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ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=19.81,21.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had been commissioned to write a book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=21.85,24.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entitled The United States and Poland,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=24.61,27.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was part of a series published","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=27.63,30.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Harvard university,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=30.4,32.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the Foreign Policy Library.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=32.87,35.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each volume has the title United States and a given country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=35.92,40.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the idea behind these books is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=40.52,43.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to interpret the given country to the American reader","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=43.44,48.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to trace in so far as it is applicable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=48.27,52.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the relations between the United 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then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=92.34,96.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the underground press in Warsaw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=96.57,99.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason why I mentioned it 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links","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=178.62,182.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially I'm referring to the late 19th century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=182.69,186.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early 20th century mass immigrants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=186.37,189.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that in that sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=189.32,190.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while the Poles in a way we're becoming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=190.81,193.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisoners of history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=193.67,195.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Americans were trying to escape from it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=195.55,199.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is though accident that the word new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=200.24,205.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appears so often in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=205.0,207.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New frontier, new deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=207.97,210.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to quote an American writer, Emily Han,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=210.85,214.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quote she says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=214.7,216.257"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"we always think that what we are experiencing is new\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=216.257,220.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other thing which I'd like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=222.73,224.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to draw your attention to ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=224.24,226.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that in spite of the 45 years of leveling down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=226.16,230.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the communist regime,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=231.92,233.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poland has always remained stratified","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=233.87,238.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a greater sense than an American society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=238.03,242.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once the stratification historically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=242.15,244.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was determined by birth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=244.99,247.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the stratification was determined by education,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=247.04,251.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the concept of intelligence came then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=251.16,254.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this stratification in a sense has survived,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=254.63,258.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps the difference between elite and masses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=258.79,261.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is evident in every country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=261.77,264.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may be more visible there than somewhere else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=264.03,267.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It would seems to me that another difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=270.76,273.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is perhaps worth mentioning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=273.36,275.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that also is historically motivated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=275.28,279.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the attitude of the people toward authority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=279.17,284.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to various other elements in social life;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=284.21,289.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should return to this point in a moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=289.18,291.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Certain sayings, Proverbs, expressions commonly used,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=294.37,299.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think reflect very often, very well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=300.76,304.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the character of a given society or give nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=304.33,307.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and let me just come up with a few.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=307.77,310.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The word compromise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=310.73,312.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the word compromise which in English has a definitely,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=312.79,316.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"definite meaning ,positive meaning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=316.72,320.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One achieves compromise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=320.34,322.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Polish one doesn't achieve compromise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=322.95,325.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one goes in for a compromise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=325.84,328.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One gives up something ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=328.17,329.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is historically motivated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=329.94,332.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and which is linked with the period when Poland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=332.11,336.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was deprived of its own statehood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=336.21,338.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and when somebody who was going in for a compromise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=338.69,343.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was really betraying the just calls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=343.8,347.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the same way uncompromising in Poland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=347.15,350.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been traditionally considered;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=350.69,352.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this may be changing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=352.53,353.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been traditionally considered as a manner of principle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=353.85,357.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uncompromising in this country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=357.57,359.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in American English and in English","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=359.81,362.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is someone who really is inflexible ,dogmatic, rigid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=362.44,367.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that this is fairly important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=367.84,369.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You all know the well...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=371.27,373.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the maxims saying \" If you can't beat them join them\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=373.54,378.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would not dare to translate that into Polish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=378.43,381.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it would sound defeatist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=381.1,383.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against the grain of the language itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=385.14,388.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is the another 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prevalent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=439.6,443.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of them may be dying out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=443.38,445.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which glorified the defeat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=445.73,448.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if this defeat was avoidable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=448.08,451.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as long as it was in the just calls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=453.82,456.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the Warsaw cemetery,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=457.92,460.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have the tombs of the soldiers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=460.22,464.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poles who died in the uprising of Warsaw","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=464.12,466.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against the Germans in 1944","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=466.61,469.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the words \" Gloria Victus\",","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=469.07,472.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"glory to the defeated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=472.52,474.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the element of success,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=474.67,477.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing succeeds like success,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=477.43,479.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again is not a term which can easily be applied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=479.8,483.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Polish society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=483.26,484.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I stress historically speaking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=484.76,487.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we may be 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Poland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=498.56,501.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been varied and long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=501.9,504.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A Polish historian once wrote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=504.95,508.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that America invaded Poland ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=508.29,510.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starting with the potatoes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=510.63,512.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ending with blue jeans, jazz and modern technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=512.63,517.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that in a sense ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=517.92,519.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the poles regarded America as an element of compensation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=519.68,524.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compensating for the difficult life,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=525.89,528.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compensating.....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=528.78,530.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America is the El Dorado,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=530.12,532.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not always very real but existing somewhere there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=532.45,535.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One cannot of course find an opposite process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=537.36,540.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which Poland would have affected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=540.78,543.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or influenced American thinking or American masses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=543.55,548.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the only thing which comes to my mind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=548.0,550.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the famous Polish jokes ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=550.15,552.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not exactly a point to be brought in as a new stration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=552.18,557.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like to spend my time here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=559.98,563.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in trying to speak a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=563.65,565.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about this odd difficult to understand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=565.88,569.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bizarre to many Americans Polish history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=570.54,574.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which certainly is not easy to comprehend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=574.04,576.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and which requires a good deal of preparation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=576.87,579.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cannot hope to present the thousand years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=579.59,582.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of history in the remaining 40 minutes or 35 minutes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=582.13,586.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thus let me try only to draw your 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Piast,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=618.78,621.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"P-I-A-S-T","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=621.26,623.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the name of the dynasty 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map,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=630.43,632.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resembles very much the shape of present day Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=632.05,634.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During which period Poland was largely a ethnic 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Germany,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=646.18,649.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it had far less contact or influences coming from the East.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=649.97,654.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This Piast Poland compact ethnically 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,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=719.4,720.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political sense for the whole country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=720.93,724.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I thought on various 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remarked,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=730.39,733.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"it was a pity that no other words had been invented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=733.447,736.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like British, which comprises the 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century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=754.59,757.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which begins with the words Lithuania my father land,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=757.61,760.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but which means at the same time Lithuania meaning Poland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=760.95,764.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he uses the two words interchangeably.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=764.49,767.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that again is difficult to 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army,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1018.57,1020.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this would by definition undermine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1020.17,1022.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the whole working of the 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state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1043.55,1046.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This didn't prove correct","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1046.36,1048.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Polish-Lithuanian state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1048.73,1050.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was partitioned between the three neighboring powers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1050.96,1055.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of which had entered up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1055.08,1057.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the road of absolutism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1057.483,1060.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prussia, Austria and Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1060.54,1063.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at that point with the partitions of Poland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1064.47,1067.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with wiping the large Polish-Lithuanian state off the map,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1067.18,1071.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begins the third tradition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1071.75,1073.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I've described as negative in a sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1073.83,1076.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tradition of a nation deprived of its state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1076.98,1081.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here, let me make a 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interchangeably.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1088.36,1090.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I first came to this country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1090.82,1093.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and opened the radio and heard about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1093.09,1094.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the weather in the nation I was flabbergasted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1094.98,1098.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the nation as a group of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1098.24,1100.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"linked by culture, history, language","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1100.67,1103.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one cannot speak of weather in application to 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country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1108.24,1110.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in other cases it means to state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1110.61,1113.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but here the 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distinguishes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1117.95,1119.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between citizenship and nationality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1119.96,1122.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is non-existent either in English or in French.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1122.6,1125.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So a Polish nation survived,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1126.88,1129.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although it did not have its own state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1129.0,1131.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And although it was cut up in three parts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1131.38,1135.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each under a foreign government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1135.89,1138.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This 123 years of living in a state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1139.29,1143.069"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of partitioned Stateless status,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1143.069,1148.069"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"produced a number of negative characteristics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1149.84,1154.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are weighing up on Poland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1154.56,1157.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even up to the present day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1157.37,1159.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Polish nation did not become at any point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1160.51,1164.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really reconciled with this loss of Liberty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1164.37,1167.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and establish a kind of a record","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1167.85,1170.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during this 123 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1170.31,1172.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"staging six armed uprisings and one revolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1172.71,1177.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every generation was involved in at least one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1177.623,1181.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes in two occasionally in more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1181.09,1184.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why do I describe this apart from the obvious fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1186.65,1190.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of being deprived of one's own statehood,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1190.68,1193.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why do I speak of a negative impact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1193.81,1197.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the tradition of this 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body,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1218.46,1222.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to connect it with its own state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1222.24,1225.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than with the other 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,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1237.6,1239.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in different characteristics of Poles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1239.54,1242.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Western region lets say of Poznan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1242.97,1245.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poles of central Poland, Poles of eastern Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1245.89,1249.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These characteristics have for a long 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Russia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1287.47,1289.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other part of Austria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1289.447,1290.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are many other things, physical 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revolution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1343.9,1346.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"missing the most important development of a common market,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1346.58,1350.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of creating all these modernizing functions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1350.41,1355.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which many other States accomplished during this time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1355.08,1358.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All this had to be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1358.41,1360.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to some extent could never be made up for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1360.04,1362.517"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it had to be made up for 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culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1370.55,1373.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And culture in that sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1373.25,1375.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has then and ever since occupied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1375.97,1379.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a particularly strong place in Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1379.32,1382.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to sound as if Poland 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,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1391.81,1392.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the most unique characteristic of Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1392.86,1395.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me cite in this, in this respect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1395.6,1398.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a story of the Czech writer, Milan Kundera,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1398.38,1403.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who wrote that's when he came in Paris after 1968","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1403.07,1408.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and tried to describe to his French friends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1408.12,1412.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what horrible things were done to his country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1412.13,1414.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1414.6,1415.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and the occupies suppress all the literary 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disappearance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1430.96,1432.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1433.194,1434.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culture was a substitute for many 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,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1964.35,1966.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for 20 years they were sovereign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=1966.93,1969.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and fully 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Germany,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2591.44,2593.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which seemed to be also operating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2593.89,2596.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in spite of the problems over the 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Mark,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2615.64,2619.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"West Germany is somewhat absorbed by exEast Germany,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2621.19,2625.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it has a little or less incentive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2625.61,2629.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and possibility of assisting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2629.1,2632.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's neighbors in East central Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2632.53,2635.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as Polish diplomacy is concerned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2636.9,2639.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it must walk a tight rope","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2639.14,2641.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with regards to Soviet Russia and republics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2641.8,2646.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belorussia, Ukraine , Lithuania","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2646.03,2648.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not wishing to offend either side,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2648.19,2651.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yet being unable to choose one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2651.14,2653.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or throw it support for one as against the other,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2653.85,2657.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a very difficult maneuver.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2657.24,2659.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The crisis in the golf,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2660.649,2663.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came from the Polish point of view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2663.04,2664.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the worst possible moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2664.77,2667.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, Polish history has not always been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2667.07,2670.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treating the Poland very well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2670.31,2671.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here's another example of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2671.97,2673.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only country which was owing Poland money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2674.8,2676.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was ready to deliver oil,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2676.767,2679.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now found itself in a conflict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2679.19,2683.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for which Polish losses are fairly high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2683.67,2688.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It seems to me that we are now facing a situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2692.78,2697.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Polish situation should not be taken in isolation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2697.49,2701.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which two possible developments can take.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2701.38,2705.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here I would like to warn 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future,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2708.96,2711.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is speculation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2711.92,2714.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than a founded judgment of a historian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2714.41,2719.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So speculating, we can say, we can sort of see;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2720.5,2724.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least I can see two kinds of scenario,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2724.25,2727.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either the borders of either the Iron Curtain so-called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2727.05,2732.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would completely disappear in the sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2733.61,2736.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of freedom of movement of population of Eastern Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2736.93,2741.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia, and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2742.18,2744.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In which case we can see a gigantic migration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2744.08,2748.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from East to West.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2748.0,2749.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These stabilizing Western Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2749.74,2751.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interfering very seriously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2751.82,2754.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the process of evolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2754.12,2756.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towards Europe of '92 and creating havoc.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2756.38,2761.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other would be a establishment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2761.47,2764.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a new Iron Curtain ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2764.85,2766.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this time not on political but uneconomic grounds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2766.37,2769.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kind of a Rio Grande;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2769.77,2771.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the one that separates as we know rich United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2772.161,2775.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the poor Mexico,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2775.08,2776.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"separating the rich Europe from the poor Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2776.44,2778.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think that the second possibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2779.86,2782.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is really one which statesmen and economists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2782.76,2786.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Western Europe can contemplate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2786.25,2788.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the long run as a solution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2788.25,2789.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think that in the good interest of Europe as a whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2791.06,2795.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a large scale master plan of economic reconstruction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2795.62,2800.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Eastern Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2801.13,2802.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or what used to be Eastern Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2802.89,2804.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the people would not be tempted to leave it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2804.49,2807.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and move westward but would be perfectly satisfied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2807.45,2810.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to stay and develop it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2810.25,2812.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the only way out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=2812.12,2814.173"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26235/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/235/original/AV203977_Poland_Today_a.vtt?1620841366","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/235/original/AV203977_Poland_Today_a.vtt?1620841366"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26236","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203977_Poland_Today_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947/transcript/26236/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Man speaking] I Understand that I don't have to use the microphone, can you hear me good? That's one of the things that I really don't like and if I don't have to use it, I'd rather not. About 14 years ago, I had been commissioned to write a book entitled The United States and Poland, which was part of a series published by Harvard university, called the Foreign Policy Library. Each volume has the title United States and a given country. And the idea behind these books is, to interpret the given country to the American reader and to trace in so far as it is applicable, the relations between the United States and that given country. The book was a challenge because I was trying in a sense to serve as an interpreter of Polish history for the American audience and at the same time consciously or subconsciously, I also thought that I may be serving as an interpreter trying to interpret the United States and to the Poles. Perhaps the latter aspects of it, assume the certain reality, since this book in a very reduced form was translated into Polish and appeared then in the underground press in Warsaw. The reason why I mentioned it now is because I feel that in a sense I'm called upon to serve once again as an interpreter of Polish history, except that then I had about 400 pages at my disposal, at this point I have about 45 minutes, so the task is virtually impossible. What I would like to do to begin with is to offer some sweeping generalizations, which has any generalizations containing a grain of truth but can obviously be attacked , criticized on numerous grounds. These generalizations referring to Poland and to the United States, I should try to start by some form of comparison. May begin with a statement that the Polish nation perhaps more than many others in Europe is very much influenced by history. The Poles are more history conscious than many other nations. This is understandable for a number of reasons, but this offers in a sense a contrast to the United States, where in a sense people were escaping history while coming to this country. Escaping past ,breaking the links especially I'm referring to the late 19th century early 20th century mass immigrants. So that in that sense, while the Poles in a way we're becoming prisoners of history, the Americans were trying to escape from it. It is though accident that the word new appears so often in this country. New frontier, new deal and to quote an American writer, Emily Han, quote she says, \"we always think that what we are experiencing is new\" The other thing which I'd like to draw your attention to , is that in spite of the 45 years of leveling down by the communist regime, Poland has always remained stratified in a greater sense than an American society. Once the stratification historically was determined by birth, then the stratification was determined by education, when the concept of intelligence came then. But this stratification in a sense has survived, perhaps the difference between elite and masses, which is evident in every country may be more visible there than somewhere else. It would seems to me that another difference which is perhaps worth mentioning and that also is historically motivated is the attitude of the people toward authority and to various other elements in social life; I should return to this point in a moment. Certain sayings, Proverbs, expressions commonly used, I think reflect very often, very well, the character of a given society or give nature and let me just come up with a few. The word compromise, the word compromise which in English has a definitely, definite meaning ,positive meaning One achieves compromise. In Polish one doesn't achieve compromise, one goes in for a compromise. One gives up something , which is historically motivated and which is linked with the period when Poland was deprived of its own statehood and when somebody who was going in for a compromise was really betraying the just calls. In the same way uncompromising in Poland has been traditionally considered; this may be changing, has been traditionally considered as a manner of principle. Uncompromising in this country in American English and in English is someone who really is inflexible ,dogmatic, rigid. I think that this is fairly important. You all know the well... the maxims saying \" If you can't beat them join them\" I would not dare to translate that into Polish because it would sound defeatist against the grain of the language itself. There is the another expression which I think is very much related to the capitalist type of society, selling a programmer. Again, almost untranslatable selling a program over selling a program, the notions of supply and demand which operate in so many areas, including university life as we all know in this country to a larger extent than somewhere else. For the Poles, again, as a result of a checkered and hard history, certain notions were prevalent, some of them may be dying out, which glorified the defeat even if this defeat was avoidable, as long as it was in the just calls. On the Warsaw cemetery, you have the tombs of the soldiers, Poles who died in the uprising of Warsaw against the Germans in 1944 with the words \" Gloria Victus\", glory to the defeated. So the element of success, nothing succeeds like success, again is not a term which can easily be applied to Polish society. I stress historically speaking because we may be witnessing a transformation of the society but in order to understand the present I think that we need to understand the past. The impact of America on Poland has been varied and long. A Polish historian once wrote that America invaded Poland , starting with the potatoes and ending with blue jeans, jazz and modern technology. And that in a sense , the poles regarded America as an element of compensation, compensating for the difficult life, compensating..... America is the El Dorado, not always very real but existing somewhere there. One cannot of course find an opposite process in which Poland would have affected or influenced American thinking or American masses. And the only thing which comes to my mind the famous Polish jokes , is not exactly a point to be brought in as a new stration. I would like to spend my time here in trying to speak a little bit about this odd difficult to understand, bizarre to many Americans Polish history, which certainly is not easy to comprehend and which requires a good deal of preparation. I cannot hope to present the thousand years of history in the remaining 40 minutes or 35 minutes, thus let me try only to draw your attention to what I consider some of the traditions and the trends; the word traditions I think appears in the title of my talk. And let me begin by two positive traditions to which I would like to add one tradition that I would describe as negative; negative in a sense. The two positive traditions are linked with two definite periods of Polish history. The first one is the medieval period , usually referred to as the Piast, P-I-A-S-T This is the name of the dynasty period in which Poland interestingly enough, if you look at the map, resembles very much the shape of present day Poland. During which period Poland was largely a ethnic state with one religion, very looking westward, and very much concerned with Germany, it had far less contact or influences coming from the East. This Piast Poland compact ethnically uniform religious uniform, et cetera, changed drastically its character by what was first a dynastic union with Lithuania. Dynastic union marriage of the ruler of Lithuania with the ruler of Poland . Lithuania in those days; and this is the late 14th century, was a huge country which comprise present day Lithuania, present day Belorussia , present day Ukraine, reaching all the way down to the Black sea. It was far larger than Poland although less populous. This dynastic union was in late 16th century transformed into a into a real union, a Federation of sorts, a dually system, dual country in which the word Polish was used in two ways. Polish in the sense of ethics Poles, the Polish part, and Polish in the sense , political sense for the whole country. As I thought on various occasions and as Norman Davis the British historian who wrote a very popular history of Poland remarked, \"it was a pity that no other words had been invented like British, which comprises the English the Scottish and the Welsh, it would have avoided some of the complications and some of them misunderstanding, which I'm sure an American or non-Polish reader must feel when opening the most important Polish national poem, national Epic of the 19th century which begins with the words Lithuania my father land, but which means at the same time Lithuania meaning Poland and he uses the two words interchangeably. And that again is difficult to understand and difficult to explain, unless you are conscious of these double sort of meaning of the term. In contrast to the Piast Poland, the Jagiellonian Poland , here again the term Jagiellonian refers to the dynasty that came from Lithuania was a huge state and multiethnic state and multi linguistic state and multi-religious state. Thus it represented a different tradition, and a different trend, in a sense completely new departure in Polish history. It was in existence until the partitions of Poland, which in fact were partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. To many Poles, this Jagiellonian period represents a particularly valuable element or particularly valuable asset in Polish history. What were the main characteristics or achievements of Jagiellonian Poland? One was, it was really based on three notions, which were it's pride; to some extent justifiably in others not. The three elements where Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a shield of Europe, as a bulwark, defending Europe from the invasions from the East, defending it against the Eastern barbarians. Number two, Poland as Lithuania, as having developed the most advanced Parliamentary form of government, parliamentary model. Number three, the Poland as being necessary to Europe and this is the most debatable aspect as a granary of Europe, supplying Europe with corn ,with agricultural goods. The belief in this last factor as making it impossible for Poland ever to collapse because it was so necessary, brings to my mind an American analogy which may not be perfect as most analogies are not of the King Cotton in the South, in Antebellum South , as being the element which is so necessary to Europe that one would not.... cannot imagine the South being defeated because for England ,France and for Western Europe it was absolutely essential. There's no doubt that the constitutional political model which was developed at that time, was in many ways a very interesting proposition. It was based on the so-called mixed form of government incorporating elements of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. If the objection be that it was limited, political exercise and political citizenship was limited to mainly one social class, the Gentry. Let us not forget that this Gentry amounted to close to nine to 10% of the population thus more people had the right of vote , of being elected to officers , of taking an active part in politics than did an Englishman until the first constitution after the first reform bill of 1832 thus well into the 19th century, a smaller group of people in England and in France for that matter , were running the country in political sense. The system which was extremely difficult to maintain, the balance between the three elements, eventually for reasons which are too long to explain here, began to collapse. It did not develop a defense mechanism which would protect the country efficiently, effectively. One of the reasons being that its standing army would be considered in Poland as it was in many other countries as a pillar of the monarchy. So if the Monarch you would have in its hands a large standing army, this would by definition undermine the whole working of the system. And this proved to be a fatal mistake , as did the notion that if the large Polish-Lithuanian state was not aggressive and not a danger to anyone it would therefore be considered as essential and would be tolerated for that very reason as a huge kind of buffer state. This didn't prove correct and the Polish-Lithuanian state was partitioned between the three neighboring powers, all of which had entered up the road of absolutism, Prussia, Austria and Russia. And at that point with the partitions of Poland with wiping the large Polish-Lithuanian state off the map, begins the third tradition, which I've described as negative in a sense the tradition of a nation deprived of its state. Here, let me make a digression, in American English the word nation and state and country are often used interchangeably. When I first came to this country and opened the radio and heard about the weather in the nation I was flabbergasted because the nation as a group of people linked by culture, history, language one cannot speak of weather in application to it. Obviously in that sense, nation was meant country or in other cases it means to state, but here the contrast and this is a very valid contrast, even to the extent that one distinguishes between citizenship and nationality which is non-existent either in English or in French. So a Polish nation survived, although it did not have its own state. And although it was cut up in three parts each under a foreign government. This 123 years of living in a state of partitioned Stateless status, produced a number of negative characteristics which are weighing up on Poland even up to the present day. The Polish nation did not become at any point really reconciled with this loss of Liberty and establish a kind of a record during this 123 years staging six armed uprisings and one revolution. Every generation was involved in at least one sometimes in two occasionally in more. why do I describe this apart from the obvious fact of being deprived of one's own statehood, why do I speak of a negative impact of the tradition of this period? And why do I feel that to some extent it is visible even today? The Polish lands were incorporated into three States which each had its different outlook, tradition, policy, each of them tries to integrate the Polish part economically in its own body, try to connect it with its own state rather than with the other parts. This can be visible in such things as the remaining in spite of the mass movement and leveling and obviously far less now than was true before the war , in different characteristics of Poles from Western region lets say of Poznan, Poles of central Poland, Poles of eastern Poland. These characteristics have for a long time been very easy to recognize and quite striking. The other thing which is visible even today if you take a train from Krakow and want to go to Lublin, Krakow was part of Austrian-Poland and Lublin was part of Russian-Poland. You do not have or did not have, unless it's changed; I haven't been to Lublin for a couple of years. You don't have a quick and good express train for the reason that the border cut the railroad network into parts, connecting this part with Russia and other part of Austria. And there are many other things, physical things or easily appreciable things of this kind. Less evidence perhaps are the negative attitude towards authority. For over a century, authority was they, and the contrast between they and us was very visible. The policeman was the symbol of foreign oppression. The army was the symbol of foreign army which one was conscripted to. And of course, economically especially, the time which is no longer very fashionable with Polish historiography, and I agree it's been overused. The expression that Poland missed, quote unquote the 19th century. By missing the 19th century, one means missing the industrial revolution, missing the most important development of a common market, of creating all these modernizing functions which many other States accomplished during this time. All this had to be, and to some extent could never be made up for but it had to be made up for later. The element which was binding the parts of the partitioned country was culture. And culture in that sense, has then and ever since occupied a particularly strong place in Poland. I don't want to sound as if Poland culture was the most important or most unique sort of important of culture , was the most unique characteristic of Poland. Let me cite in this, in this respect, a story of the Czech writer, Milan Kundera, who wrote that's when he came in Paris after 1968 and tried to describe to his French friends what horrible things were done to his country, he said \"and the occupies suppress all the literary journals\" imagine that.. And only took him a while to discover that if all the literary journals were suppressed in Paris very few people would care about it and would not be particularly shocked by their disappearance. In that sense, culture was a substitute for many things with good and bad facts or byproducts and it has remained, I would claim even today. Now in 1918, Poland reemerged as a state under very complex circumstances, reemerged as a state which was neither fully a returned to the pre-partitioned country. One cannot obliterate 123 years, and one cannot start pick up from the moment as if nothing happened nor was it a completely new country, it was something in between. An attempt was... and I should add, and this is a very important point and I will keep repeating it. It emerged from the first world war devastated economically. The Eastern front moved back and forth across Polish lines, which was not true for such countries as Bohemia later Czechoslovakia or Hungary. The same thing is true even on a larger scale in the second world war. So that when often one thinks about the level of Czechoslovakia or Hungarian economic establishment, industrial establishment, infrastructure, et cetera and one compares Poland unfavorably to these two countries, One tends to forget that their starting point both in 1918 and even more so 1945 was completely different. In each case, Poland was pushed back and had to start all over again; a much more difficult position. To come back to the 1918 or post 1918 Poland, two concepts came to the foreground, each of them in a sense invoking the two traditions which I've mentioned earlier, the Piast tradition and the Jagiellonian tradition. Of course not in its entirety but using them as a kind of a historic myth. The Jagiellonian tradition was used by the camp grouped around the man who became Poland's chief of state first and then after 1926 his virtual dictator Jozef Pilsudski. He wanted to recreate a large Polish state but realizing that after the age of nationalism after the 19th century, this was impossible. He thought of a Federalist solution of a block of countries linked in one way or another, he never really developed a blueprint. He was much too pragmatic for that, but by and large his concept of Poland linked with the Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine is described as the Federalist concept. His main opponent and the leader; Pilsudski was connected with the socialist although he later moved away from them. His main opponent and the leader of the national Democrats, the right really the father of modern Polish nationalism Roman Dmowski had a different concept. He back to Piast Westwood oriented Poland. He wanted to have a Polish state, which would be as not ethnically Polish; that was impossible to achieve, but in which the Polish element would predominate very clearly. It would be a centralized state and hopefully, Polonized or absorbed the non-Polish Belarusians, Ukrainians who lived in areas which in some cases were inextricably mixed. Pilsudski's concept collapsed after the war with the Soviets in 1920 and more or less the Dmowski territorial vision triumphed which in some ways produced a number of vicious circles. Poland was a national state but it had something like 30% of national minorities, which were not absorbable and which one could not resolve the problem in any other way. It was a halfway house also in the sense that it was not a great power but it was not a small state. It could not accept the French historian phrase that I think very well, Lou Eisenman who said that Poland, it was the misfortune of Poland to have been reborn too weak to be a tower and too strong to be satisfied with a position of a small state, a client of others. The search for the political model; again the examples of the past figuring in this debate, the search for a political model was never successful. A swing took place from a very parliamentary strongly parliamentary dominated model, very much the French one to a presidential authoritarian model in '35. In that respect, Poland was less fortunate than Czechoslovakia, which developed a democratic system but a democratic system which is often misunderstood in the West because it's had a strong dash of centralized controls and of presidential power. It was impossible for interwar Poland to develop economically to the extent of number one, integrating the three completely different economic systems to rebuild the war damages and ravages and to try to develop without sufficient capital on the large scale. Some of the things which were accomplished during the interwar period, certain industries which were built from scratch, the major port of the Baltic Gdansk, which was built from efficient village were truly impressive. But the time was too short, the possibilities were too limited to push Poland into a position of a major industrialized country. It was basically a country in which the agrarian sector dominated, poor agrarian sector and in which the land reform was only partially realized but even the most perfect land reform probably would not have resolved the problem of the overpopulation of the countryside, of the hidden disappoint.... of the hidden unemployment of the discrepancy. This was referred to as the price scissors, the discrepancy between the high prices of industrial goods and their very low prices of agrarian products. The other thing which made the life of interwar Poland extremely difficult was the state of semi-permanent endangerment from the East and the West. Germany remained revisionist throughout the whole period, wanting to revise the border with Poland and recover what it had lost of the lands which had once been Polish, then taken into partitions and then returned to Poland. Russia, the Soviet union was basically also a country that was steadfastly inimical to Poland and the finding oneself between the two powers which each of which was potentially stronger than Poland. It presented an insoluble position, the policy which was sometimes derived at; I don't think rightly so, the policy of balancing between the two was the only policy which was possible under the circumstances. Now lining up with Russia against Germany nor with Germany against Russia was a real possibility. It was not a real possibility if the main task of Polish foreign policy was to defend the country's independence. And the word independence maybe the key word for interwar Poland, and this explains why instead of the many mistakes many failures in various walks of life the 20 years period was of such tremendous psychological importance to the country, to the nation. For 120 years, 20 odd years the Poles lived independence , for 20 years they were sovereign and fully independent. And they were willing to die for this independence as they proved in 1939, when attacked on September one by Germany, and then on September 17 the Soviet army marched in from the East. Since in the introduction it was mentioned that I left Poland in '39, let me add one note of precision I left on the night of September 17, 1979 from Eastern Poland , where the Soviet army had entered from the East. And this was part of a major exodus of some hundred thousand people from Poland crossing into Romania. The second world war was another kind of a traumatic experience for the nation. And again, many of the present day phenomenon Poland can to some extent at least be linked with that experience. It was a occupation unlike any other in which 6 million people, 3 million of them Jews , were exterminate in which the Germans made every attempt to destroy Polish culture which was the most important element in the country in which in the Soviet part, something like a million and a half people were deported in inhuman conditions and most of them never returning to Poland being loss in the vastness of Russia. Poland paradoxically found itself on the winning side of the second world war, together with its allies Britain, the United States, Russia and the others. But the paradox of it was that Poland as far as his territory goes, was liberated quote unquote by the red army, which was imposing its own political system and economic system and the Polish government in exile which directed Polish resistance and commanded the Polish troops, which fought throughout the war in the West was denounced or abandoned by its Western allies. Once again, Poland emerged from the war utterly devastating war so reduced to virtually a rumble of hips of ruins. Once again, one head to start almost from scratch, even though and perhaps because of the complete change shifting of the Polish state Westward, I mentioned the very beginning that the Polish medieval stage resembled in its borders the present state but this meant if you were to look at maps, one thing which occurred to me, that least it would have been useful to have maps to illustrate this complex process. Poland abridged from the second world war having lost more than half of its Eastern part acquiring from Germany the lands, which only in the middle ages and not all of which in the middle ages had been Polish, which involves the tremendous population shifts migration, transfers, et cetera. And all of that under the shadow of a system which was imported into Poland, which was both foreign and imposed, and in that sense doubly unacceptable. Potentially the new Polish state under its boundaries with much better access to the Baltic sea was richer and had greater chances of development than interwar Poland. At the same time, it was a country which was no longer master of its own destiny. And in that sense, to give you a concrete example this Poland needed desperately a Marshall plan or the Marshall plan as it was offered to Western Europe for reconstruction but was and hadn't been able to accept it. Had it been able to develop along the lines, most of other European States developed probably Polish position of today would be comparable to that of Spain, let's say or of some of the less rich West European countries. It was assumed at first by some that the communist system would at least accomplish something positive in the sense of modernization, that it would be able to accomplish through industrialization of the country, through sweeping land reform, through free education et cetera, a such a transformation of society that it would amount to a modernization. And there are still history books, which tried to interpret Polish history after '45 as of a modernizing country as opening the chances for complete modernization. Well, it turned out as we see it today that this was anything but that the economic system introduced into the country imposed on the country in a sense, represented a regression and inflicted in incredible harms, not only on the country's economy but on the mentality of the people on social relations and so forth and so on. Once again, although in different conditions in different contexts that at the time of the partition land, the Poles actively opposed the new imposed transplant. In the fighting in the elections, which were supposed to be free and unfettered according to Yalta in '46, '47. In 1956 during the so-called Polish October, an attempt at liberalization. In 1968 at the time at March of '68, as somebody put it , since the Poles refer to these by the months that it's good that no more events of this kind took place because one would run out of month. That the events of March, the events of August, the events of December and so forth and so on. In 1970, the major upheaval, the December upheaval in the shipyards. 1976, the strikes and the upheaval and finally in 1980, the solidarity, the birth of solidarity, heralding in spite of its momentary interruption, momentary which lasted several years a complete shift in the countries, directional. In 1989, as we know the year during which communist collapsed or the solid block collapsed with Poland leading the way. There was a mixture of certain euphoria over the recovered Liberty. There were people especially of my generation who are saying that they never expected that Poland would be re-emerge as the third Republic, as people called it, the first being the pre-petition the second interwar. But there was also a mock feeling of being tired, exhausted, even apathetic. Poland has been attempting ever since, a transition from the communist system to a free market economy from a totalitarian or semi totalitarian regime to a free democratic. This is something which is happening in front of our eyes, which is extremely difficult especially the transition which has been never attempted before from communism to capitalism. And here I say I always like to be very vivid remark of the leader of Polish solidarity and the president of Poland Lech Walesa who said that everyone knows how to make a fish soup out of a fish tank but nobody has yet tried to recreate fish out of the fish soup, at best it would be rather a messy operation. The process of transformation of Poland which has been going on for over a year now, it's only now being attempted in the sphere of economics by Czechoslovakia Hungary and they are struggling, beginning to struggle with problems. And if one feels that the economic difficulties in Poland, which were so well analyzed and presented this morning by Doctor are in some way an example of Polish monopoly for failure. Let's look at the example of East Germany which is in the most favorable positions with West Germany having pumped money into it for a long time, and which now is sort of integrating it and the incredible cost problems and so forth which one sees in East Germany. So the West Germans counts the millions and billions which will be needed and which they are willing to sacrifice. In that sense, One can say that Poland is in an unfortunate position not for the first time in history off of not having its second half as Germany did rich ,advance, developed which would help to bring it about . In a sense one could feel that the international constellation of accompanying or the scene of Poland rebirth in '89 was favorable Gorbachev and Perestroika Russia favoring the Polish changes or at least not opposing the Polish changes. Unification of Germany, which seemed to be also operating in spite of the problems over the border which I don't think as severe as they sometimes appeared in the press and a great deal of sympathy in the West. But obviously some of these favorable elements have changed since then. The Perestroika in Russia is under a question Mark, West Germany is somewhat absorbed by exEast Germany, then it has a little or less incentive and possibility of assisting it's neighbors in East central Europe. As far as Polish diplomacy is concerned, it must walk a tight rope with regards to Soviet Russia and republics Belorussia, Ukraine , Lithuania not wishing to offend either side, yet being unable to choose one or throw it support for one as against the other, it's a very difficult maneuver. The crisis in the golf, came from the Polish point of view at the worst possible moment. Again, Polish history has not always been treating the Poland very well and here's another example of it. The only country which was owing Poland money and was ready to deliver oil, now found itself in a conflict for which Polish losses are fairly high. It seems to me that we are now facing a situation and the Polish situation should not be taken in isolation in which two possible developments can take. And here I would like to warn you that since the historian is trained to analyze the past not to predict the future, and this is speculation rather than a founded judgment of a historian. So speculating, we can say, we can sort of see; at least I can see two kinds of scenario, either the borders of either the Iron Curtain so-called would completely disappear in the sense of freedom of movement of population of Eastern Europe, Russia, and so forth. In which case we can see a gigantic migration from East to West. These stabilizing Western Europe interfering very seriously with the process of evolution towards Europe of '92 and creating havoc. The other would be a establishment of a new Iron Curtain , this time not on political but uneconomic grounds, a kind of a Rio Grande; the one that separates as we know rich United States from the poor Mexico, separating the rich Europe from the poor Europe. I don't think that the second possibility is really one which statesmen and economists of Western Europe can contemplate in the long run as a solution. So I think that in the good interest of Europe as a whole a large scale master plan of economic reconstruction of Eastern Europe, or what used to be Eastern Europe so that the people would not be tempted to leave it and move westward but would be perfectly satisfied to stay and develop it, is the only way out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112947#t=0.0,2819.256"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203977_Poland_Today_b.mp3"]},"duration":845.208,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/112/948/small/lecture.png?1620841369","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/112/948/original/AV203977_Poland_Today_b.mp3?1620841369","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":845.208,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203977_Poland_Today_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The possibilities for a stabilization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=5.1,9.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"economic improvement, reorganization, etc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=9.22,13.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of East-Central Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=13.22,14.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here, obviously, since we are speaking about Poland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=14.69,17.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assistance to Poland, economic, cultural etc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=18.378,22.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in various forms undertaken on various levels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=22.08,25.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is obviously absolutely essential.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=25.65,28.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But saying that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=28.82,30.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and saying that in the context of this conference,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=30.01,32.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I feel that I am proselytizing the...the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=32.68,37.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The convinced...the...the...the converts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=37.962,40.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't need to go along these lines anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=40.72,44.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let me, by way of a conclusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=44.34,49.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recall a remark attributed to Winston Churchill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=49.89,54.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who once said that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=54.43,55.557"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"A speaker should try to exhaust the subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=55.557,58.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on which he's speaking, but not his listeners.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=58.8,61.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=61.93,62.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eh! I don't think that I was capable in this presentation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=62.763,66.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was very incomplete to exhaust the subject.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=66.16,69.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope I have not completely exhausted the audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=69.11,72.249"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=72.249,73.979"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=73.979,76.979"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Professor Vanish has agreed to answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=84.123,86.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or discuss a few questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=86.91,88.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if there are a few questions regarding the presentation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=88.49,91.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lets see if there are any requests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=91.37,92.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how many questions would you comment on that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=94.967,98.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(door slams)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=105.009,105.941"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well am familiar to that extent that I haven't read it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=105.941,107.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from cover to cover, but I read passages here and there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=107.51,112.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I, with all due respect from Mitchell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=112.04,115.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is a well known writer and writes on the best sellers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=115.8,120.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think it's the best guide to British history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=122.38,125.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's rather difficult to be a specialist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=125.52,127.789"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the same time on Hawaii, the Chesapeake Bay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=127.789,130.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=131.438,132.831"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Africa, Poland, the middle East, et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=132.831,134.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that from that point of view, it's an interesting book","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=134.72,138.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I don't think that one really would learn a great deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=138.27,141.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Poland from it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=141.01,142.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you are thinking of a history of Poland","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=142.49,146.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would be a...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=147.016,147.849"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(items dropping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=147.849,149.264"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would be a well-written readable general.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=149.264,151.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can think of Adam's book the Polish way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=151.52,156.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which makes would make a rather nice Christmas present.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=156.03,159.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's so lavishly illustrated and well done well written","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=159.32,163.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the two volumes of the English historian, Norman Davis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=163.44,167.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is challenging and interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=167.76,170.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or those his short one volume","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=170.25,172.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which begins with the solidarity and sort of goes backward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=172.07,175.484"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible murmur from the background)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=175.484,176.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is called the heart of Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=176.317,177.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and naturally not to beat my own drum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=177.93,180.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not trying to compete the, the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=180.95,185.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Poland was meant as a book to be 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=192.81,196.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=196.73,197.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it doesn't have the easy flowing descriptions, eh","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=197.563,200.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(pages flipping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=200.723,203.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the narrative of somehow ski or the lavish illustrations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=203.57,207.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the other two, I would put ahead of mine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=207.25,210.214"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(slight 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pattern.....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=213.498,218.498"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"``the pattern, and you also mentioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=219.191,222.959"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the plan was essentially trying to account","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=222.959,227.959"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for all the minorities, but what does it make the management","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=236.18,241.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Poland that today we are in fact, the following","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=241.77,246.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then basically all like arches they're outside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=254.492,256.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of both borders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=257.809,258.894"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It all depends how the approach and undoubtedly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=258.894,262.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should think that a country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=262.78,265.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of one nationality without minorities is easier to govern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=265.1,269.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The last few are problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=269.07,271.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's obviously not quite true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=271.25,272.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that colon doesn't have any minorities at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=272.85,275.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If this was the official line taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=275.8,277.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the communist government after 45.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=277.8,280.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one didn't see the existence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=280.49,284.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 200 or so thousand Ukrainians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=284.46,286.062"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(cough in the background)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=286.062,287.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Russians Germans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=287.74,289.181"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between NIMS about stair or told they represent at most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=289.181,293.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say 3%, 4%, which is perhaps less.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=293.76,298.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the figures are hard to establish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=298.34,301.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially with the Germans in Silesia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=301.02,305.091"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of whom are occasionally jokingly referred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=305.091,308.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to not as the folks doubts about as the one who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=308.53,311.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=312.695,314.262"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are more attracted to German, to him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=314.262,315.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the easy life or the more comfortable life in the West.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=315.33,319.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, all right, but this is really a minor element.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=319.76,323.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously one can see the case of Tosca backyard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=323.3,326.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The coexistence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=326.22,327.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of two national groups creates many more problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=327.15,330.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the other hand, the argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=330.9,332.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because sometimes we've made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=332.64,334.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there is something in the cultural tradition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=334.44,339.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a multi national religious community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=339.54,344.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is more interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=345.33,347.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the enthusiastic of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=347.0,349.894"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Poland would stress the original contribution brought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=349.894,354.894"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in by the who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=356.2,357.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a sense for long periods, dominated photons justice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=357.033,362.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Scotsman dominated the city of London, eh","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=362.03,365.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on and of the other groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=365.97,367.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and reaching and making the country more complete","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=367.39,371.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more interesting and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=371.58,373.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is from a cultural dimension thinking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=373.01,375.096"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"purely political administer terms, obviously I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=375.096,378.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it to run a homogeneous country then that had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=378.63,381.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Regina as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=381.387,382.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I love the same lines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=386.285,387.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I just wondered if you could also 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mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=393.53,394.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the reason why I say this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=394.49,396.139"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that for instance, intellectuals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=396.139,398.608"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in independent Polis were basically On tech church.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=398.608,403.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were not at the Catholic, but they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=403.41,405.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they felt very strongly that church had too much power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=405.88,409.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and strangely enough church acquired more communist times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=409.62,414.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and became much more respectable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=414.46,416.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But now again, in independent times, so to 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I'm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=438.663,442.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the church and the Christianity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=442.3,444.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Poland played throughout its history, a very major 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us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=518.53,522.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the private is with us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=522.61,524.059"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's Sinatra was 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thinker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=680.71,685.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mary town eh, who said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=686.912,689.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the state should be a least state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=689.41,692.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that it should be oriented towards Christianity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=692.01,695.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, this would require a lengthy 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realized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=701.085,706.085"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(cough in the background)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=706.937,707.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or promoted flat administrative means","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=707.953,709.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and an involvement in state operation, but that, eh","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=709.8,714.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Catholic morality in ideas should be the measuring rod","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=715.696,720.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or should be the guiding light.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=720.14,721.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're, if you know that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=721.717,724.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you just sort of see what I'm driving at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=726.517,727.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there is room for a reexamination of various, of the 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strain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=736.26,739.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the Catholic leaders and the ecclesiastical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=739.76,743.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eh, and of course here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=743.67,745.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one should mention the tremendous authority, prestige","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=745.25,749.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Pope who is much more than any other church, man","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=749.87,754.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably in Poland's history, the father figure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=756.02,759.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the man who has this tremendous influence and impact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=759.41,763.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry, I couldn't have answered this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=763.34,765.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any more sensible way without","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=765.48,767.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e One final question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=771.76,773.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=773.04,773.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Would you give us your view of the present situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=773.873,776.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Soviet union, the shakeup and speculate?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=776.7,781.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, you know, I thought it was bad enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=783.24,785.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a historian to speculate about the Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=785.11,788.006"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=788.006,789.715"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She started out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=789.715,790.744"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not being a Russian specialist to speculate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=790.744,793.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Russia would be suicidal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=793.363,794.499"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=794.499,796.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e One other final, quick question we had over here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=796.64,799.131"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody else had their hand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=799.131,801.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up. Oh, I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=801.28,802.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Any viable guarantees to the lenses as president?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=802.76,807.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know we just had an election, but nevertheless","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=807.723,812.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any viable alternatives?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=812.33,814.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well you will see that in the next election","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=814.25,816.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=817.716,820.299"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there another question over here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=823.49,824.488"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought somebody had...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=824.488,825.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If nonjoiner me in thanking professor Vanish for this one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=827.262,831.835"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=831.835,834.585"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26237/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/237/original/AV203977_Poland_Today_b.vtt?1620841370","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/237/original/AV203977_Poland_Today_b.vtt?1620841370"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26238","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203977_Poland_Today_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948/transcript/26238/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The possibilities for a stabilization, economic improvement, reorganization, etc, of East-Central Europe. And here, obviously, since we are speaking about Poland assistance to Poland, economic, cultural etc, in various forms undertaken on various levels, is obviously absolutely essential. But saying that, and saying that in the context of this conference, I feel that I am proselytizing the...the... The convinced...the...the...the converts and I don't need to go along these lines anymore. So let me, by way of a conclusion recall a remark attributed to Winston Churchill who once said that, \"A speaker should try to exhaust the subject on which he's speaking, but not his listeners.\" Eh! I don't think that I was capable in this presentation, which was very incomplete to exhaust the subject. I hope I have not completely exhausted the audience. Thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- Professor Vanish has agreed to answer or discuss a few questions, if there are a few questions regarding the presentation. Lets see if there are any requests. how many questions would you comment on that? Well am familiar to that extent that I haven't read it from cover to cover, but I read passages here and there. And I, with all due respect from Mitchell who is a well known writer and writes on the best sellers I don't think it's the best guide to British history. It's rather difficult to be a specialist at the same time on Hawaii, the Chesapeake Bay South Africa, Poland, the middle East, et cetera. So that from that point of view, it's an interesting book but I don't think that one really would learn a great deal about Poland from it. If you are thinking of a history of Poland that would be a... that would be a well-written readable general. I can think of Adam's book the Polish way which makes would make a rather nice Christmas present. It's so lavishly illustrated and well done well written of the two volumes of the English historian, Norman Davis which is challenging and interesting or those his short one volume which begins with the solidarity and sort of goes backward which is called the heart of Europe and naturally not to beat my own drum and not trying to compete the, the United States. And Poland was meant as a book to be addressed to the American reader and having a sort of a encapsulated the history of Poland in it. But I think that it doesn't have the easy flowing descriptions, eh the narrative of somehow ski or the lavish illustrations. So the other two, I would put ahead of mine. Other questions you mentioned we asked the pattern..... ``the pattern, and you also mentioned that the plan was essentially trying to account for all the minorities, but what does it make the management of Poland that today we are in fact, the following and then basically all like arches they're outside of both borders. It all depends how the approach and undoubtedly I should think that a country of one nationality without minorities is easier to govern. The last few are problems. It's obviously not quite true that colon doesn't have any minorities at all. If this was the official line taken by the communist government after 45. So one didn't see the existence of 200 or so thousand Ukrainians, the Russians Germans between NIMS about stair or told they represent at most let's say 3%, 4%, which is perhaps less. Some of the figures are hard to establish especially with the Germans in Silesia. Some of whom are occasionally jokingly referred to not as the folks doubts about as the one who who are more attracted to German, to him by the easy life or the more comfortable life in the West. Well, all right, but this is really a minor element. Obviously one can see the case of Tosca backyard. The coexistence of two national groups creates many more problems on the other hand, the argument because sometimes we've made that there is something in the cultural tradition of a multi national religious community which is more interesting. And the enthusiastic of in Poland would stress the original contribution brought in by the who in a sense for long periods, dominated photons justice the Scotsman dominated the city of London, eh on and of the other groups and reaching and making the country more complete more interesting and so forth. But this is from a cultural dimension thinking purely political administer terms, obviously I think is it to run a homogeneous country then that had to Regina as well.\r\n\r\n- I love the same lines. I just wondered if you could also comment about the role that the Catholic church might play. She hadn't mentioned. And the reason why I say this is that for instance, intellectuals in independent Polis were basically On tech church. They were not at the Catholic, but they were but they felt very strongly that church had too much power and strangely enough church acquired more communist times and became much more respectable. But now again, in independent times, so to speak the power of the church is being questioned again. And I want to comment on that a little more. Well, it's a question that requires at least an hour's answer. So I would be obliged to provide the kinds of a massacre mini interpretation. Exactly, but obviously number while I'm at the church and the Christianity in Poland played throughout its history, a very major role. It played a special role during the partitions where the culture, and in that sense I would include Christianity Catholicism in the realm of culture, looking at it from the point of view of its cultural impact it's attitude for me impact is that what you said about the distinction between church and religion? I would treat someone differently by saying that there always exists for this streak of anti-clerical ism in Poland, which goes way, way back even in the 16th century, et cetera there were strong anti-clerical sentiments among the nobility among the Gentry. And it has been said that the polls followed faithfully their church leaders as long as they could put in there as long as they would only accept what they liked to accept. That was set a good example of that was the famous sermon of Cog nos machines at the time of the exile. So the it, the beginnings of, it sounded as if the private appeared for calm and was really sort of opposing the workers and the conclusion was drawn us because the private is with us. So there's Sinatra was eliminated. So that on occasions, those Catholicism which had been sanitized as it was put or colonized in 17th century has very typically told these characteristics. It did not produce very many theologians of Greek stature which is very much emphasized for instance validates by Polish Catholic writers. Now, the intelligentsia being anti-clerical was of course, a phenomenon, a typical not for all intention intelligentsia for one part of intelligence in the interwar period the role of the church and the importance of the church was so it was not expected was so great during the communist period that the church not only stood for the only organized force that rejected communism but also represented a rejection of the big lie. And in that sense, its credibility was unquestioned and many other aspects to it. As I, as I said, I see that in my shorthand reply I'm sort of massacring the, the very complex problems. There is a discussion. The church always insisted that it was not medley in politics, eh, but that it was simply it could simply not be confined as the communist said it should be to the palate and the confessional that it had. It could not limit itself to the relationship with individuals, but it had a role in society. Social morality, social relations were of concern to the church. It was not political in the sense if we define politics as a struggle for power the church was not aiming at becoming a ramming theocracy in Toronto having a church controlled government. But obviously in the other respect, it had it was having a profound political influence. This influence nowadays must be and is being questioned and reexamined by constantly writers as well as by those who are not connected with the conflict of establishment, it is felt. And this was mentioned by such important Catholic figures as each on the one hand or mastered yet fairly recently in an article in invoking the French Catholic thinker. Mary town eh, who said that the state should be a least state but that it should be oriented towards Christianity. Again, this would require a lengthy explanation. What they mean very briefly is that a Catholicism should not be realized or promoted flat administrative means and an involvement in state operation, but that, eh Catholic morality in ideas should be the measuring rod or should be the guiding light. If you're, if you know that if you just sort of see what I'm driving at. So there is room for a reexamination of various, of the role of the Catholic church in total and nowadays, eh which imposes a great sort of Inflect and other strain on the Catholic leaders and the ecclesiastical. Eh, and of course here one should mention the tremendous authority, prestige of the Pope who is much more than any other church, man probably in Poland's history, the father figure and the man who has this tremendous influence and impact. I'm sorry, I couldn't have answered this in any more sensible way without\r\n\r\n- One final question Yes\r\n\r\n- Would you give us your view of the present situation in the Soviet union, the shakeup and speculate? Well, you know, I thought it was bad enough for a historian to speculate about the Poland. She started out but not being a Russian specialist to speculate on Russia would be suicidal.\r\n\r\n- One other final, quick question we had over here somebody else had their hand up. Oh, I'm sorry.\r\n\r\n- Any viable guarantees to the lenses as president? I know we just had an election, but nevertheless any viable alternatives?\r\n\r\n- Well you will see that in the next election\r\n\r\n- Was there another question over here? I thought somebody had... If nonjoiner me in thanking professor Vanish for this one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/41095/file/112948#t=0.0,845.208"}]}]}]}