{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rx93776h4f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Volt, Roger and Jackie Volt, Post War Laos"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203237 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Post War Laos is a March 4, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Roger and Jackie Volt. Roger and Jackie Volt talk about the three and a half years they spent working in Laos for the American Friends Service Committee.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=8.06,9.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure who they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=9.39,11.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, if I miss somebody, I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=11.72,13.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to welcome you this evening to this lecture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=14.6,17.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slideshow presentation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=17.94,19.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The couple that are going to share their thoughts with you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=20.37,24.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are Roger Volt and Jackie (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=24.02,29.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=30.987,32.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have been in Laos for the past,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=32.63,35.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's been two and a half years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=36.08,37.136"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Three and a half.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=37.136,37.969"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Three and a half years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=37.969,38.802"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have been back in country since September","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=38.802,41.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they are touring the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=41.84,44.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically sharing their observations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=44.36,46.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and thoughts with Americans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=46.36,48.212"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and without further ado,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=48.212,50.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will not belabor the point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=50.42,52.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will turn over the show to whoever's going to speak 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speak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=57.84,60.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do we need to use the microphone or?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=60.29,64.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e To record, yeah, probably need to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=64.4,66.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I can position around if you'd.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=66.48,68.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What if we brought it out here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=68.033,69.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is this 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Committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=91.44,94.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They worked on projects dealing with reconstruction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=94.82,97.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the war with agriculture development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=97.84,101.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health and education programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=101.58,103.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Often, people ask us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=104.356,107.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we speak before groups,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=108.657,111.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did we feel any kind of hostility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=111.27,113.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the past American involvement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=113.82,116.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the countries of Indochina, meaning Laos,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=116.68,120.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vietnam and Cambodia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=120.37,121.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we say no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=122.47,123.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Lao people are a very polite and friendly people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=123.303,126.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and never expressed any hostility toward 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friends,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=139.291,142.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often people would ask us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=142.02,144.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what are our 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have?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=150.7,152.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My wife and I do not have children yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=153.79,157.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we always emphasized the 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years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=163.57,165.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you still don't have children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=165.81,168.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That seems very unusual,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=168.34,170.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very strange in Lao culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=170.16,171.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But not to belabor the 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aside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=179.36,182.422"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the women particularly would whisper in her ear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=182.422,185.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they ask my wife, they would 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children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=195.09,199.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and many other things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=199.11,200.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was very easy living with the Lao people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=200.92,205.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were very friendly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=205.83,206.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and once we learned the 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us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=212.57,215.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were able to learn quite a bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=215.01,216.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we want to show you in some slides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=216.6,219.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=219.17,220.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hopefully have time to talk with you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=221.53,223.752"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with some questions and answers later","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=223.752,226.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after we show the slides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=226.134,228.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=229.56,231.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e All these slides we've taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=231.34,233.231"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during our three and a half years in Laos","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=233.231,237.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except for several historical photos","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=237.38,241.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which you'll be able to pick out very easily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=241.11,243.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=244.77,246.937"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Move it down here and raise it this way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=261.107,262.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you'd like to, where would you like stand at?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=262.65,265.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e This right there is fabulous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=265.97,267.761"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, away from (mumbles) all right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=267.761,270.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's see, could be talking about, right over here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=275.24,277.914"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=277.914,278.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, just do this then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=278.747,281.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Give them a chance to set this up so we can (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=281.787,286.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=292.708,294.791"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That should hold there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=299.474,301.557"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=302.808,303.641"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Their neighbors call them the gentle people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=314.27,316.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The United Nations says they're among the poorest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=324.257,326.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the poor people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=326.71,328.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a per capita income of 90 dollars per year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=329.74,334.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they are among the most heavily bombed people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=337.41,341.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the history of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=341.05,342.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The peoples of Laos date their history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=349.67,351.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to the 14th century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=351.85,354.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when a prince came from the Camayer Kingdom to the south","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=354.52,359.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and formed a new kingdom on the Mekong River valley area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=359.75,364.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was called the land of a million elephants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=366.85,370.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This kingdom monarchy system lasted until 1975","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=370.2,375.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when after three decades of constant 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paper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2187.617,2190.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they make a wish as they're setting the boat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2190.957,2195.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the rivers goes down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2195.03,2197.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This man's wish was that his country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2198.99,2201.032"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would remain in peace","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2201.032,2204.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that its neighbors would no longer trouble it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2204.05,2207.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2214.604,2216.771"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to pass around two things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2225.0,2228.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, some bombs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2229.61,2231.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are diffused bombs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2234.21,2236.236"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2236.236,2238.319"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's called the guava bomblet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2239.17,2241.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This one is the pineapple bomblet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2242.93,2245.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this one is the orange bomblet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2247.04,2250.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the bomblets that you saw in the slideshow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2251.33,2256.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and particularly this one is the most prevalent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2256.74,2260.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the San Kong Plain of Jars area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2260.15,2263.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second thing that I will pass around is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2265.09,2269.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a leaflet on the shovel campaign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2270.49,2275.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the American Friends Service Committee","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2275.19,2277.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is conducting right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2277.1,2278.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have been offered a grant of 80 thousand dollars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2279.69,2283.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which would buy eight thousand more shovels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2283.94,2286.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just last week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2286.25,2287.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That grant is coming from the Norwegian government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2287.72,2292.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditioned on one thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2293.254,2296.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can raise 20 thousand dollars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2296.56,2298.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the American public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2298.69,2300.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I would like to ask that you take one of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2303.21,2306.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I also would like to ask that if you want to do 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person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2312.63,2314.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or your Senator","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2314.62,2315.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and urge them to write the State Department","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2316.75,2319.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and urge them to ask questions of the Defense Department","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2319.6,2322.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to what can be done for Laos on this issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2322.49,2325.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of technical assistance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2325.05,2327.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also whether we are stockpiling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2327.2,2329.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any more of these bomblets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2329.96,2331.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2332.79,2334.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The reason being that these kinds of weapons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2336.55,2339.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are illegal by international conventions of warfare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2339.33,2343.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not a simple weapon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2343.14,2344.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're made to maim and injure civilians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2344.73,2348.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as soldiers and were used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2348.92,2351.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very indiscriminately in Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2351.71,2354.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem will last for a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2355.406,2358.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We asked one Congressman from Louisiana","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2358.99,2361.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was in the ordinance field 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Cambodia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2367.06,2372.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he told us that in his state of Louisiana,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2372.38,2376.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are still today digging up ordinance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2376.21,2379.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left from the Civil War that are unexploded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2379.84,2382.849"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and are still dangerous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2382.849,2384.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we are trying to find ways to help these people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2386.358,2390.714"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remove the millions of these kinds of weapons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2390.714,2395.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lying around in order to save injuries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2395.14,2398.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There's one mistake on the leaflet I should point out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2403.22,2405.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The shovels do not come from Ames, 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printed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2414.207,2417.065"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it has just been corrected on a new leaflet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2417.065,2420.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's just been 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Dam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2453.933,2454.766"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2455.741,2457.908"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Tai Dam people, particularly the ones here in Iowa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2472.824,2477.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I have met,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2477.43,2478.501"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell the history and their background","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2478.501,2482.468"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as originating from Ben Ben Fu,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2482.468,2486.914"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an area right on the Laos, Vietnam border to the north.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2486.914,2491.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1954, that area is where the French were defeated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2493.41,2498.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the Tai Dam people, one group that 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Vientiane","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2526.71,2528.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then in 1975, when the government changed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2528.76,2533.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many of them left and went to the refugee camps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2533.61,2537.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here in Thailand and came to the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2537.03,2540.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should also point out there's still many Tai Dam people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2540.537,2544.676"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that means black Tai, there was also other ethnic groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2544.676,2549.676"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the Red Tai who live still in this area of Laos","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2549.79,2554.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we have met up in the north.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2555.307,2557.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e They are not Thai from Thailand, let me make that clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2559.21,2563.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a different, it's a different pronunciation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2563.68,2566.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the tone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2566.46,2568.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In English, we would pronounce it the same,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2568.88,2570.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's not pronounced the same in Lao, okay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2570.76,2574.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e This magazine which Jackie and I helped publish,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2575.46,2578.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"written some articles for,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2579.35,2580.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has a map of the ethnic groups, where they came from,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2580.34,2585.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different parts of the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2585.29,2587.235"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see the different categories in the mix,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2587.235,2592.235"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ethnic mix, there's this magazine and several other kinds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2592.85,2597.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if people want to purchase one or look at them later,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2597.21,2599.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll pass one around for people to look at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2599.91,2602.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's open it up to questions at this point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2607.11,2609.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including from our Lao friends as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2611.48,2614.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have, go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2615.89,2617.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you say something about the MIA issue?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2617.83,2622.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The missing in action issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2622.58,2624.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, in terms of these?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2624.193,2625.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2626.47,2627.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The missing in action issue, missing in action means the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2629.42,2633.049"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American soldiers who were lost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2633.049,2637.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the fighting in Indochina.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2637.653,2640.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are roughly about 500 whose planes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2641.837,2645.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were downed in Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2646.838,2648.505"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At first, the United States government never told families","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2649.61,2654.032"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether their people had been downed in Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2654.032,2657.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They often said they were down in Vietnam","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2657.57,2659.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because Laos was the secret war","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2659.56,2661.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we weren't supposed to be there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2661.07,2662.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in roughly 1973, 74,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2663.75,2666.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the families began to learn that in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2666.76,2668.511"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their relative had been downed in Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2668.511,2671.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There have been only two bodies recovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2671.88,2676.638"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Laos so far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2676.638,2680.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the major problems is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2680.94,2683.788"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about one third of Laos is heavily littered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2683.788,2687.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this kind of ordinance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2687.55,2689.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's mainly the area that was bombed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2689.497,2692.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's mainly the area where planes went down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2692.08,2695.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we're talking about the loss of a lot of soldiers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2696.39,2699.971"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly Air Force who were secretly saconded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2699.971,2703.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the CIA, were flying out of Thai air bases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2703.25,2707.034"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over areas that were, that are still littered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2707.034,2711.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a lot of bomblets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2711.36,2713.324"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's difficult to begin to ask a Lao village","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2713.324,2718.215"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go out and search in the mountains,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2718.215,2720.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is very rugged territory you're talking about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2720.91,2723.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for these bodies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2723.65,2725.475"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly if we're unwilling to even give them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2725.475,2730.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any kind of humanitarian assistance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2730.19,2732.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this problem of the bomblets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=2733.74,2735.893"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21142/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/142/original/AV203237_Post_War_Laos_a.vtt?1608541895","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/142/original/AV203237_Post_War_Laos_a.vtt?1608541895"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21143","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203237_Post_War_Laos_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427/transcript/21143/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And I think that two or three other organizations that are co-sponsoring this. I'm not sure who they are. So, if I miss somebody, I'm sorry. I'd like to welcome you this evening to this lecture, slideshow presentation. The couple that are going to share their thoughts with you are Roger Volt and Jackie who have been in Laos for the past, it's been two and a half years.\r\n\r\n- Three and a half.\r\n\r\n- Three and a half years. Have been back in country since September and they are touring the United States, basically sharing their observations and thoughts with Americans and without further ado, I will not belabor the point. I will turn over the show to whoever's going to speak first.\r\n\r\n- We're going to compete to see who gets to speak. Do we need to use the microphone or?\r\n\r\n- To record, yeah, probably need to.\r\n\r\n- I can position around if you'd.\r\n\r\n- What if we brought it out here? Is this possible?\r\n\r\n- We can stand back here I guess, if that would help. We worked for three and a half years in Laos, Vietnam and Thailand for the American Friends Service Committee. They worked on projects dealing with reconstruction after the war with agriculture development, health and education programs. Often, people ask us when we speak before groups, did we feel any kind of hostility because of the past American involvement in the countries of Indochina, meaning Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia and we say no. The Lao people are a very polite and friendly people and never expressed any hostility toward us because we were Americans, but we did experience some cultural differences. To explain this a little bit, when we first met Lao friends, often people would ask us what are our names, where did we come from, which was not difficult. The next question would often be how many children do you have? My wife and I do not have children yet and we always emphasized the yet because the Lao didn't understand why, why after eight years, been married eight years and you still don't have children. That seems very unusual, very strange in Lao culture. But not to belabor the point, they would not ask any more questions in front of me, but often would take my wife aside and the women particularly would whisper in her ear and they ask my wife, they would say, what's wrong with your husband? Doesn't he know how? So there was many cultural differences about children and many other things but it was very easy living with the Lao people. They were very friendly and once we learned the language, life became very, very easy and very fruitful for us and we were able to learn quite a bit which we want to show you in some slides and some discussion and hopefully have time to talk with you with some questions and answers later after we show the slides.\r\n\r\n- All these slides we've taken during our three and a half years in Laos except for several historical photos which you'll be able to pick out very easily.\r\n\r\n- Move it down here and raise it this way if you'd like to, where would you like stand at?\r\n\r\n- This right there is fabulous.\r\n\r\n- Okay, away from all right. Let's see, could be talking about, right over here?\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- Okay, just do this then.\r\n\r\n- Give them a chance to set this up so we can\r\n\r\n- That should hold there. Okay.\r\n\r\n- Their neighbors call them the gentle people. The United Nations says they're among the poorest of the poor people, with a per capita income of 90 dollars per year and they are among the most heavily bombed people in the history of the world. The peoples of Laos date their history back to the 14th century when a prince came from the Camayer Kingdom to the south and formed a new kingdom on the Mekong River valley area. This was called the land of a million elephants. This kingdom monarchy system lasted until 1975 when after three decades of constant warfare, a socialist system was installed and the monarchy abdicated. Laos is a landlocked country, about the size of Oregon. It is surrounded by Vietnam, Campuchia, Thailand, Burma, and China. It is approximately the size of Oregon with a population of three and a half million people. Two thirds of Laos is very mountainous. I just told the Lao friends in the audience that if they had any questions that they wanted to ask me while I was showing these, they should ask because very often they want to know where these pictures were taken and are not really sure often. The Lao people vary according to where they live. There are 68 different ethnic groups in Laos today. We can look at these various peoples according to where they live in relationship to the mountains, the lowlands, the midlands, or the highlands. The major group of people are the Lao Loum people or lowland Lao people. They make up 50% of the population and are predominantly the ethnic Lao. They plant in the lowland areas, usually sticky rice, a glutenous rice, unlike the typical rice we would eat. They are Buddhist for the most part, often making their offerings everyday to the Monks who come before their house early in the mornings. The Buddhist pagoda is the center of most lowland Lao villages. This pagoda acts as the, not only as the religious institution, but also as the town hall, as a social hall, as a place for people to send their children in times of distress, a place for marriage counseling, an orphanage, a clinic sometimes. The lowland Lao people are particularly famous for their singing and their dance on their festivities. Buddhism in Laos is also tinged with Hindu practices and spirit worship practices, such as this one here. It's called the Baci, b-a-c-I and it's a ceremony with a tree made of flowers with strings attached to the tree. This is a home ceremony. It's done for weddings and births and comings and goings. The strings are then blessed by an elder of the village and then are tied around the wrists of all the participants for good wishes. The second largest group of Lao people are the midland Lao people. These people are primarily the original inhabitants of Laos and there are over 50 different ethnic groups that are in this category. They live at the middle of the slopes, planting upland dry rice usually. They are the original inhabitants of Laos. They are also among the poorest and the least educated. Before 1975, they were known as Kha, k-h-a, which in Lao means slave. That gives you an idea of the kind of discrimination that went on for these people. Most of these people in the Lao tong group supported the leftist faction during the conflict primarily because they had never gained much underneath the old government. The third largest group, third category is the Lao Soung, the highland Lao. As their name implies, they live at the tops of the mountain peaks. They're made up of two different groups: Meyung people and Hmong people h-m-o-n-g. You have some Hmong people here. The Lao friends that are sitting in the audience are Lao Loum or lowland Lao people. These two groups are predominantly beautifully dressed with lots of silver jewelry on their necks. You have a question? Tai Dam are usually put into the category of lowland Lao but it's kind of a mixed group. There are some Tai Dam that actually plant and live in the upland areas as well. But mostly they're classified in the lowland group. There are a lot of Tai Dam ethnic group, the ethnics people Tai Dam in United States today. The highland people and many other people in Laos practice slash and burn agriculture, but the highland people, unlike the others, will move their village from mountaintop to mountaintop every five to six years, as soon as the soil is depleted. These people not only plant upland rice, they will also plant maize and opium, opium being a highly controversial crop. During the many years of conflict, the highland peoples clans were split. Since about late 1940s. This man, for instance, fought with the American CIA in the secret guerrilla army for 15 years. This woman fought with the leftists pati Lao faction for over 30 years. Today, many of these clans are beginning to come back, many of the families are beginning to settle down and be neighbors once again. Others, however, have continued to fight against the new socialist system and some have even gone off to the Thai refugee camps. Like to look now for a moment at the lowland Lao customs and how the rice planting and festivities are intertwined in Laos. As one friend said to us, if you want to come to understand us, you must come and play with us. The first major festivity in Laos is known as Pi Mai or Lao New Year. It's time when water is thrown over everyone and I do mean everyone in order to wash out the evil spirits and welcome in the good spirits for the new year. Roger was the tallest person in Laos for three and a half years. That was one of his claims to fame. Then comes the Rocket Festival in March, sorry in May or June. This is time when homemade rockets are made by each village along the Mekong River and then the rockets are shot off. It's to invoke the sky to change from the dry season to the wet season so that the crop can be planted, the main rice crop. In doing so, people will turn themselves upside down. Old people will act as young people and young people act as old and men act as women and women act as men. The gentleman in the pink dress is a district official. Then comes the planting of the rice crop. The seeds are scattered in beds, and then seedlings are then gathered up, stacked together and then re transplanted into the plowed paddy fields. This is all, almost all done by hand today in Laos. The majority of the people are farmers and growing their own food. They are subsistence farmers. The rains will then come from May, June until October. She's asking us where this was. Her home is in Vientiane where this picture was taken. These fields, just to give you an indication of the ruralness of even the capital of Vientiane. These fields are only four kilometers from the center of Vientiane, the capital and actually the fields go right into the city. So, that gives you an idea. It's quite a rural area even the main city. The next major festival will come just before the harvest and it's called the Boat Festival. It's when the rivers have reached their swollen to their peaks and Buddhist Lent is ending. Each village will have a boat that they will have hand-carved and then will race down the Mekong River village against village. It's a key political event today because right across that river is Thailand and whether the Thai participate in a friendship boat race is often a political question today. Then comes the harvesting. Again, all done by hand. And the threshing and the storing of the rice as well. The final festivity is Tatluhan. Tatluhan is a religious ceremony, a time of Thanksgiving, when people will come to the Tatluhan, a tat is a place where a relic of Buddha is stored. It's a large pagoda where people will come to make their offerings. From all over the countryside, they will come for four to seven days. At the same time, there will be like a huge fair going on outside with singing and dancing and lots of exhibits. This exhibit was done by the Buddhist monks displaying traditional uses of herbal medicines. This one by a women's cooperative displaying traditional weavings. The Lao are very famous. All of the Lao peoples produce beautiful hand-woven goods. This one done by the orthopedic center in Vientiane. This was done for the year of the handicap. But the exhibit that was always very popular it seemed to us was the book stalls. One friend explained to us that before 1975, there weren't very many people who could read and write, roughly 40% of the population. That figure is now doubled so that many people are interested in obtaining books and reading materials, many more than before. Also, the system of education has changed and this has been very popular in Laos today. Before 1975, these children would have had to passed an examination that came from Montpelier, France in French about France in order to go from the sixth grade to the seventh grade, in order to go from elementary school to secondary school. It prohibited in the past almost all of these children except one to go to secondary school. As a result, Laos does lack a lot in its educational system today and it needs to build it up, but now the government is building up a Lao system so that all the teaching is done in Laos, Lao. They lack everything today, paper, pencils, notebooks, chalk, blackboards, teachers, benches, school rooms, everything, except the students. There are more than enough children. The other major education project that has been very well-received is the adult literacy. Campaigns were done in 1975 until now. There are also adult education classes. This has particularly benefited women and minority people. As I said, minority people make up 50% of the population of Laos, so you're talking about quite a few people in Laos. This is one of the success stories of education in Laos. Somwun is a widow with four children. Prior to 1975, she was forced to send two of her children to Thailand because she could not keep them, she could not make enough money to keep her children. So she sent them to relatives there. Then she learned how to read and write in '75 with the campaign by these very monks. Today she has the education of her fifth grade daughter, Nock, and has been able to bring back one of her children from Thailand to Laos. The reason she said she wanted her children back in Laos was because now they would have the opportunity to go to school for free. Laos also has a great many needs however. One of the greatest needs is technicians, people capable of carrying out technical jobs such as this one. Many students are being trained, however it's still isn't enough. At this school for instance, which is training young men and women about agricultural mechanics, these students, some of them have never even seen an engine before. Many of them come from far distances in the country. Laos has a lack of medical care. This surgery room is the only one that will service 130 thousand people in one province. They have electricity two hours a day. They lack doctors and nurses. There are less than 200 doctors in the entire country of Laos today. There's also a lack of westernized medicine. Traditional medicines are being encouraged, the use of them, in order to fill the gap for the time being and also because it, in the long run, it may prove more efficient and more economical for poor people. This is a super highway in Laos. It runs about 200 miles and that's all. The country lacks a communications and transportation network. It's one of the major prerequisites for development of the country. All the goods you see that are selling in this market have come from foreign countries, primarily from Thailand. Laos can only produce four manufactured goods: cigarettes, beer, soda, and plywood. There is a lack of just about all industrial goods. It is trying for the time being to restore its economy back to the pre 1960 pre-war period, that is to restore its basic subsistence rice-growing agricultural production. One of the ways is to restore the, is to build irrigation systems and control water. The American Friends Service Committee which we worked with was particularly interested in the irrigation process. We helped to install these kinds of pumps for instance. If Laos can control its water during droughts and floods, it could also save a lot of its crop. Small dams is another method of improving the rice production. Particularly up in the mountains and the valleys of the mountains, water can be dammed up very easily and then conserved for use in the dry season or use when there's a drought in the wet season. But Laos will remain a poor country, one of the poorest in the world for a long time to come for one other reason.\r\n\r\n- Laos has received some of the heaviest bombing in the history of the world. In this area, called the Plain of Jars, to the north, it's one of the areas that was heavily destroyed by the war. It gets its name from these ancient stone jars that were either used as burial urns or as water jars in prehistoric times, over two thousand years ago. This map gives an idea of where the Plain of Jars is. Often in history books, the war was talked about as taking place around the Ho Chi Minh trail to the south but there was also a lot of warfare, particularly bombing in the northern part of Laos, in the Plain of Jars and other areas held by the other side. Part of a war that we did not know about conduct secretively a bombing that lasted for 10 years. Also, unbeknown to the American Congress for over five years. In this area, the Plain of Jars, it's the minority people who are in the majority, particularly the Hmong people. And today, they are in positions of leadership within the province because there is less discrimination than before. We went to one of their celebrations which was the New Year celebration in November. It began with bull fighting early in the morning and the safest place to watch the fighting from, said one man was atop of a tree. Also, there was a lot of dancing, playing of a bamboo wind instrument called the kan and the courting game that goes on between young men and women, where a ball is tossed back and forth and if you do not like the person you are playing with, want another partner, you just drop the ball and move down the line. Everyone wears their finest clothes, particularly the women and some of them had coins from the French colonial days to decorate their clothing. We asked the farmers in this area to explain to us what had happened during the period before and after the war so we could understand the problems that they were having today. Mister Calm told us that his family had been an average Lao family in this area. They had over 20 head of buffalo and cows, always enough food to eat and a beautiful house. This was a very rich agricultural area. So they were very well to do by other standards in Laos, but when the war came, particularly the bombing, life became very difficult for these people. This began in 1964. This was done by the American side in the war. There was a lot of fighting in this area, also between both sides, between the leftist side that was supported by the Soviets and the Chinese against the American side which was from Vientiane. Mister Calm told us and many other people that when the bombing began, people had to move into caves because it was too intense to live outside in your normal villages and they had to plant rice by moonlight. Living in the caves was difficult for people. They, some of them lived there for nearly 10 years. Their schools were held there, their hospitals were in the caves. Many of them caught lung diseases, other diseases from having lived in the damp climate of a cave this long, but it was too dangerous to live outside and even some days, to build the fire to cook one's food. But once the bombing ended in 1973, people began returning to the Plain of Jars. Mister Calm returned in 1974 with his family and he said they had to bring everything back to rebuild 'cause nothing had been left, all the villages had been destroyed, schools, clinics and pagodas had also been ruined by the fighting. Today, the people, with some help from the government, are rebuilding the Buddhist pagodas and even the Monks are participating in this reconstruction process. But the provincial capital looks like a Midwest cow town in the early 1800s because the road is not yet paved, the buildings are very shabby and it's still very poor for the residents of this area. This is Sing Kwong, Kwang Sing Kwong. Mister Calm and other farmers told us that their biggest problem today was trying to raise food, enough food to eat with these small anti-personnel bombs lying in their field. There were two tons of bombs dropped for every inhabitant of this area, half of them being these small anti-personnel weapons and that means about a thousand of these for each inhabitant. Figure that out. They lie in the brush and under the soil, often hidden and when the farmers go out with their hoes to till the fields, they may hit one of these, particularly with these large maddick type hoes that are swung over the shoulder and strike the earth hard and if you do hit one of these bombs that are hidden, this is what may happen. Mister Tong explained to us that he was hoeing in his garden and this had been the third year in a row, he thought the bombs were all gone, he hit one by accident. It exploded and his hand had to be amputated. He was still in shock when we saw him in the hospital a week later and his big question was how would he provide for his family now because farming is the only occupation and the farming must be done by hand. Other people are injured when they're walking in the forest and they step on one of these kinds of bombs or a landmine. Landmines were laid by both sides during the war. Children are also injured which has now been turned into a boat by this farmer. We tried to provide some assistance to the farmers by giving orthopedic aid for artificial arms and legs but our real concern was how to prevent injuries so the farmers could continue in their occupation. After researching this for several years trying metal detectors and tractors with flail devices, farmers decided that the shovels were the best way to prevent injuries because the shovel slowly digs into the soil and lifts the bomb to the surface without exploding it, whereas the hoe when used over the shoulder, strikes at it and it explodes the bombs. So, the farmers asked us to provide shovels, one for each family in the area because these would prevent injuries and they could use them instead of the hoes. So we have sent in nearly a thousand and raising funds to send in many more so each of the families have a shovel. They wanted American-made ones because the American-made ones are the best and the strongest of all the shovels they've used. We want to end the slideshow with just some scenes of different parts of the country. This is silkworms being raised for silk production near Vientiane. This is silk that has been colored, dyed a golden color. The barber shop. It's heroin. This is the National Day Parade. Vientiane. The town of Savannakhet. Different parts of the country.\r\n\r\n- During the Boat Festivals, late at night, people will set boats down into the Mekong River. These are little candle boats made of paper and they make a wish as they're setting the boat in the rivers goes down. This man's wish was that his country would remain in peace and that its neighbors would no longer trouble it. I'm going to pass around two things. First of all, some bombs. These are diffused bombs. That's called the guava bomblet. This one is the pineapple bomblet and this one is the orange bomblet. These are the bomblets that you saw in the slideshow and particularly this one is the most prevalent in the San Kong Plain of Jars area. The second thing that I will pass around is a a leaflet on the shovel campaign that the American Friends Service Committee is conducting right now. We have been offered a grant of 80 thousand dollars which would buy eight thousand more shovels just last week. That grant is coming from the Norwegian government, conditioned on one thing, that we can raise 20 thousand dollars from the American public. So I would like to ask that you take one of these and I also would like to ask that if you want to do anything in terms of Congress, that you take an extra one and send it to your Congress person or your Senator and urge them to write the State Department and urge them to ask questions of the Defense Department as to what can be done for Laos on this issue in terms of technical assistance and also whether we are stockpiling any more of these bomblets.\r\n\r\n- The reason being that these kinds of weapons are illegal by international conventions of warfare. They're not a simple weapon, but they're made to maim and injure civilians as well as soldiers and were used very indiscriminately in Laos. The problem will last for a long time. We asked one Congressman from Louisiana who was in the ordinance field before how long he thought these kinds of weapons would remain live in the soil in Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia and he told us that in his state of Louisiana, they are still today digging up ordinance left from the Civil War that are unexploded and are still dangerous. So we are trying to find ways to help these people remove the millions of these kinds of weapons lying around in order to save injuries.\r\n\r\n- There's one mistake on the leaflet I should point out. The shovels do not come from Ames, Iowa. They are Ames shovels. They do not come from Ames, Iowa. That mistake was made in January when it was printed, but it has just been corrected on a new leaflet that's just been done. So don't go looking for the Ames Shovel Company in Ames, Iowa.\r\n\r\n- Someone had asked a question about the Tai Dam people. Let us, we can show you where they come from and explain a bit about the Tai Dam culture.\r\n\r\n- Which person you're talking about?\r\n\r\n- Tai Dam. The Tai Dam people, particularly the ones here in Iowa that I have met, tell the history and their background as originating from Ben Ben Fu, an area right on the Laos, Vietnam border to the north. In 1954, that area is where the French were defeated. These are the Tai Dam people, one group that fought with the French at that point. They fled after that defeat and came into the Plain of Jars area for a short period, up to a year generally and then migrated to Vientiane, the capital here, where they continued to support the American effort or work with Americans or foreigners in the capital of Vientiane and then in 1975, when the government changed, many of them left and went to the refugee camps here in Thailand and came to the United States. I should also point out there's still many Tai Dam people and that means black Tai, there was also other ethnic groups called the Red Tai who live still in this area of Laos and we have met up in the north.\r\n\r\n- They are not Thai from Thailand, let me make that clear. It's a different, it's a different pronunciation of the tone. In English, we would pronounce it the same, but it's not pronounced the same in Lao, okay?\r\n\r\n- This magazine which Jackie and I helped publish, written some articles for, has a map of the ethnic groups, where they came from, different parts of the country and you can see the different categories in the mix, ethnic mix, there's this magazine and several other kinds, if people want to purchase one or look at them later, I'll pass one around for people to look at.\r\n\r\n- Let's open it up to questions at this point, including from our Lao friends as well. I have, go ahead.\r\n\r\n- Did you say something about the MIA issue?\r\n\r\n- The missing in action issue.\r\n\r\n- Yes, in terms of these?\r\n\r\n- Yes. The missing in action issue, missing in action means the American soldiers who were lost during the fighting in Indochina. There are roughly about 500 whose planes were downed in Laos. At first, the United States government never told families whether their people had been downed in Laos. They often said they were down in Vietnam because Laos was the secret war and we weren't supposed to be there, but in roughly 1973, 74, the families began to learn that in fact, their relative had been downed in Laos. There have been only two bodies recovered from Laos so far. One of the major problems is that about one third of Laos is heavily littered with this kind of ordinance. That's mainly the area that was bombed and that's mainly the area where planes went down. So, we're talking about the loss of a lot of soldiers, particularly Air Force who were secretly saconded to the CIA, were flying out of Thai air bases over areas that were, that are still littered with a lot of bomblets and it's difficult to begin to ask a Lao village to go out and search in the mountains, this is very rugged territory you're talking about, for these bodies, particularly if we're unwilling to even give them any kind of humanitarian assistance on this problem of the bomblets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103427#t=0.0,2744.05878"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203237_Post_War_Laos_b.mp3"]},"duration":2246.45225,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/428/small/lecture.png?1608541898","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/428/original/AV203237_Post_War_Laos_b.mp3?1608541898","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2246.45225,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203237_Post_War_Laos_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e So we've been trying to encourage our government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=10.0,12.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the thinking that look, you cannot just simply go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=14.37,17.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ask Lao villagers and the Lao government to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=17.73,20.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and do something which could jeopardize their own lives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=20.7,25.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which also takes an awful lot of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=25.05,27.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And which doesn't...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=28.825,30.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which they're not going to get anything from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=30.93,33.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we've been trying to essentially say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=34.65,37.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do a goodwill gesture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=37.73,39.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe they will be more forthcoming about the MIA issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=39.12,43.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There's also another problem in Laos,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=43.82,47.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is that the Lao have not been able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=47.18,49.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to recover their own people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=49.55,52.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Their effort has been spent in trying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=52.53,54.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to provide enough food","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=54.58,55.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to save lives that are still being lost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=55.92,58.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the war, such as the bombs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=58.65,60.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also there's a cultural difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=61.94,63.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Lao do not worry or concern themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=63.6,67.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with recovering their own remains from the war,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=67.66,71.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in Buddhism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=71.31,72.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the remains of a person is not important, only the spirit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=72.83,76.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore the remains of persons lost during the war","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=76.85,80.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are just forgotten about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=80.79,82.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they don't understand always our great concern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=82.04,85.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or why we would spend so much money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=85.82,87.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and time looking for the remains of our own people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=87.65,90.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is somewhat difficult to explain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=91.599,93.866"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one Lao friend told me to be sure to tell Americans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=93.866,97.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that is difficult for them to understand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=98.33,101.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's also this question of POWs that has come up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=103.04,106.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some groups in this country keep claiming there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=106.62,109.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are Prisoners Of War left in Laos, Vietnam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=109.03,112.654"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think they claim Cambodia has any today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=112.654,117.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's a fairly clear that Laos does not have POWs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=117.11,121.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It'd be very unlikely because conditions are so rough there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=122.865,126.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They would not be able to survive very easily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=126.52,128.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that there are just certain groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=130.05,131.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this country who have a vested interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=131.58,136.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in pushing this issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=136.0,138.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it doesn't seem to be a realistic issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=138.04,140.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as Laos is concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=140.95,142.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the MIA question is realistic and there are still a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=142.69,146.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the remains of Americans left there from the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=146.19,149.936"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(baby murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=149.936,151.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There's an issue of the Indochina issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=151.17,155.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a paper that's put out once a month.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=155.24,158.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This one deals with the issue of the MIA in Vietnam","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=159.27,162.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=162.87,163.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think it's perhaps one of the most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=163.96,166.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=167.91,168.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"articles I've read in a long time about the MIA issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=170.42,174.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It gives a lot of statistics from our own government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=174.23,177.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what our own government is saying is often different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=177.03,180.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than what the MIA family, The League of Families are saying.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=180.0,184.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the way, we should say that the Lao government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=184.2,187.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has offered a trip","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=187.58,189.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Missing in Action League of Families,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=189.07,192.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=192.45,193.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To see the conditions and to talk to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=193.48,196.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The League of Families has refused to go,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=196.64,201.071"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or send anyone on that trip.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=201.071,203.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Up to four people could have gone last fall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=203.31,205.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were many reasons that they gave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=207.59,209.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but part of the reasons was that it was too expensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=209.55,211.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they didn't know what they were going to get out of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=211.89,214.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We felt that it was important that they develop a dialogue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=215.93,219.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first, because we don't really feel that the Lao government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=219.98,223.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fully understands the meaning of this issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=224.467,227.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the American public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=227.33,229.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they were apparently unwilling to go that far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=229.27,232.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I don't know what the next step is going to 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them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=238.48,240.955"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(baby mumbling)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=240.955,242.507"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e He talks more about what the other say is doing overall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=242.507,245.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Thailand and indeed in other countries (murmurs).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=245.85,248.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The American Friends Service Committee has programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=250.49,253.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout the different continents of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=254.17,256.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Particularly they've concerned themselves with the question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=256.87,259.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of reconstruction after the war","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=259.66,263.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the peaceful resolution of conflict,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=263.07,266.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-violent resolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=266.13,268.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of political problems preventing the outbreak of war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=268.95,272.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a seminar program in Thailand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=274.895,277.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that deals with bringing together officials,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=277.86,281.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intellectuals, other people within the countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=281.43,284.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Southeast Asia to discuss the problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=284.87,288.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try to find ways to resolve the conflicts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=288.25,291.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and prevent 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camps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=350.98,352.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also just in the countryside in Thailand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=352.25,355.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's been about 10,000 people who have 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refugees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=361.29,362.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And today there's about 300 people coming back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=362.93,365.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Argentina.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=365.76,367.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lao refugees who found it too difficult there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=367.29,370.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the United nations pays their way back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=370.42,373.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Lao government accepts them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=373.057,375.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We found that there is no reprisals against these people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=375.64,378.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the UN also guarantees their security","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=378.37,381.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they're coming back under their 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also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=392.84,394.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should maybe point out a few other things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=396.02,398.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the refugee concerns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=398.99,402.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there are many people here who work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=402.16,403.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with refugees from Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=403.9,406.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To simplify the matter which is always a difficult question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=409.09,412.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because every person who leaves their country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=412.89,416.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has their own reason and concerns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=416.67,419.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to leave one's country is a big concern, a big step.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=419.37,424.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it's a very serious matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=424.78,426.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in general, the 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factors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=434.333,436.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a push factor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=436.49,439.339"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of factors pushing them out of their 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out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=442.95,446.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the third countries, the resettlement countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=446.85,451.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To give you some idea of the factors involved 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concerns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=461.76,464.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are still re-education centers within Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=464.21,468.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And many people have been detained for up to 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find...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=712.295,713.806"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better paying jobs or to learn new skills","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=713.806,717.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such in computer science that they could not find at home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=717.07,719.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's for economic reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=719.8,722.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you say something about the current 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Saigon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=738.43,741.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it had been gradually changing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=742.88,745.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's called the gentle revolution, gentle 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neutralist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=760.91,763.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what seems to have occurred is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=763.73,767.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rightest began to 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faction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=775.97,776.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the neutralist tended to stay and so did the leftist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=776.85,780.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And 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end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=783.49,788.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in December 75, it was declared a socialist system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=788.2,792.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the monarchy abdicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=792.41,794.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or was forced to abdicate by vote of the national assembly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=794.64,798.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say that there are several levels of 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Capital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=808.98,811.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The leadership is definitely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=811.8,815.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the left faction during the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=815.11,819.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a front predominated by a communist party.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=819.387,824.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The communist party though is not that 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government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=838.42,840.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been fighting this warfare for 30 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=840.78,844.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's the same leadership that began 30 years 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Souphanouvong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=864.52,867.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's also a leadership that seems to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=869.23,871.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a lot of relatives who are on the other 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Neutralist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=884.236,886.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at times called the CIA Prince, all right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=886.86,890.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Souvanna Phouma is now the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=891.366,892.955"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the presidential advisor to Souphanouvong,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=892.955,895.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is the 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again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=900.72,903.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I give you another example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=903.04,904.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our neighbor, who is a retired civil servant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=904.87,909.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used to be the legal counselor to the King.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=909.16,912.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fairly prominent 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weekend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=921.6,923.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one day we asked his daughter-in-law,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=923.81,926.527"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Who owns the black 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level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=982.5,984.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have some similar things except in the provinces today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=984.96,988.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even at the national level, you have an 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technicians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1182.52,1184.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They brought in Thai or Filipinos to do those jobs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1184.49,1189.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that also is not very good for many 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enough.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1197.017,1198.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't give them the confidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1198.67,1200.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they can do something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1200.2,1202.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I had a very long conversation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1202.32,1204.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a man who actually worked in the military","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1204.44,1206.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for six years in Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1206.38,1208.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that was one of his main battles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1208.01,1210.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was to stop the us military from employing other people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1210.69,1215.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from outside the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1215.27,1216.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bringing them in at high salaries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1216.35,1219.318"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of he wanted people in Laos trained.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1219.318,1222.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's the kind of problem that develops for industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1223.314,1226.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have resources, they have minerals, they have wood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1226.74,1231.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They, the plywood factory operates off of some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1231.37,1234.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Teak wood for instance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1234.11,1236.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laos could be a rich country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1236.44,1238.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least rich enough to have more than enough money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1239.59,1242.815"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for its own people to have a better life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1242.815,1246.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There was never much of higher education system developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1246.48,1250.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Laos until the recent years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1250.47,1253.036"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is no real university system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1253.036,1256.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a small teachers training school","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1256.05,1257.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a medical school six years now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1257.92,1260.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's the highest level of training","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1260.32,1262.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can attain within the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1262.37,1264.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So for a technical skill such as learning mining operations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1264.35,1268.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laos has a lot of iron or other kinds of minerals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1268.73,1272.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but to learn that skill you have to go to another country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1273.16,1276.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's going to take some years yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1276.73,1278.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before they can train people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1278.61,1280.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to extract their natural resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1281.44,1284.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the first step toward some industrial development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1284.45,1287.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they're very far down the line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1287.71,1290.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you think about industrial development and development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1290.04,1293.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it will take them several years progress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1293.57,1295.786"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Vietnam is not the same, I should point that out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1295.786,1298.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neither was Cambodia before the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1298.22,1301.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both of those countries were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1302.54,1303.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a much higher level of development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1303.59,1306.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1306.19,1307.095"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man mumbles a question)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1307.095,1310.512"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The yes sir.\nBefore 1975.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1312.18,1313.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Before 1975, we heard cases of Americans using chemicals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1313.69,1318.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly in this area, the Plain of Jars in 1964","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1320.9,1325.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in the area told us they had been used,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1325.94,1329.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their crops had been destroyed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1329.79,1331.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were still having nervous disorders,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1331.36,1333.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birth defects from the use of these chemicals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1333.7,1337.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they traced to these chemicals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1337.47,1339.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's only in the last few weeks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1339.26,1340.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the U S government has admitted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1340.78,1342.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they dropped chemicals in Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1342.93,1346.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whereas before in Vietnam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1346.14,1347.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we always knew herbicides were used.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1347.74,1350.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't know the full range of chemicals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1350.25,1352.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were used in Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1352.22,1353.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How many or what kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1353.95,1355.794"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There still needs a lot...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1355.794,1357.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot more information needs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1357.08,1358.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be discussed about this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1358.32,1360.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I should also point out that in Southern 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bombing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1376.18,1379.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but was subjected to the defoliants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1379.32,1382.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(baby 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who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1389.835,1393.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been sprayed by this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1393.91,1396.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whose lands have been 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and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1402.71,1406.244"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I haven't yet tried to have a baby,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1406.244,1409.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know whether (chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1409.16,1410.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm affected yet, but it could be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1410.76,1413.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The foliage grown 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Westin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1445.432,1449.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and doctor Brut Pfeiffer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1449.03,1450.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Westin is at the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1450.31,1452.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, I forgot the college.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1452.69,1454.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Pfeiffer produced a film recently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1454.19,1456.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh Yes very good (mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1456.52,1458.536"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e He is at the University of Montana.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1458.536,1460.679"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You could get that film.\n(man mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1460.679,1463.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, I'm sorry you can get that film from us. (chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1463.57,1466.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1466.013,1468.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, I think 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to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1471.21,1473.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Southeast Asia Resource Center in...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1473.55,1475.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah I think you can get...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1475.64,1477.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Is there from us?\nNew York city,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1477.29,1478.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll be able to tell you how you can get it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1478.81,1480.322"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's really quite good,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1480.322,1481.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it takes film strip that he...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1481.91,1484.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eight millimeter film puts it on the 60 millimeter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1484.54,1487.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's very well done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1487.02,1488.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was done by a professional group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1488.23,1490.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A film that he took on several trips","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1490.37,1494.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into Vietnam during the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1494.76,1496.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was working 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defoliation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1505.82,1508.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the two of them, Westin and Pfeiffer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1508.18,1511.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are considered the experts on this 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know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1685.67,1689.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the psychological aspects of warfare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1689.5,1692.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They do know that some stuff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1692.71,1694.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could be fabricated fairly easily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1694.73,1697.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also we're going to be seen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1697.49,1699.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as tainted because people are going to ask","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1699.13,1701.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is our motivation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1701.82,1703.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is our motivation on this story?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1703.39,1705.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that we can have an excuse to begin the production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1705.7,1708.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of war chemicals again in this country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1708.29,1710.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"legally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1710.8,1711.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so I think the production again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1712.66,1714.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this country it really confuses the issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1714.67,1717.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And makes more people question the US government motive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1717.41,1721.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this case, whether it's humanitarian or it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1721.63,1723.736"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for their own benefit of reproduction of chemical weaponry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1723.736,1728.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that for that, those kinds of reasons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1729.75,1733.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this kind of story and allegations need to be questioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1733.2,1737.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More information needs to be researched.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1737.3,1739.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the evidence substantiated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1739.9,1742.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It's what our Hungarian friend Vientiane who was working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1742.78,1745.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Vientiane asked us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1745.44,1747.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She said, \"Why do you think I should believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1747.49,1749.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"these gassing stories which are coming out of your CIA,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1749.757,1753.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"your Defense Department,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1753.107,1754.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"your State Department anymore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1754.607,1755.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"than I would believe the KGB?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1755.987,1758.121"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people laughing) She then went on to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1758.121,1760.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"look, you're doing it in Vietnam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1760.803,1762.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"you're doing it Laos,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1762.287,1763.237"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You're doing it in other places why should I believe you?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1763.237,1765.539"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was quite angry that we weren't turning this evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1765.539,1769.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or these investigations into an international body.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1769.42,1771.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was actually the first one to raise that point to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1771.81,1774.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There is some UN investigation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1774.59,1776.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at this point just beginning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1776.7,1778.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that there has not been a large effort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1779.18,1782.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by an international agency yet in this area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1782.57,1785.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You said that they didn't have a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1785.81,1788.188"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of communication within the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1788.188,1790.264"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The communication that they do have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1790.264,1791.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the publications that they also have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1791.847,1794.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are they censored by the government?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1794.92,1796.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I would say that they're controlled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1797.94,1799.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1802.07,1803.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Censoring is there's not much in terms of publications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1803.48,1807.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the whole lack of a facility,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1807.02,1811.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's only one printing press in the whole country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1811.22,1814.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that gives you an idea(chuckles) of what can be printed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1814.05,1816.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, you could have stuff printed outside, I guess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1816.51,1818.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and brought in, but that's still be pretty expensive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1818.53,1821.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it limits the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1822.667,1824.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that alone would limit the freedom of press","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1824.12,1827.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by virtue of the fact that there's only one printing press","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1827.597,1831.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operating in the whole country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1831.09,1832.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that there's a preliminary question to talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1834.36,1838.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about freedom of the press that should always be raised","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1838.19,1841.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in those, these kinds of countries, which are developing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1841.56,1844.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is, is there freedom to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1844.74,1847.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the opportunity to learn how to read and write?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1847.11,1850.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because if you don't have that freedom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1851.41,1853.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it's hard to utilize the second set of freedoms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1854.41,1857.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are the more sophisticated press freedoms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1857.36,1859.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not impossible but it's more difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1861.34,1863.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a lack of paper in the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1865.8,1868.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lack of all kinds of printing material.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1868.44,1871.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So yes, the press is controlled by virtue of the lack","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1871.43,1876.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and whether if the full country was more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1876.36,1879.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had more of these facilities to print more things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1879.12,1882.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether they would indeed allow more to be printed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1882.17,1885.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would tend to think it would still be controlled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1885.38,1887.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do know for instance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1890.28,1891.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the government does not like people listening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1891.56,1893.879"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Thai television.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1893.879,1896.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why?\n(woman mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1897.03,1898.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because there's too much violence on Thai television.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1898.8,1902.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure I would disagree with that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1903.61,1905.556"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1905.556,1907.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see,(chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1907.148,1908.794"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these are all questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1908.794,1911.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thai television is particularly violent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1911.55,1913.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's been rated as being the most violent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1913.59,1916.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overall violent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1916.25,1917.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TV systems in Asia, Japan, and Thailand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1918.66,1922.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e But they do get a lot of media from outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1922.99,1925.929"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is broadcast in Lao language on The Voice of America","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1925.929,1930.929"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on other countries' radio programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1930.99,1934.456"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e China.\nThey listen to this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1934.456,1936.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fairly often and regularly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1936.05,1937.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Australia has a broadcast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1938.89,1941.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in French that some people listen to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1941.0,1942.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as Thai television and radio which is easy to get.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1943.819,1947.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, and a lot of people use radio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1947.13,1949.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as their medium of understanding, not the newspapers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1949.29,1952.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or books that is fairly uncommon in reality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1952.73,1957.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more of the radio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1957.07,1958.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they listened to a wide range of reports.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1958.82,1961.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But of course the other radio inside the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1962.019,1965.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is government radio controlled by the government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1965.67,1968.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1968.22,1969.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"information on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1970.96,1972.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's kind of the natural, there's not a private radio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1973.09,1976.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, as such or a private newspaper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1976.02,1979.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And there are radio stations in about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1979.19,1981.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four places.\n(man coughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1981.19,1983.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's not even the radio system doesn't reach everywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1983.22,1986.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The main method of communications in Laos,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1987.747,1992.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is probably the freest means of communication,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1992.63,1995.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1995.07,1996.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Go down to the local market and find out what the news is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=1996.61,1999.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man murmuring)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2002.782,2005.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Jackie and Roger] Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2018.718,2019.551"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We can stay a few minutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2019.551,2020.384"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if people have more questions like to visit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2020.384,2022.929"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if people want to come up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2022.929,2025.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look at some of the information, feel free to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2025.11,2028.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me end with one brief story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2028.17,2030.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As Roger said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2032.45,2033.566"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we never really felt any hostility when we were in Laos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2033.566,2038.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there are times when it was hard being an American.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2039.17,2044.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were times when it was hard to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2044.09,2045.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I am an 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College.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2091.67,2093.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was all very good for him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2093.63,2095.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He also told me how many people had been 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sisters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2100.54,2103.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his father had been killed also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2103.84,2105.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He went on and on and on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2105.96,2107.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how he lived in the caves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2107.32,2108.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then finally turned in and he 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me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2138.41,2139.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, he turned around and he said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2140.31,2142.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Are you joking?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2142.317,2144.245"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, \"No, I'm an American.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2144.245,2146.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said I work in Vientiane,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2146.37,2148.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I explained,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2148.35,2149.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I said, \"Ask the man next to 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had,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2157.45,2158.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asking more questions and he was asking me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2158.55,2161.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What did the American people know about the war in Laos?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2161.787,2166.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, \"well not very much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2166.27,2167.947"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We didn't really understand the war in 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plane","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2187.237,2190.285"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he insists on taking the bags.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2190.285,2192.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said to all of his friends who were also with him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2192.46,2196.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Look, this is my new American friend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2196.717,2198.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Look, this is my new American friend.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2198.717,2201.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so we were walking to the terminal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2201.56,2204.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he's still tugging my bags,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2204.02,2206.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were pretty heavy too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2206.18,2207.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he puts them down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2208.561,2209.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he hands them to me and he says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2209.63,2211.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2211.147,2212.206"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(baby mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2212.206,2213.039"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess the war is over.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2213.039,2214.671"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(baby mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2214.671,2217.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I hope the war is over for all of us too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2217.34,2219.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that we can begin to reconcile our spirits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2219.82,2223.881"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(baby mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2223.881,2225.274"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our friendship with these people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2225.274,2228.055"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(baby mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2228.055,2229.426"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=2229.426,2232.259"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21144/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/144/original/AV203237_Post_War_Laos_b.vtt?1608541899","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/144/original/AV203237_Post_War_Laos_b.vtt?1608541899"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21145","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203237_Post_War_Laos_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428/transcript/21145/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- So we've been trying to encourage our government in the thinking that look, you cannot just simply go and ask Lao villagers and the Lao government to go and do something which could jeopardize their own lives, which also takes an awful lot of time. And which doesn't... Which they're not going to get anything from. So we've been trying to essentially say do a goodwill gesture and maybe they will be more forthcoming about the MIA issue.\r\n\r\n- There's also another problem in Laos, and that is that the Lao have not been able to recover their own people. Their effort has been spent in trying to provide enough food and to save lives that are still being lost because of the war, such as the bombs. Also there's a cultural difference. The Lao do not worry or concern themselves with recovering their own remains from the war, because in Buddhism, the remains of a person is not important, only the spirit and therefore the remains of persons lost during the war are just forgotten about. So they don't understand always our great concern or why we would spend so much money and time looking for the remains of our own people. And this is somewhat difficult to explain. And one Lao friend told me to be sure to tell Americans that that is difficult for them to understand. There's also this question of POWs that has come up. Some groups in this country keep claiming there are Prisoners Of War left in Laos, Vietnam. I don't think they claim Cambodia has any today. I think it's a fairly clear that Laos does not have POWs. It'd be very unlikely because conditions are so rough there. They would not be able to survive very easily. And that there are just certain groups in this country who have a vested interest in pushing this issue. But it doesn't seem to be a realistic issue as far as Laos is concerned. But the MIA question is realistic and there are still a lot of the remains of Americans left there from the war.\r\n\r\n- There's an issue of the Indochina issues. It's a paper that's put out once a month. This one deals with the issue of the MIA in Vietnam and in Laos. And I think it's perhaps one of the most interesting articles I've read in a long time about the MIA issue. It gives a lot of statistics from our own government and what our own government is saying is often different than what the MIA family, The League of Families are saying. By the way, we should say that the Lao government has offered a trip to the Missing in Action League of Families, into Laos. To see the conditions and to talk to them. The League of Families has refused to go, or send anyone on that trip. Up to four people could have gone last fall. There were many reasons that they gave but part of the reasons was that it was too expensive and they didn't know what they were going to get out of it. We felt that it was important that they develop a dialogue first, because we don't really feel that the Lao government fully understands the meaning of this issue to the American public. But they were apparently unwilling to go that far. So I don't know what the next step is going to be but the Lao made a step, a gesture of offering for them to come into the country to talk to them.\r\n\r\n- He talks more about what the other say is doing overall in Thailand and indeed in other countries .\r\n\r\n- The American Friends Service Committee has programs throughout the different continents of the world. Particularly they've concerned themselves with the question of reconstruction after the war and the peaceful resolution of conflict, non-violent resolution of political problems preventing the outbreak of war. There's a seminar program in Thailand that deals with bringing together officials, intellectuals, other people within the countries of Southeast Asia to discuss the problems, to try to find ways to resolve the conflicts and prevent war. And they have problems also in the middle East and South Africa and in central America because these are such important present day concerns because of the potential outbreak of a major war and conflict in those areas. The programs in Thailand also include refugee work. We have two people who work in the refugee camps particularly with Nong Khai with the Lao. And do some work with the Hmong people in Ban Vinai. They have been helping to assist people both who want to stay in the camps or go to a third country and those who want to repatriate. I should say there was a shift in policy within Thailand on this issue and there is an increasing number of people who are voluntarily repatriating back to Laos. From the camps and also just in the countryside in Thailand there's been about 10,000 people who have returned already to Laos from Thailand as refugees. And today there's about 300 people coming back from Argentina. Lao refugees who found it too difficult there. And the United nations pays their way back. And the Lao government accepts them. We found that there is no reprisals against these people and the UN also guarantees their security because they're coming back under their sponsorship. And so our people who work in the camps are trying to assist with people who may want to voluntarily repatriate back to their own country also. I should maybe point out a few other things about the refugee concerns because there are many people here who work with refugees from Laos. To simplify the matter which is always a difficult question because every person who leaves their country has their own reason and concerns and to leave one's country is a big concern, a big step. And so it's a very serious matter. But in general, the reasons for leaving Laos and talking about Laos now you know, is there's two major factors, there's a push factor, of factors pushing them out of their country and the pull factor meaning other countries pulling them out into the third countries, the resettlement countries. To give you some idea of the factors involved here, since we've been in Laos since 1975 even. Some of the factors that have forced refugees to leave are political concerns. There are still re-education centers within Laos. And many people have been detained for up to five and even six years in these re-education centers. Although people do not talk of physical abuse to them and lack of food in the camps. They do talk about it's a major problem for them being separated from their families, not knowing when they would return home. So the re-education centers has been difficult and many people have fled out of fear of arrest, having to be sent to one of these centers for an indefinite period of time. Another factor that pushed a lot of people out at one point was the cooperatization. A lot of farmers were pushed into cooperatives particularly in the Southern part of the country. And there was not a government policy to force people in cooperatives but that was abused sometimes on local levels. That policy has been changed now. And there is a government concerned that they're not does not become a forced corperatization program in the future. They admit that that mistake was made within the country and people had left for that reason. Also it's just the general economic picture is as Jackie was saying we were talking about the Laos is one of the least developed countries in the world, one of the poorest. And this forces people to leave. The lack of medicine, the lack of food sometimes, lack of other facilities would encourage people to leave their country. And that happens in many cases. Or just general economic problems would force people to leave. The other factor is the pull factor that our country being a very rich well developed country, has a tendency to poor people from poor countries. And Laos is only one of many. People come from India, from the Philippines, from many countries to settle here. Just because we have a much richer country, a more developed country. And so there's a tendency to to pull people and sometimes to pull the best educated, the best trained people out of these countries such as their doctors, their technicians and this creates a real problem for the poor countries when we pull their their trained technicians and skilled people into our country. So there are many, many problems involved in this in the question of the refugees.\r\n\r\n- There's also a third point that should be kept in mind and that is that after any major social change, cultural change, governmental change throughout the centuries, there've always been movements of people. People tend to migrate who don't like what has happened. 10% of the United States population after our American revolution left or were kicked out. They were Tories, remember them? And they were abused, some of them were killed, some of them lost all of their property, their money everything. Were put on ships and sent away. You can talk to some of them up in Nova Scotia New Brunswick, the ancestors . There's a National Geographic article that appeared in April of 1975 on those people\r\n\r\n- 76...\r\n\r\n- sorry 75, 75.\r\n\r\n- 75?\r\n\r\n- yeah. Happened just as the Vietnam war ended . The the other thing and the other little point too you know, we... New Zealand has three and a half million people Approximately. Laos is three and a half million people approximately. New Zealand has had 40,000 people leave its shores, every single year since 1975. Laos has had 40,000 people leave its shores, every single year since 1975 except last year. So why don't we call the new Zealanders refugees?\r\n\r\n- They leave for...\r\n\r\n- For other reasons we say.\r\n\r\n- To find... better paying jobs or to learn new skills such in computer science that they could not find at home. That's for economic reasons.\r\n\r\n- Could you say something about the current government?\r\n\r\n- The current government. Well, the current government, the change of government occurred officially in December 1975. Long after the change of government happened in in Phnom Penh and in Saigon. But it had been gradually changing. It's called the gentle revolution, gentle change. There was no, you know, fighting in the streets as there was, you know, in Phnom Penh or there was no real shootout or anything like this. It was a coalition governments since 73 to 75 of the leftist, the rightest and the neutralist. And what seems to have occurred is that, the rightest began to leave as they saw the United States losing in Saigon and Phnom Penh. They had been back for so many years by that faction. the neutralist tended to stay and so did the leftist. And they basically took control with the leftist having a lot more control in the end. So in December 75, it was declared a socialist system and the monarchy abdicated or was forced to abdicate by vote of the national assembly. I would say that there are several levels of government. In the central portion of the government which is based in Vientiane the Capital. The leadership is definitely from the left faction during the war. It's a front predominated by a communist party. The communist party though is not that strong in my mind nor is it that pervasive. It's a small communist party. And you have to also understand that these are the leadership in that central government have been fighting this warfare for 30 years. And it's the same leadership that began 30 years ago. So the current leadership and the government is very, very stable. Has been head of this front for 30 years. They're young. They're unlike the Vietnamese leadership, It's a young leadership still. The prime minister is still in his late fifties. The oldest person is the, is Prince Souphanouvong. it's also a leadership that seems to have a lot of relatives who are on the other side. So that what you find is that for instance Souphanouvong was the called The Red Prince. He was the Leftist Prince and Souvanna Phouma was the Neutralist and at times called the CIA Prince, all right. Souvanna Phouma is now the, as the presidential advisor to Souphanouvong, who is the president. So, you know, those kinds of things occurred in Laos time and time and again. I give you another example, our neighbor, who is a retired civil servant, used to be the legal counselor to the King. Fairly prominent position. We kept seeing a black car drive up to his... chauffeur-driven black car drive up to his driveway every weekend. So one day we asked his daughter-in-law, \"Who owns the black car?\" It was an official government license plate with a driver. Had to be a high official, really high. Turns out, that the former legal counselor to the King's brother, is Nu Hak, the party chairman of the communist party. That's the kinds of family splits you had. And you wouldn't know that by their last names because they changed their last names to protect one another. We know of several cases I can list them like that. So, there was a certain amount of reconciliation that was going to happen just by virtue of the fact that family members were on the other side, you didn't wanna hurt your family members. And indeed, we found that 50% of the people we were working with on a day-to-day basis, were from the old Royal Lao government the civil servants of the Royal Lao government.\r\n\r\n- On the provincial level, you have some similar things except in the provinces today. Even at the national level, you have an infusion of the minorities and a few women who participate in the government for the first time. Probably the most significant changes is coming at the village level, the basic level of life. In Vientiane for the first time you have about half of the villages being headed by women, before it would have always been men who ran the villages. And in each of the villages, you have a smaller family unit that who has to take care of problems, such as delinquency, wife abuse, alcoholism. Whatever problems come up, they don't call in the police. They have to solve the problems in their own village. So there's a lot of effort to push people in the villages to take as much responsibility as possible to solve their own problems. And to involve as many people as possible in that problem solving process. Our cook for instance, who is on the slideshow is today for the first time in her life, she's the head of the women's organization in her village. She's also the head of her six family unit. And so many nights she tells us she stays up, helping to solve problems between families and friends and such in the village. So you see a lot of participation at the village level which one day may work itself up much higher and you find more women, more minorities participating at the higher levels in the government.\r\n\r\n- Is part of the reason for that that men have been killed?\r\n\r\n- No.\r\n\r\n- No, not particularly, but it's just that they're changing. The new government policy is that minorities and women should have an equal representation, should have all the rights to school, to other functions. And they are particularly pushing women and the minorities into these roles. which also causes some problems, there are some of the people in Vientiane who feel that this is not appropriate to bring some of these mountain minorities into the system and into the central government area. That they are not well-trained, it's not appropriate to have the minorities in these areas. So, calls for some difficulties just like in our own country, the problems of discrimination.\r\n\r\n- And you've got to have people who can repair vehicles, you have to have people can repair machinery, accountants, managers, all kinds of things. So those are not yet in place in Laos. It's very, very weak in the technical skill. And I would say that it never was very strong even during the American presence. We trained a lot of police people, we trained a lot of soldiers, but we never really trained anybody in industrial skills. very very small amounts. So that if we for instance needed to have buildings or airstrips built, United States government did not employ Lao on those projects as the technicians. They were the laborers but they weren't the technicians. They brought in Thai or Filipinos to do those jobs. And I think that also is not very good for many reasons because it then tells the people in the country \"you are not good enough.\" It doesn't give them the confidence that they can do something. And I had a very long conversation with a man who actually worked in the military for six years in Laos. And that was one of his main battles was to stop the us military from employing other people from outside the country and bringing them in at high salaries. instead of he wanted people in Laos trained. So that's the kind of problem that develops for industry. They have resources, they have minerals, they have wood. They, the plywood factory operates off of some of the Teak wood for instance. Laos could be a rich country at least rich enough to have more than enough money for its own people to have a better life.\r\n\r\n- There was never much of higher education system developed in Laos until the recent years. There is no real university system. It's a small teachers training school and a medical school six years now but that's the highest level of training that you can attain within the country. So for a technical skill such as learning mining operations, Laos has a lot of iron or other kinds of minerals, but to learn that skill you have to go to another country. So it's going to take some years yet before they can train people to extract their natural resources which is the first step toward some industrial development. So they're very far down the line when you think about industrial development and development and it will take them several years progress.\r\n\r\n- Vietnam is not the same, I should point that out. Neither was Cambodia before the war. Both of those countries were at a much higher level of development. Yes.\r\n\r\n- The yes sir.\r\n\r\n- Before 1975.\r\n\r\n- Before 1975, we heard cases of Americans using chemicals, particularly in this area, the Plain of Jars in 1964 people in the area told us they had been used, their crops had been destroyed, they were still having nervous disorders, birth defects from the use of these chemicals, they traced to these chemicals. It's only in the last few weeks that the U S government has admitted that they dropped chemicals in Laos. Whereas before in Vietnam, we always knew herbicides were used. We don't know the full range of chemicals that were used in Laos. How many or what kind. There still needs a lot... A lot more information needs to be discussed about this.\r\n\r\n- I should also point out that in Southern Vietnam on Ho Chi Minh trail, there was a lot of defoliation that has gone on. And actually there are, there was a refugee I was just talking to the other day in Lawrence, Kansas, who not only lived underneath the bombing, but was subjected to the defoliants. Defoliation is a problem that is not only affecting the Vietnamese and the Cambodians and the Lao who have been sprayed by this, whose lands have been affected but also our own Vietnam veterans, as you've probably heard. I myself have visited areas that were defoliated and since I haven't yet tried to have a baby, I don't know whether I'm affected yet, but it could be.\r\n\r\n- The foliage grown back...\r\n\r\n- in some areas.\r\n\r\n- Those defoliants were not long lasting were they?\r\n\r\n- Not on the crops in Laos particularly and some of the mangrove swamps in Vietnam. it's been much longer lasting to get to. the other thing is some soils become baked by the sun became laterite so hard that it's difficult to tell them again once the foliage has been removed for several years.\r\n\r\n- The people I would suggest if you want more information on the longterm effects, doctor Arthur Westin and doctor Brut Pfeiffer. Westin is at the... Oh, I forgot the college.\r\n\r\n- Doctor Pfeiffer produced a film recently.\r\n\r\n- Oh Yes very good\r\n\r\n- He is at the University of Montana.\r\n\r\n- You could get that film. Oh, I'm sorry you can get that film from us. Yes, I think so. Well anyway, if you write to the Southeast Asia Resource Center in...\r\n\r\n- Yeah I think you can get... Is there from us?\r\n\r\n- New York city, they'll be able to tell you how you can get it. It's really quite good, it takes film strip that he... Eight millimeter film puts it on the 60 millimeter and it's very well done. It was done by a professional group. A film that he took on several trips into Vietnam during the war. He was working for the Special Committee of the American Academy of for the advancement of science in looking at this particular issue of the effects of defoliation. And the two of them, Westin and Pfeiffer, are considered the experts on this area Of defoliation in the Indochina area.\r\n\r\n- There's also the question of chemicals being used today in Laos and Cambodia and Afghanistan by the Soviet Union which is the reason our government says that we have to begin production of chemical weapons again in this country. The reason that you have a contract here at your university for researching chemical weapons. And I think this is a very serious problem. The allegations that they're used in Laos we talk about Laos because that area, we know a bit more about. The US government has made several allegations, saying that they have the smoking gun, that they have the evidence about this. the American Scientific Community in the Science Magazine November 27th point out the discrepancies, the problems with the US government evidence that they do not have clear and substantial evidence to prove this beyond a reasonable doubt scientifically. The other problem with these these allegations are that when we were in Laos, we did not hear these stories only in the refugee camps, in Ban Vinai, where the Hmong people come from. And even the US embassy in Lao says they do not hear these stories inside the country. So it made us raise some questions about how much of the stories, what part of the stories may or may not be true. How do you substantiate these kinds of stories? Because they're serious allegations. The Hmong people in part about one third of them who fought with the American CIA who followed Vang Pao, the leader who now lives in Montana. Some of them stayed and continued to fight against the government in some of these remote mountain areas. And there was warfare and fighting between them up to 1979 as best we can substantiate when the people basically starved out and had to leave their areas. So there was conflict going on between the Hmong people, some of the Hmong people and the government. So there were people who were dying and being hurt in this war. Whether chemicals were used and what nature, that is still somewhat unclear in our minds. It needs more research and it would be better if the US government would turn their evidence over to an international scientific body and allow an international investigation by scientists because the CIA state defense department state department are going to be seen as being tainted on this issue. We've trained Hmong people. We train them also in psychological warfare. They are not just mountain people who don't know about the psychological aspects of warfare. They do know that some stuff could be fabricated fairly easily. And also we're going to be seen as tainted because people are going to ask what is our motivation? is our motivation on this story? so that we can have an excuse to begin the production of war chemicals again in this country legally. And so I think the production again in this country it really confuses the issue. And makes more people question the US government motive in this case, whether it's humanitarian or it's for their own benefit of reproduction of chemical weaponry. And I think that for that, those kinds of reasons, this kind of story and allegations need to be questioned. More information needs to be researched. And the evidence substantiated.\r\n\r\n- It's what our Hungarian friend Vientiane who was working in Vientiane asked us. She said, \"Why do you think I should believe \"these gassing stories which are coming out of your CIA, \"your Defense Department, \"your State Department anymore \"than I would believe the KGB?\" She then went on to say, \"look, you're doing it in Vietnam, \"you're doing it Laos, \"You're doing it in other places why should I believe you?\" She was quite angry that we weren't turning this evidence or these investigations into an international body. She was actually the first one to raise that point to us.\r\n\r\n- There is some UN investigation at this point just beginning, but that there has not been a large effort by an international agency yet in this area.\r\n\r\n- You said that they didn't have a lot of communication within the country. The communication that they do have and the publications that they also have, are they censored by the government?\r\n\r\n- I would say that they're controlled. There's... Censoring is there's not much in terms of publications because the whole lack of a facility, there's only one printing press in the whole country. So that gives you an idea of what can be printed. I mean, you could have stuff printed outside, I guess and brought in, but that's still be pretty expensive. And it limits the... that alone would limit the freedom of press by virtue of the fact that there's only one printing press operating in the whole country. But I think that there's a preliminary question to talking about freedom of the press that should always be raised in those, these kinds of countries, which are developing. And that is, is there freedom to for the opportunity to learn how to read and write? Because if you don't have that freedom then it's hard to utilize the second set of freedoms which are the more sophisticated press freedoms. It's not impossible but it's more difficult. There is a lack of paper in the country. There's a lack of all kinds of printing material. So yes, the press is controlled by virtue of the lack and whether if the full country was more had more of these facilities to print more things, whether they would indeed allow more to be printed, I would tend to think it would still be controlled. I do know for instance that the government does not like people listening to Thai television. Why? Because there's too much violence on Thai television. I'm not sure I would disagree with that. You see, these are all questions. Thai television is particularly violent. It's been rated as being the most violent, overall violent TV systems in Asia, Japan, and Thailand.\r\n\r\n- But they do get a lot of media from outside. There is broadcast in Lao language on The Voice of America and on other countries' radio programs.\r\n\r\n- China.\r\n\r\n- They listen to this, fairly often and regularly. Australia has a broadcast in French that some people listen to as well as Thai television and radio which is easy to get. So, and a lot of people use radio as their medium of understanding, not the newspapers or books that is fairly uncommon in reality more of the radio. And they listened to a wide range of reports. But of course the other radio inside the country is government radio controlled by the government with the government information on it. That's kind of the natural, there's not a private radio you know, as such or a private newspaper.\r\n\r\n- And there are radio stations in about four places. So it's not even the radio system doesn't reach everywhere. The main method of communications in Laos, which is probably the freest means of communication, is the market. Go down to the local market and find out what the news is.\r\n\r\n- [Jackie and Roger] Okay.\r\n\r\n- We can stay a few minutes and if people have more questions like to visit and if people want to come up and look at some of the information, feel free to.\r\n\r\n- Let me end with one brief story. As Roger said, we never really felt any hostility when we were in Laos. But there are times when it was hard being an American. There were times when it was hard to say, \"I am an American\". One of those times when I was coming back on the airplane from up in the Northern section, down to the Capital and I was sitting next to a man who was in a military uniform. He had been in the Pathet Lao side, he had been my government's enemy for 30 years. And I was quizzing him about what happened during the war as I quizzed everybody I could talk to. He was a Midland Lao, a minority person. He told me about how he'd been educated, how he learned how to read and write in 1958 how his children went to school for the first time, this pleased him greatly. And one of his children was now in the university in Soviet Union, and one was down at the Teachers College. This was all very good for him. He also told me how many people had been killed in his family, several of his children, couple of his brothers and sisters, his father had been killed also. He went on and on and on. and how he lived in the caves. And then finally turned in and he asked, \"What country do you come from?\" And I really want it to lie. I wanted to lie for several reasons, of course but I wanted the conversation to continue. One of the things I knew that was going to happen next was that he was not going to talk anymore and he didn't. for five long minutes, this man just sat there and looked at the exit sign. He didn't say anything. Didn't look at me. Finally, he turned around and he said, \"Are you joking?\" And I said, \"No, I'm an American.\" I said I work in Vientiane, I explained, And then I said, \"Ask the man next to you.\" And he did. So finally he took a deep breath and he continued the conversation and we had, asking more questions and he was asking me \"What did the American people know about the war in Laos?\" And I said, \"well not very much, \"We didn't really understand the war in Laos.\" He was shocked. He never met an American before. Never seen an American. He just saw our planes. That was the only thing he knew. He could identify a B-52 from an F-111 from all the other planes that were used. Finally then he grabs my bags as we're leaving the plane and he insists on taking the bags. And he said to all of his friends who were also with him, \"Look, this is my new American friend. \"Look, this is my new American friend.\" And so we were walking to the terminal and he's still tugging my bags, they were pretty heavy too. And he puts them down and he hands them to me and he says, \"well, I guess the war is over.\" So I hope the war is over for all of us too and that we can begin to reconcile our spirits and our friendship with these people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34587/file/103428#t=0.0,2246.45225"}]}]}]}