{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/s756d5q37s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Ruskai, Mary Beth, Women in Science"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Women in Science. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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scholar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=14.55,16.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She works in the area of mathematical physics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=16.62,19.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Currently, she's a professor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=19.47,21.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the university of law in Massachusetts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=21.06,24.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Last year, she spent at the Chiari Institute in New 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All right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=86.35,89.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they had this thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=89.06,90.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about accepting women from other States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=90.77,92.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, maybe if you were an Iowa resident, you could get in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=92.84,95.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not if you weren't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=95.91,97.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I decided I would become a physicist, all right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=97.4,100.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that was maybe, so maybe. 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barrier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=171.6,173.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whatever it was that made me a mathematician.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=173.02,175.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it is my pleasure to introduce to 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all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=192.807,195.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tonight's lecture is sponsored by the GSB","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=195.19,198.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the committee on lectures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=198.67,200.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the women's week committee, through the women's center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=200.18,203.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that our signer is Christine Lippincott.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=203.18,207.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who's signing for those who are hearing impaired.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=207.27,210.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then after tonight's talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=210.56,212.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there will be a reception at the Sloss House","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=212.45,215.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sponsored by the women in science and engineering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=215.33,218.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you don't know how to get to the Sloss House","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=218.21,220.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well just follow some others when going over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=220.81,223.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You walk out past the fountain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=223.0,225.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across past the camp and nail and then turn to your right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=225.29,228.552"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you. Mary Beth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=228.552,230.815"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(congregation clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=230.815,234.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Beth:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=236.312,237.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wonder do I actually need the microphone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=237.16,239.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you hear me without the microphone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=239.28,241.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can we turn it off?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=242.28,243.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do we turn it off? (laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=243.61,246.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm a theoretician.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=246.38,247.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=248.45,249.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanna talk about cultural barriers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=251.1,253.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think that cultural barriers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=253.06,255.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are by far the biggest barriers that women face","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=255.04,257.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in trying to do science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=257.58,259.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's a multifaceted 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and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=266.6,269.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some other things you'll see as we go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=270.256,271.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now being a scientist actually I should have at 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course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=299.711,302.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And physics course isn't the only subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=302.15,304.568"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but by not studying 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work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=307.147,309.807"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in physics, chemistry, engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=309.807,312.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the minimum will make it difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=312.148,314.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in math and computer science biology, medicine .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=314.34,318.634"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, this is not 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about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=321.33,322.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fact that twice as many boys take physics as girls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=322.64,326.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lets look at the data another way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=327.115,329.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who doesn't study physics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=329.4,330.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"86% of the girls, 74% of the boys","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=331.675,334.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the difference is that nearly so big","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=334.837,336.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and notice that the height 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laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=342.033,343.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Three quarters of the boys do not study physics, okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=343.763,348.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are cultural barriers to everybody studying physics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=349.78,353.942"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And although physics is considered masculine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=353.942,356.902"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense that its not feminine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=356.902,360.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its not bureaucracy to a high school boy to study, its not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=360.15,365.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that's not to say that boys have it bad","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=365.705,368.181"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they do have the pressure but not nearly so bad as girls do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=368.181,370.755"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one thing, if you're good at sports and you are 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girls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=378.826,381.775"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for variety of reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=381.775,383.775"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Physics is considered masculine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=383.775,386.442"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is also the element of performance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=387.283,390.105"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studying physics is not performance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=390.105,392.612"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I live in a suburb of most of the gems of the Cambridge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=392.612,396.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in what is probably the world's highest concentration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=396.943,401.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of prestigious academic institutions, research institutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=402.683,407.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and high tech companies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=407.363,409.992"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the average man in my neighborhood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=409.992,412.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not a (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=412.943,416.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most men are not physicits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=416.323,418.372"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think its very important to 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engineers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=446.424,447.662"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most women will be something else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=447.662,450.082"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why is that so significant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=450.082,451.652"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in our culture that I may had emphasized last night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=451.652,455.225"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conformance is a very very important part of the culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=455.225,460.225"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if more women are going to study science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=460.731,463.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then our society must become much more accepting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=463.68,468.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of cultural diversity of all kinds in women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=469.447,473.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It certainly is a problem for women scientists frequently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=473.63,477.941"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=477.941,478.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well actually its been a long time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=480.04,482.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I've gone to a scientific meeting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=482.6,484.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and been the only woman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=484.04,485.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has happened in the past but not so common anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=485.74,489.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But being 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describe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=577.09,580.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I quote \"The feeling of mathematical beauty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=580.26,584.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the harmony of number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=584.67,586.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of forms of geometric elegance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=586.68,589.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is true aesthetic feeling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=589.44,591.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that all real mathematicians know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=591.47,594.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and surely it belongs to emotional sensibility.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=594.57,598.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That sounds pretty radical,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=600.89,601.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emotional sensibility for mathematics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=601.89,603.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The quote I read to you was from an article","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=603.82,606.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the great mathematical physicist Henri Poincare written","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=606.2,610.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost a century go at the turn of the century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=610.53,613.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you talk to scientists about what they do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=613.53,617.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"science is creative, it is intuitive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=617.47,620.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is emotional. It is all these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=620.02,623.018"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The picture that's created is very false.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=623.018,626.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's false for a number of 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talked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=632.05,633.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she didn't talk about creativity in science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=633.51,635.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but she did not confine 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things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=641.57,645.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can have real","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=645.61,646.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure she'll agree.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=646.75,647.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she probably has lots more examples than I do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=647.7,649.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very uncreative half writing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=649.97,652.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can have very, very creative 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theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=655.98,658.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't seem to understand what creativity is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=658.69,661.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sherry Turco for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=661.07,662.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in her book on computers in the second sale","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=662.59,665.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alleges many gender 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confused","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=671.5,674.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the difference between creativity and spontaneity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=674.08,677.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything that's 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structure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=686.3,688.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is very, very creative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=688.3,690.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas the classical music of Bach and 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are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=702.9,705.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many people make very much of the fact or the allegation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=705.64,710.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in mathematics, there's only one right 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three,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=731.68,733.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two plus two equals one, okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=733.61,736.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are different possible 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creative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=782.57,786.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Similarly, the fact that there are occasionally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=786.43,789.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right and wrong 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arithmetic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=803.6,806.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we would teach them to tune musical instruments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=806.47,811.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in great detail,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=811.86,813.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and never ever allow them to listen to music.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=813.32,817.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the way we teach them mathematics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=817.84,820.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem is that mathematics is beautiful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=820.04,822.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is creative, it is intuitive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=822.56,824.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And most people don't ever get to hear that or to feel that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=824.79,828.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's very, very sad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=828.4,830.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the very frustrating things that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=830.25,833.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've heard women scientists talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=833.473,835.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I've been discussing these issues is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=835.55,838.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much they do enjoy doing science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=838.5,840.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the beauty of science and how frustrating it is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=840.687,843.632"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for them to be unable so often to share that beauty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=843.632,846.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that joy with other women who aren't scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=846.61,849.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I could go on on this subject for a long time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=850.82,853.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'd like to get to some other issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=853.8,856.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And while it is true that science is creative and intuitive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=856.44,861.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's also true that science does have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=861.23,865.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its logical objective structured portion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=865.27,869.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the past his has been emphasized because it's what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=869.98,873.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distinguishes science from other fields.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=873.37,875.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=875.77,876.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this has created a very false picture of science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=876.72,880.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The big mistake of the gender difference theorists is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=880.22,884.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to think that there is some kind of contradiction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=884.22,887.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between that aspect of science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=887.63,889.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is after all object and logical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=889.9,893.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and traditional, feminine nurturing emotional values.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=893.03,897.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lemme give two examples.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=897.4,898.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One very far from my field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=898.61,900.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the idea of double blind drug tests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=900.38,904.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, if you read the newspaper,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=904.55,906.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one has the feeling that scientists want to deliberately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=906.08,909.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"withhold treatment from sick people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=909.06,911.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the sole purpose of constructing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=911.04,912.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abstract scientific tests, that's absurd. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=912.82,916.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fact is that most experimental drugs don't pan out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=916.37,920.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Frequently when you do double-blind studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=920.01,922.379"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people who get the drugs have serious side effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=922.379,925.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people who get the placebos","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=925.59,926.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the standard treatment are the lucky ones. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=926.9,931.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The concept of double blind testing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=931.33,934.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one doesn't have to endorse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=934.44,936.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every bureaucratic rule of the FDA,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=936.2,938.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but good scientific double blind testing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=938.68,941.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is essential for precisely the same,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=941.26,944.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basic caring nurturing reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=944.76,947.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are thought to be so feminine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=947.55,949.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lemme give a very different example","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=950.55,953.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the gender difference theories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=953.11,954.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going back to Carol Gilligan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=954.6,956.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's not clear how much of what she said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=956.32,958.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was ever intended to apply to science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=958.29,959.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make a big distinction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=959.973,962.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between a supposed connected mode of feminine reasoning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=962.78,967.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a very abstract mode of male reasoning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=967.27,970.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, as a mathematician,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=970.49,972.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do a lot of abstraction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=973.43,975.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one of the interesting things about abstracting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=975.01,978.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that allows you to see connections","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=978.88,981.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between seemingly dissimilar objects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=981.82,985.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, if you take the notion of symmetry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=986.75,989.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if people don't know anything about mathematics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=989.71,992.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want you to take your most basic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=992.06,994.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fundamental intuitive notion of symmetry. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=994.73,999.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody knows what that is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=999.35,1001.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's another notion that's very mathematical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1001.58,1003.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that consists of certain types of rays of numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1003.86,1006.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called matrices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1006.99,1008.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You would think that these had nothing whatsoever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1008.58,1010.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do with each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1010.93,1012.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet if one studies a subject called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1012.7,1015.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abstract group theory, one sees an amazing resemblance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1015.4,1020.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This resemblance is not irrelevant ergodic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1020.36,1023.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or you're relevant or exotic. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1024.164,1028.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's very basic in mathematics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1029.46,1032.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it turns out subject called group theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1032.33,1035.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the result is very important in applied work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1035.87,1039.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it allows chemists and physicists to use spectroscopy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1039.25,1042.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to elucidate the structure of molecules.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1044.398,1046.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very important in virtually every aspect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1046.43,1049.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of biochemistry and biomedical research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1049.97,1052.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were important applications of this 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work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1084.74,1088.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that the basic premise of gender difference theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1088.36,1091.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to emphasize normative 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people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1101.22,1103.679"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it really doesn't matter whether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1103.679,1104.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those groups of people are characterized by sex,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1104.71,1107.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by race, by ethnic background, by religion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1107.49,1110.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all case, the differences between the norms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1110.45,1113.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are very, very small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1113.73,1114.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas if you look within the 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here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1130.06,1132.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but as far as practical social change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1132.28,1135.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by emphasizing this type of normative behavior,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1135.86,1139.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are promoting conformity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1139.52,1142.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than a tolerance for diversity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1142.83,1145.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And going back to what I said in the beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1145.14,1147.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at much greater tolerance for diversity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1147.91,1150.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and much less emphasis on conformity is in my opinion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1150.69,1153.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the biggest obstacle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1153.77,1155.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lot of debate about whether or not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1156.646,1159.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these minor differences we observe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1159.58,1161.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are due to biology rather than culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1161.47,1164.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I'll say something about that in a few minutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1164.3,1166.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think the question about whether it's biological","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1166.26,1169.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or cultural is by far the least important one. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1169.32,1174.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right now 20% of the PhDs in mathematics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1174.08,1177.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to US citizens are going to women. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1177.41,1180.275"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A very, very large number of women are doing very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1180.275,1185.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are lots of women in other fields.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1185.17,1186.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The roster of women in physics has several thousand women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1186.87,1190.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know what the figures are for Sweden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1190.68,1192.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know that there, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1192.96,1194.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just in the Boston area alone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1194.43,1195.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are hundreds of women computer scientists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1195.79,1198.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and electrical engineers probably at least a thousand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1198.01,1200.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The real issue, okay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1200.98,1202.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not whether differences if they exist at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1202.91,1206.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are biological or cultural,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1206.24,1208.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but how do we regard these women who do in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1208.5,1212.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become mathematicians, become physicists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1212.2,1214.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become 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deviants?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1218.35,1220.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't care whether they're supposed to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1220.07,1221.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biological deviants or cultural deviants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1221.49,1224.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The real issue is they're real women. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1224.5,1228.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's go back to this question of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1230.93,1233.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, the difference between whether or not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1233.93,1235.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"50% of women would be physicists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1235.79,1237.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whether or not 50% of physicists would be women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1237.67,1240.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that the women's movement needs to expand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1240.9,1243.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its definition of the word choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1245.38,1248.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are more choices that need to be emphasized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1248.5,1251.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than just whether or not to have an abortion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1251.25,1253.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I remember when the women's movement started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1253.65,1255.719"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I was growing up, it was sort of the accepted thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1255.719,1258.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if you are a woman, of course you would get married","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1258.513,1260.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and have a family and raise children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1260.96,1262.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was the only thing to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1262.42,1263.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the women's movement came 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that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1268.74,1270.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You should have a career instead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1270.77,1272.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem was we went from everyone should be a homemaker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1272.82,1275.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to everyone should have a career,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1275.42,1277.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thus alienated a large group of women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1277.66,1279.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who wanted to stay at home","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1279.68,1280.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or already had stayed at home and raised their children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1280.76,1284.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then things went from there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1284.21,1285.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they said, well, no, actually that's not right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1285.51,1287.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You should combine a career and child raising.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1287.17,1290.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the debate got, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1290.93,1292.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should you have children before 30, after 30?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1292.02,1295.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Should you work part-time when you're having children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1295.04,1297.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should you take six months off?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1297.19,1298.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Should you take a year off?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1298.65,1299.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's this endless feed of articles in the newspaper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1299.86,1303.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of which seem to be looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1303.11,1304.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the perfect lifestyle for women,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1304.81,1307.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the wrong approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1307.58,1309.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fact is that there are lots of different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1309.57,1311.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acceptable lifestyles and individual women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1311.99,1314.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are going to have to make these choices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1314.88,1317.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I get very disturbed by some of the things that I see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1317.43,1322.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on issues like childcare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1322.27,1324.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Childcare is obviously important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1324.36,1326.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for people who want to make the choice of career and family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1326.53,1331.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the emphasis is on choice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1332.27,1334.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't care if that is the majority choice. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1334.17,1337.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason childcare report is to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1337.34,1339.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"preserve the option of choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1339.25,1341.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is not important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1341.94,1343.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it is unacceptable to be a single woman scientist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1343.63,1346.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that's a miserable fate, worse than death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1346.72,1348.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I much prefer being alive and having a lot of fun. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1348.61,1351.815"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1351.815,1353.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need women role models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1353.63,1355.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to show young women that yes it's possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1355.57,1357.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have a career and a family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1357.61,1358.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to show young women that it's possible, okay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1358.79,1363.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have a satisfying life in many different ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1363.08,1366.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with many different career patterns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1366.35,1368.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and with many different lifestyles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1368.55,1371.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have to avoid the mistake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1371.43,1373.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when talking about women in science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1373.39,1374.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the saying of pretending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1374.93,1377.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's only okay to have an unconventional career","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1377.33,1380.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you have a very conventional lifestyle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1380.53,1383.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can have any combination of the above.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1383.04,1385.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now having said that I really don't consider","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1387.19,1390.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the biology versus culture debate to be very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1390.54,1394.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am gonna talk about it a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1394.88,1396.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mostly because having been in New York for the last 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article.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1404.11,1407.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I dunno where the New York times finds these people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1407.95,1410.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but someone has to do is find some minuscule 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women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1427.507,1429.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in different cultures in different countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1429.65,1432.539"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of it is very 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as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1454.07,1456.006"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the status of women go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1456.006,1457.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in fact there were virtually no women 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masculine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1463.746,1467.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 50% of the bachelor's degrees in physics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1467.11,1470.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to women in that country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1470.25,1472.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's an amazing cultural difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1473.29,1475.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would particularly like to share with you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1475.93,1478.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm gonna use this (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1478.52,1482.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm there, (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1483.379,1486.044"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you'll never see this in New York Times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1486.044,1489.135"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(congregation 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questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1494.7,1496.668"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She tested children and I think it was in the eighth grade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1496.668,1499.687"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 20 different countries in five different subject areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1499.687,1503.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here is a summary of the results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1503.87,1506.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can see in some 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really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1518.746,1521.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know what the Belgians are doing right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1521.697,1523.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they are really 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bony.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1659.565,1662.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Look at this 1.8 difference between the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1662.617,1666.527"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"boys and girls in the 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girls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1684.953,1689.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Its ridiculous, it really is ridiculous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1697.603,1700.936"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1703.428,1704.261"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well you 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there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1711.24,1712.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1712.81,1713.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's clear that better education really 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was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1793.61,1796.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"a stern but loving father.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1796.577,1798.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what you would 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again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1824.44,1828.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very, very successful that I won't go into in detail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1828.81,1832.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A last traditional lecture method.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1832.64,1834.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The point is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1834.7,1836.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that this is an important point to 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girls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1844.53,1846.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or men and women will disappear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1846.31,1847.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they didn't and people said, Jean, maybe we're 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Is there still subtle discrimination?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1852.35,1855.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's certainly some of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1855.31,1857.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think the most important point 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disappear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1886.98,1890.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there was actually a lot of other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1890.14,1892.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evidence in support of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1892.4,1894.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that it's very, very important to realize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1894.16,1897.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that although we should have more women 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models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1920.338,1922.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a very young age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1922.63,1924.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, of course that's true,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1924.21,1926.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's also I think the wrong question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1926.21,1929.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it would help a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1935.32,1937.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if more scientists and male, as well as female.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1937.27,1940.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And right now that means mostly male","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1940.45,1943.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would go out into the schools and talk to young children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1943.02,1946.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and encourage them and get involved in education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1946.06,1950.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's important to have women role models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1950.03,1952.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we can't emphasize that to the point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1952.44,1954.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we allow male scientists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1954.9,1956.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to abdicate their responsibility. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1956.84,1959.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the trickle down is too slow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1959.92,1962.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and women's scientists are already too overburdened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1962.29,1965.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for them to do all the work. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1965.15,1967.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Men scientists can be effective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1967.32,1969.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they're not, they have to make a bigger effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1969.37,1972.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have to train them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1972.09,1973.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Something has to be done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1973.09,1974.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they have to do their share or it's not gonna work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1974.65,1977.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Women science just cannot do it all alone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1977.6,1980.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when I should go out into the schools, I mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1980.5,1982.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm talking about first and second grade. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1982.61,1985.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have to start very young","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1985.82,1987.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too many women are lost too late.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1987.55,1990.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't wanna put down things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1990.23,1994.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like math anxiety workshops and intervention programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1994.38,1997.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but those are a losing battle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1997.6,1999.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember when math anxiety became a big issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=1999.76,2002.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the seventies. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2002.3,2004.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Since then a whole generation has gone through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2004.78,2007.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we should have wiped out math anxiety by now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2007.75,2010.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We shouldn't be trying to do things, okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2010.54,2014.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To clean up, okay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2014.25,2016.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the high school and college level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2016.4,2018.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to cure what after be a preventable disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2018.82,2021.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by better education at the grade school level. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2021.74,2025.139"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Its really a losing battle unless you changed the approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2025.139,2029.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to change the topic a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2032.41,2034.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and talk about another myth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2034.31,2037.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The myth that there are no women scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2037.17,2041.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now it's clear that there are women scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2041.33,2043.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The committee of women in physics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2043.53,2045.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"roster has several thousand physicists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2045.46,2047.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The association for women in mathematics has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2047.54,2050.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several thousand members I already said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2050.44,2053.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the younger women, 20% of the PhDs are going to women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2053.07,2056.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, this is not the public perception.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2057.96,2060.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Women scientists frequently do not get as much recognition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2062.49,2067.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for their accomplishments from their male colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2067.36,2069.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they ought to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2069.82,2070.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things are certainly improved a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2070.93,2072.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not as bad, but there are still problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2072.57,2075.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they do get some recognition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2075.33,2077.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the recognition that women get outside the 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many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2243.52,2245.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over a thousand listings of women and events.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2245.88,2249.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I picked it up and I looked up the 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Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2408.79,2412.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In order to find it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2412.05,2412.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, women at the beginning of computer 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momentarily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2443.84,2445.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned Sherry Turkle's book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2449.96,2452.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the fact that she didn't make any mention of 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gears.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2663.01,2665.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so he never actually got a working model.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2665.84,2668.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lovelace is generally 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gave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2681.24,2684.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on his conception of what computer programming would be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2684.69,2687.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, in addition to translating the 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times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2694.67,2697.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as long as the original article","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2697.23,2699.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and generally regarded as much more insightful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2700.37,2704.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a very, very significant accomplishment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2704.39,2708.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To pass her off as Turkle does, as Babbage's benefactor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2708.38,2712.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in my opinion, unacceptable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2712.47,2715.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Turkle is not the worst.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2715.49,2717.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About three years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2718.76,2720.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there appeared a book by Dorothy Stein on Ada Lovelace,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2721.35,2726.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which denied that Loveless had ever done anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2727.72,2731.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"original or significant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2731.93,2733.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, one of the things that's true about Ada Lovelace","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2733.56,2736.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that over the years there has been a great deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2736.84,2739.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Apocrypha about her life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2739.99,2743.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Stone's book does I think correct lot of this Apocrypha.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2743.07,2748.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She seems to add some of her own but there's no doubt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2748.94,2751.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there is a lot of Apocrypha that does correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2751.23,2755.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, in correcting this Apocrypha","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2755.05,2758.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she uncovers no evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2758.12,2760.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would discredit her scientific work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2760.92,2764.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and yet Stein 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significant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2768.72,2772.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, first of all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2772.74,2774.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she seems to confuse originality with 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Babbage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2783.88,2786.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fact that it was collaborative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2786.36,2788.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does not mean that none of it was original. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2789.12,2792.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's always difficult to sort things out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2793.65,2795.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there has been some controversy over that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2795.44,2797.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of those who does not regard her work is very original","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2798.83,2802.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as Babbage biographer Hymen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2802.7,2805.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who regards only as quote Babbage's interpreters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2805.3,2808.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but even CE credits her by saying that as such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2808.7,2812.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her achievements were very remarkable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2812.53,2814.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stein has even uncovered evidence that would give","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2816.54,2820.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lovelace more credit because Hymen claims","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2820.12,2822.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's been some controversy over this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2822.74,2824.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Loveless did not write a famous program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2824.35,2826.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to compute Bernoulli numbers, that Babbage did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2826.71,2829.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whereas, in her correcting this Apocrypha","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2829.74,2833.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she also claims to have found new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2835.6,2837.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in my opinion convincing evidence that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2837.16,2840.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lovelace did write the Bernoulli number program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2840.07,2842.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet she still concludes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2843.52,2845.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Lovelace never did anything significant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2845.79,2848.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what's distressing about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2848.48,2850.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not that you wrote a bad book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2850.98,2852.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or that she discredits and disparages Lovelace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2852.92,2855.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are always gonna be people writing bad books","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2855.65,2857.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and discrediting women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=2857.96,2859.133"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25512/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/512/original/AV203859_Women_in_Science_a.vtt?1620308373","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/512/original/AV203859_Women_in_Science_a.vtt?1620308373"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25513","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203859_Women_in_Science_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383/transcript/25513/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Narrator] It's my pleasure to be able to introduce tonight's speaker Mary Beth Ruskai. Dr. Ruskai is internationally known and widely published scholar. She works in the area of mathematical physics. Currently, she's a professor at the university of law in Massachusetts. Last year, she spent at the Chiari Institute in New York. For those of you who don't know what the Chiari Institute is let me tell you that is really prestigious. I mean, you get paid for going and doing your own research. No place have I heard of a better deal than that. She's also an affiliate of the physics department at Harvard university. I first met Mary Beth a couple of years ago when she talked on a subject similar to where she's going to talk about tonight for the American women in mathematics at a summer meeting in South Lake city. Her title is women in science, breaking through cultural barriers. I might mention it was because of a cultural barrier that I turned out to be a mathematician. You see, I started out with the dreams of being a veterinarian. My grandfather was a veterinarian and I always loved working with lie down animals, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, things like that. But I was told in high school that I had zero chance of getting into vet school because in the state that I was from, Missouri at that time had no vet school and I would have to come to Iowa state. All right. And they had this thing about accepting women from other States. Now, maybe if you were an Iowa resident, you could get in but not if you weren't. So I decided I would become a physicist, all right. Well, that was maybe, so maybe. Okay. Well, during my second year in college I was taking a calculus class. I walked into the class the first day only woman in the class. Now this was rare, not the fact that I was the only not the fact that there should have been more women but in fact, that there was a woman in the calculus class. That was what the rarity was. And in fact, the professor of the class was very disgruntled with this fact, he was a crusty old German fellow and he liked to tell off-color jokes to the fellows in the class. And he did not want a female sitting in his class. So he did the very best he could to get me to drop out by proceeding to call on me every day for every question. Now I didn't realize that I had the option of dropping out. I was so naive that I thought once you've signed up for a class you were in it for good and you either pass or you fail. So I knew darn now that I intended to pass I was going to have to learn calculus. And I did. And I discovered that I liked it and I become a mathematician. So it was this cultural barrier, but in fact a social barrier or whatever it was that made me a mathematician. So it is my pleasure to introduce to you Dr. Mary Beth Ruskai who's going to talk to us about women in science, breaking through cultural barriers. I forgot, I forgot, I'm supposed to make some other announcement right here. I would like to say, first of all that tonight's lecture is sponsored by the GSB the committee on lectures the women's week committee, through the women's center. And that our signer is Christine Lippincott. Who's signing for those who are hearing impaired. And then after tonight's talk there will be a reception at the Sloss House sponsored by the women in science and engineering. And if you don't know how to get to the Sloss House well just follow some others when going over. You walk out past the fountain across past the camp and nail and then turn to your right. Thank you. Mary Beth.\r\n\r\n- [Beth] Thank you. I wonder do I actually need the microphone? Can you hear me without the microphone? Can we turn it off? How do we turn it off? I'm a theoretician. Well, I wanna talk about cultural barriers because I think that cultural barriers are by far the biggest barriers that women face in trying to do science. And it's a multifaceted barrier. It's a cultural stereotypes about women cultural stereotypes about science and some other things you'll see as we go on. Now being a scientist actually I should have at least one or two slides to show and not see how big cultural barriers are. Where for example was the biggest drop out, well state of New York invisible society only 14% of girls study high school physics 26% are boys that means 86% advanced majority of the girls decide not to study physics before they've even encountered a physicist or a physics course. And physics course isn't the only subject but by not studying physics will certainly make it impossible to go on without having some backup work in physics, chemistry, engineering and the minimum will make it difficult in math and computer science biology, medicine . Well, this is not surprising. And it's fairly well known and people usually make a big deal about the fact that twice as many boys take physics as girls. Lets look at the data another way. Who doesn't study physics 86% of the girls, 74% of the boys the difference is that nearly so big and notice that the height matters Three quarters of the boys do not study physics, okay. There are cultural barriers to everybody studying physics. And although physics is considered masculine in the sense that its not feminine its not bureaucracy to a high school boy to study, its not. Now that's not to say that boys have it bad they do have the pressure but not nearly so bad as girls do. So one thing, if you're good at sports and you are male you can overcome the stigma of getting an A in math course. But its much more difficult for girls for variety of reasons. Physics is considered masculine. There is also the element of performance, studying physics is not performance. I live in a suburb of most of the gems of the Cambridge in what is probably the world's highest concentration of prestigious academic institutions, research institutes and high tech companies. And the average man in my neighborhood is not a Most men are not physicits and I think its very important to remember that I'm not entirely sure I know that there are probably a lot more women who study physics I don't know whether or not in a perfect world 50% of physicists would be women. What is absolutely certain is that in a perfect world 50% of women will not be physicists. 90% of women will not be physicists, okay. Even in the perfect world most women won't be physicists. Most women won't be engineers, most women will be something else. Why is that so significant because in our culture that I may had emphasized last night. Conformance is a very very important part of the culture. And if more women are going to study science then our society must become much more accepting of cultural diversity of all kinds in women. It certainly is a problem for women scientists frequently that well actually its been a long time since I've gone to a scientific meeting and been the only woman it has happened in the past but not so common anymore. But being isolated being the only woman amongst the group of scientists is not the only problem women scientists have. It's also sometimes very awkward to be the only scientist amongst a group of women. Now, in recent years there's been a growing literature that goes under the name, gender theory, gender difference theory feminist critique about science. I particularly disliked the latter name because it suggests that if you disagree, you're not a feminist, but anyhow there have been these names. And it seems to me that most of these critiques have missed the point. And the point is not that science is perfect. Science deserves some criticism but you don't get constructive criticism by stereotypes character traits. And there's the gender difference theory has promotes on the one hand, a masculine scientific objective logical abstract structured view of the world and consider this in complete opposition to a supposedly feminine unscientific, creative, intuitive connected, nurturing, emotional aspect of the world. I like to read you a quotation about this topic by someone who just talking about mathematics describe and I quote \"The feeling of mathematical beauty of the harmony of number of forms of geometric elegance this is true aesthetic feeling that all real mathematicians know and surely it belongs to emotional sensibility.\" That sounds pretty radical, emotional sensibility for mathematics. The quote I read to you was from an article by the great mathematical physicist Henri Poincare written almost a century go at the turn of the century. If you talk to scientists about what they do, science is creative, it is intuitive. It is emotional. It is all these things. The picture that's created is very false. And it's false for a number of reasons. In many cases and I was very pleased last night when Rita Mae Brown talked she didn't talk about creativity in science but she did not confine creativity to a particular group of fields. Creativity was a way of thinking, a way of viewing things. You can have real I'm sure she'll agree. And she probably has lots more examples than I do very uncreative half writing and you can have very, very creative science. Unfortunately, some of the supposed gender difference theory doesn't seem to understand what creativity is. Sherry Turco for example, in her book on computers in the second sale alleges many gender differences particularly regarding creativity. Her problem is that she seems to be confused about the difference between creativity and spontaneity anything that's spontaneous she considers key creative. If you applied her approach to music you would be forced to conclude that jazz because of its improvisational structure is very, very creative. Whereas the classical music of Bach and Beethoven which is so structured is totally non creative. I think that by using an analogy to music if you start to read some of this literature you see how ridiculous some of the theories are. Many people make very much of the fact or the allegation that in mathematics, there's only one right answer. Now, first of all, that's not true. I think most of us who work in the field know for many of the more basic theorems that there are often several proofs several different ways of looking at a problem even something as basic as two plus two equals four. I mean, if you wanna do your arithmetic over the field of integers mod three, two plus two equals one, okay. There are different possible answers different possible viewpoints. However, it is also true that there do under certain circumstances exist very well-defined right and wrong answers. The question is, is this kind the existence of occasions where there are is one answer occasions where there are definite right and wrong answers, some kind of stumbling block to creativity, again a musical analogy will yield some insight. In music there is after all an absolute standard for middle C. If you're going to play a musical instrument you tune your instrument to middle C and then you tune the rest of the strings to agree with it. If you're in an orchestra everybody has to stay tuned to the same standard. The fact that there is a definite middle C does not in any way, prevent music from being creative. Similarly, the fact that there are occasionally right and wrong answers doesn't prevent science from being creative. The problem is that we don't well, most people know that if we taught students, young children music the way we teach young children arithmetic we would teach them to tune musical instruments, in great detail, and never ever allow them to listen to music. That's the way we teach them mathematics. The problem is that mathematics is beautiful. It is creative, it is intuitive. And most people don't ever get to hear that or to feel that. And that's very, very sad. One of the very frustrating things that I've heard women scientists talk about since I've been discussing these issues is how much they do enjoy doing science and the beauty of science and how frustrating it is for them to be unable so often to share that beauty and that joy with other women who aren't scientists. I could go on on this subject for a long time but I'd like to get to some other issues. And while it is true that science is creative and intuitive it's also true that science does have its logical objective structured portion. In the past his has been emphasized because it's what distinguishes science from other fields. Unfortunately, this has created a very false picture of science. The big mistake of the gender difference theorists is to think that there is some kind of contradiction between that aspect of science which is after all object and logical and traditional, feminine nurturing emotional values. Lemme give two examples. One very far from my field is the idea of double blind drug tests. I mean, if you read the newspaper, one has the feeling that scientists want to deliberately withhold treatment from sick people for the sole purpose of constructing abstract scientific tests, that's absurd. Okay. The fact is that most experimental drugs don't pan out. Frequently when you do double-blind studies the people who get the drugs have serious side effects the people who get the placebos or the standard treatment are the lucky ones. Okay. The concept of double blind testing and one doesn't have to endorse every bureaucratic rule of the FDA, but good scientific double blind testing is essential for precisely the same, basic caring nurturing reasons that are thought to be so feminine. Lemme give a very different example the gender difference theories going back to Carol Gilligan, and it's not clear how much of what she said was ever intended to apply to science to make a big distinction between a supposed connected mode of feminine reasoning in a very abstract mode of male reasoning. Now, as a mathematician, I do a lot of abstraction. And one of the interesting things about abstracting is that allows you to see connections between seemingly dissimilar objects. For example, if you take the notion of symmetry and if people don't know anything about mathematics I want you to take your most basic, fundamental intuitive notion of symmetry. Okay. Everybody knows what that is. There's another notion that's very mathematical that consists of certain types of rays of numbers called matrices. You would think that these had nothing whatsoever to do with each other. And yet if one studies a subject called abstract group theory, one sees an amazing resemblance. This resemblance is not irrelevant ergodic or you're relevant or exotic. Okay. But it's very basic in mathematics. And it turns out subject called group theory that the result is very important in applied work it allows chemists and physicists to use spectroscopy to elucidate the structure of molecules. It's very important in virtually every aspect of biochemistry and biomedical research. There were important applications of this abstraction that allows mathematicians to see similarities between numbers and symmetry. So the main point that I wanna make is that this entire not only is science creative, intuitive but this entire apposition is a false apposition there's much more overlap. But the biggest flaw in my opinion, in gender difference theory is not just this caricature of science which has led to so much totally an insightful work but that the basic premise of gender difference theory is to emphasize normative behavior. All of the emphasis is on very very small differences between groups of people. And it really doesn't matter whether those groups of people are characterized by sex, by race, by ethnic background, by religion in all case, the differences between the norms are very, very small. Whereas if you look within the group the differences between individuals are enormous. Much, much larger than the differences between these very, very small numbers. By emphasizing this norm behavior and I mean, there may be some interesting abstract sociological research should be done here, but as far as practical social change by emphasizing this type of normative behavior, you are promoting conformity rather than a tolerance for diversity. And going back to what I said in the beginning at much greater tolerance for diversity and much less emphasis on conformity is in my opinion the biggest obstacle. There's a lot of debate about whether or not these minor differences we observe are due to biology rather than culture. Now I'll say something about that in a few minutes but I think the question about whether it's biological or cultural is by far the least important one. Okay. Right now 20% of the PhDs in mathematics to US citizens are going to women. Okay. A very, very large number of women are doing very well. And there are lots of women in other fields. The roster of women in physics has several thousand women. I don't know what the figures are for Sweden. I know that there, you know just in the Boston area alone, there are hundreds of women computer scientists and electrical engineers probably at least a thousand. The real issue, okay is not whether differences if they exist at all are biological or cultural, but how do we regard these women who do in fact, become mathematicians, become physicists become engineers. Do we regard them as real women or do we regard them as deviants? And I don't care whether they're supposed to be biological deviants or cultural deviants. The real issue is they're real women. Okay. Let's go back to this question of you know, the difference between whether or not 50% of women would be physicists or whether or not 50% of physicists would be women. I think that the women's movement needs to expand its definition of the word choice. There are more choices that need to be emphasized than just whether or not to have an abortion. And I remember when the women's movement started when I was growing up, it was sort of the accepted thing that if you are a woman, of course you would get married and have a family and raise children. That was the only thing to do. And then the women's movement came along in the early sixties and promoted the idea that no actually you shouldn't do that. You should have a career instead. The problem was we went from everyone should be a homemaker to everyone should have a career, thus alienated a large group of women who wanted to stay at home or already had stayed at home and raised their children. And then things went from there then they said, well, no, actually that's not right. You should combine a career and child raising. And then the debate got, you know should you have children before 30, after 30? Should you work part-time when you're having children should you take six months off? Should you take a year off? And there's this endless feed of articles in the newspaper all of which seem to be looking for the perfect lifestyle for women, that's the wrong approach. The fact is that there are lots of different acceptable lifestyles and individual women are going to have to make these choices. And I get very disturbed by some of the things that I see on issues like childcare. Childcare is obviously important for people who want to make the choice of career and family. But the emphasis is on choice and I don't care if that is the majority choice. Okay. The reason childcare report is to preserve the option of choice. It is not important because it is unacceptable to be a single woman scientist because that's a miserable fate, worse than death. I much prefer being alive and having a lot of fun. Okay. We need women role models not to show young women that yes it's possible to have a career and a family but to show young women that it's possible, okay to have a satisfying life in many different ways with many different career patterns and with many different lifestyles. We have to avoid the mistake when talking about women in science the saying of pretending that it's only okay to have an unconventional career if you have a very conventional lifestyle you can have any combination of the above. Now having said that I really don't consider the biology versus culture debate to be very important. I am gonna talk about it a little bit mostly because having been in New York for the last year I'm a little fed up with opening the New York times and finding some big front page article. I dunno where the New York times finds these people but someone has to do is find some minuscule difference no matter how shoddy the research no matter how small the difference no matter how ridiculous the evidence and its fun page Newt. In fact, there's an enormous amount of evidence for cultural differences. And particularly if you look at women in different cultures in different countries, and some of it is very surprising it doesn't correspond to any of our cultural stereotypes. Barbra Wilson did an interesting study for the committee on the status of women in physics a few years ago and found some things that were amazing. One in particular, for example there was a middle Eastern country, which at least my own personal cultural stereotypes does not, I don't think this country is particularly enlightened as far as the status of women go and in fact there were virtually no women professors in this country. However, physics is not considered masculine and 50% of the bachelor's degrees in physics go to women in that country. That's an amazing cultural difference. I would particularly like to share with you and I'm gonna use this So I'm there, and you'll never see this in New York Times. that really I think very, very effectively addresses some of these questions. She tested children and I think it was in the eighth grade in 20 different countries in five different subject areas and here is a summary of the results. And you can see in some countries oh sorry this is the wrong slide. In some countries, the Belgians are really I don't know what the Belgians are doing right but they are really great. In some countries particularly in Belgium the girls do better than the boys girls did better. In some subjects quite a few countries the girls did better than the boys. In some countries the boys did better than girls. If you want to read that in more detail one of the things we discovered is that the differences in every single case the differences between the countries are much much larger differences between girls and boys. In three of the subjects there was no the differences indication of measurement and geometry there were overall differences between the girls and the boys. And so she looked very carefully at geometry scores and there's this table, I'll just show it works. In this particular table she broke down the geography scores and then asked the rest if they could barely see on the right means that the difference was statistically significant and they are arranged in order od increasing performance. Now you'll notice that in the top group of countries the difference between girls and boys is statistically significant in only one case. Whereas in the bottom group countries the difference is statistically significant for our five cases. Okay. As in general in the countries with good mathematics education where the overall scores were high the difference between the girls and the boys is not significant whereas its very significant in the country with low scores and you know this one dominant country on the chart with more scores the girls than the boys the US was right down there in the report. The small differences between girls and boys SAT scores that people make so much fuss about in this country seem to be mostly an advert of a very very bad that's really what you can because the educational systems were so different its really not fair to compare contents or I kept resisting really silly bony. Look at this 1.8 difference between the boys and girls in the US. The New York Times made such a big deal about it. If you wanna be really super cynical you might watch and see American girls are one of the few groups in the world that American boys can beat. I mean who else can they beat... Nigeria, Swaziland, Thailand, Sweden and American girls. Its ridiculous, it really is ridiculous. So, well you know if anyone find a way to get, you know the New York times to print there I'd like to know. It's clear that better education really does remove most of the absurd differences. I heard Gillian Hannah, talk about that data last January at a mathematics meeting in a panel. And the other panelists was also very interesting. She was very interested to learn about a place called Potsdam college in New York, which is very very successful in producing mathematics majors. They produce 10 to 20 times the number of math majors that you would expect from a college of that size. And 60% of those majors are women. So they're just wildly successful both at teaching mathematics and in encouraging women to study mathematics. And so she went there for a long period of time to observe and study and question to see what it was they were doing right. What she found was interesting. First of all they had a primarily male faculty with only one woman. They made no special effort to encourage or attract women. Gender was not an issue either implicit or explicit. The system was very patriarchal in the sense that the description given most frequently by both faculty and students of the male teachers was \"a stern but loving father.\" Now what you would expect. And yet they were in fact wildly successful. So why were they so successful? They were so successful because they taught mathematics different from every place else. They made a major effort to encourage all of their students of both sex so that no special effort to encourage the girls was necessary. They simply encouraged all of them. They were also some very very significant differences in the teaching methodology they used that were again very, very successful that I won't go into in detail. A last traditional lecture method. The point is, and I think that this is an important point to make because some years ago it was thought, well, you know if we just remove the blatant sex discrimination the differences between boys and girls or men and women will disappear and they didn't and people said, Jean, maybe we're wrong. And there were big debate as a biological. Is it cultural? Is there still subtle discrimination? There's certainly some of that. But I think the most important point is that sometimes seemingly equal behavior for a variety of cultural reasons affects girls and boys differently. And that can be both positive and negative and that an educational systems that are non-sexist and high quality it's not just enough to be nonsexist it's also must be that the educational system is very encouraging and very high quality then these differences do disappear. And there was actually a lot of other evidence in support of that. I think that it's very, very important to realize that although we should have more women scientists and it's important to have women role models that men can be effective teachers and mentors and encouragers of women, because right now they are most of the scientists. Last night at the reception, one of the women asked me if I didn't think that it would help a lot to have more women scientists going out into the schools at role models at a very young age. Well, of course that's true, but it's also I think the wrong question. I think it would help a lot if more scientists and male, as well as female. And right now that means mostly male would go out into the schools and talk to young children and encourage them and get involved in education. And it's important to have women role models but we can't emphasize that to the point where we allow male scientists to abdicate their responsibility. Okay. It's the trickle down is too slow and women's scientists are already too overburdened for them to do all the work. Okay. Men scientists can be effective if they're not, they have to make a bigger effort. We have to train them. Something has to be done but they have to do their share or it's not gonna work. Women science just cannot do it all alone. And when I should go out into the schools, I mean I'm talking about first and second grade. Okay. You have to start very young too many women are lost too late. And I don't wanna put down things like math anxiety workshops and intervention programs but those are a losing battle. I remember when math anxiety became a big issue in the seventies. Okay. Since then a whole generation has gone through we should have wiped out math anxiety by now. We shouldn't be trying to do things, okay. To clean up, okay at the high school and college level trying to cure what after be a preventable disease by better education at the grade school level. Okay. Its really a losing battle unless you changed the approach. I'd like to change the topic a little bit and talk about another myth. The myth that there are no women scientists. Now it's clear that there are women scientists. The committee of women in physics roster has several thousand physicists. The association for women in mathematics has several thousand members I already said, and the younger women, 20% of the PhDs are going to women. However, this is not the public perception. Women scientists frequently do not get as much recognition for their accomplishments from their male colleagues as they ought to. Things are certainly improved a lot. It's not as bad, but there are still problems but they do get some recognition. But the recognition that women get outside the profession is much worse than inside at every level. Women are inevitably characterized as teachers or students. When men can be physicists. They can be mathematicians. They can be engineers. They can be scientists. Women if they're, even if they've have a prestigious research appointment with no teaching duties whatsoever if they have an affiliation with a university no matter how vague, they become teachers to their neighbors and friends, not scientists, you know. I've gone away several times as you know visiting professor to other universities. It's amazing. You can tell people that point blank and they'll come back a week later and tell me they had understood that I was going there as a student. It doesn't matter. I mean, it's real. I mean, I could just run a whole night telling you ridiculous anecdotes of things people say. Last year when I was on sabbatical I had conversations regularly that were almost so real. I mean, people will do anything to get you into this teacher or student category. It's just amazing. Now, one thing that has disturbed me a great deal is that in other areas the women's study centers have been major movers and sort of making people more aware of women's accomplishments. Unfortunately in the sciences, this has not been true. And some of the gender difference theorists say and in principle, I would agree with them that really, you know, just finding, you know these historical forgotten women sort of the core so-called add women and stir prescription is really not enough. We need to look at things and be more insightful and roughly speaking that's true but in doing so they have somehow managed some of the worst of them to deny the existence of women scientists at all. Sandra Harding, whom I regard as one of the worst of the gender theorist claims. And I quote that \"there are few women worthy to restore it or sciences hall of fame\" Sherry Turco who's written a book on Alleged Gender differences in computer science makes virtually no mention of the accomplishments of women's scientists in her book. Couple of years ago, I was browsing in a Harvard square bookstore and I ran across a book called Almanac of American women in the 20th century. It had, I dunno how many over a thousand listings of women and events. So I picked it up and I looked up the names of the first six women who came to mind. This was not a definitive list. If I thought about it I come up with a much better list, a much longer list. However, there was no doubt in my mind that all six women are to have been listed. Four of the six were not mentioned. One of the four women who was not mentioned was Maria Gobert Meyer, who, for those who don't know won the Nobel prize in physics in 1963 for the nuclear shell model. Now when winning the Nobel prize in nuclear physics is not worth the mention in a book on notable American women. Something is very, very seriously wrong I mean, really. Of the two women who were mentioned were also a little curious. One of them was Julia Robinson who was a mathematician. There was a brief mention of her obituary. I thought it was a little curious that her death was considered more notable than the fact that she solved Hilbert's 10th problem but that wasn't so bad. What I found most disturbing was the treatment of Chen Shen Wu. Her name was mentioned in a list of women who had received some award from red cliff. And that was all that it said. The innocent reader would never know that madam Wu was a physicist that she had done a very, very famous experiment that proved that parody was not conserved in certain types of high energy physics reactions. That she had received the Bonner award in nuclear physics and almost every other award for this work. Or that she had been president of the American physical society. Now this is really inexcusable. It's conceivable that leading out Maria Meijer could somehow be a mistake. I mean an oversight. I don't know how, but maybe if you really imagine it yet you can see how she could have forgotten Maria Meijer. But in the case of Dr Wu, her name was there and the author of the book didn't even bother to find out and tell the readers what she had done to receive that award. And in my opinion, that is inexcusable. And unfortunately, entirely too much of this is going on. I am particularly concerned about computer science because there we don't have to delve way back deep into history. Okay. In order to find it. I mean, women at the beginning of computer science it was a tremendous opportunity for women for many women who wanted to be scientists particularly right after world war II. There were very few opportunities. And computer science was one of the few places where there were opportunities. And there were lots of women who went into computer science made very significant contributions were very, very successful. Women like Mina Reese, I forget Mrs. Goldstein's first name, Fillas Fox Mary Hass and several others whom I will mention momentarily. I mentioned Sherry Turkle's book and the fact that she didn't make any mention of women. And in particular she mentions the computer language COBOL without ever mentioning Grace Hopper. I might add that her mention of COBOL reveals a certain ignorance of the subject because she in one line describes both COBOL and FORTRAN as \"IBM business languages.\" But I last January criticized her for mentioning COBOL and not mentioning Grace Hopper who had invented COBOL. Only to my embarrassment to come home, open my mail, discover the newsletter from the association for women in mathematics with an article saying that it was not Grace Hopper but Jean Sammet that invented COBOL. Now, actually I wasn't all that wrong but I did learn some things that I didn't know before. What is true is the COBOL, which was the first widely used higher level computer language was invented by a committee based upon principles that Greece Hopper had been advocating for a long time. And the credit that she gets is certainly very, very well-deserved. However, it turns out that the person who headed the committee who actually implemented the language was not Grace Hopper but another woman by the name of Jean Sammet. Furthermore, on that committee there were five other women who played major roles. Now the language that they came up with, which was supposed to be an interim language was wildly successful much more than they imagined. For virtually 20 years until the late 1970s COBOL was the most widely used computer language in the world. That's important because it's not simply that these women, Grace Hopper, Jean Sammet and five others did something significant. It was not just a major achievement. It was an influential achievement because it was the most widely used language for so many years. It had a major influence on the way computer science developed. Computer science did not start out and never has been a male science from the beginning unlike the other sciences. A fact that one should not forget. Before leaving Jean Sammet I should mention that she was also the first woman president of the association for computing machinery. I did find one and only one woman mentioned in Sherry Turkle's book, namely Ada Augusta Lovelace whom she incorrectly refers to as Babbage's benefactor. So I'll tell you about her and Babbage in a minute but benefactress is the one thing she wasn't there's no evidence that she ever gave him any money. In fact, she regularly had to pawn on the family jewels to pay her horse racing debts. Ada Lovelace was the daughter of the poet, Lord Byron. She was a collaborator of Babbage. Charles Babbage invented something called the analytical engine. He actually invented the computer a hundred years too early because there were not even transistors must have put Silicon chips then. He had to make his computer out of gears. And so he never actually got a working model. Lovelace is generally regarded as the world's first programmer. Her entire claim to fame is based on a translation she did of notes that someone took of lectures that Babbage gave on his conception of what computer programming would be. However, in addition to translating the notes she added notes in appendices of her own that were between two and three times as long as the original article and generally regarded as much more insightful. This is a very, very significant accomplishment. To pass her off as Turkle does, as Babbage's benefactor is in my opinion, unacceptable but Turkle is not the worst. About three years ago, there appeared a book by Dorothy Stein on Ada Lovelace, which denied that Loveless had ever done anything original or significant. Now, one of the things that's true about Ada Lovelace is that over the years there has been a great deal of Apocrypha about her life and Stone's book does I think correct lot of this Apocrypha. She seems to add some of her own but there's no doubt that there is a lot of Apocrypha that does correct. However, in correcting this Apocrypha she uncovers no evidence that would discredit her scientific work and yet Stein concludes on the basis of no evidence whatsoever that Lovelace never did anything original or significant. Now, first of all she seems to confuse originality with independence. This is a common, I mean virtually all of Lovelace's work was collaborative work with Babbage. The fact that it was collaborative does not mean that none of it was original. Okay. It's always difficult to sort things out. And there has been some controversy over that. One of those who does not regard her work is very original as Babbage biographer Hymen who regards only as quote Babbage's interpreters but even CE credits her by saying that as such her achievements were very remarkable. Stein has even uncovered evidence that would give Lovelace more credit because Hymen claims and there's been some controversy over this but Loveless did not write a famous program to compute Bernoulli numbers, that Babbage did whereas, in her correcting this Apocrypha she also claims to have found new and in my opinion convincing evidence that Lovelace did write the Bernoulli number program. And yet she still concludes that Lovelace never did anything significant. Now what's distressing about this is not that you wrote a bad book or that she discredits and disparages Lovelace. There are always gonna be people writing bad books and discrediting women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112383#t=0.0,2863.04653"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203859_Women_in_Science_b.mp3"]},"duration":855.53633,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/112/384/small/lecture.png?1620308376","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/112/384/original/AV203859_Women_in_Science_b.mp3?1620308376","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":855.53633,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203859_Women_in_Science_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The first thing about this is not that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=17.47,19.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she wrote a bad book or that she discredits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=19.49,21.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and disparages Lovelace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=21.98,23.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are always going to be people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=23.49,24.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"writing bad books and discrediting women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=24.97,26.719"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's distressing is that this book was widely reviewed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=26.719,31.719"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and praised as an example of landmark feminist scholarship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=31.76,36.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know when discrediting women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=36.97,38.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became feminist scholarship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=38.51,41.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=41.36,42.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I think one reason for this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=42.27,44.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that none of these reviewers were computer scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=44.14,48.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were historians, philosophers, sociologists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=48.16,51.219"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they just swallowed hook, line, and sinker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=51.219,53.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=53.84,54.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know why it didn't occur to them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=54.673,55.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to ask a computer scientist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=55.77,57.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't know why it didn't occur","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=57.89,59.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Women's Studies Journal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=59.497,61.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sending this book out to review,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=61.24,62.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to send it to a computer scientist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=62.49,65.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=65.19,66.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that brings up one of the major problems and issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=66.977,71.908"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that needs to be corrected,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=71.908,73.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there need to be more interactions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=73.51,75.858"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between women scientists and non-scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=75.858,79.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they need to be very, very innovative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=80.467,83.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"types of collaborations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=83.87,85.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because unlike other fields where a woman in literature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=85.28,88.098"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can do, you know, she doesn't have to abandon her research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=88.098,92.458"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to write about women writers or similarly a woman historian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=92.458,96.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The gap is much bigger for women scientists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=96.66,98.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it doesn't make any sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=98.87,100.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for them to abandon their scientific work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=100.93,103.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they should be involved with women's studies programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=103.75,108.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They should be asked to collaborate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=108.94,110.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to give their opinion, to review books,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=110.62,112.508"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to comment on proposed research, to give their insights,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=112.508,117.508"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that we can avoid some of the more outrageous egregria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=117.6,121.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I have referred to tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=121.42,123.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'd be happy to answer some questions now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=123.54,126.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=129.73,130.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=137.53,138.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=141.675,144.092"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that is a serious problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=149.15,151.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must say that since I've gotten involved in this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=151.47,154.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've been amazed at how much of my 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ones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=353.36,357.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the dropout rate is much higher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=358.843,360.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you teach calculus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=363.51,365.356"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and everyone agrees about this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=365.356,367.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's very from the common 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mathematics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=372.15,373.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even brought out some statistics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=373.71,375.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Women's average grades in calculus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=376.905,378.219"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are definitely higher than men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=378.219,380.802"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this doesn't really 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Bs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=391.56,393.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see very, very few women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=393.65,395.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who get Cs and virtually none Ds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=396.942,397.775"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It never occurs to women engineers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=399.932,402.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas you see an enormous number of 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should","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=412.13,415.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be engineers and they hang in there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=415.84,419.379"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think this is very, very bad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=419.379,421.129"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you'll give an exam and say 60 is a C,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=421.985,425.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you got below 50 drop the course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=425.24,427.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the next day two girls out of 75 will drop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=427.43,429.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unlike a guy with 32 in your office","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=431.662,433.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying if I get an A on the final.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=433.083,435.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=484.313,486.195"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these types of responsible positions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=486.195,489.528"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(background noise drowns out other 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just,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=587.687,590.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're real go getters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=591.264,593.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're perceived as having masculine traits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=593.353,596.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas somebody who doesn't is not taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=596.18,598.902"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very seriously, although they may be 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(indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=609.155,611.724"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(background noise drowns out other sounds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=611.724,615.247"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I mean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=615.247,616.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't it's altogether a bad thing, frankly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=618.184,621.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=624.157,625.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pushy is kind of pejorative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=626.77,629.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's very bad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=630.759,631.592"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't like characterizing people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=631.592,634.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, certain types of traits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=634.41,636.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are masculine or feminine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=636.547,638.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certain traits are desirable and undesirable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=638.073,639.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and certain types of enthusiastic, aggressive behavior","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=639.667,644.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is nothing wrong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=645.135,646.517"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with and this is the type of thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=646.517,648.636"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you're right, at least in today's world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=648.636,650.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to do that and you have to do it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=650.38,653.349"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps too 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sexist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=666.192,669.942"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can in fact have a sex difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=672.359,674.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Couple of years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=674.093,674.926"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I submitted a paper to a journal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=674.926,677.938"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I got it back two months with a 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departments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=697.05,700.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"call them up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=700.733,702.422"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told them what happened,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=702.422,703.255"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he said send me the paper,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=703.255,704.851"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll take care of it and he 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pushiness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=770.915,774.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's something that women are not culturally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=774.46,775.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trained to do that they should 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you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=779.15,781.806"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ought to protest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=781.806,783.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in my 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protest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=797.35,799.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's very sad, that sort of things happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=799.26,803.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I found that when I 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very,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=807.46,808.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very high percentage of the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=808.449,810.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think women need to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=810.61,812.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something different in their cultural training,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=813.54,814.424"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to teach them when you should raise objections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=814.424,818.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how to do it effectively.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=818.85,819.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's not a kind of 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masculine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=822.55,825.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=831.313,832.146"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=836.88,837.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=837.713,840.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Don't 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25514/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/514/original/AV203859_Women_in_Science_b.vtt?1620308378","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/514/original/AV203859_Women_in_Science_b.vtt?1620308378"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25515","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203859_Women_in_Science_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384/transcript/25515/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The first thing about this is not that she wrote a bad book or that she discredits and disparages Lovelace. There are always going to be people writing bad books and discrediting women. What's distressing is that this book was widely reviewed and praised as an example of landmark feminist scholarship. I don't know when discrediting women became feminist scholarship. I mean. Now, I think one reason for this is that none of these reviewers were computer scientists. They were historians, philosophers, sociologists, and they just swallowed hook, line, and sinker. I don't know why. I don't know why it didn't occur to them to ask a computer scientist. And I don't know why it didn't occur to the Women's Studies Journal, sending this book out to review, to send it to a computer scientist. But they didn't. I think that brings up one of the major problems and issues that needs to be corrected, that there need to be more interactions between women scientists and non-scientists. And they need to be very, very innovative types of collaborations, because unlike other fields where a woman in literature can do, you know, she doesn't have to abandon her research to write about women writers or similarly a woman historian. The gap is much bigger for women scientists, and it doesn't make any sense for them to abandon their scientific work, but they should be involved with women's studies programs. They should be asked to collaborate, to give their opinion, to review books, to comment on proposed research, to give their insights, so that we can avoid some of the more outrageous egregria that I have referred to tonight. So I'd be happy to answer some questions now. Any questions? Yes. Well, that is a serious problem. I must say that since I've gotten involved in this, I've been amazed at how much of my time that it's taken. And that's why I said that these interactions do need to be innovative. Okay, we, I mean, women scientists should not be undertaking, you know, sociological products to study women scientists, but the women sociologist or the male sociologists who undertake these projects ought to go across the street to the women in their math and physics departments and talk to them first, or if there are courses in the social sciences, that bare upon women scientists, they ought to go across the street and ask some of the women scientists on their campus to give one or two guest lectures, to give some opinion on the curriculum. There are a lot of interesting articles and newsletters like the association for women in math committee on the status of women in physics. And I found that surprisingly few Women's Studies groups across the country even get these journals and have them in their libraries. So what you described is a very, very serious problem. And I think we have to be innovative. And sometimes women scientists will say, no, that doesn't mean they're not interested, but it's something that has to be dealt with. And I think we also have to, that's why one of the things I mentioned before if we can get men to do more of the work of encouraging women scientists, we can take some of the burden off them there and release them some other ways. But it's a problem and we have to be imaginative.\r\n\r\n- Do you have any statistics in regard to how many prominent consumers of science and engineers are relatively.\r\n\r\n- I didn't quite understand the question.\r\n\r\n- I teach engineering.\r\n\r\n- Oh, many of them do, there's no doubt about that. There are people who have statistics, the national research council keeps statistics, unfortunately, the number of women studying enineering, although it's grown steadily through the '70s, until 1980, from 1980 on it's been going down. It seems to be true that women's career paths still lag behind men. But the opportunities are there and many of them do do very well. And there are people have statistics, the real problem, I think is that, as you mentioned, the only ones who we see are the outstanding ones, the dropout rate is much higher. If you teach calculus, and everyone agrees about this, and it's very from the common perception. And Rhonda Hughes, when she was president of the association for women in mathematics, even brought out some statistics. Women's average grades in calculus are definitely higher than men. Now this doesn't really mean anything because they're a much smaller group. But what you see is that the only women who study calculus are women who can get As and Bs. You see very, very few women who get Cs and virtually none Ds. It never occurs to women engineers. Whereas you see an enormous number of boys with no ability whatsoever. At the C-, D+ level and they're brought up to believe that they should be engineers and they hang in there. And I think this is very, very bad. And you'll give an exam and say 60 is a C, if you got below 50 drop the course, the next day two girls out of 75 will drop. Unlike a guy with 32 in your office saying if I get an A on the final. I think it's a serious problem. We need to encourage more C+, B- women and get rid of these D guys. Because not only do we need more women but if you teach these guys, believe me, I don't want to drive over a bridge that they designed. I do have two former students who now have jobs writing programs for the automatic pilots that run airplanes, such as I flew on to get here fortunately both of them have As. So we need to change. It's not only a question of , but society needs to change the proportions of men and women so that we can have better quality people in these types of responsible positions.\r\n\r\n- Well.\r\n\r\n- Just standards and college.\r\n\r\n- Well, I mean. What we need to do is culturally raise women differently. So the minute they don't, you know, they get below 95, they go oh I can never be a mathematician, we need to raise men and women in a different culture and it's interesting what you said about raising standards, because they're been a number of articles like the one I mentioned. The programs that are most succesful at encouraging women to study science and at encouraging blacks and Hispanics to study science are programs which have higher standards than average. Most successful programs don't have, the remedial programs have been a complete disaster. Particularly if you read about the birther program with black students. Programs with higher standards that encourage capable women, capable children of all ethnic groups, are much more successful, encouraging women and encouraging children from ethnic groups doesn't mean lowering standards, if you do it right, it'll raise standards.\r\n\r\n- In a predominantly male field, a woman with a PhD listen to other male colleauges describe the most successful women as pushy, there are just, they're real go getters and they're perceived as having masculine traits. Whereas somebody who doesn't is not taken very seriously, although they may be quite succesful in their field. Is this something you feel like. Or is this something .\r\n\r\n- Well, I mean. I don't it's altogether a bad thing, frankly. And I think. Pushy is kind of pejorative. I think it's very bad. I don't like characterizing people, you know, certain types of traits are masculine or feminine. Certain traits are desirable and undesirable and certain types of enthusiastic, aggressive behavior there is nothing wrong with and this is the type of thing, that you're right, at least in today's world, you have to do that and you have to do it perhaps too much. Let me tell you another story, because I think this issue, should you have different standards and how things that are not explicitly sexist can in fact have a sex difference. Couple of years ago, I submitted a paper to a journal and I got it back two months with a totally outrageous letter from the editor who rejected it out of hand without even sending . And, so I looked at the journal to find out who was on the editorial board that I might know. The most prestigious person who headed one of the country's top math departments, call them up, told them what happened, he said send me the paper, I'll take care of it and he did. In the meantime I complained to the editor too. . And they published the paper. Now, based upon certain comments made to me by people in the editorial office, , I do not believe that sex discrimination was involved at all. In fact . I do believe, I have some suspicion, as to why the editor initially rejected. But whatever his reason was, I am convinced that he thought he could get away with something outrageous, because I and my co-author were not very prestigious people from not very prestigious institutions. That's situation which women are much more likely to find themselves in. And, because the way women are raised a lot of women have picked up the phone and call the head of department but, I mean, it was the thing to do. That's the kind of, there's an obnoxious kind of pushiness, and there's something that women are not culturally trained to do that they should do. To realize that there are times when someone's being outrageous and you ought to protest. And in my career, I'm actually very good at that. And I don't mean to sound overly idealistic. I certainly know of cases in which women are treated unfairly and they protest, and it's very sad, that sort of things happens. But I found that when I do raise valid objections, I tend to win a very, very high percentage of the time. And I think women need to be something different in their cultural training, to teach them when you should raise objections. And how to do it effectively. And that's not a kind of pushiness that I think we should characterize as masculine. Questions? Thank you. Don't forget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/40680/file/112384#t=0.0,855.53633"}]}]}]}