=755.24,759.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and context dependent expressions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=759.403,762.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in natural languages may be an advantage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=762.317,764.935"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not a disadvantage for a language","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=764.935,767.969"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is meant to have an application","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=767.969,769.766"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to an unlimited range of subject matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=769.766,773.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let me begin with a little bit of 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concepts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=779.07,781.921"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to understand larger concepts is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=781.921,786.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the heart of these concerns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=786.01,788.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The principle of compositionality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=789.36,791.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which many of us trace back to the philosopher Frege","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=791.64,796.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the 19th century is this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=796.06,800.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The meaning of a complex expression is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=800.38,803.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a function of the meanings of its parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=803.54,805.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of their syntactic mode of 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before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=824.602,828.102"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in order to make the principle specific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=828.102,832.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and really something that you can empirically 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meanings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=847.53,849.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're trying to combine to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=849.16,851.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's where you need a theory of lexical 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operations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=879.96,883.345"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"natural languages employ, and how the rules","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=883.345,887.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for combining meanings operate on lexical meanings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=887.13,890.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and syntactic structure to produce the meaning of the whole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=890.46,894.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In short, a theory of semantics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=894.21,896.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's a large part of what semantics is concerned with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=896.02,898.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let me illustrate this a little bit by 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property,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1114.38,1115.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their combination is basically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1115.7,1116.832"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the conjunction of those 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trying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1127.04,1130.771"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to apply it to cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1130.771,1132.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are outside its appropriate range.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1132.302,1136.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let's talk for a moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1136.35,1137.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about some nonintersective adjectives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1137.61,1140.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, whereas carnivorous has the property represented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1141.46,1145.106"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as in three, that the meaning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1145.106,1147.574"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and when I put these double lines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1147.574,1149.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean the meaning of the expression inside them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1149.95,1152.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the meaning of carnivorous plus some noun is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1152.95,1155.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the intersection of the meaning of carnivorous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1155.96,1158.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the meaning of noun,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1158.25,1159.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at least the extension is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1159.84,1161.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not true for skillful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1161.75,1163.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not true that the 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denotes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1168.645,1173.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we test for that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1173.4,1174.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a little sample inference pattern as in five.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1174.66,1178.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Suppose Mary is a skillful surgeon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1178.91,1181.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and suppose further that Mary is a 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set,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1195.049,1197.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then if she's a skillful surgeon, she's skillful,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1197.61,1200.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if she's also a 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adjective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1212.27,1215.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because at least we can be sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1215.63,1216.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a skillful surgeon must be a surgeon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1216.97,1220.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So at least it keeps you within the noun set, so to speak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1220.69,1224.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some adjectives are not even subsective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1224.7,1227.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So look down in seven, former, alleged, and counterfeit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1227.71,1232.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not only is former not intersected,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1233.02,1236.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is, it's not the case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1236.08,1237.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a former senator is a former entity and a senator.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1237.67,1242.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, in fact, the former senators are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1243.752,1246.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not even a subset of the senators,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1246.5,1249.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and similarly for alleged or counterfeit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1250.63,1255.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it seems that the most general treatment is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1256.04,1260.369"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we must regard adjectives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1260.369,1263.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the most general case, as denoting functions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1263.42,1267.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from intentions or properties to intentions or properties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1267.06,1272.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is something that's been developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1272.29,1274.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Richard Montague and others","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1274.11,1275.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Montague grammar tradition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1275.79,1279.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I won't try to talk about that in any detail here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1279.13,1282.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the intersective or extensional adjectives are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1283.4,1287.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a large subclass but they're not the general case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1287.24,1290.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the important thing I wanna emphasize here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1290.82,1293.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we should limit the testing of prototype theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1293.51,1297.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the case of intersective adjectives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1297.7,1301.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause if we go beyond that class,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1301.02,1302.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can be sure in advance that we'll get things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1302.73,1305.544"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that look like counterexamples to prototype theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1305.544,1308.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they may just be testing it on inappropriate cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1308.54,1311.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there's a further complication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1313.04,1314.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for even the simple intersective adjectives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1314.99,1318.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's the phenomenon of context dependence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1318.3,1321.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is really crucial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1321.32,1322.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as soon as we get into looking at vague terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1322.57,1325.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you try that test for intersective adjectives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1326.77,1331.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I gave in the case of Mary is a skillful violinist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1331.23,1335.931"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"et cetera, some adjectives which I believe are extensional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1335.931,1340.931"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but are vague and context dependent will appear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1341.89,1344.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to fail that test for reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1344.97,1347.664"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think we need to give a separate explanation for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1347.664,1352.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I have in mind, adjectives like tall and heavy and old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1352.08,1356.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and large and hot, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1356.43,1359.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Try this, for instance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1359.38,1360.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we say John is a tall man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1360.53,1363.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"John is a basketball player.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1363.13,1365.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Does it follow that John is a tall basketball player?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1365.35,1368.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First inclination is no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1369.481,1372.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, so is that just like skillful?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1372.35,1374.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is tall just like skillful and being nonintersective?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1374.36,1377.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I think the answer is no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1377.78,1379.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the difference between tall and skillful is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1379.227,1382.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that although tall picks out a class,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1382.88,1386.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I believe tall picks out a class","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1386.26,1387.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of things that are tall, things that are not tall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1387.573,1390.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What class that is varies with the context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1390.98,1395.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And unlike the case of skillful,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1395.04,1397.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can get those context dependent effects to show up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1397.563,1401.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even when we keep the same noun with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1401.56,1404.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So look at 13 A and B combining tall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1404.96,1409.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the noun snowman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1409.18,1411.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can get two different contextual delimitations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1411.88,1416.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how tall we're going to count as tall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1418.1,1420.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by changing the rest of the sentence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1420.69,1422.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I say my two year old built","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1422.74,1424.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a really tall snowman yesterday,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1424.91,1427.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we think under what circumstances will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1427.58,1429.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we count that as true or false,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1429.42,1431.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and compare that with the DU fraternity brothers built","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1431.69,1435.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a really tall snowman last weekend,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1435.27,1437.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ask how tall we're going to require it to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1437.92,1440.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before we're willing to count that as true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1440.22,1443.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We realize it's very different in the two cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1443.02,1446.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's not because of the noun it combined with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1446.29,1448.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause it was the same noun in both cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1448.98,1451.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one other linguistic diagnostic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1451.93,1456.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for these differences is in the case of tall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1457.12,1461.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one will often say tall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1461.79,1463.495"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for what a two year old could do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1463.495,1466.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or tall for a snowman built by a two year old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1466.19,1469.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"versus with skillful, we don't say she's very skillful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1469.66,1472.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a violinist but not skillful for a surgeon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1472.377,1476.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We say skillful as a violinist but not as a surgeon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1476.02,1480.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the for a class where we're just saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1480.44,1483.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's some contextual set that we're comparing with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1483.53,1486.198"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those I believe we still wanna treat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1486.198,1488.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as ordinary extensional intersective adjectives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1488.79,1492.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we have to be on the lookout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1492.27,1493.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for these context dependent effects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1493.64,1496.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A note on compounds which I'm going to skip,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1497.94,1502.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I wanna say we're going to wanna restrict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1503.73,1506.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our attention to real cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1506.12,1507.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of modifier head combinations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1507.87,1510.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not take compounds as things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1510.52,1515.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that such a theory should account for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1515.57,1518.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the summary of this part is just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1518.41,1520.072"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that apparent counterexamples to one or another theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1520.072,1525.072"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how we combine simple concepts to get the interpretations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1525.31,1529.259"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of compound ones, apparent counterexamples may be evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1529.259,1533.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not against the theory in question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1533.42,1535.209"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but against the inclusion of certain modifiers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1535.209,1538.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among the intersective adjectives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1538.387,1542.171"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some apparent counterexamples may be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1542.171,1544.486"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just examples that don't belong in the domain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1544.486,1549.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that theory in the first place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1549.02,1551.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the case of prototype theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1551.02,1552.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the domain should just be the combination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1552.8,1555.282"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of simple concepts whose basic semantics is intersection,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1555.282,1560.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll have enough problems within that simple class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1560.26,1563.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the Oshelson and Smith challenge is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1563.89,1567.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they argue that compositionality requirements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1567.023,1570.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pose problems for prototype theory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1570.49,1573.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of their arguments can be answered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1573.41,1575.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as soon as one abandons the use of fuzzy set theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1575.12,1578.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'll say a word about in a minute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1578.75,1580.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a way of dealing with combinations of vague concepts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1580.95,1584.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But others of their challenges cannot be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1584.94,1586.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dealt with so simply and raise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1586.83,1588.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very interesting theoretical and empirical questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1588.41,1592.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So how does a concept determine what things fall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1592.18,1595.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under it and what things do not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1595.11,1597.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, according to Oshelson and Smith,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1597.37,1599.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prototype theory in its basic form construes membership","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1599.49,1603.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a concept's extension as graded determined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1603.54,1606.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by similarity to the concept's best exemplar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1606.97,1610.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the thing we're calling the prototype.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1610.0,1611.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is not their theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1613.583,1615.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is their representation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1615.44,1616.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the theory that they are then criticizing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1616.87,1619.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's at least a general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1619.11,1622.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simple representation of the theory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1622.02,1624.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And while prototype theory is not presumed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1624.89,1626.345"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by anyone to apply to all concepts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1626.345,1629.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oshelson and Smith assume as do we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1629.96,1632.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if it applies to simple concepts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1632.148,1634.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like for instance, striped and apple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1634.85,1637.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it should apply to compound concepts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1637.3,1639.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like striped apple as well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1639.25,1640.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's where the challenge begins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1640.92,1643.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they say suppose a concept is given","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1643.88,1646.009"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a complex, consisting of a prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1646.009,1648.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a function measuring the extent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1648.863,1651.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to which a given object differs from that prototype.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1651.7,1654.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So apple is characterized by a pair","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1654.87,1657.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P sub A meaning of the prototype of apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1657.56,1660.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and D sub A representing the distance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1660.89,1663.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of various potential apples from that prototype.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1663.22,1666.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Striped similarly by a 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prototype.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1671.971,1676.971"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A suitable compositional procedure should then derive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1680.51,1683.161"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from these an appropriate pair P sub S A,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1683.161,1688.161"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a prototypical striped apple, D sub S A distanced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1688.233,1690.562"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the prototypical striped apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1690.562,1693.234"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characterizing the combination striped apple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1693.234,1697.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Oshelson and Smith argued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1697.53,1699.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there's no general procedure that will produce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1699.22,1701.654"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intuitively correct results for arbitrary combinations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1701.654,1705.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now more precisely they represent concepts as quadruples.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1707.25,1711.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to try not to get bogged down in technical parts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1711.55,1715.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I know this is a very mixed audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1715.49,1717.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have these things here for those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1717.84,1719.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are interested in them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1719.6,1721.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'll try to say in words","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1721.27,1722.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's going on in these cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1722.99,1726.168"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the ingredients needed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1726.168,1728.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the quadruple include something like a conceptual domain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1728.42,1731.349"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for relevant potential examples of the concept in question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1731.349,1736.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a distance measure reflecting relative similarity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1736.227,1740.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among these examples, the prototype,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1740.113,1743.156"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this little C as a graded membership function","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1743.156,1747.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or characteristic function which will assign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1747.576,1750.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to any object in this potential domain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1750.82,1752.896"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a number somewhere between zero and one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1752.896,1756.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where one means it's a perfectly good example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1756.26,1758.519"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of whatever the concept is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1758.519,1761.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zero means it's absolutely not an example of that thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1761.07,1765.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the numbers in between represent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1765.47,1767.191"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this graded rather than all or none notion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1767.191,1771.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of is it or is it not a such and such?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1771.3,1774.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now one assumption that Oshelson and Smith make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1775.98,1780.291"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in absence of other hypotheses available to them is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1780.291,1784.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the best available mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1784.863,1787.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for combining such a vague concept is fuzzy logic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1787.13,1792.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this was the first thing we wanted to challenge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1792.24,1794.784"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the original inspiration for writing this paper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1794.784,1798.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though once we got past that part,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1798.52,1800.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we found lots of other hard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1800.55,1802.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and interesting questions remained.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1802.02,1805.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let me illustrate the fuzzy logic problem with...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1805.04,1808.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know this will turn away a few people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1808.5,1811.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I like this stuff,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1811.12,1812.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I'm gonna do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1812.95,1815.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With the case of apple, which is not an apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1816.63,1819.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we think should come out as a contradictory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1819.96,1822.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We and Oshelshan and Smith think should come out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1822.97,1825.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a contradictory concept,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1825.73,1827.339"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but which fuzzy logic makes come out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1827.339,1829.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a noncontradictory concept.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1829.67,1833.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the way in the briefest possible terms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1833.24,1836.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the way fuzzy logic works, if something is 0.5 apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1836.7,1841.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he's on the borderline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1841.24,1842.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between whether you would call it an apple or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1842.42,1844.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe it's a one of those Oriental pears crossed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1844.62,1847.696"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with an apple that would get very close to a borderline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1847.696,1851.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If something counts as a 0.5 apple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1852.84,1855.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's also going to count as a 0.5 non-apple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1855.52,1859.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore it's going to count as a 0.5 apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1859.3,1862.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is not an apple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1862.46,1864.541"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas we think nothing should count as an apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1864.541,1868.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is not an apple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1868.62,1870.614"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's also gonna count","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1870.614,1872.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as 0.5 either is or is not an apple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1872.52,1875.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas we think that should come out true,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1875.31,1878.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something either is or is not an apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1878.01,1879.868"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whichever way you decide it should count as an apple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1879.868,1884.868"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this particular problem can be easily solved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1887.72,1890.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by replacing fuzzy logic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1890.85,1891.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a more suitable theory of vagueness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1891.983,1895.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Other problems that are harder will remain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1895.61,1898.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think I won't run through the details","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1900.13,1905.009"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the demonstration of the inadequacies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1905.009,1908.352"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fuzzy set theory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1908.352,1910.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The main point that emerges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1911.34,1913.682"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's at the basis, at the heart of all these critiques","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1913.682,1917.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of it is that fuzzy set theory starts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1917.05,1919.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by trying to assign these numbers that correspond","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1919.69,1922.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to degrees of truth of the proposition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1922.14,1926.622"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is this an apple, is this not an apple?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1926.622,1929.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then tries to define all the corresponding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1929.67,1931.942"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"logical operations like negation, conjunction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1931.942,1936.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disjunction as operations on these numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1936.2,1939.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one can demonstrate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1939.703,1940.974"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you just haven't given yourself enough information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1940.974,1945.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you reduce it all to numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1945.12,1946.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and try to just operate on the numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1946.71,1948.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You need to give yourself something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1948.95,1950.149"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's more like a probability space","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1950.149,1952.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you have things that are more like sets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1952.887,1955.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can look at set intersection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1955.13,1956.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and have measures on the intersection of the sets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1956.93,1961.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the more adequate theory that we talk about is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1963.18,1967.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something called super valuation theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1967.6,1969.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I also don't wanna try to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1969.66,1971.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the technical details of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1971.16,1973.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it starts from the basic notion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1973.583,1976.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you start out with a certain vague concept.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1976.63,1980.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you have are some clear yeses, some clear nos","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1980.91,1984.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the question of say, is this furniture or whatever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1984.92,1988.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you have a large range of cases in between","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1988.57,1991.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there's not a definite answer once and for all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1991.71,1995.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then you consider all the possible ways of filling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1995.94,1999.544"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the unclear area, all the consistent ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=1999.544,2004.544"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of dividing your whole universe into yeses and nos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2004.651,2009.651"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then you examine the truth values","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2010.45,2012.759"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the various complex sentences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2012.759,2015.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you've put together to see what happens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2015.02,2017.456"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to those sentences if you fill in the vagueness gap","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2017.456,2022.456"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all the possible consistent ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2022.54,2025.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if it turns out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2025.27,2026.298"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the sentence in question comes out true,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2026.298,2029.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no matter how you fill in the vague area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2029.81,2034.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you should count that sentence as definitely true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2034.49,2037.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If it comes out false","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2037.76,2039.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no matter how you fill in the vague area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2039.03,2041.131"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you should count it as definitely false.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2041.131,2044.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If it comes out true in some ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2044.16,2046.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of filling it in and false in others,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2046.02,2047.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it stays as a sentence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2047.96,2049.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that doesn't have a definite truth value.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2049.98,2052.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's quite different from first picking a number like 0.5","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2052.65,2056.734"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then trying to do everything on those simple numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2056.734,2060.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this theory is definitely more complex","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2060.3,2062.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but correspondingly richer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2062.64,2064.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I've given an example on page five,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2066.57,2071.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've given actually a couple of examples on page five.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2071.17,2073.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I won't go through the details,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2073.76,2075.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but if you wanna ask me about any of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2075.82,2077.702"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the question period I'd be glad to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2077.702,2081.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me just mention some of the results","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2081.1,2083.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of comparison that are at the top of page six.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2083.72,2088.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these are cases where fuzzy set theory can't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2090.1,2094.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell these cases apart,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2094.7,2097.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I've constructed an example on page five","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2097.58,2102.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we suppose that the line between boy and man is vague.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2103.36,2108.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we suppose that the line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2108.25,2109.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between child and adult is vague,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2109.55,2112.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that we don't necessarily draw the two lines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2112.78,2115.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in exactly the same place,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2115.449,2117.788"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we do suppose that nothing can count simultaneously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2117.788,2122.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being a boy and being a man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2122.653,2125.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that if you say yes to counting this as boy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2125.57,2129.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some particular filling in of the vagueness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2129.93,2132.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're going to simultaneously say no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2132.01,2133.671"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to counting it as a man and similarly for child and adult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2133.671,2138.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then with that and with certain constraints","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2139.371,2144.354"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on what we think the linkages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2144.354,2146.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between these different concepts should be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2146.42,2150.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it can come out that if Bob is a child,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2150.02,2152.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then Bob is a boy will come out true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2152.9,2154.544"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it will be true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2154.544,2156.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all the different ways of filling out the vagueness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2156.21,2159.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if Bob is a child then Bob is a man will come out false,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2159.69,2163.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although given the particular data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2164.29,2167.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've constructed this example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2169.275,2171.108"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob is real borderline case given the choices there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2171.108,2176.108"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fuzzy logic would find it impossible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2177.03,2179.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to assign different truth values to those two sentences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2179.493,2182.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because numerically Bob is exactly on the borderline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2182.63,2185.399"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of both of those, equally on the borderline of boy and man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2185.399,2190.399"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or similarly if Bob is a boy then Bob is an adult,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2191.71,2195.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will come out indeterminant on the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2195.13,2197.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this example is set up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2197.007,2198.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if Bob is a man then Bob is an adult,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2198.48,2200.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will come out true in this case, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2200.81,2203.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, even the pair E and F cannot be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2205.55,2209.366"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distinguished by fuzzy logic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2209.366,2211.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So E is if Bob is a boy then Bob is a man,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2211.52,2214.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that should come out false.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2214.66,2216.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But for this guy who is 0.5 on the borderline,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2216.15,2219.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then fuzzy logic won't make that one come out false.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2219.76,2222.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If Bob is a man then Bob is a man,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2222.93,2224.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that should come out true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2224.8,2225.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But by the fuzzy logic manipulation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2225.9,2228.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that'll come out identical to the preceding sentence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2228.66,2231.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2231.63,2233.176"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you can ask me about details if you want,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2233.176,2235.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we have knocked down arguments against fuzzy logic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2235.99,2239.348"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For those interested in fuzzy logic related things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2239.348,2242.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should say that name fuzzy logic has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2242.91,2245.612"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by now been applied to a really wide range of theories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2245.612,2249.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so this is a critique of classical fuzzy logic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2249.66,2254.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and doesn't necessarily apply to all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2254.18,2256.419"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the more modern things that go by that name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2256.419,2259.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I must also come back,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2260.6,2262.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before going on to the last couple bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2262.16,2266.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To this question of contradictions and tautologies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2267.87,2270.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I said earlier that for 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2288.95,2293.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a virtue of their theories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2294.7,2297.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, whereas most of the classical logisticians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2297.01,2301.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and semanticists are saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2301.33,2302.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob is a man and not a man should come out as false","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2302.777,2306.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on any literal interpretation of the sentence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2306.21,2309.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now here's a debate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2309.39,2311.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and clearly there are intuitions both ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2311.1,2313.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that we use sentences like 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properties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2324.83,2328.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of sentences and their actual uses?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2328.37,2330.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a real challenge for anybody to sort 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true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2340.087,2343.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the super valuation approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2343.88,2346.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If color terms apply to apples at 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red,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2351.51,2352.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the color terms apply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2352.75,2354.139"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then something that is either red or not red 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terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2360.52,2365.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And fuzzy logic says, oh, but that's a terrible result,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2365.42,2368.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we won't get that result.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2368.37,2370.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, on our analysis, sentences like 29 and 30 are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2370.13,2375.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"literally contradictions and tautologies respectively,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2375.302,2380.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in actual use they get reconstrued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2380.67,2383.938"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to principles that we think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2383.938,2386.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can begin to articulate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2386.17,2387.568"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so as to impose some noncontradictory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2387.568,2392.568"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or nontautologous interpretation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2392.6,2395.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's been our 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29,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2406.53,2407.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is an X and is not an X.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2407.98,2410.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And suppose you get much more specific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2410.33,2412.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the respects in which you're judging these predicates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2412.78,2416.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and turn 29 into 31.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2416.873,2419.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bob is a man with respect to age and gender","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2419.56,2423.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not a man with respect to age and 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kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2449.32,2450.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of relevant criteria he isn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2450.7,2453.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As he's a man in some respects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2453.24,2454.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not a man in other respects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2454.497,2456.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that suggests we normally reconstrue things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2457.58,2461.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like 29 as in 32, Bob is a man in such and such respect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2461.27,2466.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not a man in such and such other respects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2467.094,2470.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that sentence is clearly not contradictory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2470.63,2473.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if what we do with sentences like 29 is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2473.97,2477.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reconstrue them as 32,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2477.96,2480.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to find something that the speaker was saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2480.25,2485.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that wasn't a flat out contradiction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2485.04,2487.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would account for the fact that such sentences are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2487.5,2490.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usable without suggesting that we wanna mess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2490.44,2493.201"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the laws of logic at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2493.201,2496.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that X is in A and not in A, that's a contradiction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2496.24,2500.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you hear sentences that sound that way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2500.77,2502.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can find some other construal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2502.8,2506.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to put on them like A in some respects not A in others,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2506.14,2509.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you can get to an interpretation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2509.88,2512.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's not a contradiction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2512.13,2514.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we believe that, in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2514.0,2519.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's the very contradictoriness of the literal meaning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2519.24,2522.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that drives us to find some other reconstrual.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2522.46,2527.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, what we actually do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2527.611,2529.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in understanding such sentences can be used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2529.47,2531.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as an argument for classical logic as it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2531.95,2536.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's another case, similar point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2536.08,2539.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in a different direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2539.477,2542.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Consider some object that's on the borderline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2542.3,2545.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between being an animal and being a vegetable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2545.38,2547.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least for those of us who are not professionals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2547.78,2550.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we say first encounter a sea anemone or something,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2550.39,2554.232"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't know what it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2554.232,2556.692"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's somewhere on the borderline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2556.692,2560.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between animal or vegetable, you don't know which,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2560.48,2563.119"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and consider the sentence this is animal or vegetable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2563.119,2567.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the thing is on the borderline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2568.82,2570.204"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between animal and vegetable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2570.204,2572.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we're inclined to say that that sentence is true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2572.33,2575.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we may not know which,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2575.89,2576.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we know it's animal or a vegetable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2576.97,2580.131"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By fuzzy logic, if the thing was 0.5 animal, 0.5 vegetable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2580.131,2585.131"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as uncertain, it would come out 0.5 animal or vegetable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2585.8,2589.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not a welcome result.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2589.72,2592.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas on the super valuation theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2592.01,2593.874"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it will come out true because no matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2593.874,2597.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you draw the line between animals or vegetables","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2597.07,2600.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether to include or exclude this unclear case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2600.14,2603.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it will come out in one set or the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2603.537,2606.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that will account for the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2606.043,2608.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it comes out true in all the consistent completions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2608.04,2611.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the original partial model.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2611.76,2614.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, now striped apples.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2614.98,2618.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so that's sort of the end of the parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2618.45,2620.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that can be taken care of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2620.45,2621.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just by getting rid of fuzzy logic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2621.95,2625.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"replacing it by this more adequate, super valuation theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2625.01,2629.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then lots of other interesting problems still remain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2629.64,2633.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The striped apple problem is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2633.86,2636.125"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another problem raised by Oshelson and Smith,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2636.125,2639.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's the problem that an object","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2639.47,2641.896"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may seem close but subjects will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2641.896,2646.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"judge as close to a prototypical striped apple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2646.33,2650.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are all just pictures of things they're judging","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2650.04,2652.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these experiments, they aren't real apples.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2652.4,2655.884"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The pictures have things that look kind of weird to me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2655.884,2659.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're sort of apple-like things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2659.51,2661.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with zebra-like stripes, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2661.08,2662.985"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is very far from my notion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2662.985,2665.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a prototypical striped apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2665.36,2667.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that just has little shadings of red and green near the top.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2667.73,2670.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But anyway, what comes out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2670.53,2672.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"however you construe these things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2672.98,2674.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's lots of examples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2674.7,2675.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that seem to come out like this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2675.576,2677.701"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an object that's judged close to prototypical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2677.701,2681.605"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a striped apple often comes out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2681.605,2686.095"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on subjects' judgements to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2686.095,2689.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a higher value on striped apple judgments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2689.45,2693.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than it does on either the judgments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2693.7,2696.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how good an instance of striped things it is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2696.09,2699.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or how good an instance of apple it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2699.27,2703.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a result","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2703.06,2704.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that neither fuzzy logic nor super valuation theory would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2704.25,2708.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"predict, that something could be a better example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2708.52,2710.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a striped apple than it is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2710.91,2712.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either of striped or apple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2712.85,2716.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what happens here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2716.87,2718.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, this is where the midget giants come in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2718.56,2721.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is where we suggest a diagnosis of the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2721.38,2724.594"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the effect that linguistic structure has effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2724.594,2729.594"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on contextual recalibrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2729.603,2734.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the ranges of vague concepts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2734.46,2737.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of where you draw cutoff lines for vague concepts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2737.08,2740.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's what I'm about to illustrate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2740.49,2742.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So stay on page six a minute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2742.69,2744.465"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look at the three sentences at the bottom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2744.465,2749.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sam is a giant and a midget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2749.02,2751.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sam is a giant midget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2752.24,2754.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sam is a midget giant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2754.47,2756.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we haven't done any systematic experiments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2756.61,2759.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's our impression from asking lots of our friends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2759.24,2762.481"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as ourselves that people will,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2762.481,2764.752"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in general, interpret those three sentences all differently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2764.752,2769.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That the common judgment for the first one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2769.0,2772.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sam is a giant and a midget, is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2772.5,2774.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one's contradictory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2774.95,2776.286"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless as in the earlier case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2776.286,2778.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you impose something about in different respects on the two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2778.92,2783.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the giant and midget seem to be given kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2784.62,2787.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of parallel status, whereas in Sam is a giant midget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2787.03,2790.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we all agree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2790.9,2791.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's a real large midget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2791.733,2793.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's a midget, but very large for a midget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2793.49,2797.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas Sam is a midget giant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2797.9,2799.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's gotta be a giant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2799.42,2800.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but very small among his community of giants, okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2800.253,2804.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the dynamics of what's going on here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2807.79,2810.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, examples like these and others lead us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2811.75,2815.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to hypothesize that there are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2815.63,2819.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a number of very general effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2819.25,2821.216"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that affect the interpretation of vague lexical items","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2821.216,2826.216"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in particular linguistic constructions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2829.351,2833.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one, well, we have just three here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2833.26,2835.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, two of them sort of specific,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2835.64,2836.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other one really very general.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2836.847,2838.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The parallel structure effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2839.95,2841.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whenever you put things in a conjoined structure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2841.86,2844.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are in effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=2844.73,2846.017"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27868/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/868/original/AV204044_Pet_Fish_and_Midgit_Giants_a.vtt?1622557242","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/868/original/AV204044_Pet_Fish_and_Midgit_Giants_a.vtt?1622557242"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27869","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204044_Pet_Fish_and_Midgit_Giants_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028/transcript/27869/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Roberta] Can you all hear me in the back? No? Hmm, I'll try again. I'm Roberta Abraham, and I'm Chair of the Interdisciplinary Linguistics program here at Iowa state. Am I all right now? Yeah. Okay. And I'd like to welcome all of you to the 1991-92, Quentin Johnson Linguistics Lecture. Before I introduce tonight's speaker I'd like to tell you why this is the Quentin Johnson Linguistic Lecture. Quentin Johnson was a professor in the English department for many years. And in addition to teaching the literature and composition courses there he began to introduce linguistics courses to the curriculum. And as he found other people around campus interested in linguistics, he and they together formed the Interdisciplinary Linguistics Program. Quentin was a wonderful professor, a wonderful teacher, and a wonderful colleague, and when he died in 1986 those of us who knew and loved him, decided that we wanted to name the lecture series in his memory. So that's why it's named as it is. Our speaker this evening is Dr. Barbara Partee, who is head of the Department of Linguistics and distinguished university professor of linguistics and philosophy at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Barbara's research interests cluster around issues in and about semantics, including its foundations and its relation to syntax and to pragmatics, to logic and philosophy of language, and to cognitive and representational theories of language, and she's published many articles in books on these topics. Last summer, Carol Chapelle, who's another faculty member in the English Department, and I met Barbara at the Linguistics Society of America Summer Institute. Barbara held a professorship at the Institute and taught an advanced seminar on quantification and semantic typology. But she also gave a general lecture on work that she's doing, and Carol and I were so impressed with her ability to make complex issues understandable that we invited her to come to Iowa state to give our annual lecture. And we were delighted when she said she would do it. And after many email messages back and forth between Ames and Amherst to get things settled and a little cooperation from the weatherman, we have her here tonight. So it's my pleasure to introduce Barbara Partee who will speak on pet fish and midget giants, stereotypes, concepts, and the composition of meaning.\r\n\r\n- [Barbara] Thank you, Roberta. And it's very much my pleasure to be here tonight. The starting point for the things I wanna talk about tonight have to do with the way certain vague concepts enter into the meaning of sentences and larger expressions in language. In most work that's been done up until now it's been a common assumption, often just a simplifying assumption, that the concepts expressed by most of the simple words the nouns, adjectives, verbs of natural language are or can be idealized to be sharp yes or no concepts. This is true in linguistics, in the psychology of concept formation, and in logic. So that for instance, a simple color word like yellow is taken to express a concept whose extension can be thought to be the set of all yellow things and we think of that as a definite set. Something is or is not a member of the set of yellow things. And the question is X yellow has a definite yes or no answer. Standard set theory, which is used as the basis for most work in contemporary formal semantics models set membership as a sharp all or none, yes or no matter. Now, of course, we know that, in fact, lots of the simple words in ordinary language are not so sharp, their boundaries are vague. And one of the interesting developments of recent decades was the development by Eleanor Rosch and colleagues and subsequent workers of what she called prototype theory, a theory designed to address the observation that not all concepts really are sharp, and that for many concepts it may be more appropriate to model them not in terms of set membership in an all or none, in or out way, but in terms of resemblance to a prototype or resemblance to a clearest example which is a matter of degree not a matter of sharp yes or no. Examples that have been suggested in the literature on prototype theory include, for instance, furniture, where the question of whether a sofa is a piece of furniture everybody will agree is it has a yes answer. Are table lamps furniture? Well, you pause a minute, and you say probably yes. You get to table lamps or ironing boards and it's much less clear that they're furniture. Furniture, even chair itself, since the line between a chair and a stool may not be sharp. Tool, bird, fish, cup, fruit, various kinds of words. And evidence has come from a variety of converging experimental tests. So, for instance, one kind of experimental paradigm is to just ask people to list all the kinds of furniture they can think of and then see which items appear most frequently on such lists. Another kind of paradigm is to ask people are table lamps furniture and to measure their reaction time. How long it takes them to say yes, even if they do say yes as well as how many say yes and how many say no. Yet another paradigm is to ask people to write down all the properties of furniture they can think of. And then in a separate task ask them to write down properties of chairs, properties of tables, et cetera, and one observes that, for instance, sofas have more of the properties that people most often list as properties of furniture, and table lamps have some of the properties but not all of the properties that people typically list. And the fact that many different experimental paradigms tend to converge on the judgment that, for instance, sofa is a prototypical piece of furniture and a table lamp is a marginal member of the category of furniture, or that a robin is a very good example of a bird, and a penguin is a more questionable example of a bird, for instance. The results have been rather robust and have led to a great deal of very fruitful research. Now there still can be questions about what the relation is between this notion of prototypes and some concepts having best examples and graded degrees of better and worst examples. What the relation is between such a theory and the underlying semantics of our basic predicate words, words like bird, furniture, et cetera. Does it mean that the meanings of these words are to be modeled in terms of something like prototype theory? And Oshelson and Smith in an important article in 1981, raise doubts about prototype theory as a theory of concepts suitable for the underpinnings for semantics and theories of conceptual combination. Doubts which arise from the concern that an adequate theory of concepts should be able to account for compound concepts, how we put concepts together to form more complex concepts, and the mechanisms of conceptual combination, as well as giving insight into simple concepts. So our work and, oh, and I should mention, by the way as you may see on the handout, I should have stopped and said I hope everyone has access to a handout. If you don't have one yourself, I hope you're sitting near someone who has one because I will refer to the handout from time to time. And I'm sorry, I didn't bring enough but we underestimated the size of the audience. As you see at the top of the handout this is joint work that I'm talking about. So I'll take all the blame for this talk but the research represented here is joint with the colleague, Hans Kamp who is now at the University of Stuttgart. So when I say we, I mean, Hans and I. Our work takes off from the work of Oshelson and Smith. We agree with them on some of their concerns. On some of the concerns they raised we rediagnosed the problems. And then there are some new problems that we found in the course of trying to look at their concerns. So to give a preview of some of the sample problems that I'll be concerned with here tonight, one is how does the concept of pet fish relate to the concepts of pet and of fish? This is a case where it looks like prototype theory is not going to be very helpful in explaining the compound concept because a guppy or a goldfish might be close to prototypical pet fish, but that's very far from either a prototypical pet or a prototypical fish. And it's not clear how one could take any notion of a prototype of a pet and a prototype of a fish and put 'em together and get a compound concept from which you could predict that a guppy or a goldfish would be a prototypical pet fish. Now there's an observation, but you can still ask does that cast any doubt on prototype theory or does that suggest that this is a case where the prototype is not determinative of the meaning. Then that's one kind of issue. Another kind of problem is with expressions like apple which is not an apple. This we take to be a contradictory concept. I'll talk later about the fact that you might question whether it really is contradictory, but we'll take it to be a contradictory concept. But on some versions of prototype theory it will be predicted not to be. And that's one problem that Oshelson and Smith raised that we also discuss further. Another issue that arose out of our own extensions of this work is that giant midgets are not the same as midget giants, and we want to know why not and how we all know in what way midget giants and giant midgets are different. And another question is how do words like sharp, shift their understood ranges? That is, the understood sense of how sharp does something have to be to count as sharp? How do they shift in the different contexts like knives are sharp versus this knife is sharp? The interests of these questions is partly technical. This is partly a concern for how to do compositional semantics. I'll say a little about that, but I think the interest should also be more general. These kinds of questions may give us some insight into the versatility and adaptability of our cognitive mechanisms for interpreting vague expressions in changing contexts. And thinking about this kind of issue a bit can even help us appreciate how the existence of vague words and context dependent expressions in natural languages may be an advantage and not a disadvantage for a language which is meant to have an application to an unlimited range of subject matter. So let me begin with a little bit of background on the notion of compositionality because this issue of how we compose concepts to understand larger concepts is at the heart of these concerns. The principle of compositionality which many of us trace back to the philosopher Frege of the 19th century is this. The meaning of a complex expression is a function of the meanings of its parts and of their syntactic mode of combination. Now, on some level, we take this to be almost a truism that in some sense, the principle of compositionality must be correct to explain the fact that we're able to understand combinations of words and phrases that we've never heard before. But in order to make the principle specific and really something that you can empirically test and get your teeth into, it needs further specification of a number of crucial terms in it. So it requires specification of the nature of the meanings of the smallest parts, what we take these meanings that we're trying to combine to be. That's where you need a theory of lexical semantics. You need a specification of the relevant structure of parts and wholes for complex expressions. That means you need a theory of the semantically relevant level or levels of syntax, and you need a specification of the notion of what you mean is a function of when you say meaning of a whole is a function of the meanings of the parts. That means you need a theory of what kind of combinantorial semantic operations natural languages employ, and how the rules for combining meanings operate on lexical meanings and syntactic structure to produce the meaning of the whole. In short, a theory of semantics that's a large part of what semantics is concerned with. Now, let me illustrate this a little bit by talking about the semantics of adjective noun combinations. This is meant both to illustrate the kinds of investigations that people interested in compositional semantics go through, and it will also be important because most of the compound concepts that we'll talk about are adjective noun combinations or sometimes noun noun combinations. One of the earliest theories of the semantics of adjective noun combinations came from the work of Katz and Fodor in the early 1960s. They modeled most simple predicate words like adjectives and nouns as decomposed into bundles of some sorts of primitive semantic features. So bachelor would be decomposed into unmarried adult male, things of that sort. So an adjective was represented in terms of some set of features say F one, F two, F three. A noun was represented in terms of some set of features, say F four, F five, and F six. And the adjective noun combination was taken to be just the summation of those features. So the meaning of the adjective noun combination would be just F one, F two, F three, F four, F five, F six. Now this whole general approach was seen to be not terribly adequate because it didn't give us a clue of what to say about the meanings of other kinds of words like transitive verbs that have a subject and an object and can't just be thought of as an unstructured set of features or not to mention determiner words like every and each. But also it represented in one form the hypothesis that adjectives and nouns are just individual predicates and to put them together is basically just to conjoin them. Now, this hypothesis can also be expressed by calling it the intersection hypothesis as I have in 2.2.2 on the handout. That is a simple and appealing hypothesis about the compositional semantics of adjective noun combinations in terms of more contemporary semantic theoretical foundations is that both adjectives and nouns denote sets, and the combination is just set intersection or equivalently predicate conjunction. So an adjective like carnivorous is taken to denote the set of carnivorous entities. A noun like mammal is taken to denote the set of mammals. And then the combination carnivorous mammal just is taken to denote the things that are both carnivorous and mammals which is the intersection of those two sets. Now this turns out to be appropriate for some but not all adjectives, and adjectives for which this notion is appropriate are called intersective adjectives because they have this property that you can model their semantics five set intersection. And in fact, in all of the work to which prototype theory might be expected to apply, we can argue that its range should be limited to just the intersect of adjectives. So I'm gonna come back to prototype theory. I'll be limiting attention to this set of adjectives, adjectives where you can say the adjective denotes a property, the noun denotes a property, their combination is basically the conjunction of those properties. But we have to talk about some other adjectives because otherwise a lot of things that look like counterexamples to prototype theory may really be matters of trying to apply it to cases that are outside its appropriate range. So let's talk for a moment about some nonintersective adjectives. So, whereas carnivorous has the property represented as in three, that the meaning, and when I put these double lines I mean the meaning of the expression inside them, the meaning of carnivorous plus some noun is just the intersection of the meaning of carnivorous with the meaning of noun, but at least the extension is. That's not true for skillful. That's not true that the combination of skillful and noun just denotes the intersection of skillful things with whatever set the noun denotes. And we test for that with a little sample inference pattern as in five. Suppose Mary is a skillful surgeon and suppose further that Mary is a violinist. Does it follow that Mary is a skillful violinist? No, right, but if skillful was just denoting a set that was to be intersected with the corresponding noun set, then if she's a skillful surgeon, she's skillful, and if she's also a violinist, then she should be a skillful violinist. So this is evidence that skillful is not an intersective adjective. It is however what we call a subsective adjective because at least we can be sure that a skillful surgeon must be a surgeon. So at least it keeps you within the noun set, so to speak. Some adjectives are not even subsective. So look down in seven, former, alleged, and counterfeit. Not only is former not intersected, that is, it's not the case that a former senator is a former entity and a senator. But, in fact, the former senators are not even a subset of the senators, and similarly for alleged or counterfeit. So it seems that the most general treatment is that we must regard adjectives, in the most general case, as denoting functions from intentions or properties to intentions or properties. And this is something that's been developed by Richard Montague and others in the Montague grammar tradition. And I won't try to talk about that in any detail here, but the intersective or extensional adjectives are a large subclass but they're not the general case. That's the important thing I wanna emphasize here. And we should limit the testing of prototype theory to the case of intersective adjectives 'cause if we go beyond that class, we can be sure in advance that we'll get things that look like counterexamples to prototype theory and they may just be testing it on inappropriate cases. Now there's a further complication for even the simple intersective adjectives. And that's the phenomenon of context dependence which is really crucial as soon as we get into looking at vague terms. When you try that test for intersective adjectives that I gave in the case of Mary is a skillful violinist, et cetera, some adjectives which I believe are extensional but are vague and context dependent will appear to fail that test for reasons that I think we need to give a separate explanation for. So I have in mind, adjectives like tall and heavy and old and large and hot, et cetera. Try this, for instance. If we say John is a tall man. John is a basketball player. Does it follow that John is a tall basketball player? First inclination is no. Now, so is that just like skillful? Is tall just like skillful and being nonintersective? Well, I think the answer is no. And the difference between tall and skillful is that although tall picks out a class, I believe tall picks out a class of things that are tall, things that are not tall. What class that is varies with the context. And unlike the case of skillful, we can get those context dependent effects to show up even when we keep the same noun with them. So look at 13 A and B combining tall with the noun snowman. I can get two different contextual delimitations of how tall we're going to count as tall by changing the rest of the sentence. If I say my two year old built a really tall snowman yesterday, and we think under what circumstances will we count that as true or false, and compare that with the DU fraternity brothers built a really tall snowman last weekend, and ask how tall we're going to require it to be before we're willing to count that as true. We realize it's very different in the two cases, and it's not because of the noun it combined with 'cause it was the same noun in both cases. So one other linguistic diagnostic for these differences is in the case of tall one will often say tall for what a two year old could do or tall for a snowman built by a two year old versus with skillful, we don't say she's very skillful for a violinist but not skillful for a surgeon. We say skillful as a violinist but not as a surgeon. So the for a class where we're just saying there's some contextual set that we're comparing with, those I believe we still wanna treat as ordinary extensional intersective adjectives, but we have to be on the lookout for these context dependent effects. A note on compounds which I'm going to skip, but I wanna say we're going to wanna restrict our attention to real cases of modifier head combinations and not take compounds as things that such a theory should account for. Then the summary of this part is just that apparent counterexamples to one or another theory of how we combine simple concepts to get the interpretations of compound ones, apparent counterexamples may be evidence not against the theory in question, but against the inclusion of certain modifiers among the intersective adjectives. Some apparent counterexamples may be just examples that don't belong in the domain of that theory in the first place. In the case of prototype theory, the domain should just be the combination of simple concepts whose basic semantics is intersection, and we'll have enough problems within that simple class. Now the Oshelson and Smith challenge is they argue that compositionality requirements pose problems for prototype theory. Some of their arguments can be answered as soon as one abandons the use of fuzzy set theory which I'll say a word about in a minute as a way of dealing with combinations of vague concepts. But others of their challenges cannot be dealt with so simply and raise very interesting theoretical and empirical questions. So how does a concept determine what things fall under it and what things do not? Well, according to Oshelson and Smith, prototype theory in its basic form construes membership in a concept's extension as graded determined by similarity to the concept's best exemplar, the thing we're calling the prototype. Now this is not their theory, this is their representation of the theory that they are then criticizing, but it's at least a general simple representation of the theory. And while prototype theory is not presumed by anyone to apply to all concepts, Oshelson and Smith assume as do we that if it applies to simple concepts, like for instance, striped and apple, it should apply to compound concepts like striped apple as well, that's where the challenge begins. So they say suppose a concept is given as a complex, consisting of a prototype and a function measuring the extent to which a given object differs from that prototype. So apple is characterized by a pair P sub A meaning of the prototype of apple and D sub A representing the distance of various potential apples from that prototype. Striped similarly by a pair, P sub S, prototypical striped things, and D sub S, a distance more or less from that prototype. A suitable compositional procedure should then derive from these an appropriate pair P sub S A, a prototypical striped apple, D sub S A distanced from the prototypical striped apple characterizing the combination striped apple. And Oshelson and Smith argued that there's no general procedure that will produce intuitively correct results for arbitrary combinations. Now more precisely they represent concepts as quadruples. I'm going to try not to get bogged down in technical parts. So I know this is a very mixed audience. I have these things here for those that are interested in them, but I'll try to say in words what's going on in these cases. But the ingredients needed in the quadruple include something like a conceptual domain for relevant potential examples of the concept in question, a distance measure reflecting relative similarity among these examples, the prototype, and this little C as a graded membership function or characteristic function which will assign to any object in this potential domain a number somewhere between zero and one where one means it's a perfectly good example of whatever the concept is. Zero means it's absolutely not an example of that thing. And the numbers in between represent this graded rather than all or none notion of is it or is it not a such and such? Now one assumption that Oshelson and Smith make in absence of other hypotheses available to them is that the best available mechanism for combining such a vague concept is fuzzy logic. And this was the first thing we wanted to challenge and the original inspiration for writing this paper though once we got past that part, we found lots of other hard and interesting questions remained. So let me illustrate the fuzzy logic problem with... I know this will turn away a few people, but I like this stuff, so I'm gonna do it. With the case of apple, which is not an apple which we think should come out as a contradictory. We and Oshelshan and Smith think should come out as a contradictory concept, but which fuzzy logic makes come out as a noncontradictory concept. So the way in the briefest possible terms, the way fuzzy logic works, if something is 0.5 apple and he's on the borderline between whether you would call it an apple or not, maybe it's a one of those Oriental pears crossed with an apple that would get very close to a borderline. If something counts as a 0.5 apple, it's also going to count as a 0.5 non-apple, and therefore it's going to count as a 0.5 apple which is not an apple. Whereas we think nothing should count as an apple which is not an apple. And it's also gonna count as 0.5 either is or is not an apple. Whereas we think that should come out true, something either is or is not an apple whichever way you decide it should count as an apple. So this particular problem can be easily solved by replacing fuzzy logic with a more suitable theory of vagueness. Other problems that are harder will remain. So I think I won't run through the details of the demonstration of the inadequacies of fuzzy set theory. The main point that emerges that's at the basis, at the heart of all these critiques of it is that fuzzy set theory starts by trying to assign these numbers that correspond to degrees of truth of the proposition is this an apple, is this not an apple? And then tries to define all the corresponding logical operations like negation, conjunction, disjunction as operations on these numbers. And one can demonstrate that you just haven't given yourself enough information if you reduce it all to numbers and try to just operate on the numbers. You need to give yourself something that's more like a probability space where you have things that are more like sets and you can look at set intersection and have measures on the intersection of the sets. So the more adequate theory that we talk about is something called super valuation theory which I also don't wanna try to go into the technical details of, but it starts from the basic notion that you start out with a certain vague concept. What you have are some clear yeses, some clear nos to the question of say, is this furniture or whatever. And you have a large range of cases in between where there's not a definite answer once and for all. And then you consider all the possible ways of filling in the unclear area, all the consistent ways of dividing your whole universe into yeses and nos. And then you examine the truth values of the various complex sentences that you've put together to see what happens to those sentences if you fill in the vagueness gap in all the possible consistent ways. And if it turns out that the sentence in question comes out true, no matter how you fill in the vague area, then you should count that sentence as definitely true. If it comes out false no matter how you fill in the vague area you should count it as definitely false. If it comes out true in some ways of filling it in and false in others, then it stays as a sentence that doesn't have a definite truth value. That's quite different from first picking a number like 0.5 and then trying to do everything on those simple numbers. So this theory is definitely more complex but correspondingly richer. So I've given an example on page five, I've given actually a couple of examples on page five. I won't go through the details, but if you wanna ask me about any of these in the question period I'd be glad to. Let me just mention some of the results of comparison that are at the top of page six. And these are cases where fuzzy set theory can't tell these cases apart, but I've constructed an example on page five where we suppose that the line between boy and man is vague. And we suppose that the line between child and adult is vague, and that we don't necessarily draw the two lines in exactly the same place, but we do suppose that nothing can count simultaneously as being a boy and being a man. So that if you say yes to counting this as boy in some particular filling in of the vagueness you're going to simultaneously say no to counting it as a man and similarly for child and adult. Then with that and with certain constraints on what we think the linkages between these different concepts should be, it can come out that if Bob is a child, then Bob is a boy will come out true because it will be true in all the different ways of filling out the vagueness. But if Bob is a child then Bob is a man will come out false, although given the particular data I've constructed this example, Bob is real borderline case given the choices there, fuzzy logic would find it impossible to assign different truth values to those two sentences because numerically Bob is exactly on the borderline of both of those, equally on the borderline of boy and man. Or similarly if Bob is a boy then Bob is an adult, that will come out indeterminant on the way this example is set up. But if Bob is a man then Bob is an adult, that will come out true in this case, et cetera. In fact, even the pair E and F cannot be distinguished by fuzzy logic. So E is if Bob is a boy then Bob is a man, that should come out false. But for this guy who is 0.5 on the borderline, then fuzzy logic won't make that one come out false. If Bob is a man then Bob is a man, that should come out true. But by the fuzzy logic manipulation, so that'll come out identical to the preceding sentence. So, okay. So you can ask me about details if you want, but we have knocked down arguments against fuzzy logic. For those interested in fuzzy logic related things I should say that name fuzzy logic has by now been applied to a really wide range of theories, so this is a critique of classical fuzzy logic and doesn't necessarily apply to all of the more modern things that go by that name. Now, I must also come back, before going on to the last couple bit. To this question of contradictions and tautologies because I said earlier that for instance, apple, which is not an apple should count as a contradictory concept. Well, actually some of the advocates of fuzzy logic have argued that the fact that sentences like Bob is a man and not a man may very well come out as 0.5 true on their approach is a virtue of their theories. You know, whereas most of the classical logisticians and semanticists are saying Bob is a man and not a man should come out as false on any literal interpretation of the sentence. Now here's a debate, and clearly there are intuitions both ways. We know that we use sentences like that to say things that are not contradictory, but should that count as part of the literal meaning or not? What's the best account of both the general logical properties of sentences and their actual uses? This is a real challenge for anybody to sort out. Or similarly, this apple is either red or not red. That's going to come out as true on the super valuation approach. If color terms apply to apples at all, if you're not trying to say electricity is either red or not red, if the color terms apply then something that is either red or not red are gonna come out true on the logical approach including the super valuation approach to vague terms. And fuzzy logic says, oh, but that's a terrible result, and we won't get that result. Well, on our analysis, sentences like 29 and 30 are literally contradictions and tautologies respectively, but in actual use they get reconstrued according to principles that we think we can begin to articulate so as to impose some noncontradictory or nontautologous interpretation. That's been our challenge, to see if we can have our cake and eat it too, so to speak, in that way. Well, suppose that you try to take a sentence of the form of 29, this is an X and is not an X. And suppose you get much more specific about the respects in which you're judging these predicates and turn 29 into 31. Bob is a man with respect to age and gender and not a man with respect to age and gender. Now we have something that's much harder to hear as anything other than a contradiction. That's, to our mind, one bit of evidence that in fact what we do when we hear sentences like Bob is a man and not a man is to suppose that our speaker means well, according to some other kinds of relevant criteria he is a man, according to some other kinds of relevant criteria he isn't. As he's a man in some respects and not a man in other respects. So that suggests we normally reconstrue things like 29 as in 32, Bob is a man in such and such respect and not a man in such and such other respects. Now that sentence is clearly not contradictory. So if what we do with sentences like 29 is reconstrue them as 32, in order to find something that the speaker was saying that wasn't a flat out contradiction, that would account for the fact that such sentences are usable without suggesting that we wanna mess with the laws of logic at all. So that X is in A and not in A, that's a contradiction. When you hear sentences that sound that way and you can find some other construal to put on them like A in some respects not A in others, then you can get to an interpretation that's not a contradiction. So we believe that, in fact, it's the very contradictoriness of the literal meaning that drives us to find some other reconstrual. In fact, what we actually do in understanding such sentences can be used as an argument for classical logic as it is. Here's another case, similar point but in a different direction. Consider some object that's on the borderline between being an animal and being a vegetable, at least for those of us who are not professionals when we say first encounter a sea anemone or something, don't know what it is. So it's somewhere on the borderline between animal or vegetable, you don't know which, and consider the sentence this is animal or vegetable. If the thing is on the borderline between animal and vegetable then we're inclined to say that that sentence is true as we may not know which, but we know it's animal or a vegetable. By fuzzy logic, if the thing was 0.5 animal, 0.5 vegetable as uncertain, it would come out 0.5 animal or vegetable. That's not a welcome result. Whereas on the super valuation theory, it will come out true because no matter where you draw the line between animals or vegetables whether to include or exclude this unclear case, it will come out in one set or the other and that will account for the fact that it comes out true in all the consistent completions of the original partial model. Okay, now striped apples. Okay, so that's sort of the end of the parts that that can be taken care of just by getting rid of fuzzy logic, replacing it by this more adequate, super valuation theory, but then lots of other interesting problems still remain. The striped apple problem is another problem raised by Oshelson and Smith, and it's the problem that an object that may seem close but subjects will judge as close to a prototypical striped apple, and these are all just pictures of things they're judging in these experiments, they aren't real apples. The pictures have things that look kind of weird to me, they're sort of apple-like things with zebra-like stripes, you know, which is very far from my notion of a prototypical striped apple that just has little shadings of red and green near the top. But anyway, what comes out, however you construe these things, and there's lots of examples that seem to come out like this is an object that's judged close to prototypical as a striped apple often comes out on subjects' judgements to have a higher value on striped apple judgments than it does on either the judgments of how good an instance of striped things it is or how good an instance of apple it is. And this is a result that neither fuzzy logic nor super valuation theory would predict, that something could be a better example of a striped apple than it is either of striped or apple. So what happens here? Well, this is where the midget giants come in. This is where we suggest a diagnosis of the problem to the effect that linguistic structure has effects on contextual recalibrations of the ranges of vague concepts, of where you draw cutoff lines for vague concepts, and that's what I'm about to illustrate. So stay on page six a minute, and look at the three sentences at the bottom. Sam is a giant and a midget. Sam is a giant midget. Sam is a midget giant. Now we haven't done any systematic experiments, but it's our impression from asking lots of our friends as well as ourselves that people will, in general, interpret those three sentences all differently. That the common judgment for the first one, Sam is a giant and a midget, is that that one's contradictory unless as in the earlier case, you impose something about in different respects on the two. So the giant and midget seem to be given kind of parallel status, whereas in Sam is a giant midget. I think we all agree, he's a real large midget. He's a midget, but very large for a midget. Whereas Sam is a midget giant. He's gotta be a giant, but very small among his community of giants, okay. Now the dynamics of what's going on here. Well, examples like these and others lead us to hypothesize that there are a number of very general effects that affect the interpretation of vague lexical items in particular linguistic constructions. So one, well, we have just three here. Well, two of them sort of specific, the other one really very general. The parallel structure effect. Whenever you put things in a conjoined structure, you are in effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116028#t=0.0,2850.576"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Back to that context that will not also count","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=5.26,8.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a midget with respect to that same context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=8.07,11.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So when calibrated against a common context,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=11.55,16.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those two sets tend to be disjointed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=16.08,18.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing can be in both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=18.06,19.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the principle that affects the other two cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=20.6,23.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is what we've called here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=24.69,25.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the head Primacy Principle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=25.53,28.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a structure that has a head and a restrictive modifier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=28.327,32.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as most of these adjective noun constructions are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=32.6,36.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it seems that we first interpret the head","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=36.94,40.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the larger context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=40.52,43.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then we interpret the adjective or the modifier relative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=43.09,48.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the head as relative to the context augmented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=48.35,52.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by already having interpreted the head in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=52.77,56.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the modifier is interpreted relative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=57.57,59.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the local context created","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=59.7,62.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by interpreting the head in the first context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=62.43,65.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the midget giant case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=65.54,67.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are various different contexts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=67.89,69.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which you might've interpreted giant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=69.54,71.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We might be talking about fairytale contexts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=71.19,74.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or we might just be talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=74.57,75.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about basketball players or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=75.58,78.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You may have some context in which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=78.36,79.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've decided what's gonna count as giants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=79.903,83.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We get that set up first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=83.47,85.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then within that context, we figured","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=85.55,88.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out what we're going to count as midgets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=88.46,91.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that midget giant versus giant midget","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=91.03,93.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to do with which noun was the head noun","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=93.57,95.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the one that dominates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=95.96,97.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the other one will be reinterpreted in that context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=97.55,102.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what drives the re-interpretation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=102.49,105.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, in part, we think it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=105.24,107.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very general Non-Vacuity Principle that is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=107.06,111.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any given context, try to interpret any predicate so that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=111.18,116.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both its positive and its negative extension or non empty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=116.44,120.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as in a given context, if you're trying to interpret","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=120.19,122.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say sharp relative to a given context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=122.61,125.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you should interpret sharp","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=125.92,127.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in such a way that some things will count as sharp","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=127.12,129.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some things will not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=129.837,131.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If everything counts as sharp,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=131.93,133.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not gonna be useful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=133.36,134.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a useful use of the term.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=135.848,136.681"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If nothing counts as sharp, it's not going to be useful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=136.681,139.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's Non-Vacuity Principle says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=139.51,141.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you're calibrating a vague term in a given context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=141.95,145.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to do it so that there will be some things that are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=145.75,148.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some things that are not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=148.207,150.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that also affects this midget giant case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=150.44,153.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you've decided what giants are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=153.65,156.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you might just say, well then in that context,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=156.1,158.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing is a midget","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=158.35,159.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the Non-Vacuity Principle says recalibrate midget","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=159.9,163.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the, some of the giants will count as midgets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=163.43,165.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some won't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=165.82,167.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that then you will let it apply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=167.17,168.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to whatever are the very smallest giants in that context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=168.76,173.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=175.61,176.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the midget giant and giant midget cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=177.65,180.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had to stretch the positive extension","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=180.36,183.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the modifier to satisfy the Non-Vacuity Principle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=183.31,188.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to stretch the notion of midget to get there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=188.097,191.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be some midget giants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=191.98,193.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there are other cases such as in 36","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=194.65,197.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the same principle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=197.81,199.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same Non-Vacuity Principle leads us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=199.14,201.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to shrink the positive extension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=201.85,204.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So as to have some negative cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=204.71,206.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as some positive ones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=206.9,209.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this case it leads us to shrink","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=209.06,211.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the positive extension of the modifier sharp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=211.37,215.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since otherwise the truth of 37 knives are sharp","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=215.2,219.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would make the modifier in 36,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=220.1,222.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a sharp knife, completely redundant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=222.3,225.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So once you've decided knives are sharp,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=225.7,227.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then why would you ever say sharp knife?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=227.81,230.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They all are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=230.25,231.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you see, when we do say sharp knife,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=231.62,233.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we mean sharp among knives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=233.63,236.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we make a much more stringent qualification","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=236.61,241.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what's going to count","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=242.68,243.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a positive instance of sharp in that context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=243.71,247.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so I'm putting some of these things together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=248.12,251.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's just look a little bit at some of the varieties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=251.6,255.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of concepts and conceptual combination that we,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=255.38,260.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oh wait let me back up the end of that previous section.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=260.48,265.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These principles that I've just talked about, put together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=265.55,268.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can explain the Stripe at Apple case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=268.29,270.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a puzzle I started that session with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=270.55,274.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As Stripe it Apple is playing conjunction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=274.13,277.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is just the conjunction of the two concepts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=277.29,279.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and can be done by the principles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=279.68,282.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of super valuation theory that I had mentioned before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=282.07,285.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But first you recalibrate Stripe it in the context of Apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=285.94,290.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's how it can then come about that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=290.92,293.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some objects will judge to be better instances","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=293.01,295.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Stripe at Apple.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=295.96,297.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then they were of Stripe it where that was all alone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=297.72,300.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the context and Apple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=300.75,302.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when that was all alone in the context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=302.17,305.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=305.13,306.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Varieties of concepts and conceptual combination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=306.04,309.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, there's first of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=309.26,311.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, this isn't just summary for some of these things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=311.79,313.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't said explicitly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=313.62,315.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are cases where, when we look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=315.72,318.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at what the best we can do with these kinds of principles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=318.26,322.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have to conclude that in some cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=322.11,325.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaning is not to be regarded as closeness to prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=325.54,330.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if the concept does have a clear prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=330.09,333.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this such cases include male nurse, pet fish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=333.8,338.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Texan grandmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=338.63,341.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We consider your prototype for grandmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=341.16,343.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're all raised with certain prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=345.46,347.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the notion of grandmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=347.2,348.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Consider your prototype for the notion of a Texan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=348.74,351.942"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know what it's like in Iowa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=351.942,353.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I know what it's like in Massachusetts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=353.21,356.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and those prototypes just don't go together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=356.43,359.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Narrator chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=359.143,360.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the prototypical Texan is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=360.06,362.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tall male and is wearing cowboy boots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=362.14,365.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the prototypical grandmothers has white hair","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=365.18,369.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is sitting in a rocking chair and knitting something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=369.51,371.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, we know this has little to do with the truth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=371.87,374.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we're talking about prototypes here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=374.16,376.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, does that mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=377.13,379.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there shouldn't really be any Texan grandmothers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=380.21,383.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No, it means in those cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=383.36,386.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the prototype for grandmother really has nothing to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=386.66,389.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with whether someone is a grandmother or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=389.78,392.187"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She can still be running","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=392.187,393.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the Olympic running squad and be a grandmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=393.3,397.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the fact that she doesn't fit the prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=397.37,400.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has nothing to do with what is, or is not a grandmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=400.07,404.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And similarly, whether somebody does","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=404.46,406.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or doesn't wear cowboy boots has nothing to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=406.36,408.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with whether he really is, or is not a Texan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=408.35,411.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the meaning combination of Texan grandmother,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=411.55,415.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not to be derived from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=416.42,418.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the prototypes because in those,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=419.62,421.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for those concepts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=421.16,422.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prototypes are not determining extension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=422.73,425.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And similarly, for pet fish whether something is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=425.58,428.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or is not a pet is not a matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=428.68,431.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of its resemblance to the prototypical pet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=431.34,434.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think similarly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=435.94,437.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for most natural kind words like bird and fish,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=437.15,440.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"despite the fact that Rosch","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=440.99,443.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and others have gotten all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=443.63,445.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the prototypicality judgments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=445.13,448.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come out clearly for saying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=448.28,450.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a Robin is a prototypical bird and the penguin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=450.27,454.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is very nearly not a bird","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=454.56,457.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may be find your judgments of prototypicality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=457.09,459.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it doesn't really seem to be determinative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=459.83,462.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the semantics of a concept-like bird.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=462.97,467.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, in those cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=469.22,471.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaning can be determined compositionally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=471.0,473.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using standard techniques, but the prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=473.39,475.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a compound concept is not any systematic function","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=475.63,479.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the prototypes of the individual concepts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=479.34,482.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not an argument against prototype theory per se","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=482.01,485.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it indicates some of the limits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=485.54,487.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of its application to the analysis of compound concepts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=487.94,492.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But unlike Osherson and Smith,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=493.04,495.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we still believe there are cases where meaning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=495.47,498.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really is a matter of closeness to prototype.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=498.09,501.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So for instance, with color terms like red","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=502.09,504.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that seems a very good 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matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=510.63,513.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how close it is to the clear cases of red.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=513.24,517.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red is a vague term and it's vague,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=517.04,519.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's application falls off as you get further","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=519.73,523.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and further in any direction from clear cases of red","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=523.45,528.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and chair probably is a good example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=529.445,533.304"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a term where prototype is determinative of extension","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=533.304,537.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether something does or doesn't count as a chair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=537.72,541.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There aren't many criteria other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=541.32,543.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than how much it resembles of typical chair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=543.02,547.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In these cases, meaning can be 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above.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=551.8,554.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Appeal to prototype isn't directly part of the mechanism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=554.06,557.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the same mechanisms can be adapted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=557.22,559.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"calculate what should be a prototypical case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=559.5,562.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the compound concept.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=562.45,564.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And those cases tend to be relatively well behaved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=564.12,566.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A prototypical red chair should be a kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=566.77,569.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of prototypical looking chair that is a clear case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=569.63,572.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a red and some of these we may have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=572.65,575.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the recalibration of concepts sketched above,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=575.35,579.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it still seems to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=579.13,581.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the chart at the bottom of page seven,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=581.17,583.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sketches some of the varieties of concepts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=584.67,588.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and fills shows that we have examples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=589.48,592.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in five of the six different categories represented here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=592.17,596.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're on the vertical dimension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=596.59,598.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ones in the top half","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=598.45,600.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the chart are those that are vague","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=600.14,602.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones in the bottom half of the chart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=602.29,603.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we submit as candidates of concepts that are not big.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=603.82,606.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ones in the left most column","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=607.38,609.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are ones that do not have a prototype.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=609.46,612.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that includes both some vague concepts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=612.37,614.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some non-big ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=614.95,616.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vague concepts are tall and wide and heavy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=616.43,620.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're vague words alright,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=620.27,621.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but prototypes theory doesn't seem 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counts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=626.51,629.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as prototypical degree of tallness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=629.79,632.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and whatever way you deviate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=632.57,634.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from that makes you a less good case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=634.15,636.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of tall, tallness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=636.07,637.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the taller, the better so to speak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=637.66,639.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there isn't any, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=639.43,641.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there isn't any central notion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=641.22,643.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of tallness the way there's a central notion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=643.62,645.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of red and similarly for a heavy and wide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=645.66,649.216"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And another example in that category is not red.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=649.216,653.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The red is a vague term, not red is also a vague term.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=653.63,658.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Red is a vague term that we can argue does have a prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=658.5,662.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what would the prototype of not red be?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=662.47,665.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because there you can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=665.78,667.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deviate from red in several different directions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=667.27,669.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there isn't any one 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complicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=676.78,681.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the fact that a concept may have a prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=681.1,683.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's negation will often not have a 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numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=695.22,698.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or not a bird, for instance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=698.01,700.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now among the ones that do have prototypes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=700.09,702.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that to write most columns,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=702.67,704.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've subdivided them further","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=704.99,707.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the ones that are marked minus P-E.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=707.49,710.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are the ones where we believe the 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extension","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=749.84,754.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though they're vague or ones like adolescent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=754.97,758.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also the ones I mentioned above","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=758.95,760.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like pet fish, Texan grandmother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=760.55,763.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things like tall tree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=764.32,765.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ones where the prototype does determine the extension","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=767.23,770.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among vague ones are red chair","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=770.31,772.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe things like bully and shy, for instance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=772.52,775.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And among the non vague ones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=777.06,779.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of them have a prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=779.84,781.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in all the ones where it's a non vague term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=781.62,784.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like for instance, grandmother","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=784.41,785.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they will all be cases where it does have a prototype.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=787.87,790.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The prototype will not be what's determining the extension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=790.13,793.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There aren't any in the category","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=793.9,796.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of non vague terms that have a prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=796.18,800.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's determining its extension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=800.16,802.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's where the prototype does determine the extension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=802.56,804.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's all a matter of resolution of vagueness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=804.44,807.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So conclusions I've spelled out on the page eight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=808.17,813.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we believe that there are cases where resemblance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=813.02,816.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to prototype does play a central role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=816.48,818.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in determining the extension of terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=818.67,821.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and where the phenomena of vagueness are there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=821.45,823.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for inextricably linked up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=823.77,825.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the logic of concepts and conceptual combination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=825.84,830.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In these cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=830.02,830.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there must be a way to specify compositional principles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=830.93,834.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for interpreting conceptual combinations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=834.77,837.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the basic principle of compositionality is threatened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=837.74,841.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the predictability of speaker, here's interpretations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=841.15,844.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of novel combinations becomes a mystery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=844.2,847.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we've argued that there are a 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tangle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=927.62,931.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of idiosyncratic and variable detail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=931.24,934.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To the skeptic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=934.27,935.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it might seem that compositionality has very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=935.23,937.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little force, if the basic principles are complicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=937.55,940.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and almost obscured by such a variety of contextual factors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=940.94,945.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lexical differences, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=945.31,947.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it must be reiterated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=947.75,949.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that compositionality in some 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quite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=958.77,961.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general principles like those suggested in section 5.3.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=961.83,966.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The parallel structure affect the head Primacy Principle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=966.61,969.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Non-Vacuity Principle as central driving principles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=969.52,973.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which induce much of the recalibration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=973.84,976.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and re-interpretation that we seem to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=976.38,978.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=978.57,980.035"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"End","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=980.035,981.342"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=981.342,982.514"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's an issue with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=982.514,984.314"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's an issue we can struggle with from time to time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=984.314,987.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're not always clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=987.913,989.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are not always clear whether we can sure of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=989.883,994.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the difference between stereotype and prototype.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=994.02,996.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe it would be better to Texan grandmother example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=996.83,999.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a fun one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=999.51,1000.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe it would be better to use the pet fish example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1000.95,1004.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in the case of pet fish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1004.093,1006.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think people have been more inclined to invoke 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cat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1016.515,1019.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a dog like mammal out there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1019.94,1022.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what the prototypical species,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1022.93,1024.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure we asked him what tends to depend a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1024.667,1027.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on thinking about restaurants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1027.84,1030.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or going fishing or some people think that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1030.45,1033.727"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although I've never really 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be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1039.7,1042.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1045.1,1045.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't 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stereotype,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1051.6,1055.224"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because both of those notions are vague enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1055.224,1060.224"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It isn't really clear to me but we have a...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1062.2,1066.627"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct 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think...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1092.09,1093.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know there have been some further experiments done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1094.72,1097.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by and others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1097.71,1101.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taking the same kind of tests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1102.76,1104.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1106.951,1108.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for terms like furniture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1108.02,1109.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"furniture and fruits and tools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1111.311,1113.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then try some of same kind of the tests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1113.72,1116.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on words of the sort,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1116.14,1117.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you and I are agreeing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1117.59,1119.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the extension is really determined in some sharp way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1119.6,1123.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by some criteria that don't have much to 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even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1129.62,1133.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as per the numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1133.87,1135.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's clearly has an absolutely sharp definition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1135.76,1139.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they found people coming up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1139.37,1141.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1141.82,1142.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've got multiple at the same time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1144.68,1146.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prototypicality judgments where something seven","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1146.58,1150.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the same time prototypicality judgement odd number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1150.03,1152.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they ran the check saying, well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1155.33,1158.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tests that were used to identify prototypes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1159.12,1162.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not discriminate between concepts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1163.26,1167.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for which prototype would be reasonably seen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1167.04,1170.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as determinative of meaning and those concepts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1170.4,1175.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for which there are strong either frequency effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1175.15,1179.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or say for example, effect or stereotype associations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1179.03,1183.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This itself may be turned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1187.12,1188.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around as a challenge to the prototype theory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1188.52,1191.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can they find tests for the counters prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1191.2,1195.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that won't also apply to cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1195.8,1197.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it's nearly a stereotype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1197.77,1200.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or something, even in case of odd numbers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1200.3,1203.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure even the notion of stereotype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1203.47,1205.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is really applicable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1205.3,1206.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you talk a little bit about experimental measures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1208.891,1211.014"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how you find out what people and how reliable that is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1211.014,1214.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I'm not the right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1214.47,1216.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm not the best one to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1216.39,1218.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've drawn on existing literature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1218.34,1221.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we have not ourselves, done any experimental work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1222.29,1226.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1226.3,1227.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you start with the Rosch article, which is the classic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1229.12,1233.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then face the things that have refined to them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1233.03,1236.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you may find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1236.88,1241.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not for a moment disputing the idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1241.11,1245.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there are some very interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1245.64,1247.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"robust results in that area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1247.62,1250.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The issue that the couples the philosopher","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1250.58,1254.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have really gotten interested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1256.22,1257.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in is what's the 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prototype","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1324.77,1327.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's not determining the real 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the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1333.15,1334.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the cases like, well, like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1336.94,1339.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the case of nurse, for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1339.62,1341.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there seems to be very much a matter of cultural typicality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1341.79,1346.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in this culture, most nurses are female.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1347.916,1351.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the prototypical or stereotypical nurse will be seen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1351.57,1356.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we argued 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typicality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1387.238,1390.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But spinster is a female,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1391.577,1393.596"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and because of this Non-Vacuity 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sensible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1401.66,1404.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think females, the notion of female bachelors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1404.05,1407.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been starting to catch 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well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1431.87,1433.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are people readjusting the whole meaning of the term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1433.54,1436.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or is that showing that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1436.56,1438.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're willing to reconstruct things that are contradictory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1440.61,1444.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on their literal meaning in a way that's not 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things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1449.74,1453.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things that were once part of the meaning consistently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1453.16,1455.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that were once just 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man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1493.028,1498.028"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she's in that, how could a tax voter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1499.74,1502.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cum feature-based theory ever account for a shift","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1502.28,1507.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from plus free to minus free in the meaning of the term?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1507.37,1512.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"See, well, obviously that's not what went on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1512.5,1514.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What went on was that term was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1514.56,1517.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the name of a particular type of class","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1517.58,1520.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the real world status of that class got changed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1521.72,1526.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it was only quite a long time later","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1527.69,1530.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the breakup of the rigid social class system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1530.87,1534.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the term then did a further shift ending 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people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1542.9,1546.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the stereotypes concerning what kinds of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1546.11,1550.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the members of that social class work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1550.09,1552.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's what we're left with now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1552.29,1553.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"churlish sort of fellow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1553.71,1555.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure, it doesn't denote a social class anymore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1555.43,1558.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the social class has been denoted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1558.2,1560.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of evaporated when that structure broke up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1561.68,1565.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that was a really interesting study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1565.27,1568.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She studied a number of words like that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1568.3,1570.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the word gets its meaning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1570.12,1573.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in connection with the existence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1573.97,1575.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a certain social class structure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1575.64,1577.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names of a certain class,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1577.88,1579.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"properties of that class change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1579.89,1581.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The term continues to denote that class","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1581.8,1585.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore associated things like not being free","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1585.31,1587.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or being free change with the change in status of the class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1587.65,1592.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The class system breaks up the term is then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1592.33,1594.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left meaning what it used to simply turn out or something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1594.94,1599.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It used to be just a 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term?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1603.29,1606.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these things don't stay fixed once and for all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1606.487,1610.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, of course it's not 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words)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=1634.082,1639.082"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27870","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029/transcript/27871/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Back to that context that will not also count as a midget with respect to that same context. So when calibrated against a common context, those two sets tend to be disjointed nothing can be in both. Now, the principle that affects the other two cases, is what we've called here, the head Primacy Principle. In a structure that has a head and a restrictive modifier as most of these adjective noun constructions are, it seems that we first interpret the head in the larger context and then we interpret the adjective or the modifier relative to the head as relative to the context augmented by already having interpreted the head in it. So the modifier is interpreted relative to the local context created by interpreting the head in the first context. So the midget giant case there are various different contexts in which you might've interpreted giant. We might be talking about fairytale contexts or we might just be talking about basketball players or something. You may have some context in which we've decided what's gonna count as giants. We get that set up first. Then within that context, we figured out what we're going to count as midgets. So that midget giant versus giant midget has to do with which noun was the head noun that's the one that dominates and the other one will be reinterpreted in that context. Now, what drives the re-interpretation? Well, in part, we think it's a very general Non-Vacuity Principle that is, in any given context, try to interpret any predicate so that both its positive and its negative extension or non empty as in a given context, if you're trying to interpret say sharp relative to a given context you should interpret sharp in such a way that some things will count as sharp and some things will not. If everything counts as sharp, it's not gonna be useful a useful use of the term. If nothing counts as sharp, it's not going to be useful. So it's Non-Vacuity Principle says, when you're calibrating a vague term in a given context try to do it so that there will be some things that are and some things that are not. So that also affects this midget giant case. Once you've decided what giants are you might just say, well then in that context, nothing is a midget but the Non-Vacuity Principle says recalibrate midget to the, some of the giants will count as midgets and some won't so that then you will let it apply to whatever are the very smallest giants in that context. And that in the midget giant and giant midget cases, we had to stretch the positive extension of the modifier to satisfy the Non-Vacuity Principle. And to stretch the notion of midget to get there, to be some midget giants. But there are other cases such as in 36 where the same principle, the same Non-Vacuity Principle leads us to shrink the positive extension. So as to have some negative cases as well as some positive ones, in this case it leads us to shrink the positive extension of the modifier sharp. Since otherwise the truth of 37 knives are sharp would make the modifier in 36, this is a sharp knife, completely redundant. So once you've decided knives are sharp, then why would you ever say sharp knife? They all are. But you see, when we do say sharp knife, we mean sharp among knives. So we make a much more stringent qualification of what's going to count as a positive instance of sharp in that context. Okay, so I'm putting some of these things together let's just look a little bit at some of the varieties of concepts and conceptual combination that we, oh wait let me back up the end of that previous section. These principles that I've just talked about, put together, they can explain the Stripe at Apple case. That was a puzzle I started that session with. As Stripe it Apple is playing conjunction. It is just the conjunction of the two concepts and can be done by the principles of super valuation theory that I had mentioned before. But first you recalibrate Stripe it in the context of Apple and that's how it can then come about that some objects will judge to be better instances of Stripe at Apple. Then they were of Stripe it where that was all alone in the context and Apple when that was all alone in the context. Okay. Varieties of concepts and conceptual combination. Well, there's first of all, well, this isn't just summary for some of these things I haven't said explicitly. There are cases where, when we look at what the best we can do with these kinds of principles we have to conclude that in some cases meaning is not to be regarded as closeness to prototype even if the concept does have a clear prototype and this such cases include male nurse, pet fish and Texan grandmother. We consider your prototype for grandmother. We're all raised with certain prototype for the notion of grandmother. Consider your prototype for the notion of a Texan. I don't know what it's like in Iowa but I know what it's like in Massachusetts and those prototypes just don't go together. And the prototypical Texan is tall male and is wearing cowboy boots. And the prototypical grandmothers has white hair and is sitting in a rocking chair and knitting something. I mean, we know this has little to do with the truth but we're talking about prototypes here. Now, does that mean there shouldn't really be any Texan grandmothers? No, it means in those cases the prototype for grandmother really has nothing to do with whether someone is a grandmother or not. She can still be running on the Olympic running squad and be a grandmother. And the fact that she doesn't fit the prototype has nothing to do with what is, or is not a grandmother. And similarly, whether somebody does or doesn't wear cowboy boots has nothing to do with whether he really is, or is not a Texan. So the meaning combination of Texan grandmother, is not to be derived from the prototypes because in those, for those concepts, prototypes are not determining extension. And similarly, for pet fish whether something is or is not a pet is not a matter of its resemblance to the prototypical pet. And I think similarly, for most natural kind words like bird and fish, despite the fact that Rosch and others have gotten all the prototypicality judgments, to come out clearly for saying that a Robin is a prototypical bird and the penguin is very nearly not a bird that may be find your judgments of prototypicality but it doesn't really seem to be determinative of the semantics of a concept-like bird. So, in those cases meaning can be determined compositionally using standard techniques, but the prototype of a compound concept is not any systematic function of the prototypes of the individual concepts. This is not an argument against prototype theory per se but it indicates some of the limits of its application to the analysis of compound concepts. But unlike Osherson and Smith, we still believe there are cases where meaning really is a matter of closeness to prototype. So for instance, with color terms like red that seems a very good analysis of notion of red, whether something is or is not red is very much a matter of how close it is to the clear cases of red. Red is a vague term and it's vague, but it's application falls off as you get further and further in any direction from clear cases of red and chair probably is a good example of a term where prototype is determinative of extension whether something does or doesn't count as a chair. There aren't many criteria other than how much it resembles of typical chair. In these cases, meaning can be determined compositionally using the kinds of techniques, sketched above. Appeal to prototype isn't directly part of the mechanism but the same mechanisms can be adapted to calculate what should be a prototypical case of the compound concept. And those cases tend to be relatively well behaved. A prototypical red chair should be a kind of prototypical looking chair that is a clear case of a red and some of these we may have some of the recalibration of concepts sketched above, but it still seems to work. So the chart at the bottom of page seven, sketches some of the varieties of concepts and fills shows that we have examples in five of the six different categories represented here. We're on the vertical dimension. The ones in the top half of the chart are those that are vague ones in the bottom half of the chart we submit as candidates of concepts that are not big. The ones in the left most column are ones that do not have a prototype. And that includes both some vague concepts and some non-big ones. Vague concepts are tall and wide and heavy. They're vague words alright, but prototypes theory doesn't seem to be the right way to analyze their vagueness because it isn't like there's a certain height which counts as prototypical degree of tallness and whatever way you deviate from that makes you a less good case of tall, tallness the taller, the better so to speak. And there isn't any, you know there isn't any central notion of tallness the way there's a central notion of red and similarly for a heavy and wide. And another example in that category is not red. The red is a vague term, not red is also a vague term. Red is a vague term that we can argue does have a prototype but what would the prototype of not red be? Because there you can deviate from red in several different directions and there isn't any one kind of color that you could take as the prototypical not red. So the logic of prototype theory gets complicated by the fact that a concept may have a prototype but it's negation will often not have a prototype for instance. And among well non-big terms that don't have a prototype you sort of expect that, but inanimate odd set of numbers or not a bird, for instance. Now among the ones that do have prototypes that to write most columns, we've subdivided them further into the ones that are marked minus P-E. Those are the ones where we believe the concept does have a prototype, but the prototype is not what's determining the extension. So it's not the thing you want to underlie the semantics of the expression. And you don't expect the prototype to play a role in the semantics of compound concept involving that expression. Whereas the ones on the right are the ones where we believe examples of ones where we believe the prototype does play a central role in determining the extension. And those are the ones where combining the concepts will often result in the existence of a prototype for the compound concept as well. So, once where prototype does not determine extension even though they're vague or ones like adolescent, also the ones I mentioned above like pet fish, Texan grandmother. Things like tall tree, ones where the prototype does determine the extension among vague ones are red chair maybe things like bully and shy, for instance. And among the non vague ones, some of them have a prototype but in all the ones where it's a non vague term like for instance, grandmother they will all be cases where it does have a prototype. The prototype will not be what's determining the extension. There aren't any in the category of non vague terms that have a prototype that's determining its extension. It's where the prototype does determine the extension. That's all a matter of resolution of vagueness. So conclusions I've spelled out on the page eight we believe that there are cases where resemblance to prototype does play a central role in determining the extension of terms and where the phenomena of vagueness are there for inextricably linked up with the logic of concepts and conceptual combination. In these cases there must be a way to specify compositional principles for interpreting conceptual combinations or the basic principle of compositionality is threatened and the predictability of speaker, here's interpretations of novel combinations becomes a mystery. And we've argued that there are a number of factors that must be taken into account in trying to articulate a compositional theory adequate to the challenge presented by vague concepts. One of the important factors we identified was context dependence. Wherever there's vagueness, we may expect to find context dependence since the context is what helps us resolve or narrow down the vagueness in most cases. And the effects of context, both linguistic and non-linguistic context are clearly quite diverse. It's often very hard to draw lines between linguistic conceptual and real-world knowledge and vagueness clearly adds to the difficulty of discriminating between attributes intrinsic to a given concept, and those that may be accidentally and yet very frequently associated with it are positive suggestions in response to the problems we've pointed out are largely samples of kinds of methods that we believe might be fruitfully exploited in constructing a comprehensive compositional theory of conceptual termination. Our aim has been primarily to identify the kinds of issues that need to be resolved to show that several factors interact at once and to try to make plausible that one can discern robust compositional principles of combination underneath the tangle of idiosyncratic and variable detail. To the skeptic, it might seem that compositionality has very little force, if the basic principles are complicated and almost obscured by such a variety of contextual factors, lexical differences, et cetera. But it must be reiterated that compositionality in some form, appears to be a crucial part of any account of semantic competence. And it's also possible to look at the demand for compositionality together with other quite general principles like those suggested in section 5.3. The parallel structure affect the head Primacy Principle, the Non-Vacuity Principle as central driving principles which induce much of the recalibration and re-interpretation that we seem to find. End Thank you\r\n\r\n- That's an issue with that's an issue we can struggle with from time to time we're not always clear we are not always clear whether we can sure of the difference between stereotype and prototype. Maybe it would be better to Texan grandmother example as a fun one. Maybe it would be better to use the pet fish example because in the case of pet fish I think people have been more inclined to invoke prototypes but they're I think, exactly the same problem arises in it because a typical pet is some middle-sized cat or a dog like mammal out there. And what the prototypical species, I'm not sure we asked him what tends to depend a lot on thinking about restaurants or going fishing or some people think that Although I've never really thought that a shark is a prototypical fish but in any case, it doesn't generally come out to be. So, I don't know. I mean, I would welcome help in sorting out the distinction between prototype and stereotype, because both of those notions are vague enough. It isn't really clear to me but we have a... Sure Well, I think... I know there have been some further experiments done by and others. Taking the same kind of tests really, for terms like furniture, furniture and fruits and tools and then try some of same kind of the tests on words of the sort, you and I are agreeing that the extension is really determined in some sharp way by some criteria that don't have much to do with what we think of as difficult cases. So they tried even with this odd, and even as per the numbers there's clearly has an absolutely sharp definition and they found people coming up with the same we've got multiple at the same time prototypicality judgments where something seven at the same time prototypicality judgement odd number so that they ran the check saying, well the tests that were used to identify prototypes do not discriminate between concepts for which prototype would be reasonably seen as determinative of meaning and those concepts for which there are strong either frequency effect or say for example, effect or stereotype associations. This itself may be turned around as a challenge to the prototype theory. Can they find tests for the counters prototype that won't also apply to cases where it's nearly a stereotype or something, even in case of odd numbers? I'm not sure even the notion of stereotype is really applicable.\r\n\r\n- Could you talk a little bit about experimental measures how you find out what people and how reliable that is.\r\n\r\n- Well, I'm not the right.\r\n\r\n- I'm not the best one to do that. We've drawn on existing literature but we have not ourselves, done any experimental work. So If you start with the Rosch article, which is the classic and then face the things that have refined to them I think you may find I'm not for a moment disputing the idea that there are some very interesting robust results in that area. The issue that the couples the philosopher have really gotten interested in is what's the relation between the things that people that psychologists study in their prototype studies and the concerns of the semantics of private words and that's the only probability of being competent with that.\r\n\r\n- Sort of related to the stereotype idea is the idea of interpretation and how individual or how cultural or whatever that can be thinking. Oxymoron, military intelligence is the class. How does the theory accounts for that kind of narrative if it cannot be wary of all the loading that goes on with these words that can combine with each other?\r\n\r\n- Well, this is where this is where we've been trying to find ways to discriminate between the case where the prototype really does determine the extension of that accessibility of the term and cases where the term has a prototype but that's not determining the real applicability. So, in the, in the cases like, well, like like the case of nurse, for instance, there seems to be very much a matter of cultural typicality but in this culture, most nurses are female. And so the prototypical or stereotypical nurse will be seen. But we argued that that should not be regarded as part of the meaning of nurse. If it were that something of male nurse should be in contradiction. And it isn't, it may be people may have to learn to get used to it but I don't think anybody regards it as a contradiction. Whereas if you were to you get into a very different kind of response if you were to try to say male spinster, well it's not just a matter of typicality. But spinster is a female, and because of this Non-Vacuity Principle. Now I think we will try to interpret almost anything we hear in some way that makes it sensible. So I think females, the notion of female bachelors has been starting to catch on more than I think male spinsters is likely to. So even when we're trying to say, well, they can tell that the female, this is not part of the meaning of nurse but merely part of the stereotype vibes that having a male nurse is not contradictory. But we have to be careful because if female bachelor doesn't seem quite contradictory either we have to ask, well, are people readjusting the whole meaning of the term or is that showing that we're willing to reconstruct things that are contradictory on their literal meaning in a way that's not literal. Probably the language itself goes through successive stage and things. Things that were once part of the meaning consistently things that were once just part of typicality consistently. There was a very interesting dissertation done quite a number of years ago about Cathy Doll UCLA documenting the history of the word, which is the the ancestor of your mind, English ritual. And she noticed that from a time shortly before the Norman conquest to a time shortly after it changed its meaning from something like lowest class of free man to something like the relatively high class of bonded non-free man. And she's in that, how could a tax voter cum feature-based theory ever account for a shift from plus free to minus free in the meaning of the term? See, well, obviously that's not what went on. What went on was that term was like the name of a particular type of class but the real world status of that class got changed. And it was only quite a long time later after the breakup of the rigid social class system, that the term then did a further shift ending up meaning the things which had been just connotations of the types of people or the stereotypes concerning what kinds of people the members of that social class work. And that's what we're left with now churlish sort of fellow. Sure, it doesn't denote a social class anymore because the social class has been denoted, kind of evaporated when that structure broke up. So that was a really interesting study. She studied a number of words like that, where the word gets its meaning in connection with the existence of a certain social class structure, names of a certain class, properties of that class change. The term continues to denote that class and therefore associated things like not being free or being free change with the change in status of the class. The class system breaks up the term is then left meaning what it used to simply turn out or something. It used to be just a stereotype then became the meaning. And is there a meaning of that term? So these things don't stay fixed once and for all. So, of course it's not surprising that it will be sometimes hard in a particular instance to decide whether one of these properties, is part of the meaning or isn't.\r\n\r\n- We would like to invite you to stay in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43220/file/116029#t=0.0,1642.56"}]}]}]}