{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/st7dr2q195/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Levine, Andrew, Liberals Without Liberalism"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203818 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203818"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=6.83,8.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since he flew out to California just last weekend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=8.26,11.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to address the American Philosophical Association,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=11.07,13.145"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's a lot of traveling,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=13.145,14.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, thank you, we really appreciate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=14.76,16.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Professor Levine is a very well-known political philosopher,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=16.88,20.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm sure many of you are already familiar with his work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=20.01,23.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's one of the leading figures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=23.18,24.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the philosophical discussion of socialism and capitalism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=24.6,28.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he's written three important books on the subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=28.04,30.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the 1980s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=30.13,31.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The End of the State,\" published in 1987;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=31.637,34.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Arguing for Socialism: Theoretical Considerations,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=34.767,38.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"published in 1984;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=38.1,40.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and \"Liberal Democracy: A Critique of its Theory,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=40.0,42.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"published in 1981.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=42.6,44.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The title of his talk today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=44.78,46.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is \"Liberals Without Liberalism,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=46.0,48.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so would you please welcome Professor Levine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=48.07,50.295"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=50.295,53.295"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I should say first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=59.81,60.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the title \"Liberals Without Liberalism\" is accurate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=60.643,64.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but somewhat misleading as you'll come to see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=64.47,67.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since, for the most part,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=67.27,68.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not going to be talking about liberal theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=68.62,71.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so much as about some problems that I think are intrinsic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=72.22,75.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to at least a certain strain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=75.64,76.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Marxian political philosophy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=76.84,78.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I also would like to apologize in advance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=80.28,84.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for raising many more questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=84.75,86.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than I'm prepared to address satisfactorily at this point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=86.84,90.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specifically questions about liberalism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=90.33,93.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, to some very large degree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=93.0,95.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I'll be doing is giving just a fragment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=99.786,102.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a much larger account,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=102.31,103.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of which I think I'd be more prepared to discuss","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=103.77,107.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in questions than in a paper itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=107.53,109.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, it may not be sufficiently clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=113.32,116.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from what I'm about to read","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=116.62,117.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why I think it's desirable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=117.82,119.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have liberals without liberalism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=119.18,121.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do say some things in this paper,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=121.38,123.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially in the beginning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=123.48,125.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's relevant to this question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=125.05,126.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that also could be a theme that we could 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point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=260.94,262.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in so far as there is a political theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=262.23,264.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that underwrites conservative 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problematic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=290.78,292.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of liberal social philosophy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=292.73,295.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perhaps what has always been the 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ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=303.56,305.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, like it or not, today we are all liberals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=305.21,307.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a part of me that does not like 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me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=354.4,358.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to acknowledge an affinity with what I strongly oppose,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=358.32,362.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but of course this is not the 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unrelated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=367.54,369.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we shall see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=369.74,370.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but neither are they so tightly 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apart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=395.86,398.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from entrenched political hostilities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=398.09,400.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To explain why,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=400.82,401.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it will help to set the issue in a larger framework.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=401.81,404.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To do so I will have to assert a number of 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elsewhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=408.79,411.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that I cannot argue for here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=411.92,414.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will also have to assert a number of 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arguments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=420.77,424.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I do need at least to gesture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=424.18,426.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towards explaining what I find troubling in 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means,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=432.28,434.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to indicate why I think it both possible and desirable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=434.45,438.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there be 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implicitly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=447.54,449.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that democracy, collective self-rule,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=449.82,452.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and autonomy, self-rule at the level of the individual,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=452.9,456.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are each intrinsically valuable ideals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=456.56,459.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I have elsewhere already attempted to 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therefore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=468.92,471.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help end the state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=471.37,473.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by transforming it into an internally coordinated community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=473.18,476.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of autonomous agents,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=476.66,478.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Kantian republic of ends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=478.27,480.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have also elsewhere shown,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=480.97,482.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least to my own satisfaction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=482.47,484.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there is a real tension","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=484.4,485.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between democracy and liberalism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=485.74,487.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between popular self-determination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=487.77,489.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and constitutional limitations on the power of the state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=489.89,493.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that, despite what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=493.74,495.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contemporary liberal democratic theorists suppose,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=495.27,498.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liberalism can actually be an obstacle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=498.3,500.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in democracy's way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=500.6,501.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have argued too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=503.06,504.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that these ideas can be found or teased out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=504.03,506.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Rousseau's writings on politics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=506.42,508.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that there is a strain of Marxian political theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=508.81,511.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evident particularly in such texts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=511.7,513.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as \"The State and Revolution\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=513.87,515.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in Marx's own writings on the Paris Commune","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=515.63,518.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that inserts Rousseauian political philosophy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=518.48,521.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a conceptual framework shaped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=521.1,523.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Marx's account of history's structure and direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=523.63,527.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marxian writings on politics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=527.36,529.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are generally less perspicacious than Rousseau's,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=529.09,532.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they have the advantage of joining a theory of the state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=532.19,535.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a theory of history that, properly understood,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=535.07,537.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is at least plausible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=537.88,539.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, I would venture, ultimately sound.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=539.16,541.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cite Rousseau and Marx","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=541.82,543.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not in order to appeal to authority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=543.27,545.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to convey a sense of what I am taking for granted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=545.76,548.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what I am taking seriously.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=548.27,550.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My aim in a book I wrote a few years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=550.78,552.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called \"The End of the State\" was to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=552.93,555.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Rousseauian-Marxian vision of statelessness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=555.04,558.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is indeed worth taking seriously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=558.07,560.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if it cannot be defended decisively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=560.33,562.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the level of political philosophy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=562.65,564.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, in \"The End of the State\" and, more importantly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=565.75,568.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the traditions on which it draws,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=568.07,570.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"insufficient attention is paid to liberal values,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=570.23,573.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and liberalism is too quickly dismissed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=573.45,576.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like now to begin to redress this shortcoming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=576.58,579.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At this point, I can only begin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=579.74,582.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To address liberal concerns adequately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=582.09,584.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while advancing a political vision consonant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=584.74,587.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with democratic commitments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=587.28,588.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Marxian claims about historical possibilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=588.8,592.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It would be necessary to examine liberal values","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=592.11,595.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially the ideal of neutrality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=595.48,597.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more fully than I am now prepared to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=597.79,600.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do, as I said a moment ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=600.48,602.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have some ideas on this subject however","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=602.24,604.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and during the question time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=604.03,604.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be very happy to engage this question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=604.93,607.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I would like to argue here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=609.53,611.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a preliminary to the larger argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=611.06,613.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that must eventually be made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=613.2,614.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the sort of democratic theory I endorse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=614.83,617.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not nearly so vulnerable to attack from liberal quarters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=617.29,620.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as may appear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=620.23,621.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is not my intention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=622.21,623.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to exonerate actually existing political movements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=623.2,626.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially those in power,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=626.5,628.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have identified with Marxism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=628.26,630.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or other expressions of Rousseauian 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democracy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=641.84,644.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, I do not purport to be able to do so adequately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=644.55,648.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I do think I can at least help prepare the way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=648.03,651.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To this end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=651.32,652.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to investigate critically but also 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communism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=658.56,661.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I shall call the last state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=661.92,664.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the state whose mission in the historical materialist 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good,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=676.79,677.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the last state would apparently offend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=677.67,679.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the constitutional prohibitions that define liberalism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=679.82,683.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but, contrary to what is widely supposed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=683.41,685.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the last state does not oppose liberal 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liberalism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=691.85,694.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most Marxists including Marx","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=695.21,697.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have shied away from depicting the last state in this 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views,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=703.5,704.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps to differentiate their politics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=704.68,707.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the non- and even anti-democratic orientations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=707.18,710.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of traditional liberalism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=710.09,712.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is plain 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undertakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=716.52,719.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nevertheless, I would maintain that an engagement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=719.69,722.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with liberal 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have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=730.13,732.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for distancing themselves from liberalism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=732.21,735.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is indispensable for a state committed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=735.05,737.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to its own withering away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=737.04,738.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the Marxian canon, the last state is 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democratic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=750.43,752.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in both its means and in its objectives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=752.15,754.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whereas, throughout our political culture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=754.82,756.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"democracy and dictatorship are fundamentally opposed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=756.89,760.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In democracies, according to the common 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designation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=770.22,772.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is unfortunate but not entirely unjustifiable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=772.21,776.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If nothing 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overdrawn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=779.79,782.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In real world dictatorships,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=782.01,783.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a dictator never rules entirely alone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=783.78,786.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nor is it conceivable in a modern state that one could,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=786.46,790.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the democracies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=790.12,791.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are commonly distinguished from dictatorships,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=791.51,794.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people hardly rule at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=794.05,796.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact it is not at all clear what the basis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=796.68,799.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for distinguishing democracies from dictatorships","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=799.16,801.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ordinary political discourse is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=801.62,803.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It could even be 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discussed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=823.12,824.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in his writings on the Paris Commune","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=824.81,826.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that Lenin resumed in \"The State and Revolution\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=826.96,829.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not intended to contrast with democracy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=829.43,832.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Parliamentary democracies are bourgeois class dictatorships","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=832.66,836.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to Lenin's use of the term,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=836.05,838.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the dictatorship of the 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democratic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=845.27,847.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dictatorship, according to a celebrated formulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=847.52,850.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Lenin's, is rule based directly upon force","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=850.34,853.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and unrestricted by laws,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=853.94,856.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then for anyone persuaded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=856.53,858.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a generally Hobbesian view of the state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=858.14,860.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all states would be 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intended,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=881.25,883.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would seem to amount to no more than, say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=883.24,885.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Weber's definition of the state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=885.57,887.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as an institutional monopoly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=887.6,889.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the means of de facto legitimate violence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=889.3,892.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As Weber made clear,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=892.74,894.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this definition holds as well for states","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=894.01,896.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whose rulers govern by means of autonomous legal systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=896.35,900.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as for those that do 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Socialism,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=905.15,907.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that what is nonstandard and even distinctively Marxian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=907.34,910.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this strain of 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purpose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=915.65,918.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ensuring and reproducing class domination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=918.81,921.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, this conclusion overlooks 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justice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=1946.69,1948.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the maintenance of civil order","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=1948.83,1950.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from direct democratic control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=1950.62,1952.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could go on at length","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=1953.56,1954.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the equivocal bearing of existing 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sort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=1960.03,1961.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It will suffice for now to register the opinion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=1961.99,1964.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the case for participatory 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prognostications,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2155.86,2159.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for instance, Marx's predictions of capitalism's future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2159.37,2163.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marx it seems was clear-sighted to a 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apparatus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2201.81,2203.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in context a clear expression of impatience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2203.74,2207.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has had dreadful 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institutions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2211.47,2214.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatively insulated from each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2214.09,2216.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and from the main governing bodies of the state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2216.15,2218.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are obstacles in the way of democratization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2218.59,2221.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its beneficent 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proletariat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2224.57,2226.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to fulfill its historical mission,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2226.72,2229.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must eventually replace such 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prematurely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2234.24,2237.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and without liberal protections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2237.46,2239.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To do so is to foster the tyranny of the 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economies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2726.56,2729.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with normal states,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2729.87,2731.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"socialist revolutionaries must 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societies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2767.34,2768.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially those governed by liberal democratic states,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2768.78,2772.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the separation of the 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state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2781.33,2782.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in an apolitical civil society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=2782.66,2785.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25256/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To be sure this exclusion is seldom if ever 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161/transcript/25257/annotation/1104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And we're especially grateful that he agreed to speak to us today, since he flew out to California just last weekend to address the American Philosophical Association, and that's a lot of traveling, so, thank you, we really appreciate it. Professor Levine is a very well-known political philosopher, and I'm sure many of you are already familiar with his work. He's one of the leading figures in the philosophical discussion of socialism and capitalism, and he's written three important books on the subject in the 1980s, \"The End of the State,\" published in 1987; \"Arguing for Socialism: Theoretical Considerations,\" published in 1984; and \"Liberal Democracy: A Critique of its Theory,\" published in 1981. The title of his talk today is \"Liberals Without Liberalism,\" so would you please welcome Professor Levine.\r\n\r\n- I should say first that the title \"Liberals Without Liberalism\" is accurate but somewhat misleading as you'll come to see since, for the most part, I'm not going to be talking about liberal theory so much as about some problems that I think are intrinsic to at least a certain strain of Marxian political philosophy. I also would like to apologize in advance for raising many more questions than I'm prepared to address satisfactorily at this point, specifically questions about liberalism, so, to some very large degree, what I'll be doing is giving just a fragment of a much larger account, some of which I think I'd be more prepared to discuss in questions than in a paper itself. Finally, it may not be sufficiently clear from what I'm about to read why I think it's desirable to have liberals without liberalism. I do say some things in this paper, especially in the beginning, that's relevant to this question, but that also could be a theme that we could discuss during the questions later. For nearly two centuries, liberalism has designated a variety of ideas and institutional arrangements sharing at least a family resemblance and arguably also an essential core. In the United states and elsewhere, the dominant theory and practice of politics has generally been liberal in one or another of the term's recognized senses, but, in the past two decades, as a term of political discourse, liberalism has fallen on hard times. In the recently concluded American presidential election, liberal even became a term of abuse that publicists of the regime in power wielded effectively against a sometimes indistinguishable opposition. However, among political philosophers and moral theorists, liberalism has never been more ascendant than in the past two decades. Part of the explanation surely lies with the enormous impression made by the work of John Rawls and other important contemporary liberal philosophers, but their influence is itself explained in part by the undeniable appeal of liberal values: tolerance, autonomy, and equal respect for persons as moral agents. Historically, liberal philosophers have sought to realize these values by arguing for principled limitations on the state's power over individuals' lives and behaviors. In contemporary formulations influenced by Rawls, liberals have focused on a state's neutrality with respect to individuals' conceptions of the good, holding that the state should not seek to implement particular conceptions but should instead ensure that competing conceptions of the good or at least those that are in any way controversial be treated fairly. In each case, the idea is that liberal values should be realized constitutionally through the implementation of principles that define legitimate operations of the state. This idea has become hegemonic. I have elsewhere argued what I have just now intimated, that most conservatives in developed countries today are more nearly liberal in historically appropriate if somewhat antiquated senses than they are genuinely conservative. More in point, in so far as there is a political theory that underwrites conservative politics, it is in no way at odds with the liberalism as just defined. Most radicals are liberals too. Not very long ago, it seemed clear that Marxists at least were not liberals. Now, more than a decade and a half after the first stirrings of analytical Marxism, it is no longer even clear what Marxism is, but it is increasingly plain that the normative concerns of declared Marxists fall squarely within the problematic of liberal social philosophy. Perhaps what has always been the case has only recently become evident. Nevertheless, it now seems fair to conclude what would have been difficult to imagine only a few years ago, that, like it or not, today we are all liberals. There is a part of me that does not like it. In the time available, I cannot fully explain why. However, there is a biographical explanation that I shall note in order to acknowledge my prejudices before passing on to the matter at hand. As one who came of age politically at the time when liberalism began to fall into disrepute among the general public and to rise in the estimation of political philosophers, liberalism seems to me irretrievably tainted by the liberals who made war on Vietnam while superintending an increasingly irrational and devastating capitalism at home. Today, of course, a left critique of liberalism seems quaintly anachronistic like paisley neck ties or . Still, to identify with liberalism, for me, is to acknowledge an affinity with what I strongly oppose, but of course this is not the liberalism that has become hegemonic. These liberalisms are not unrelated, as we shall see, but neither are they so tightly joined as one is inclined sometimes viscerally to suppose. Philosophical liberalism disjoined from its eponymous political expressions has genuine appeal because the values it promotes seem indispensable to any satisfactory vision of social and political life, but liberalism as a means of realizing liberal values remain troubling even apart from entrenched political hostilities. To explain why, it will help to set the issue in a larger framework. To do so I will have to assert a number of claims I think I can defend and in some cases have already defended elsewhere but that I cannot argue for here. I will also have to assert a number of claims I do not know how to defend adequately. Bare assertions are no substitute for sustained arguments, but I do need at least to gesture towards explaining what I find troubling in liberalism, that is, in attempts at realizing liberal values by constitutional means, and to indicate why I think it both possible and desirable that there be liberals, individuals whose characters implement liberal values, without liberalism. What I do not know how to defend adequately but nevertheless believe implicitly is that democracy, collective self-rule, and autonomy, self-rule at the level of the individual, are each intrinsically valuable ideals. What I have elsewhere already attempted to show, albeit inconclusively, is that democracy is instrumentally valuable for realizing autonomy, and that democratic participation can therefore help end the state by transforming it into an internally coordinated community of autonomous agents, a Kantian republic of ends. I have also elsewhere shown, at least to my own satisfaction, that there is a real tension between democracy and liberalism, between popular self-determination and constitutional limitations on the power of the state, and that, despite what contemporary liberal democratic theorists suppose, liberalism can actually be an obstacle in democracy's way. I have argued too that these ideas can be found or teased out of Rousseau's writings on politics and that there is a strain of Marxian political theory evident particularly in such texts as \"The State and Revolution\" and in Marx's own writings on the Paris Commune that inserts Rousseauian political philosophy into a conceptual framework shaped by Marx's account of history's structure and direction. Marxian writings on politics are generally less perspicacious than Rousseau's, but they have the advantage of joining a theory of the state to a theory of history that, properly understood, is at least plausible and, I would venture, ultimately sound. I cite Rousseau and Marx not in order to appeal to authority but to convey a sense of what I am taking for granted and what I am taking seriously. My aim in a book I wrote a few years ago called \"The End of the State\" was to show that the Rousseauian-Marxian vision of statelessness is indeed worth taking seriously even if it cannot be defended decisively at the level of political philosophy. However, in \"The End of the State\" and, more importantly, in the traditions on which it draws, insufficient attention is paid to liberal values, and liberalism is too quickly dismissed. I would like now to begin to redress this shortcoming. At this point, I can only begin. To address liberal concerns adequately while advancing a political vision consonant with democratic commitments and Marxian claims about historical possibilities, It would be necessary to examine liberal values especially the ideal of neutrality more fully than I am now prepared to do. I do, as I said a moment ago, have some ideas on this subject however and during the question time would be very happy to engage this question. What I would like to argue here as a preliminary to the larger argument that must eventually be made is that the sort of democratic theory I endorse is not nearly so vulnerable to attack from liberal quarters as may appear. It is not my intention to exonerate actually existing political movements, especially those in power, that have identified with Marxism or other expressions of Rousseauian ideas. What I want to defend is the genre of theory that I believe contains resources sufficient for superseding an otherwise inexorable tension between liberalism and democracy. Again, I do not purport to be able to do so adequately, but I do think I can at least help prepare the way. To this end I want to investigate critically but also sympathetically the state that Marxists have traditionally envisioned as a means for achieving statelessness under communism, what I shall call the last state, the state whose mission in the historical materialist scheme is to undo the conditions that make states necessary. Because it would use state power to implement a particular and controversial conception of the good, the last state would apparently offend the constitutional prohibitions that define liberalism, but, contrary to what is widely supposed, the last state does not oppose liberal values. Indeed, I will argue that it is dedicated precisely to producing liberals without liberalism. Most Marxists including Marx have shied away from depicting the last state in this light perhaps because they failed to see the implications of their views, perhaps to differentiate their politics from the non- and even anti-democratic orientations of traditional liberalism. It is plain too that Marxists have radically underestimated the difficulty of the tasks the last state undertakes. Nevertheless, I would maintain that an engagement with liberal values at the level of character but also institutionally, even conceding the many good reasons democrats and Marxists have for distancing themselves from liberalism, is indispensable for a state committed to its own withering away. In the Marxian canon, the last state is called the dictatorship of the proletariat. The name is misleading and needlessly provocative if only because, as already noted, the last state is democratic in both its means and in its objectives whereas, throughout our political culture, democracy and dictatorship are fundamentally opposed. In democracies, according to the common understanding, the people rule. In dictatorships the people are ruled by a dictator. The common understanding is flaunted by the Marxian designation. This is unfortunate but not entirely unjustifiable. If nothing else the contrast between democracy and dictatorship is typically overdrawn. In real world dictatorships, a dictator never rules entirely alone nor is it conceivable in a modern state that one could, and in the democracies that are commonly distinguished from dictatorships, the people hardly rule at all. In fact it is not at all clear what the basis for distinguishing democracies from dictatorships in ordinary political discourse is. It could even be argued that the distinction cannot be sustained. I do not think that this is what we should in fact conclude though I will not pursue the matter here. I will only note that the commonplace distinction matters very little for understanding what Marxists mean by the dictatorship of the proletariat. The dictatorship Marx discussed in his writings on the Paris Commune and that Lenin resumed in \"The State and Revolution\" was not intended to contrast with democracy. Parliamentary democracies are bourgeois class dictatorships according to Lenin's use of the term, and the dictatorship of the proletariat as Lenin wrote about it though not as he helped institute it in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution is radically democratic. Dictatorship, according to a celebrated formulation of Lenin's, is rule based directly upon force and unrestricted by laws, but then for anyone persuaded by a generally Hobbesian view of the state, all states would be dictatorships. In this respect it seems that Marxists are only Hobbesians. We might conclude then that for Lenin and the strain of Marxian theorizing he represents, there is nothing controversial in the contention that states are dictatorships, that the claim, though oddly expressed, is perfectly standard. Understood in the way it is intended, it would seem to amount to no more than, say, Weber's definition of the state as an institutional monopoly of the means of de facto legitimate violence. As Weber made clear, this definition holds as well for states whose rulers govern by means of autonomous legal systems as for those that do not. It therefore seems, as I once maintained in a book called \"Arguing for Socialism,\" that what is nonstandard and even distinctively Marxian in this strain of theorizing is the idea that states are class dictatorships, that state power is exercised by states for the purpose of ensuring and reproducing class domination. However, this conclusion overlooks some of the subtler implications of the Marxian formulation. For political philosophy after Hobbes, the fundamental problem of political life as Rousseau called it has been precisely the problem Rousseau confronted, the problem of coordinating the behaviors of individuals with a view to addressing their fundamental interests by, as in Hobbes's case, avoiding a devastating war of all against all, by ensuring the conditions for market transactions in civil society as Locke thought crucial, by making autonomy possible as Rousseau desired or for whatever other purpose is deemed fundamental. In each case the state solves a problem individuals confront. However, from the perspective of historical materialism, it is a mistake to take the individual as a point of departure for political or social theory. Instead, individuals organized into social classes defined by social relations of production comprise the proper starting point for thinking about human societies and their political arrangements. With this crucially emendation, the fundamental problem of political life takes on a radically different cast. It is not any longer a problem confronted by individuals as such but a problem of consolidating and maintaining a particular class structure. The interindividual coordination problem that has occupied political philosophers since Hobbes thus becomes an intraclass coordination problem. This new problem is then solved in just the way the old problem was, by creating an apparatus that allows for the emergence of the single will as Rousseau would have it and for its enforcement, but this will is not a general will in Rousseau's sense. It does not unite the whole community. The will the state discovers and implements is the will of the economically dominant class. It allows the members of this class to act in concert for the purpose of maintaining their domination of subordinate classes. In so far as this view of the state is correct, there is a sense in which Marxists do go beyond the claims of standard political theory in calling states dictatorships. Arguably, there is even a sense in which in their view democracy and dictatorship conflict. The contrast, however, is not with democracy per se but with democracy purged of its class-centered connotations and understood to designate rule by the undifferentiated people. Democracy in this sense is one form of , the state grounded in the supposed universality of or right. On the other hand, dictatorships, according to contemporary understandings, are not . Like ancient tyrannies these polities are based on the will of the dictator, a will that is arbitrary with respect to right. In calling states dictatorships, Marxists suggest in effect that the is an illusion, that, so long as societies remain divided into social classes, the universality of right is an impossible and even harmful ideal. In this respect the characterization of states as dictatorships is part of a broader challenge to the very idea of right, of a notion of morality and law that stands beyond class divisions, or in Rousseauian terms the objection the expression registers is to the idea of a general will in political communities that superintend class divided societies. For Marx, so long as class divisions persist, class interests remain fundamental. They cannot be assimilated to private wills as Rousseau proposed in \"The Social Contract\" nor can they be dissolved into a putative general will, precisely because in class divided societies there are no general interests towards which a general will can aim. The standpoint of universality emblematic of the so-called moral point of view is in Marx's understanding a flawed and deeply ideological perspective. It represents ruling class interests as universal interests thereby working to the detriment of the emancipation of subordinate classes. The idea of a universal state, a , is correspondingly flawed and similarly ideological. Failing a genuine consensus on ends, possible finally only after communism has ended class divisions, states can only be class states. To depict states as dictatorships then is to focus on a crucial implication of this position and in doing so to continue the Marxian assault on a morality of . Thus, the Marxian notion of dictatorship is neither so contentious as may first appear nor so standard, as further investigation suggests, but the idea that states are class dictatorships is indeed the fundamental Marxian claim in political theory. This position helps explain in a general way why the idea of a cannot be sustained. More importantly, it joins the theory of the state with the historical materialist idea that history is a history of class struggles. The state in the Marxian view is part of a process of class struggle that shapes the nature and trajectory of human history. In this sense there need be no conflict with democracy. Indeed, if it is true that democracy is indispensable for the particular trajectory favored by those who would bring about statelessness, democracy and dictatorship are inextricably joined. In \"The State and Revolution,\" Lenin is emphatic in insisting that the institutions of the old regime be smashed not seized and replaced by institutions of a new type. Following Marx's own reflections on the Paris Commune and its tragic aftermath, Lenin maintained that institutions of the old form by their very nature promote bourgeois class rule and that a proletarian class dictatorship correspondingly requires institutional arrangements of a new type. It is fair to generalize this claim. If we accept the thesis fundamental to the Marxian view of politics that state power is always a class dictatorship, then the idea would be that there exist relations of compatibility and incompatibility between class dictatorships and the institutions through which they maintain their power. Writing in the summer of 1917 between two great revolutionary moments and in the flush of rapidly changing and suddenly momentous events, Lenin was disinclined to draw out many of the implications of this claim, particularly those that focus on how revolutionary victories can become deflected, but, although he does not quite say as much, it is plain that in his view a working class that seizes but does not smash the offending institutions of the class dictatorship it overthrows would in the end control a bourgeois, not a proletarian, state. In time these institutions would work their effects unmistakeably and bourgeois order, perhaps administered by erstwhile revolutionary forces, would be effectively restored. Arguably, real history has partially vindicated this unhappy inference, but in the Soviet Union and elsewhere where the Soviet model has been imitated, the evident failure to advance towards genuine communism is it most only partially explained by the survival of old institutional forms. The indefinite prolongation and entrenchment of repressive and ideological arrangements, appropriate arguably for revolutionary seizures of power but not for the permanent revolutionizing of the state, is at least as much to blame. Nevertheless, Lenin's implicit recognition of a likely and profoundly debilitating danger facing revolutionary Russia seems remarkably prescient today. \"The State and Revolution\" makes much of one sort of incompatibility that alleged to hold between a relatively autonomous repressive state apparatus, the hallmark of bourgeois class rule according to Lenin, and the dictatorship of the proletariat. I would venture that it is now plain more than 70 years after Lenin's reflections that this position is dangerously flawed. Nevertheless, I do not want to impugn the more general thesis it represents. The discovery of a relation between forms of the state repressive apparatus and forms of state power is a significant advance in political theory even if the particular incompatibility identified by the discoverer of his general relationship cannot be sustained. What motivates the suggestion that an independent judiciary be replaced by popular tribunals or that a specialized police and army be superseded by people's militias is the same principle that underlies the injunction to smash parliamentary forms of governance and establish workers' councils in their stead. It is a commitment to enhance direct popular control over the repressive state apparatus, in a word, to democratize. For committed democrats such measures are understandable, but historical experience belies this judgment. It is plain that the relative autonomy of institutions for the administration of justice in existing liberal democracies is a signal advantage of these regimes and very much enhances individual and collective wellbeing. It is equally plain that the fact that the judiciaries and police of existing socialist countries are much less independent of other state institutions has worked to the detriment of the citizens of these states. It could be argued that the superiority of liberal democracies in this respect follows only from the failure of existing socialist states to democratize their repressive state institutions. Those countries have indeed smashed the institutional forms of liberal democracy, but virtually without exception they had done so preemptively in as much as liberal institutions never actually were established in the old regimes these states replaced, but they had not instituted democratic arrangements in their place. Instead, the repressive apparatus of existing socialist polities is controlled by a party and bureaucracy even more remote from popular control than the relatively independent judiciaries and police of liberal democracies. The repressive apparatus of a bureaucratized state socialism in a political community bereft of liberal traditions and with very limited democratic experience can hardly be expected to realize the vision advanced in \"The State and Revolution.\" Thus, the fact that most people would prefer with good reason to be in the hands of the police or judicial systems of, say, Great Britain or the United States rather than those of East Germany or Poland is not a point against democratizing the repressive state apparatus, nor does it provide much support for the liberal democratic commitment to relative autonomy. There is evident merit in this argument and to the additional observation that the evidence that does exist of partially democratized repressive institutions, nearly all of it gathered in revolutionary contexts, is too fragmentary to be of much use and is of doubtful relevance in any case. Nevertheless, the evidence is not entirely indeterminate and does support caution. The history of the 20th century tends to corroborate that pessimism about human nature that pervades liberal political culture and that motivates the support for institutional safeguards designed to save us from ourselves and from each other. It is important for democrats to address this wariness and to reflect on its implications. Pessimism, some might say realism, about human nature is the principle source of the zeal with which liberal democrats defend the relative autonomy of state institutions. Characteristically, radical democrats counter these doubts by ascribing powerful transformative effects to democratic participation itself. For radical democrats liberal democrats err not so much in their view of the psychology of present day human beings but in thinking that the human nature one observes is insusceptible to genuinely democratic education. The citizens of liberal democracies and of other non- or only minimally democratic states do indeed have reason to fear their own natures and should therefore prefer relatively independent judiciaries and police to more democratic alternatives. For them the tyranny of the majority is at least as much a peril as more conventional tyrannies, but the very real shortcomings of the human nature we observe can be altered profoundly. As Rousseau believed, when the whole people rule concerning the whole people, human beings will become the kinds of citizens who, by their very nature, by the nature of their once, effectively realize liberal values without recourse to non- or anti-democratic liberal constraints. However, the belief that democratic participation actually has these effects is at this point at best an article of faith. Radical participatory democracy has been seldom attempted even in small scale organizations and hardly ever broached at the level of the state itself. Evidence that would compel assent or rejection of democratic claims is simply unavailable. Nevertheless, faith in the positive transformative powers of democratic participation is at least reasonable. The tyranny of the majority is a plausible threat in so far as citizens are observed to be ill-informed, mercurial, susceptible to demagogic manipulation, and generally lacking in the virtues of civility. For such a citizenry, it is appropriate, even urgent, to set limits on the scope of democratic collective choice as liberals propose and to move from direct democratic to representative institutions as liberal democrats do. However, we can observe that even the most irresponsible individuals invested with real power over particular decisions do become responsible decision-makers, and we can see too that even the most ill-informed citizens are often knowledgeable about matters that engage their interest. We can therefore conclude with some justification that for most people effective control over institutions is likely to concentrate the mind and spark sufficient concern to ensure competent governance, but it remains unclear how much confidence to invest in this speculation in the face of persistent observations supporting contrary conclusions. What is plain is just that the evident deficiencies one observes in the citizenry of existing states does not inevitably carry over to other aspects of social and collective experience and is not unalterable. In contrast to many contemporary defenders of participatory democracy, Marxists who support radical democratic positions tend not to focus on observations of individuals' activities in non- or quasi-political contexts but on political behavior in expressly revolutionary undertakings: The Paris Commune of 1871, the 1905 Revolution in Russia, the events of the spring and summer of 1917, the October Revolution, the failed revolutionary eruptions in Central and Eastern Europe and in the aftermath of the October Revolution, and the host of Third World revolutionary ventures in the past several decades. The fact that the popular masses including hosts of downtrodden and oppressed individuals can assume control of their destinies and participate in revolutionary institutions competently provides support for the feasibility of genuine democratic rule in less exceptional circumstances. However, this data is not likely to assuage liberals' fears. In revolutionary situations, revolutionaries typically take severely illiberal measures against perceived enemies of the revolution. With the luxury of hindsight, it seems plain that excessive severity is endemic to revolutionary politics. Indeed, from the last days of the French Revolution until the dread of nuclear weaponry impinged on human consciousness, revolutionary terror was, according to Hegel's celebrated portrayal, the very emblem of unthinkable horror. Arguably, revolutionary experience provides reasons for faith in people's competence to run their own affairs, but the history of revolutions and the popular rule within revolutionary situations would seem, if anything, to reinforce the fears that motivate liberals to distance institutions for the administration of justice and the maintenance of civil order from direct democratic control. I could go on at length about the equivocal bearing of existing data and about suggestions for generating evidence of a more determinant sort. It will suffice for now to register the opinion that the case for participatory democracy is at least as strong as the case against it. As I maintained in arguing for socialism, I think it is a case worth wagering on, but even if you disagree, I think you must concede that it is a strong enough case to warrant reflecting on the objectives of democratic participation in the context that Marxists envision. My claim again is that, despite what most Marxists would say, the radical participatory democracy some Marxist advocate aims that the realization of liberal values but without liberalism by transforming individuals' characters or what comes to the same thing, their wills. Through popular self-rule and in other ways too, individuals are to be educated to respect the moral equality of persons and all that it implies. No less a liberal than John Stuart Mill also emphasized the importance of liberal character for implementing liberal values, but he saw no possibility or merit in dispensing with liberal institutional safeguards. Marxists disagree on both counts. A conservative sensibility attuned to the dangers inherent in tampering with established political forms would tend to support Mill against Marx in this debate. In general it is wise to act in accord with this sensibility. However, as I have tried to show in \"The End of the State,\" conservatism in this sense need not entail immobility nor need it even proscribe revolutionary undertakings. It only militates against the impatience that always seems to afflict revolutionaries, advising caution in anticipating the pace of change and warning against the idea that mentalities developed over centuries and shaped in part by psychological and cultural factors remote from any economic base or political superstructure can be rapidly and profoundly transformed. Respect for what liberals would call the rights of others is eminently achievable for most people most of the time even now, and, in uneasy coexistence with the opposite inclination, the character traits from which such respect flows spontaneously can flourish to an extraordinary degree in the exceptional revolutionary conditions Marxists invoke as support for democracy's beneficial effects, but sufficient confidence in individuals' capacities to respect rights in normal circumstances and without institutional constraints would require at the very least a protracted period of character formation possibly lasting generations. Marx and Lenin and their co-thinkers went wrong, I think, in imagining that this process could be cut short, that the old institutional forms could be changed quickly and extensively without conjuring up the perils they protected against. My quarrel then is not with their view of the nature of the changes needed for realizing democracy fully nor even with the means they propose for bringing the requisite changes about. I think they went wrong only in their estimate of the rates at which these changes can proceed. A similar flaw afflicts other Marxian prognostications, for instance, Marx's predictions of capitalism's future. Marx it seems was clear-sighted to a fault about what human beings could achieve but willfully blind to the human-all-too-human obstacles standing in the way of his vision. If as Plato said a virtue of a thing is that which makes it perform its function well and a vice is that which has a contrary effect, then impatience is a serious vice in a revolutionary. Perhaps more than any other factor, impatience makes otherwise sound revolutionary ventures turn out badly. Marxists including Marx can be faulted for this vice in their practice and in its theory. Lenin's injunction to smash rather than seize the old repressive state apparatus was in context a clear expression of impatience that has had dreadful consequences. It is true that the old repressive state institutions, relatively insulated from each other and from the main governing bodies of the state, are obstacles in the way of democratization and its beneficent effects. It is also true, therefore, that the dictatorship of the proletariat, in order to fulfill its historical mission, must eventually replace such institutions with more directly democratic forms, but it is wrong to undertake to democratize prematurely and without liberal protections. To do so is to foster the tyranny of the majority or of those who purport to rule in their behalf and to put individuals' rights and the dignity they express in jeopardy. Even if the most optimistic assessments of democracy's transformative potentialities can be sustained, only success in instilling liberal values in the wills of citizens can pave the way for the unprecedented and unfettered further democratization necessary for ending the state. Even those who acknowledged the possibilities historical materialism identifies and who are eager to wager on democracy's transformative effects should therefore forbear from calling for the last state, the state in transition to statelessness, to smash relatively autonomous institutions for the administration of justice and the maintenance of civil order. To issue such a call is to neglect the central problem a state in transition must confront, the recalcitrance of deeply entrenched apolitical and illiberal inclinations and the difficulties these habits of mind pose for the transitional process itself. In well-functioning liberal democracies, programs with illiberal implications are unlikely to gain many adherents. Not so, however, in illiberal regimes where no one has anything to lose by relinquishing nonexistent liberal protections. Thus the call to smash liberalism preemptively in conditions where liberal institutions have not produced their own limited transformative effects is particularly reckless. Liberal democracy is a preschool for real democracy. It is evaded at great peril. As history attests, the likely outcome of attempts to pass over liberal democracy is tyranny at first perhaps in the guise of democratic forms, eventually without any disguise at all. Even with liberal democracy as an established point of departure, the way ahead for the last state remains problematic and uncharted. It is therefore pointless to speculate on timeframes for the protracted transformative process of building securely liberal character types, liberals without liberalism, even conceding the feasibility of the project. All that can be concluded with confidence is that the process will be facilitated greatly if the institutional safeguards liberal democracy has evolved to protect against the tyranny of the majority remain in force now and for the foreseeable future though not for an indefinite future. The dictatorship of the proletariat must find a place, as it were, for relatively autonomous repressive state institutions. For a long time to come, perhaps a very long time, it must remain liberal even if liberalism is ultimately incompatible with the general democratizing tendency of this form of the state. But then how can this last state advance toward statelessness? How indeed is it to count as a state of a new type? To begin to answer these questions, it is well to follow the lead of some Marxists after Lenin, Gramsci, for example, and Althusser, and look back again to indications provided by political philosophers before Marx. Thus, partisans of the last state should take to heart Hume's celebrated declaration that opinion is the true foundation of the state. This view is entirely in accord with the spirit and letter of Rousseau's thought too in so far as Rousseau conceived politics as a contest between the private and the general will, a struggle for the opinion, in Hume's sense, of each citizen. In short it is misleading for defenders of the last state to look only at repressive state institutions as Lenin did. The real battle in and over the dictatorship of the proletariat is ultimately waged at the level of opinion. It was perhaps with this idea in mind that Althusser identified what he called the ideological state apparatus, a formulation plainly intended to parallel the repressive state apparatus of Lenin's political theory. The expression is Althusser's, but the idea is Gramsci's. Among Marxists it was Gramsci who first privileged the role of ideology in the struggle for socialism and by implication in the process of moving socialist societies towards communism, and it was Gramsci who first conceived ideological institutions as state institutions even when they are not juridically public. Gramsci's aim was to provide a theory of socialist transformation relevant to European conditions in the 20th century. The Russian Revolution, Gramsci thought, was not a suitable model. Because it took place in a society that by Western standards was underdeveloped economically and politically, it could be waged successfully like the French Revolution more than a century before as a frontal assault on the principal institutions of the old regime. The repressive apparatus of the czarist autocracy and then the Kerensky government, weakened by war and mired in a feudal past, proved incapable of withstanding the pressures of a popular insurrection directed by a professional leadership organized in quai-military lines. States that superintendent more developed societies are likely, however, to have considerably greater means for maintaining themselves in power even if large-scale popular insurrections can somehow be mobilized against them. A frontal assault on such a state is therefore unlikely to succeed. What is required instead is a protracted struggle, metaphorically a war of attrition. At stake in this war is what Gramsci called hegemony: moral, cultural, and intellectual dominance. If the working class and its allies can gain hegemony, the old order will have lost the battle for opinion, the basis of its de facto legitimacy, and therefore, following Hume, the basis for its very existence. The eventual conquest of the old state apparatus will only ratify an earlier more fundamental victory won on the ideological front. Socialist revolution then is not essentially a matter of storming a Bastille or seizing a Winter Palace. In developed countries such revolutionary events can be of only symbolic or expressive importance. The real task is to combat the old regime ideologically, to assault its legitimacy, precipitating a crisis that is finally resolved by the ascension to power of a new hegemonic class. In emphasizing the indispensable role of ideological struggle, Gramsci departed from Leninist orthodoxy, but there is a sense in which his depiction of revolutionary politics as a struggle for hegemony recalls standard Marxian accounts of the bourgeois revolutions through which capitalism decisively and irreversibly defeated feudalism. A new mode of production, in the traditional view, matures in the womb of the old. Thus, the great bourgeois revolution cemented economic transformations that had already largely transpired. A strictly parallel development is inconceivable under capitalism. In general, capitalist economies can accommodate prototypes of socialist economic organizations, workers' cooperatives, for instance, or publicly controlled enterprises, but, so long as the economy remains organized along capitalist lines, these firms must deal with one another and with the larger economy in capitalist ways. It is therefore impossible for socialism to arise within capitalism in the way that pockets of capitalism arose within feudal societies, but it is possible for socialist opinion to form and gain hegemony. In this sense a new form of civilization can indeed grow to near maturity in the womb of the old not in consequences of inexorable economic processes but as a matter of conscious design. The venerable metaphor therefore remains apt though the phenomena it describes is not at all the same. Bourgeois revolutions became possible and even necessary because the political superstructure of feudal societies grew increasingly out of line with emerging capitalist production relations. In Gramsci's view, in order to prevail in developed capitalist economies with normal states, socialist revolutionaries must create a parallel incompatibility between the economy and the state on the one hand an opinion or hegemonic ideology on the other. Althusser's representation of this Gramscian thesis is untenable if taken literally. The signal achievement of state building in the modern period has been to consolidate all de facto legitimate means of violence into a single institutional nexus. No parallel consolidation has occurred for the institutions that shape opinion. Indeed, a much remarked characteristic of capitalist societies, especially those governed by liberal democratic states, is the separation of the state from most spheres of individuals' lives and the consequent placement of many of the institutions Gramsci's analysis implicates outside the state in an apolitical civil society. To be sure this exclusion is seldom if ever complete. Some of the institutions involved in the struggle for hegemonic, schools, for instance, are typically administered, established, and funded by the state. The press and other mass media are rarely public in this sense particularly in liberal democracies. Religious organizations, which still play a role in forming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112161#t=0.0,2813.23102"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 3 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e It's true of course, that the state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=5.14,6.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through its legal system, impinges upon family life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=6.81,10.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other ostensibly private matters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=10.27,12.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes to the detriment of liberal values,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=12.67,15.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes unexceptionably.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=15.03,16.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ideally the state superintends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=17.34,19.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and supports the private sphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=19.3,21.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is in a sense, the condition for its possibility,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=22.46,25.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this fact hardly warrants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=25.73,27.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collapsing the distinction liberals draw","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=27.49,29.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between civil society and the state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=29.63,31.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ideological state apparatus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=31.767,33.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Althusser's formulation straddles this difference,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=33.95,37.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by implication discounts 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enterprise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=556.48,558.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may well portend the end of socialism in China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=558.73,561.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It should go without saying that the 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communism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=578.31,580.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it will hardly convince skeptics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=580.18,582.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to argue as pro-communists 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revolutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=587.32,590.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the unrelenting hostility of world capitalism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=590.28,593.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explains the way the bad 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revolution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=598.82,601.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just as there is in defending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=601.73,603.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the dictatorship of the proletariat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=603.12,604.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even after its unfortunate name is explained away,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=604.92,608.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or for that matter, in defending socialism 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attitude","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=613.59,615.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except as I have tried,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=615.96,617.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to offer arguments supporting the ideal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=617.24,619.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the final analysis, as angles might say at this point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=620.7,623.527"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the proof is in the pudding.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=623.527,625.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if I am right, there is as yet no relevant sample","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=625.25,628.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of pudding and therefore nothing to do but speculate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=628.08,630.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how the pudding might taste.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=630.57,632.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have tried to give 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people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=638.25,639.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including many who continue to identify with Marxism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=639.98,643.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be deeply skeptical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=643.08,645.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there is one sort of problem implicit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=645.3,647.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the idea of a state that wages a cultural revolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=647.41,650.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the society it superintends,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=650.39,652.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I have not at all adequately 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good,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=662.73,665.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its own vision of communism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=665.51,667.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In doing so it risks 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advance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=672.72,675.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arguably, it even risks running afoul of the core value,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=675.64,679.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in the liberal 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personality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=683.31,685.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In as much as this value in its own right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=686.74,689.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the light of historical experience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=689.02,690.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is eminently supportable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=690.95,692.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the question of its compatibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=692.87,695.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the theory of the last state must be confronted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=695.51,697.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and assessed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=697.97,699.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am confident that this issue can be resolved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=699.33,701.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without detriment to the positions I have endorsed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=701.99,705.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I have not yet done so and therefore concede","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=705.01,707.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in addition to the inconclusive character","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=707.87,710.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the case I have marshaled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=710.2,711.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the possibility of the last state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=711.62,714.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my account of its desirability is still woefully incomplete.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=714.06,718.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, this 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tractable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=721.7,723.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have today only addressed the historically germane,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=723.83,726.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think relatively easily rebutted objection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=726.71,730.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the desirability of the last state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=730.03,732.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many hard questions remain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=732.6,734.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the end, argumentation by itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=734.87,737.246"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not suffice to establish definitive conclusions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=737.246,742.246"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The jury on the last state will remain out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=742.78,745.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until there is something to taste.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=745.27,747.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I have tried to do is assemble a brief,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=747.6,750.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a position of a larger case yet to be made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=750.38,752.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supporting a favorable verdict.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=752.99,755.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=755.39,756.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=756.223,759.294"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Moderator:\u003c/strong\u003e Professor Levine has agreed to take questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=770.468,772.786"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and engage in discussion with the audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=772.786,774.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if anyone has any questions or comments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=774.61,777.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, I should say that I talked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=783.37,784.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I realized that I read that very quickly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=784.76,786.517"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that was in part because I had 35 pages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=786.517,790.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I was trying to get down to an hour and...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=790.29,793.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man speaking inaudibly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=794.397,797.814"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=800.063,800.989"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man speaking inaudibly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=800.989,804.406"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=834.709,835.626"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I was trying to do was to argue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=851.83,854.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the desirability of a vision of statelessness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=854.08,858.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that requires a separate argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=858.0,861.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to establish the possibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=861.7,863.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Your question as I understand, it addresses the question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=864.66,866.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the possibility of a state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=866.537,868.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that undoes the conditions for its own possibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=868.45,870.998"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=870.998,873.415"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that what needs...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=884.99,886.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me try to put it this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=888.26,891.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ultimately, philosophically, what's involved is the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=892.5,897.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout political philosophy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=897.34,898.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's involved is the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=898.64,899.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of coordinating individuals' behaviors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=899.89,902.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what the received wisdom among political philosophers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=903.1,908.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been, at least since the problem was posed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=908.35,911.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the way it has been in the modern period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=911.26,912.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the inception of the nation state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=912.99,915.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that at least to some 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entities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1136.96,1140.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized around a general, a punitive general will,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1140.19,1145.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that may have to overcome problems of recalcitrance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1147.52,1152.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now my position is that such a notion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1153.94,1156.161"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of rational cooperation is possible as a political ideal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1156.161,1161.161"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is arguably also desirable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1161.97,1164.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least given certain other assumptions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1164.75,1167.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what else goes on in society and the state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1167.81,1170.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe I could make that just,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1173.3,1174.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just say one other thing to make that a little bit clearer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1174.62,1177.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's easier to think about these 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cast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1182.19,1186.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we talk about entire political communities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1186.89,1189.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So suppose there are only two people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1189.78,1191.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're are a couple, John and Mary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1191.53,1193.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"John has certain interests,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1195.09,1196.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Mary has certain interests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1196.38,1198.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm supposing and thinking it is not entirely 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Mary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1208.77,1211.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I think that we can specify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1211.54,1214.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least some situations in which it's reasonable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1214.06,1217.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for John or reasonable for Mary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1217.25,1219.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to privilege the John-Mary interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1219.25,1221.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over their individual interests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1221.27,1223.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are also 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interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1227.91,1230.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the John interest or the Mary interest, respectively.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1230.87,1234.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This sort of project that I 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state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1240.61,1242.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and more generally by the Rousseauian idea applied,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1242.51,1246.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deemed applicable to modern political communities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1248.7,1251.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that there is at the political level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1251.55,1253.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something like a John-Mary interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1253.21,1255.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that at least under certain circumstances,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1255.04,1256.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the John-Mary interest is the 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interests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1260.3,1263.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both of those claims are very.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1264.84,1266.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaking indistinctly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1266.663,1268.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e They cannot be against that...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1268.54,1270.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You are killing the opposition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1272.68,1273.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are killing them having opposing views.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1273.987,1276.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1276.6,1277.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have to say that, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1277.433,1278.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1279.765,1282.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I think the idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1282.89,1284.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to demarcate conditions under which it's reasonable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1284.96,1289.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the these individuals to privilege the general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1290.17,1294.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the private interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1294.58,1295.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether it would be in such a society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1296.96,1301.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't see that there would be any need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1303.88,1305.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to silence opposition, where opposition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1305.69,1310.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if there's strong reason","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1311.37,1313.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for thinking opposition fundamentally unreasonable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1313.38,1316.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indeed quite the contrary,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1317.38,1319.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, what I was arguing 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values","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1328.21,1330.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and liberal institutional arrangements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1330.86,1332.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least for an indefinite period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1332.81,1334.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaking indistinctly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1336.627,1339.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e How do I (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1351.44,1353.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposing that modernization of traditional society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1353.86,1358.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involves complex differentiation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1360.5,1362.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of society, division of labor and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1362.94,1365.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So is anything so we realize we can't turn back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1365.24,1369.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at some kind of Rousseauian-Marxian organic theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1369.56,1374.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on your John-Mary model.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1376.617,1378.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if I understand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1378.4,1379.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he compromised his distinction between system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1379.91,1384.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and life portal would be such that what you're advocating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1384.09,1387.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the end of the state is the 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differentiations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1391.28,1394.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back into the life of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1394.48,1396.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that I think if I had just,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1396.38,1400.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't read your end of the state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1400.15,1401.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because from your whole position","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1401.9,1403.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it sounds like it's like very unrealistic to suppose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1403.95,1408.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you could overcome all these differentiations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1409.62,1413.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the modernizing processes in economics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1414.236,1418.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that you could overcome division of labor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1419.97,1422.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So for us to achieve this John-Mary organicity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1423.84,1428.772"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the total (indistinct) that you want.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1428.772,1433.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, I'm not sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1434.71,1436.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I completely understand but there's one 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defending.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1442.9,1445.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I what I need to argue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1447.52,1450.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that at least to retain any fidelity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1450.55,1455.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Marxian origins of this kind of argument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1456.57,1460.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I would need to 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societies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1468.1,1470.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that no other kinds of conflictual arrangements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1471.32,1476.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this may be what you had in 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count","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1489.46,1490.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against realizing the moral equality of persons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1491.72,1495.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the way that Rousseauian 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systematicity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1511.82,1514.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that class oppositions do in the Marxian account of society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1514.34,1518.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a very controversial view.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1518.3,1522.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think it does indirectly confront","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1522.25,1526.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or oppose at least to some so-called post-Marxist 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relations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1552.87,1556.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he was wrong in thinking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1556.36,1558.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that class relations play any privileged 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domination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1579.97,1581.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's a view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1583.63,1587.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a position like this would need to 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comments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1596.66,1599.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the remaking of human character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1599.09,1601.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are a lot of things that could be 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yourself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1633.71,1634.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put some emphasis on the evident failure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1634.7,1637.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of many socialist experiments around the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1637.84,1641.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wonder if maybe we can go the other direction for a minute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1641.34,1645.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and wonder about whether or 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character","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1666.95,1671.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along the lines that would confirm your thesis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1671.55,1673.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the sort of remaking of 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as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1681.13,1682.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've rather narrowly focused on participatory democracy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1682.02,1687.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't require unlimited 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confidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1711.77,1713.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in entrusting public affairs to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1713.64,1718.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I tried to suggest, I think the evidence for 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position.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1729.86,1734.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With respect to the larger question of how Marx","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1735.8,1740.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or people in this tradition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1740.45,1742.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"envision the transformation of human character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1742.34,1746.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that Marx's position is rather hard to unravel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1746.1,1751.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are a number of people lately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1754.62,1756.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have argued for affinities between Marx and Aristotle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1756.5,1760.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's becoming increasingly clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1761.6,1763.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there are important affinities 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degree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1769.78,1772.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that motivates this talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1779.134,1780.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in trying reconcile liberal with Marxian ideas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1780.45,1783.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very roughly Mill's position,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1784.72,1786.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is I think clearer than either Aristotle's or 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excellencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1793.64,1796.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is itself historically variable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1797.53,1802.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mill speaks of the permanent interests of 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capacities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1854.56,1856.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the sorts of ideals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1856.93,1859.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which flourish under such social 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arrangements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1863.12,1865.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that for Mill as for Marx,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1865.36,1867.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remains a question for the 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experiments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1879.42,1881.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and living conducted under the right conditions will hold.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1881.31,1885.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What Marx believed I think, and what mill also believed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1885.16,1888.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and perhaps this is an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1888.97,1891.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that does indeed go back to Aristotle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1891.28,1893.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that there are no systematic impedances in human nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1893.71,1897.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to achieving progressive transformations in human character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1898.396,1903.396"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that at least given one sort of threshold is surpassed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1904.11,1909.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once historically available means for cultivating moral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1910.34,1914.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and intellectual capacities are accessible,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1914.8,1917.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and accessible, I think at least for Mill and Marx","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1919.38,1923.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in conditions that don't depend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1923.14,1924.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upon denying these means to others","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1924.84,1926.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that then progress will in fact occur.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1928.87,1930.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e What you're saying seems to me quite acceptable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1934.883,1938.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'd also throw one more name into the pot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1938.47,1941.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is John Dewey.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1941.44,1943.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This sounds very much like Dewey's defense of Marx.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1943.01,1946.428"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e And just to make an extremely long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1946.428,1950.236"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and unworked out story very short.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1950.236,1952.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's basically why I think there's no problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1952.27,1954.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no fundamental conflict between the theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1954.67,1957.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the last state and the liberal value of neutrality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1957.81,1962.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because what I would wanna argue ultimately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1962.67,1964.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that in both cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1965.85,1967.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's at stake is the promotion of human flourishing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1967.21,1971.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the advancement of moral progress in the requisite sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1971.61,1975.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e See if I understand one of your pieces.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1980.6,1983.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way I understand it, what last statement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1985.68,1989.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever wants to inculcate certain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1989.63,1991.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll call it liberal values, this transformation itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1991.28,1994.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change of habits and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1994.61,1996.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, the new direction would be quote liberal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1996.95,1998.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that we can be self-regulating like take political power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=1998.62,2003.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so just as you said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2003.35,2005.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But attention almost paradox is that in order to do this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2005.35,2009.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they may have to be making a decision","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2009.33,2011.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of certain institutions, which are in themselves illiberal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2011.43,2015.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have that paradigm,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2017.54,2018.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that tension that you articulate in writing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2018.38,2020.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're gonna maybe use it illiberal means","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2022.0,2024.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would be full toleration and participation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2024.293,2027.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in order to bring about this transformation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2027.06,2029.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that I think is the received view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2029.9,2031.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is what I would understand Rousseauian politics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2031.98,2034.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2034.71,2035.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is what I think the Rousseaulian strain in Marxism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2035.543,2039.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is most evident in the State and Revolution suggests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2039.51,2042.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what I was suggesting today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2042.96,2045.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that they went too far, too fast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2045.52,2050.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that for an indefinite period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2050.2,2054.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the process of constructing a state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2055.24,2057.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the kind that they envisioned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2057.67,2059.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's important to maintain the sort of distance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2059.92,2062.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from direct popular control that are both liberal repressive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2062.79,2067.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also ideological state apparatuses enjoy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2067.6,2072.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay then my problem is what's supposed to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2073.26,2075.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on with this indefinite period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2075.573,2077.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how do we get from A to C","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2077.84,2080.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without the state convention that we see so well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2081.82,2084.514"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2084.514,2086.931"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean do you have any scenario at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2088.295,2090.245"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's gonna be gradual and so forth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2091.3,2093.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but something has to do it, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2093.33,2096.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I can't of course concretely specify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2098.94,2103.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the institutional arrangements that would be appropriate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2103.37,2105.624"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a state and transition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2105.624,2107.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the way that I'm suggesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2107.2,2109.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in part for principle reasons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2109.39,2111.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because what's politically appropriate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2111.92,2116.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is so tied intimately to particular conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2116.92,2121.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there's very little general that can be said about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2124.33,2127.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the one thing that is somewhat general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2127.3,2129.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can be said about it is that the nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2129.31,2131.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of political process for those that are committed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2131.87,2135.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to bringing about that kind of transformation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2135.51,2137.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to involve a protracted struggle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2137.79,2140.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in and over the precedent ideological state apparatus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2140.19,2144.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is I think the Gramscian position.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2149.32,2151.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e My question about the (inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2154.98,2158.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I understand that there was some room for opinion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2161.829,2165.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other than your reflection of class structure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2165.88,2168.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sort of a simple Marxist interpretation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2168.97,2171.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that correct?\nYeah. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2171.67,2173.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e Then my question of a particular perspective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2173.81,2177.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've seen function for education in the formation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2177.38,2180.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this opinion (indistinct) and if so, what (indistinct)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2180.46,2183.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Well again, I think Rousseau","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2192.57,2194.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as on so many other matters instructive that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2195.49,2198.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e I was curious there before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2200.02,2201.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you didn't mention the needle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2201.0,2204.575"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Educational practice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2204.575,2207.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one of the principle sorts of social practices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2207.0,2211.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instrumental for forming character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2216.35,2220.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And since politics on this view,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2220.19,2223.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think is not that unstandard of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2223.65,2225.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comes to being a struggle over character,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2225.66,2228.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"struggle in and over what Austerians might once have called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2229.56,2233.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the educational ideological state apparatus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2233.47,2237.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is central to this project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2237.22,2240.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e Where would we be if public education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2240.78,2244.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like in the United States is a quasi-public,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2244.3,2246.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also having some kind of room","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2246.62,2249.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for private opinion formation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2249.05,2251.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where's the room for setting up opposition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2253.38,2256.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and questioning of the progressive liberal structures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2256.82,2261.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e I give up, I guess it would be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2266.03,2268.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean I suppose there could be 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schooling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2277.17,2282.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, let me say just briefly something that I,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2284.23,2286.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, my talk was very long and I read it quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2286.87,2289.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there was one thing that I actually did skip","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2289.06,2291.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was relevant to at least the 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process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2442.44,2444.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in fact, very little is likely to affect that process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2444.77,2448.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Historical materialism is then compatible 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processes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2464.7,2465.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps even other than other dynamic processes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2465.78,2469.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the only thing that historical 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materialist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2473.22,2475.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be if these other processes or exogenous causes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2475.88,2479.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affected the process that historical materialism 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sustain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2522.1,2524.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible chatter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2529.823,2532.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Man:\u003c/strong\u003e One thing, I guess this gets back to (inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2559.85,2564.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say in the market system, or basically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2571.58,2574.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what exactly does the elimination of the state involve?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2576.22,2580.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we talk about the elimination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2581.25,2582.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all bureaucratic 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system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2587.83,2588.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the elimination of contract law,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2588.827,2592.626"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the elimination of many of the things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2592.626,2596.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Marx criticized as inherently alienating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2596.16,2599.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are we talking about (indistinct) simple form of arrogance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2601.0,2604.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and basically a small scale, elimination monetary exchange","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2604.54,2609.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or let's say the certification process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2613.18,2617.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Prof. Levine:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the simple Marxian answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2631.325,2634.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is plainly on satisfactory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2634.71,2636.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marx defined the state as a class state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2636.22,2641.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a form of organization of glass domination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2642.633,2645.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so in Marx's view with the elimination of classes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2645.79,2649.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it's supposed to come at the end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2649.49,2650.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the trajectory that historical materialism depicts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2650.95,2653.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"automatically the state ends and it ends by 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listed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2660.83,2664.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a whole lot more, ending alienation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2664.14,2666.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ending commodification of everything ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2666.75,2670.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly ending market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2670.02,2671.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's that strain of Marxian thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2672.65,2675.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which ends the state by definition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2675.14,2677.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then which interprets the end of the state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2677.04,2682.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a way which is sort of shamelessly utopian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2682.3,2685.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not what I wanna suggest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2689.91,2693.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2693.59,2694.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a an alternative tradition that 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talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2701.25,2706.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the doctrine at the end of the state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2706.67,2709.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to which the end of the state is supposed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2709.07,2711.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be replaced by something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2711.5,2712.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the administration of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2712.75,2714.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we're not told much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2714.93,2715.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what the administration of things is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2715.87,2717.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except it suggested that it's pretty much like the state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2717.83,2721.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except administration loses its political character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2721.32,2726.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is, we have pretty nearly all the old kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2726.33,2731.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of institutions in place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2734.05,2735.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're no longer institutions of class domination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2735.49,2738.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in other words, we have the same kind of conjuring act","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2738.85,2742.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the state ending by definition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2742.49,2744.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in this case, it's having no effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2744.87,2747.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas in the former case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2747.72,2748.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it had an utterly miraculous effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2748.87,2751.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in transforming everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2751.31,2753.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what I would suppose,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2753.35,2755.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I have sort of no idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2755.07,2758.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how to elaborate the details of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2758.65,2761.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what I would suppose is that the ending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2761.08,2764.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the political character","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2764.46,2766.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of administrative institutional arrangements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2766.19,2770.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have quite far-reaching ramifications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2770.03,2774.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the nature of the institutions that remain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2774.85,2777.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But of course they would have to remain institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2777.64,2780.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were capable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2780.29,2781.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only of overcoming collective weakness of will problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2781.63,2785.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also for organizing the tremendously complex","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2785.33,2788.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administrative problems that remain in any advanced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2788.54,2793.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or hyper advanced social formation that we wouldn't have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2793.56,2798.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as in the Rousseauian picture or reversion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2799.18,2801.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to some form of yeoman society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2801.45,2804.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which everyone owns their own means and production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=2804.7,2807.183"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25258/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/258/original/AV203818_Liberals_Without_Liberalism_b.vtt?1620124011","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/258/original/AV203818_Liberals_Without_Liberalism_b.vtt?1620124011"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25259","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203818_Liberals_Without_Liberalism_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162/transcript/25259/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Prof. Levine] It's true of course, that the state, through its legal system, impinges upon family life and other ostensibly private matters, sometimes to the detriment of liberal values, sometimes unexceptionably. Ideally the state superintends and supports the private sphere. It is in a sense, the condition for its possibility, but this fact hardly warrants collapsing the distinction liberals draw between civil society and the state. The ideological state apparatus of the Althusser's formulation straddles this difference, and by implication discounts it. Nevertheless there is some justification for Althusser's designation. And there is even a sense in which his formulation captures what is distinctive in Gramsci's political theory. For both Althusser and Gramsci, following Marx's functional depiction of the state as a set of institutions that reproduce existing class relations, the institution state functionary's administer directly could not possibly exhaust the scope of the state. The state, according to the assumed definition, would designate all the institutional arrangements that fulfill the requisite function. Civil society, as liberals understand it, should therefore be replete with state institutions. In so far as even those institutions that paradigmatically distinguish civil society from the political realm like the family, work to reproduce existing relations of class domination, they are part of the state functionally though not juridically conceived. As already remarked, this usage can confuse and mislead. However, it also suggests an important challenge to mainstream political theory, motivated by Marxian views of the state's role in history. In its insistence that politics is not a realm apart, but an inextricable aspect of all spheres of human life, Althusser's formulation again underscores a difference between Marxian and liberal political theory, and the affinity with Rousseauian thought and the broader classical tradition in political philosophy. The Althusserian-Gramscian insight concerns the relation between civil society and the state. It can be best appreciated if contrasted with a superficially similar distinction, fundamental to historical materialism between a society's economic base and its political superstructure. It is compatible with the historical materialist idea that a clearly differentiated economy is a relatively recent phenomenon in human history. That as is often maintained, pre-capitalist societies conflated economic and political functions to such an extent that it was not until capitalism began to mature in the womb of European Feudalism that the economic entered the conceptual scheme of individuals involved in production and exchange. Nevertheless, in the historical materialist view, a distinction between the economy and the state is a general explanatory importance throughout human history, even when it does not capture the lived experience of the people whose history it purports to explain. Similarly liberals, within historical understanding of social and political ideas would readily concede the historical particularity of these distinctions they draw between civil society and the state, or what comes to nearly the same thing, between the private and the public. For them too, it is tempting to conclude that these distinctions are of trans-historical normative significance, just as historical materialism claims trans-historical explanatory relevance for its own distinction between the economy and the state. Historically, many liberals have succumbed to this temptation and for good reason. Without a trans-historically applicable private-public distinction, liberals would lack a critical tool for assessing non-liberal societies, and liberalism would be just one ideology among many. For more than a century, liberals have sought to avoid this conclusion. However, liberalism does not require a trans-historically applicable private-public distinction so long as the historical relativity of liberal positions is conceded. Some contemporary liberals, including John Rawls, have come to hold precisely this view. Marxists traditionally have proclaimed the historical particularity of all normative views, partly in consequence of a certain understanding of Marxist theory of history, an understanding that now appears unnecessary and misguided. However if only for this bad reason, Marxists would likely agree with Rawls. But strictly speaking, Marxists can be agnostic on the question of the trans-historical applicability of particular normative positions. In any case, nothing Gramsci or Althusser claim about the ideological state apparatus, in any way impugns the trans historical normative importance of the liberal society state distinction. This observation is hardly surprising in as much as neither Gramsci or Althusser ever expressly addressed the normative questions of interest to liberal political philosophers. But they do challenge the underlying descriptive position that liberal moral philosophy suggests, the idea that there is a real difference between society and the state that is important for understanding the state trans-historically. Again, this claim is analogous to the historical materialist distinction between the economy and the state, but there is no reason in general why a distinction drawn in the context of a moral philosophy, whatever its metaphysical status or historical scope should be carried over as such into descriptive political theory, nor is there any reason in this case to consider the general rule contravened. Thus it is the view of Althusser in so far as a substantive thesis can be teased out of a provocative formulation, and implicitly also of Gramsci and Marx, that the liberals' distinction but not the historical materialist is of only historically transient importance, that however natural it may be to treat these distinctions similarly, the two are not in fact on a par. As already noted, this position is an implication of the functionalist characterization of the state, that after Lennon has become emblematic of Marxian political theory. Is this view justified? I think it all depends. For most explanatory purposes, a functionalist definition of the state is too encompassing to be of much use. In calling virtually all institutional arrangements of a given society state institutions as adherence of this definition must, many differences of interest to political theorists are bound to be obscured. The juridical private-public distinction is likely to track political phenomena far better. But as Marxists instructed by the 11 \"Theses on Feuerbach\", Althusser and Gramsci were not so much interested in understanding the world and all its facets, as in changing it. Their aim was to construct a revolutionary theory, an understanding of the world capable of guiding revolutionaries in the task of transforming society. For this purpose, the more encompassing definition may indeed be apt, for it suggests a political agenda appropriate to the Marxian revolutionary project that is likely to allude adherence of a narrower view of the state. To conceive this process of socialist revolution from the defeat of capitalism to the establishment of communism, as a struggle in and over both repressive and ideological state institutions, is to imagine the last state, the state that overcomes the conditions that make states necessary, the dictatorship of the proletariat, according to the traditional term, engaged in a protracted, Marx might have said, \"permanent ideological struggle.\" Marxist political movements in recent decades have produced the name for this phenomenon, cultural revolution. The term more or less adequately captures the spirit of the Gramscian-Althusserian idea. In Althusser's case, the connection was almost certainly intended. Althusser and his co-thinkers represented and defended a scarcely disguised Maoist politics, where Maoism was held according to western perceptions at the time, to privilege ideological struggle, as a means for overcoming the bureaucratic shortcomings and general immobility of Soviet communism. It was Maoism, more than any other Marxist tendency that promoted the idea of cultural revolution. Like so many other notions linked historically to Marxian political movements, the idea of cultural revolution has today fallen into serious disrepute. Contrary to what was once widely believed on the left, it is now clear that the great proletarian cultural revolution launched in China in 1966 and continuing for nearly a decade, was an unmitigated disaster. Its cost of human life and well-being and its detrimental effects on economic development and political morality are almost universally acknowledged. Moreover, no one today can plausibly claim that the cultural revolution moved China closer to communism. If anything, it now appears that by its negative example, and to compensate for the havoc it wrought, the cultural revolution fostered a turn back towards markets and private enterprise that may well portend the end of socialism in China. It should go without saying that the history of political movements officially committed to communism is at best a profound embarrassment for defenders of communism as an ideal. There are, of course, always mitigating circumstances that explain the unhappy vicissitudes of actual attempts at moving towards communism, but it will hardly convince skeptics to argue as pro-communists must that the economic and political under-development of the countries that have begun socialist revolutions and the unrelenting hostility of world capitalism explains the way the bad examples. There is therefore, a certain futility at this time in defending the idea of cultural revolution, just as there is in defending the dictatorship of the proletariat even after its unfortunate name is explained away, or for that matter, in defending socialism itself. Short of awaiting a new historical moment, there is no way to counter the prevailing attitude except as I have tried, to offer arguments supporting the ideal. In the final analysis, as angles might say at this point, \"the proof is in the pudding.\" But if I am right, there is as yet no relevant sample of pudding and therefore nothing to do but speculate about how the pudding might taste. I have tried to give reasons for judging this yet to be concocted putting favorably, even at a time when most people including many who continue to identify with Marxism would be deeply skeptical. But there is one sort of problem implicit in the idea of a state that wages a cultural revolution in the society it superintends, that I have not at all adequately addressed and that I will conclude by briefly acknowledging. Such a state apparently contravenes the liberals' desideratum of neutrality by promoting a particular conception of the good, its own vision of communism. In doing so it risks interfering with individual's lives and behaviors in ways inimical to the values I claim it seeks to advance. Arguably, it even risks running afoul of the core value, that in the liberal scheme motivates non-interference and neutrality, equal respect for moral personality. In as much as this value in its own right and in the light of historical experience is eminently supportable, the question of its compatibility with the theory of the last state must be confronted and assessed. I am confident that this issue can be resolved without detriment to the positions I have endorsed. But I have not yet done so and therefore concede that in addition to the inconclusive character of the case I have marshaled for the possibility of the last state, my account of its desirability is still woefully incomplete. However, this question because it is more strictly philosophical is more immediately tractable. I have today only addressed the historically germane, but I think relatively easily rebutted objection to the desirability of the last state. Many hard questions remain. In the end, argumentation by itself, will not suffice to establish definitive conclusions. The jury on the last state will remain out until there is something to taste. What I have tried to do is assemble a brief, a position of a larger case yet to be made supporting a favorable verdict. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- [Moderator] Professor Levine has agreed to take questions and engage in discussion with the audience. So if anyone has any questions or comments.\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Yeah, I should say that I talked. I realized that I read that very quickly, and that was in part because I had 35 pages that I was trying to get down to an hour and... That's right. Well, yeah. What I was trying to do was to argue for the desirability of a vision of statelessness that requires a separate argument to establish the possibility. Your question as I understand, it addresses the question of the possibility of a state that undoes the conditions for its own possibility. I think that what needs... Let me try to put it this way. Ultimately, philosophically, what's involved is the problem throughout political philosophy, what's involved is the problem of coordinating individuals' behaviors. Now what the received wisdom among political philosophers has been, at least since the problem was posed in the way it has been in the modern period with the inception of the nation state, is that at least to some degree, the coordination of individuals' behaviors requires a repressive apparatus. It requires a centralized unitary organization of the means of violence to function in much the way that the whole story is really told in Hobbes' Leviathan, to function in much the way that Hobbes' Sovereign does, to be a common power to hold us in law such that our behaviors are coordinated at least sufficiently to realize our interests without degeneration into a debilitating war of all against all. And suggesting that it's at least a theoretical possibility worth taking seriously, that we could do without a state. What I'm suggesting in effect, is that it should be possible, and I would also want to eventually argue desirable, that individuals' behaviors can be coordinated without recourse to such repressive institutions. Now, I fully agree that in any likely outcome to a successful process of the kind that I'm sketching here, that there will still be recalcitrant individuals. And it may on occasion be necessary to exercise public coercive force in the way that states characteristically exercise public coercive force. But I think that we can conceive that recourse to coordinating individuals' behaviors in much the way, by analogy to the way that we can imagine individuals solving intrapersonal problems about weakness of will. That is the notion of cooperation that this Rousseauian and a certain strain of Marxian theory advances is an ideal according to which individuals can successfully coordinate their behaviors through reaching a consensus on ends, sufficient for ensuring the requisite degree of harmony. As we were so put it, the ideal is that we can organize our behaviors and effectively collaborate under the direction of a general, as opposed to private wills. In the Rousseauian picture, a just state, organized around the private will, in which the general will is exercised, in such a state, such a thing still remains a state in the functional sense, and that there remains a need to, or that there could remain a need to exercise public coercive force in order to deal with recalcitrant individuals. But that's just because in Rousseau's realistic view, it's not the case that we can ever entirely succeed in making reason be fully in control. In much the way that, at least in one way of thinking about weakness of the will, the problem is that reason is not fully in control. And so in just the way that an individual might need to, as it were exercise force in order to overcome weakness of will problems, states may need to exert force in order to overcome collective weakness of will problems. But these would not be Hobbesian states. They would not be states organized through subservience to a common power to hold us in awe, but rather states, or rather let's call them entities, political entities, organized around a general, a punitive general will, that may have to overcome problems of recalcitrance. Now my position is that such a notion of rational cooperation is possible as a political ideal and is arguably also desirable, at least given certain other assumptions about what else goes on in society and the state. Maybe I could make that just, just say one other thing to make that a little bit clearer. It's easier to think about these things if we think of them in terms of very small groups, because the thing starts to take on a utopian cast when we talk about entire political communities. So suppose there are only two people, they're are a couple, John and Mary. John has certain interests, and Mary has certain interests. I'm supposing and thinking it is not entirely implausible that there is an interest that the couple John-Mary, which is in some interesting sense, not reduceable to the interest of John, and not reducible to the interest of Mary. Now, I think that we can specify at least some situations in which it's reasonable for John or reasonable for Mary to privilege the John-Mary interest over their individual interests. There are also circumstances in which it's evidently not desirable for John or Mary to privilege the John-Mary interest over the John interest or the Mary interest, respectively. This sort of project that I think is suggestive by Marxian talk about the withering away of the state, and more generally by the Rousseauian idea applied, deemed applicable to modern political communities is that there is at the political level something like a John-Mary interest. And that at least under certain circumstances, the John-Mary interest is the interest that it's reasonable for individuals to privilege over their individual interests. Both of those claims are very.\r\n\r\n- [Man] They cannot be against that... You are killing the opposition, you are killing them having opposing views. They have to say that, yes.\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Well, I think the idea is to demarcate conditions under which it's reasonable for the these individuals to privilege the general over the private interest. Whether it would be in such a society, I don't see that there would be any need to silence opposition, where opposition, even if there's strong reason for thinking opposition fundamentally unreasonable. Indeed quite the contrary, in fact, what I was arguing today in part was that in order to get from here to there, it's important to maintain liberal values and liberal institutional arrangements, at least for an indefinite period.\r\n\r\n- [Man] How do I supposing that modernization of traditional society involves complex differentiation of society, division of labor and so on. So is anything so we realize we can't turn back at some kind of Rousseauian-Marxian organic theory on your John-Mary model. So if I understand, he compromised his distinction between system and life portal would be such that what you're advocating in the end of the state is the notion that you could collapse all these systematic differentiations back into the life of the world. And that I think if I had just, I haven't read your end of the state because from your whole position it sounds like it's like very unrealistic to suppose that you could overcome all these differentiations of the modernizing processes in economics so that you could overcome division of labor. So for us to achieve this John-Mary organicity of the total that you want.\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Yeah, I'm not sure that I completely understand but there's one aspect of your question that I think is extremely problematic for the kind of position that I'm defending. What I what I need to argue is that at least to retain any fidelity to the Marxian origins of this kind of argument. What I would need to argue is that in eliminating the form of conflict, characteristic of class societies that no other kinds of conflictual arrangements, this may be what you had in mind, remain in a way which systematically disadvantages some individuals at the expense of others, or they would count against realizing the moral equality of persons in the way that Rousseauian vision of the general will holds not, which would not be to suggest that there wouldn't remain competition between individuals over all kinds of issues but that there wouldn't be any sort of competition that had the sort of systematicity that class oppositions do in the Marxian account of society. That's a very controversial view. And I think it does indirectly confront or oppose at least to some so-called post-Marxist views and the way that I understand them, because at least one way of getting a purchase on what at least some post-Marxists hold is that Marx was right in thinking that the way to understand society was by focusing on conflictual relations, but he was wrong in thinking that class relations play any privileged position with respect to understanding the natures of societies, that class relations may be important for understanding society in some circumstances but that there's no general reason that can be given why they have any explanatory weight beyond any other kind of domination. And that's a view that a position like this would need to confront and so far as possible address.\r\n\r\n- [Man] I'm intrigued by your comments about the remaking of human character. And there are a lot of things that could be asked on a couple of points. On the one hand, do you yourself or do you see Marx laying down any sort of definite limits with plasticity human character that could result from a social transformation or it could result in a social transformation that might go. And secondly, I wonder, there's been some emphasis today put on you yourself, put some emphasis on the evident failure of many socialist experiments around the world. I wonder if maybe we can go the other direction for a minute and wonder about whether or not liberal and capitalist society itself hasn't itself already undergone the kind of transformation pointing to as a result of socialist interest over the last a hundred years or so. So there may be already evidence that liberal democracies, liberal capitalist democracies, some remaking of the human character along the lines that would confirm your thesis.\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Well, the sort of remaking of character that's important for my thesis, in so far as I've rather narrowly focused on participatory democracy, doesn't require unlimited plasticity, it just requires that human beings that we observe around us as being rather apolitical and uninformed and mercurial and susceptible to manipulation could if empowered and practiced in the arts of empowerment become competent governors of the sort that we would have confidence in entrusting public affairs to them. As I tried to suggest, I think the evidence for that, for believing that is rather indeterminate, but it's not so far as we now know, an implausible position. With respect to the larger question of how Marx or people in this tradition envision the transformation of human character. But I think that Marx's position is rather hard to unravel. There are a number of people lately who have argued for affinities between Marx and Aristotle. I think it's becoming increasingly clear that there are important affinities also between Marx's view and Mill's which underwrites to some degree, that motivates this talk in trying reconcile liberal with Marxian ideas. Very roughly Mill's position, which is I think clearer than either Aristotle's or Marx's is that there is a certain notion of human flourishing, of excellencies which is itself historically variable. Mill speaks of the permanent interests of man as a progressive being. That we learn about only by engaging in experiments and living of a certain sort and wherein we can at least to some degree confidently speculate given what we know about our own lives and the lives that we observe around us and from what we've been able to observe of the right kinds of experiments and living so far as they've been conducted in our society. But then beyond that, there isn't much that we can do, except to note that in societies like existing societies in which the means for cultivating moral and intellectual capacities are not distributed in such a way that most people or even very many people have access to what's historically available, in the way of cultivating their capacities, that the sorts of ideals which flourish under such social arrangements are not likely to be the ones that would flourish under more ideal arrangements. So that for Mill as for Marx, remains a question for the progress in a sense, it's an empirical question. It's a question that progress and experiments and living conducted under the right conditions will hold. What Marx believed I think, and what mill also believed, and perhaps this is an idea that does indeed go back to Aristotle, is that there are no systematic impedances in human nature to achieving progressive transformations in human character. And that at least given one sort of threshold is surpassed, once historically available means for cultivating moral and intellectual capacities are accessible, and accessible, I think at least for Mill and Marx in conditions that don't depend upon denying these means to others that then progress will in fact occur.\r\n\r\n- [Man] What you're saying seems to me quite acceptable but I'd also throw one more name into the pot and that is John Dewey. This sounds very much like Dewey's defense of Marx.\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] And just to make an extremely long and unworked out story very short. That's basically why I think there's no problem, there's no fundamental conflict between the theory of the last state and the liberal value of neutrality because what I would wanna argue ultimately is that in both cases, what's at stake is the promotion of human flourishing, the advancement of moral progress in the requisite sense.\r\n\r\n- [Man] See if I understand one of your pieces. The way I understand it, what last statement whatever wants to inculcate certain, we'll call it liberal values, this transformation itself, change of habits and so forth. You know, the new direction would be quote liberal. So that we can be self-regulating like take political power and so just as you said. But attention almost paradox is that in order to do this, they may have to be making a decision of certain institutions, which are in themselves illiberal. I have that paradigm, so that tension that you articulate in writing that we're gonna maybe use it illiberal means that would be full toleration and participation. So in order to bring about this transformation.\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Well, that I think is the received view that is what I would understand Rousseauian politics to be about. And that is what I think the Rousseaulian strain in Marxism, which is most evident in the State and Revolution suggests. And what I was suggesting today is that they went too far, too fast. And that for an indefinite period in the process of constructing a state of the kind that they envisioned, it's important to maintain the sort of distance from direct popular control that are both liberal repressive and also ideological state apparatuses enjoy.\r\n\r\n- [Man] Okay then my problem is what's supposed to go on with this indefinite period, how do we get from A to C without the state convention that we see so well I mean do you have any scenario at all? It's gonna be gradual and so forth but something has to do it, right?\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Well, I can't of course concretely specify the institutional arrangements that would be appropriate for a state and transition in the way that I'm suggesting in part for principle reasons, because what's politically appropriate is so tied intimately to particular conditions that there's very little general that can be said about it. But the one thing that is somewhat general that can be said about it is that the nature of political process for those that are committed to bringing about that kind of transformation has to involve a protracted struggle in and over the precedent ideological state apparatus. Which is I think the Gramscian position.\r\n\r\n- [Man] My question about the I understand that there was some room for opinion other than your reflection of class structure in the sort of a simple Marxist interpretation. Is that correct?\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Yeah. Okay.\r\n\r\n- [Man] Then my question of a particular perspective you've seen function for education in the formation of this opinion and if so, what ?\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Well again, I think Rousseau as on so many other matters instructive that.\r\n\r\n- [Man] I was curious there before, you didn't mention the needle.\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Educational practice is one of the principle sorts of social practices, instrumental for forming character. And since politics on this view, which I think is not that unstandard of you comes to being a struggle over character, struggle in and over what Austerians might once have called the educational ideological state apparatus, is central to this project.\r\n\r\n- [Man] Where would we be if public education like in the United States is a quasi-public, but also having some kind of room for private opinion formation. Where's the room for setting up opposition and questioning of the progressive liberal structures.\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] I give up, I guess it would be. I mean I suppose there could be ventures outside officially state-organized schooling and struggles within the publicly administered system of schooling. You know, let me say just briefly something that I, I mean, my talk was very long and I read it quickly but there was one thing that I actually did skip which was relevant to at least the assumption to your question that I said in passing that Marxists were in a sort of characteristically disparaging of normative assessments and that that followed from or at least attended to follow from a misunderstanding of what Marx's theory of history commits them to. I think one of the things that's become clear with the recent reconstruction and criticisms of Marxist theory of history three is precisely the basis for this sort of mistake. Marxist his theory of history purports to be two kinds of things. It purports to be a general theory of history that is it purports to provide an account of history structure and direction. And it also, in some sense which has never been until fairly recently, I think clearly worked out the theory of general history. That is a theory that it's supposed to explain everything else at some appropriate level of abstraction. So it's supposed to explain the state and it's supposed to explain law and it's supposed to explain forms of consciousness and so forth and so on. In a very interesting essay of Jerry Collins called \"Restrictive and Inclusive Historical Materialism\", the suggestion is made, and I think quite rightly that whatever Marx and most historical materialists may have thought all they needed to commit themselves to was what common Collin calls \"restricted not inclusive historical materialism\" where a restricted historical materialist believes that there is an identifiable endogenous dynamic process in history, which explains only periodization of history into discreet economic structures. And that for restricted historical materialism, the only other things that need to be explained are those elements, those aspects of political, legal and life in forms of consciousness that affect that process. Anything in principle could affect that process, but in fact, very little is likely to affect that process. Historical materialism is then compatible also with views that hold that there are with regard to let's say religion or nationalism or various forms of group identification. Other processes, perhaps even other than other dynamic processes, the only thing that historical material... The only thing that would be an embarrassment a restricted historical materialist would be if these other processes or exogenous causes affected the process that historical materialism identifies in the wrong way, that is if it interfered with its own dynamic and its independence. So that's one very powerful reason for thinking that ideological struggle can proceed without fear of running afoul of... Well without running afoul in the way that one might suppose if one thought that forms of consciousness were strictly determined by the underlying economic structure that they're supposed to functionally sustain.\r\n\r\n- [Man] One thing, I guess this gets back to let's say in the market system, or basically, what exactly does the elimination of the state involve? When we talk about the elimination of all bureaucratic structures, the elimination of all technological needs, elimination of the market system, the elimination of contract law, the elimination of many of the things that Marx criticized as inherently alienating. Are we talking about simple form of arrogance and basically a small scale, elimination monetary exchange or let's say the certification process.\r\n\r\n- [Prof. Levine] Well, the simple Marxian answer is plainly on satisfactory. Marx defined the state as a class state, as a form of organization of glass domination. And so in Marx's view with the elimination of classes as it's supposed to come at the end of the trajectory that historical materialism depicts automatically the state ends and it ends by definition. And then that is interpreted as ending all the many things that you just listed and a whole lot more, ending alienation, ending commodification of everything , certainly ending market. So there's that strain of Marxian thought which ends the state by definition and then which interprets the end of the state in a way which is sort of shamelessly utopian. That's not what I wanna suggest. On the other hand, there is a an alternative tradition that comes from some strains of utopian socialist theory Saint-Simon, especially angles adopted in talking about the doctrine at the end of the state, according to which the end of the state is supposed to be replaced by something called the administration of things. And we're not told much about what the administration of things is, except it suggested that it's pretty much like the state except administration loses its political character. That is, we have pretty nearly all the old kinds of institutions in place but they're no longer institutions of class domination. So in other words, we have the same kind of conjuring act the state ending by definition, but in this case, it's having no effect. Whereas in the former case, it had an utterly miraculous effect in transforming everything. Now what I would suppose, and I have sort of no idea about how to elaborate the details of this but what I would suppose is that the ending of the political character of administrative institutional arrangements would have quite far-reaching ramifications for the nature of the institutions that remain. But of course they would have to remain institutions that were capable, not only of overcoming collective weakness of will problems but also for organizing the tremendously complex administrative problems that remain in any advanced or hyper advanced social formation that we wouldn't have as in the Rousseauian picture or reversion to some form of yeoman society in which everyone owns their own means and production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/112162#t=0.0,2811.50694"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 3 of 3 - AV203819_Liberals_without_Liberalism_a.mp3"]},"duration":450.27265,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/259/852/small/lecture.png?1735663459","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/content/3/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/259/852/original/AV203819_Liberals_without_Liberalism_a.mp3?1735663322","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":450.27265,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203819_Liberals_without_Liberalism_a.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(static buzzing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=5.228,7.978"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e-:\u003c/strong\u003e My position, which doesn't, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=374.57,376.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"address the comment that you just made,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=376.46,378.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but sort of accepts it, is that what I am arguing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=378.41,381.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that under Communism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=381.98,383.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pluralism would finally become true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=383.41,385.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is, that we would genuinely have a situation in which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=386.97,391.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there would not be fundamental conflictual interests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=393.58,396.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of any sort and in which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=396.77,399.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"erstwhile political problems would henceforth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=403.32,406.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be technical administrative problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=406.2,409.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and supposing that that's desirable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=410.55,412.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I appreciate that your question raises doubts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=413.95,417.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the desirability of the pluralist ideal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=417.34,419.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if it were possible, even if it were feasible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=419.74,422.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's a more fundamental challenge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=423.25,425.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the sort of position that I am advancing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=425.17,427.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e-:\u003c/strong\u003e We've run on well past 6:30.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=429.2,430.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we should probably stop now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=430.78,432.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and continue the discussion over dinner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=432.2,434.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will be at Luthwood's, if anyone's interested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=434.72,436.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in joining the Society there for dinner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=436.7,439.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=439.073,440.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=440.243,443.243"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73965/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/073/965/original/AV203819_Liberals_without_Liberalism_a.vtt?1735663389","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/073/965/original/AV203819_Liberals_without_Liberalism_a.vtt?1735663389"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73966","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203819_Liberals_without_Liberalism_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73966/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- My position, which doesn't, I think, address the comment that you just made, but sort of accepts it, is that what I am arguing is that under Communism, pluralism would finally become true. That is, that we would genuinely have a situation in which there would not be fundamental conflictual interests of any sort and in which erstwhile political problems would henceforth be technical administrative problems, and supposing that that's desirable. I appreciate that your question raises doubts about the desirability of the pluralist ideal even if it were possible, even if it were feasible. And that's a more fundamental challenge to the sort of position that I am advancing.\r\n\r\n- We've run on well past 6:30. I think we should probably stop now and continue the discussion over dinner, which will be at Luthwood's, if anyone's interested in joining the Society there for dinner. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852#t=0.0,450.27265"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73966","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40511/file/259852/transcript/73966/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/073/966/original/AV203819_Liberals_without_Liberalism_a.txt?1735663416","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/073/966/original/AV203819_Liberals_without_Liberalism_a.txt?1735663416"}]}]}]}