{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rv0cv4ch3v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Heising, Carolyn D., The Chernobyl Incident"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203753 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203753"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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Engineers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=6.49,7.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Committee for Women in Science and Engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=7.85,10.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are pleased to have such eminent engineer on campus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=10.21,13.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Heising was invited to campus to deliver the speech","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=13.73,17.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the career conference, Taking the Road Less 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Heising","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=22.85,24.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to campus and to thank the engineering college","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=25.561,27.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for cooperating with us in arranging the seminar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=27.54,30.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Roberts engineering seminar committee","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=30.74,33.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will now introduce Dr. Heising.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=33.44,34.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=37.212,40.212"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You can always tell when your students are on potential.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=43.841,48.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julie, thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=48.59,50.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ladies and gentlemen it is indeed a 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elapsed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=57.41,60.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the time of the incident at Chernobyl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=60.97,63.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was fall out at Chernobyl, two kinds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=64.93,69.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's the real kind, the tangible kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=69.2,72.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the kind you can measure, you can talk about you can 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Asia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=77.78,79.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other kind is the fall out, the ideas, the concerns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=80.5,85.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fears that fell not so much on the 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Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=356.211,357.044"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm thrilled with the size of the turnout,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=357.927,360.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is very 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Chernobyl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=363.12,366.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thank you very much for the kind introduction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=366.11,368.627"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I haven't had such a kind of induction in a long 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girls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=375.754,380.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Iowa tomorrow as a keynote speaker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=380.58,383.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to motivate them to become interested in 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hours.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=398.67,402.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But anyway I'm here and glad to be an Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=402.67,405.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is my first trip 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here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=410.42,412.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Dr. Chris From Nuclear Engineering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=412.94,416.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm glad to be able to come here and visit with my 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quartery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=436.17,439.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They run the quarter system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=439.71,442.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let's say the year 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who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=605.97,608.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a science reporter at Boston Globe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=608.56,610.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I told him, I said, \"Jerry, let me get back to 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designs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=650.5,652.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because as you might suspect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=652.503,654.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nuclear engineers in this 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him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=662.83,665.272"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Julius, have you heard about this event.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=665.272,668.257"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, \"Well, I'm watching the TV all 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problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=675.39,677.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it isn't reactor?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=677.77,679.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, \"I think it's Chernobyl.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=679.2,682.279"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has has quite a heavy accent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=682.279,683.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"I think it's Chernobyl.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=683.79,686.552"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, \"What makes you think that?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=686.552,688.549"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, well, he knew that that plant was in that area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=688.549,691.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said he could figure it out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=691.95,694.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the wind velocity and so on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=694.01,696.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it must have emanated from that plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=696.77,699.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he was quite familiar with that plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=699.32,701.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because one of his former students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=701.43,703.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was an engineer at that plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=703.57,705.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then I asked him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=706.467,707.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, what kind of reactor is the Chernobyl reactor?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=707.327,709.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says, \"I think it's a pressurized water reactor.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=709.58,712.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he looked up in the American Nuclear Society","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=712.497,715.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have a world list of all the clear plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=715.43,717.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there was misinformation in there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=717.9,719.772"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they handed us a listing of the real reactor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=719.772,724.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to show that it was a PWR,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=724.123,725.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead really what it is, is RBMK reactor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=725.183,728.582"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'll talk about a little later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=728.582,731.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So anyway, he told me he thought it was a PWR","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=731.91,734.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he thought it was Chernobyl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=734.56,735.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So immediately I called back the reporter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=735.69,737.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Boston Globe and I said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=737.95,738.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I think it's the Chernobyl reactor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=738.967,740.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he says, \"Well, okay.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=741.844,743.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that time, we didn't know which reactor it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=743.57,746.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, \"We don't really know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=746.797,748.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what kind of reactor it is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=748.89,749.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we think that it might be a PWR.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=749.91,752.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then I went on to tell the reporter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=752.5,754.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I know it doesn't have a containment structure around it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=754.747,757.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the nuclear plants in our country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=757.92,759.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the next day, Tuesday morning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=761.07,763.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hear there is a headline in the Boston Globe said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=763.134,766.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Expert says, no containment around the reactor plant.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=766.387,770.101"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=770.101,772.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They quoted me and they also quoted Dr. Goodman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=772.11,774.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what happened was, then we got all these phone calls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=774.83,779.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from local TV stations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=780.5,782.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they wanted to come right over to my office","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=782.49,784.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and put me on TV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=784.563,785.728"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I said, \"Okay.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=785.728,786.866"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=786.866,788.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Well, better come to me than somebody else.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=788.803,791.315"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=791.315,792.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said no,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=792.343,793.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just telling them like, maybe this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=793.183,794.246"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because at the time frame a few years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=794.246,796.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I recall that everybody, my brother was on TV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=796.13,798.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except a nuclear engineer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=798.94,800.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I thought maybe just to step forward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=800.35,802.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because everyone is terrified about this event.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=802.28,805.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It happened in the Soviet Union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=805.1,806.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a plume circling the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=806.61,809.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People were really afraid this time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=809.27,811.698"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even more so than the time of Three Mile Island.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=811.698,814.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what they decided to do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=815.87,817.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is they were going to put me on live","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=817.76,819.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the PC lab, across the hall from my office.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=819.78,822.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they also were going to put Dr. Goodman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=822.67,824.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had to go over to the Long Beach State Studio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=824.82,827.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on live also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=827.73,829.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have coast to coast kind of 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cooments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=975.0,977.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then they put Dr. Goodman,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=977.64,979.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to talk a little bit about the reactors in the Soviet Union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=979.64,982.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So anyway let me tell you a little bit about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=985.19,987.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Chernobyl reactor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=987.33,988.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how many people here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=988.84,990.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are from nuclear engineering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=990.66,991.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So by showing hands, is anybody here on nuclear?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=991.59,993.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of these people who just raising hands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=993.89,997.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may find this a little boring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=997.02,998.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but for other people, I need to go over this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=998.97,1001.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to establish the kind of plant, the Chernobyl reactor was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1001.91,1005.994"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The symbol we is is RBMK reactor or LWGR,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1005.994,1010.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"light-water graphite moderated reactor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1012.92,1015.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can find this in your reactor design books","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1015.36,1018.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those of you who are nuclear students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1018.43,1020.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a kind of reactor that really looks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1020.97,1023.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost like a scale up of the Enrico Fermi pile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1023.49,1026.626"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have any of you have ever been to the Smithsonian Institute?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1026.626,1029.296"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have any of you students ever seen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1029.296,1031.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Enrico Fermi pile mock up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1031.523,1033.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1033.92,1036.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No one no?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1036.29,1037.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you ever go to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1037.72,1040.657"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they do have a mock up of the Enrico Fermi pile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1040.657,1044.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that was where the fusion reaction occurred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1044.21,1047.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1047.54,1048.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they used graphite blocks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1049.547,1051.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So when I think about the RBMK, or LWGR type of reactor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1051.54,1056.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think of a very huge mock up of the Enrico Fermi pile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1056.3,1060.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a large number graphite blocks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1060.3,1063.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's quite different than our reactors in this country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1063.23,1067.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are generally Light-water Reactors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1067.24,1069.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which are both like light-water Cooled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1069.4,1070.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and light-water moderated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1070.82,1072.806"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this particular plant of Soviet reactor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1072.806,1076.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I believe they have 18 units operating of this type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1076.93,1080.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are of a different design than we have in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1080.34,1083.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're graphite moderated and water cooled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1083.49,1085.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This particular plant, the Chernobyl plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1086.88,1089.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had four units on site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1089.7,1091.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The unit the accident occurred was unit four.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1091.72,1095.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They all were producing a thousand megawatts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1097.13,1099.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of electric power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1099.25,1100.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the electrical capacity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1100.56,1102.805"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The RBMK reactors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1102.805,1103.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have few other interesting design characteristics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1103.88,1106.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a high powered pressure tube reactor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1106.723,1110.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a channel type, graphite uranium boiling water reactor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1110.22,1113.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in addition, it's a boiling water reactor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1113.48,1116.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But one of the interesting things about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1116.34,1118.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it's continually fueled reactor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1118.4,1120.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhat similar in some ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1120.24,1122.751"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the CANDU reactor in Canada.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1122.751,1127.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the sense that it's channel type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1128.46,1130.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they have on-line refueling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1130.017,1132.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in some ways it's similar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1132.147,1133.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the high temperature gas reactor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1133.63,1135.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operating Fort St. Vrain in this country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1135.51,1137.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's graphite moderated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1137.763,1140.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But other than that, it's very different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1140.34,1143.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's where the similarities really end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1143.197,1146.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now why did the Soviets gp for this kind of design?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1146.75,1149.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you should know something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1149.407,1150.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Soviet nuclear engineers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1150.69,1153.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are two types of reactors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1153.44,1154.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they have in the Soviet 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text,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1164.776,1168.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so your next slide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1168.43,1169.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for those who have copy of this turn them over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1169.35,1172.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was an interesting article written in 1981","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1176.955,1179.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Mr. Dol Rajol he's a Soviet person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1179.7,1183.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working for an international atonic energy agency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1183.78,1186.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is headquartered in Vienna.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1186.55,1188.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in his article I found that he pointed out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1188.9,1192.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the urgent failure that was formed ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1192.63,1195.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was a favorite of certain reactor designers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1195.69,1198.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Soviet 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reactor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1203.07,1206.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was then followed by the Siberian devil Kursk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1206.75,1209.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other stations, including Chernobyl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1209.9,1212.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by the way, Chernobyl plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1212.53,1214.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one of the newer plants in the Soviet 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here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1475.953,1478.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the graphite moderator.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1478.113,1480.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you all know, graphite is a form of 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space","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1509.013,1512.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"filled with an inert gas at atmospheric pressure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1512.56,1515.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now somebody...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1515.73,1516.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, getting back into the politics of all this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1516.87,1519.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's interesting writer at the New York 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here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1567.77,1569.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was written by Dr. (unclear)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1569.24,1571.292"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was the founder of the nuclear powered plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1571.292,1573.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the Moscow Institute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1573.74,1575.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She's the equivalent of department chair person 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study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1671.68,1674.739"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this current plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1674.739,1676.572"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So anyway, to talk more about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1677.41,1681.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the reporters did when they saw","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1681.33,1683.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there's a airtight reactor space","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1683.31,1686.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"filled with inert gas at atmospheric pressure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1686.78,1689.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a number of the reporters tried to claim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1689.513,1691.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Soviet (unclear) than the Western containment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1691.42,1695.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And back to my phone conversation with Stuart Diamond","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1695.49,1698.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the New York Times, he then told me, \"Well, he said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1698.3,1702.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know that there's a containment around that plant.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1702.36,1705.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Well, how do you know Mr. Diamond?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1705.27,1707.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"Well, I have a source","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1707.32,1709.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1709.5,1711.574"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, \"Well, who is that?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1711.574,1712.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, I can't divulge my sources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1712.447,1715.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then he said, \"Dr. Heising,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1715.63,1716.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do you still hold by what you said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1716.8,1718.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there is no things structured on these plants.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1718.68,1720.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, \"Yes, I sure do.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1720.43,1722.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So then I started shouting at me on the phone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1722.22,1724.966"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He started pretty much accusing me of being a liar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1724.966,1728.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and said, \"Do you work for the nuclear industry?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1728.24,1730.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Well, sometimes I do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1730.6,1732.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm generally a university professor.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1732.3,1734.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, \"Sometimes I can solve for different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1734.96,1737.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So finally he became so irritating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1737.72,1739.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I said, \"Mr. Diamond, you called me.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1739.59,1741.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hung up on him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1741.36,1742.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now later on at the American nuclear society meeting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1743.83,1747.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the November meetings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1747.51,1749.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had a panel of these wonderful reporters up in front.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1749.04,1753.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somebody got got this for a idea,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1756.15,1758.011"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and (unclear) said, \"We have invited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1758.011,1759.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a bunch of these science writers from different media","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1759.95,1762.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to come and talk to us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1762.04,1763.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had about 300 nuclear engineers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1763.21,1765.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and scientists in the audience, including me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1765.33,1767.365"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stuart Diamond at the podium along some of his friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1767.365,1771.268"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there is a question, the answers come in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1771.268,1773.342"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we engineers are very polite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1773.342,1776.217"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we write our questions on little pieces of paper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1776.217,1779.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little cards that are around around an audience like this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1779.95,1782.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they're all passed up in front,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1782.91,1783.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the person who is the session chairman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1783.993,1786.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then picks these questions to ask.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1786.81,1789.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I wrote a few questions to Mr. Diamond.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1789.47,1792.436"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you probably get even where this is going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1792.436,1795.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when there's 300 nuclear people in the audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1795.203,1797.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one my friends, who happened to be one of my friends,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1797.55,1802.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the session chairman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1802.487,1803.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he knew full well and he saw the question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1803.78,1806.515"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I had told him about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1806.515,1808.438"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he took it out and he asked the question about this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1808.438,1812.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is months after","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1812.6,1813.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by the way, the New York Times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1813.817,1815.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to retract their article","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1815.41,1816.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they ended up printing an article, In the New York Times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1816.66,1819.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that said that there was no containment structure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1819.1,1822.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around this plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1822.753,1826.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that indeed this plant had a Western style containment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1826.16,1830.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, and what had happened prior to ANS meeting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1833.102,1837.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Mr. Diamond was up there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1837.61,1839.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so eventually they had to retract that story,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1839.329,1841.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not before it had been spread around this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1841.01,1845.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And other newspapers had picked it up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1845.48,1846.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because New York Times has a pretty good reputation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1846.593,1851.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being an honest newspaper whereas now I wonder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1852.51,1856.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But anyway, he was up there at podium,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1856.027,1857.749"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my question to him was regarding this issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1857.749,1862.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how they had to retract their statement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1862.5,1865.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he really was embarrassed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1867.02,1869.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, \"I don't remember ever talking to this 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did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1874.525,1876.488"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You called me up in my office phone, shouting at me.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1876.488,1879.158"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he said, \"That's 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colleagues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1881.94,1884.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1884.41,1886.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After that I remember,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1886.063,1887.392"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my colleagues came up to me and thanked me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1887.392,1889.075"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they had to deal with him also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1889.075,1890.928"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And hopefully that taught him a lesson.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1890.928,1893.575"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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plant?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1900.75,1902.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's another picture here that shows...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1903.983,1906.856"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this obviously Soviet Life, 1986.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1906.856,1909.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What it shows here are two people from the plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1909.99,1913.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on top of this active core.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1913.02,1915.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what you see here is a fuel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1915.55,1917.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what you might call electrical fuel pin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1918.913,1921.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But anyway, it's block of graphite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1921.74,1924.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are graphite bricks with vertical holes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1924.49,1926.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are 1600 pins and 2,488 graphite bricks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1926.83,1931.278"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this massive core.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1931.278,1932.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this refueling machine goes around,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1932.55,1934.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each of these areas and is replacing the fuel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1934.66,1938.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's this little, super heated steam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1938.66,1940.291"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as this is a falling water reactor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1940.291,1942.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's graphite around the fuel element.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1942.1,1946.632"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the fuel is in this kind of cylindrical shape here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1946.632,1950.756"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a hole in between.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1950.756,1952.754"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fuel is a mix of 2% uranium 235","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1952.754,1954.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the (unclear) element.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1954.827,1956.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the pellets are 1.5 millimeters in diameter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1956.48,1959.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then their inside a chromium alloy can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1959.74,1963.105"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, that gives you an idea what the score looks 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engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1966.75,1971.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a little simplified diagram of the major difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1971.75,1975.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one of the major differences between our plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1975.86,1977.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Soviet plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1977.97,1979.762"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On your left there's a picture of vessel reactor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1979.762,1983.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is the kind of arrangement we have in US reactors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1983.033,1985.024"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where the core is one massive unit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1985.024,1987.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the one you see about rectangular in shape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1987.72,1992.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The pressure tube reactor in the RBMK reactor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1995.63,1997.864"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the other hand has distributed fuel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1997.864,1999.426"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fuel pins and pressure tubes are distributed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=1999.426,2003.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout this gigantic rectangular core.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2003.843,2006.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is a 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therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2023.927,2025.507"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was no Western style containment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2025.507,2027.446"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The USSR design philosophy was based on reliance on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2027.446,2029.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the emergency core cooling system or ECCS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2029.483,2031.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were no emergency safety features for small local 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Island.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2044.987,2048.379"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in Three Mile Island,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2048.379,2050.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was a pressurized water reactor in Pennsylvania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2050.0,2052.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at that point, there was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2055.217,2056.682"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we call a small loss of coolant accident","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2056.682,2059.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through a stuck-open pressurizer release valve.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2059.98,2062.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there was a large degradation of the core.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2063.35,2068.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, getting back to this picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2068.904,2071.464"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the core in the Three Mile Island accident degraded.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2071.464,2075.162"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, this rectangular shape","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2075.162,2076.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was strongly changed during that 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vessel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2089.123,2092.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, most of the inner gases escaped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2093.506,2094.986"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the pressurizer release 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atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2099.926,2102.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But most of the impacts, as far as we know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2103.178,2106.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of the fissile material from the court was 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on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2115.42,2118.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had a contained structure around that plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2120.5,2122.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If some of you can remember 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plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2129.242,2131.146"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How many of you have visited a nuclear plant?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2131.146,2134.896"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(coughing drowns her voice)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2137.356,2140.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see a cutaway version of the containment structure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2140.29,2143.806"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these containments are designed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2143.806,2147.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to withstand airplanes crashing into them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2147.18,2149.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at high velocities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2149.51,2150.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are built to withstand a large pressure builds up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2151.38,2156.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the large dry pressurized containment 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inch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2164.17,2169.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, in the Three Mile Island event,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2169.767,2172.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a hydrogen explosion inside the containment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2172.04,2175.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And which would result in about...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2177.32,2180.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's like roughly 30 PSI pressure spike.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2180.4,2184.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But this is not threatened the containment integrity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2184.62,2187.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what happened at Three Mile Island accident","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2187.96,2190.351"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that the containment kept its integrity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2190.351,2193.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there was no radioactive 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held.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2204.02,2206.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there would not have been a plume to encircle the globe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2206.46,2209.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's why it's so 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own,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2308.66,2311.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can decide how safe they want their plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2311.48,2314.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's up to them whether or not they want a 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(unclear)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2335.336,2337.219"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"management or human resources class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2337.219,2340.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, it's 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understanding,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2472.386,2475.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least to my point of view,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2476.3,2478.981"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the nuclear physics going on in the plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2478.981,2482.602"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the reactor itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2482.602,2484.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what they did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2484.21,2485.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was they were trying to increase the power level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2485.043,2487.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they removed all the control rods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2488.576,2489.409"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, as things are going at one point in the accident,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2490.61,2493.539"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at one point prior to the actual explosion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2493.539,2497.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they saw that some things were going strange","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2497.81,2502.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one of the head engineer decided that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2502.01,2505.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they should shut down the plant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2505.4,2506.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they injected all the control rods at once.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2506.89,2509.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, Canadians have told me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2509.38,2511.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Canadians who have so much similar plant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2511.77,2513.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they ran some reactor physics codes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2513.863,2517.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they claimed that that was the moment at which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2517.51,2519.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the accident occurred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2519.82,2521.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because when you re-inject the control rods,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2521.22,2523.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they changed some of the reactor physics parameters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2523.64,2526.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such that you have super critical explosion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2526.343,2529.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they're claiming that could be one of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2531.05,2534.639"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The actual decision to scram the 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related","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2713.263,2715.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to food contamination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2715.667,2716.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One thing we were told while we were there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2716.5,2718.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that the water reservoir had been changed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2718.03,2721.316"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The water reservoir for Kyiv had been located","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2721.316,2724.857"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"near this Pripyat town in Pripyat river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2724.857,2729.857"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then they had then changed the water reservoir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2730.957,2734.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So apparently there happened contamination to some extent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2734.5,2737.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a water supply for Kyiv.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2737.72,2739.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we ate the food there and we drank the bottle of water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2740.834,2743.389"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we're still here today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2743.389,2745.922"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also members of our delegation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2745.922,2749.562"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were carrying radiation badges.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2749.562,2754.562"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And none of the delegation members were exposed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2756.21,2759.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to any high levels of radiation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2759.27,2761.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We couldn't even pick up any real changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2761.0,2765.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the radiation levels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2765.38,2767.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only change that we saw","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2767.26,2769.502"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was really picking up radiation from flying aircraft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2769.502,2773.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the nature has it could then be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2775.96,2778.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from water and food contamination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2778.18,2779.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside of a hundred mile radius","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=2779.85,2781.45"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25121/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/121/original/AV203753_The_Chernobyl_Incident_a.vtt?1620062577","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/121/original/AV203753_The_Chernobyl_Incident_a.vtt?1620062577"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25122","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203753_The_Chernobyl_Incident_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087/transcript/25122/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Good afternoon, everyone. The Society of Women Engineers and the Committee for Women in Science and Engineering are pleased to have such eminent engineer on campus. Dr. Heising was invited to campus to deliver the speech for the career conference, Taking the Road Less Traveled which is being held tomorrow. I would like to welcome Dr. Heising to campus and to thank the engineering college for cooperating with us in arranging the seminar. Dr. Roberts engineering seminar committee will now introduce Dr. Heising.\r\n\r\n- You can always tell when your students are on potential. Julie, thank you. Ladies and gentlemen it is indeed a privilege to be here today to introduce Dr. Heising. In 11 days, two years, we'll have elapsed from the time of the incident at Chernobyl. There was fall out at Chernobyl, two kinds. There's the real kind, the tangible kind the kind you can measure, you can talk about you can debate. It's the kind that fell over large portions of Europe and of Asia. The other kind is the fall out, the ideas, the concerns the fears that fell not so much on the ground, but on the brains minds and hearts of the people in the world. And in talking about the Chernobyl incident long-term effects of risk assessment technology in the USSR and in the United States, we are going to be hearing about things that affect all of us things that are going very much to have an impact on not only us, the nuclear industry as well. In many ways, our speaker, Dr. Heising has been preparing for this talk all of her life. She started off and got her bachelor's degree at the university of California in San Diego, in applied physics. She went on to get her master's degree. Incidentally, she seems to be associated with some of the finest universities in the country and we're indeed pleased to have her here. So that her record is in fact complete. And she obtained her master's degree at Stanford, in mechanical engineering, nuclear option. And she went on to get a PhD, from the same institution, Stanford. Her dissertation was on the reprocessing subject and a book has been written based on this, but reprocessing as many of you know, is the method by which the material that is in the nuclear ash or the nuclear waste, that material is treated and the valuable products, uranium and plutonium are recovered. She has been associated with MIT and she is now with Northeastern university both are in the general Boston area. At MIT, she was an assistant professor of nuclear engineering. And now at Northeastern, she is an associate professor in industrial engineering. At least that's the way my information reads as of this moment. The rate she moves, it could be almost anything. Dr. Heising has been involved in many things. Her general field right now is reliability analysis and safety engineering. There are many other things in which he is interested. The ones that I've seen fit to mention here are the things that seem to relate to the topic. She directs graduate students. She has many of them. She has been very effective in winning grant awards. As a matter of fact, she gets awards for the award she gets. She has been awarded for her success in bringing in money, which is probably close to a million now, if not beyond. And even at Iowa State University a million is a sizeable amount. She has been very active in promoting women in engineering and assisting us in helping in the real problem of making sure that engineering is available to everybody. And that the contributions that can be made by good minds are made available to all of us. She has been associated with the French Atomic Energy Commission, Sandia National Laboratory, the Electric Power Research Institute, with Brookhaven, to mention a few. She has consulted for Boston Edison. I suppose, being in Boston that's sort of a natural, with the US Air Force, with the Environmental Protection Agency, with Stone and Webster, which is an architect engineering firm which happens to be located in a small town on the Eastern part of the country where they talk about beans and cod occasionally. And with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. She at the university is actively pursuing the kind of things that we're talking about mainly safety and reliability. And is head of a committee that deals with this on the campus. It's indeed a pleasure and an honor to introduce our speaker today, Dr. Carolyn Heising She is a colleague I'm delighted to have around. Will you welcome her. I did pass out some handouts, I think I'm gonna try use the mic. Is that better?\r\n\r\n- Yes. I'm thrilled with the size of the turnout, which is very nice. I'm glad all of you can take your lunch period to come and talk here about Chernobyl. I thank you very much for the kind introduction. I haven't had such a kind of induction in a long while. I do mention that I'm here to speak to a group of 700 6 to 12th grade girls from Iowa tomorrow as a keynote speaker to motivate them to become interested in engineering. And I would like to thank Dr. I don't know if she's here in the audience, oh, there she is, for picking me up last night and waiting in airport for three hours because, United Airlines kind of delayed for hours. But anyway I'm here and glad to be an Iowa. This is my first trip here. And I have a couple friends on this campus, Dr Wegbo from Industrial Engineering who's here and Dr. Chris From Nuclear Engineering. I'm glad to be able to come here and visit with my friends. So today I'd like to talk to you a little bit about the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident and plant design. When this accident occurred, I was at Northeastern teaching my students in the reliability analysis and risk assessment area. This is a graduate class that I teach every quartery. They run the quarter system. And let's say the year before we had the Challenger disaster and then a year before that we had had Bhopal, the accident in India which affected the... 2000 people died in that chemical accident. So my students asked me do I plan these events just so that I can interest them in the subject matter. And I assured them, \"No.\" that I didn't plan the events. At the time that we heard about the Chernobyl accident the Western world first heard of this on Monday, the accident had I believe occurred Friday night and was picked up by radiation which was in the plume which traveled North from the Kyiv regions in the Soviet Union traveled North to the Scandinavian countries. The Swedish I believe picked up signs of this in radiation monitors they have around their nuclear plants. Now, these radiation monitors are monitoring very low levels of radiation and are used to detect any fluctuations in radiation from normally operating nuclear plants. They are so sensitive that they were able to pick up the low level radiation from the plume that was passing overhead. And I mentioned low level, because I was on a recent TV show where an anti-nuclear opponent claimed that it was high level radiation that was spreading from the Chernobyl to them. And I assured him it was low level. And the only way we found out about it was because these nuclear plants have such highly sensitive measuring equipment around them to pick up to pick up these results. So now at that points, the Swedish we're trying to figure out where this radiation was coming from. And they knew that the wind was pointing the direction from the South. And it looked on their map and they suspected that there may have been a problem in the Soviet Union. The Soviets had not notify anyone that this event had happened. So at that point, there was an international pressure and following this the Soviets admitted it but it took them a few days to admit. So by the time we heard about it I was in a class teaching some students. And I remember somebody walked in the office and they said, \"Dr. Heising, there's somebody who wants to get hold of you. You have to come right fast. So I had to cancel my class and I went back to the office and there was the Boston Globe there trying to fill me up. I had not heard anything about the event. So they called me up and asked me if I knew anything about a reactor accident in the Soviet Union. And I was teaching engineering economics at the time and my head was not thinking about reactor accidents like sitting on a hammer. But I said to him, this is a friend of mine who is a science reporter at Boston Globe, I told him, I said, \"Jerry, let me get back to you. I think I can talk to someone who might know more.\" So I found that my friend, Dr. Julius Goodman and Dr. Julie Goodman was a professor of nuclear engineering at the ADESA Institute of Technology in Soviet Union. In 1980 he defected from the Soviet Union, and came to the United States and as his name suggests, he is Jewish. So he defected from the Soviet Union. I met him a couple of years ago at a conference. And I had just had him visit our campus as an IBM scholar. So I knew one nuclear engineer from the Soviet Union. He was the best expert I could think of to talk to about Soviet reactor designs, because as you might suspect nuclear engineers in this country are not experts on Soviet reactor design. And their nuclear reactor designs are in some way quite different. So I called Los Angeles, and I said to him, \"Julius, have you heard about this event.\" And he said, \"Well, I'm watching the TV all day.\" And he said to me, I said, \"Well, what do you think? What reactor do you think could have had this problem if it isn't reactor?\" And he said, \"I think it's Chernobyl.\" He has has quite a heavy accent. He said, \"I think it's Chernobyl.\" And I said, \"What makes you think that?\" And he said, well, he knew that that plant was in that area. And he said he could figure it out from the wind velocity and so on that it must have emanated from that plant. And he was quite familiar with that plant because one of his former students was an engineer at that plant. But then I asked him, \"Well, what kind of reactor is the Chernobyl reactor?\" He says, \"I think it's a pressurized water reactor.\" And he looked up in the American Nuclear Society we have a world list of all the clear plants. And there was misinformation in there because they handed us a listing of the real reactor to show that it was a PWR, instead really what it is, is RBMK reactor which I'll talk about a little later. So anyway, he told me he thought it was a PWR but he thought it was Chernobyl. So immediately I called back the reporter of the Boston Globe and I said, \"I think it's the Chernobyl reactor. And he says, \"Well, okay.\" At that time, we didn't know which reactor it was. And I said, \"We don't really know what kind of reactor it is, we think that it might be a PWR.\" But then I went on to tell the reporter, \"I know it doesn't have a containment structure around it like the nuclear plants in our country. So the next day, Tuesday morning, I hear there is a headline in the Boston Globe said, \"Expert says, no containment around the reactor plant.\" They quoted me and they also quoted Dr. Goodman. So what happened was, then we got all these phone calls from local TV stations and they wanted to come right over to my office and put me on TV. So, I said, \"Okay.\" I said, \"Well, better come to me than somebody else.\" I said no, Just telling them like, maybe this Because at the time frame a few years ago. I recall that everybody, my brother was on TV except a nuclear engineer. So I thought maybe just to step forward because everyone is terrified about this event. It happened in the Soviet Union. There's a plume circling the world. People were really afraid this time. Even more so than the time of Three Mile Island. So what they decided to do, is they were going to put me on live from the PC lab, across the hall from my office. And they also were going to put Dr. Goodman who had to go over to the Long Beach State Studio on live also. So we have coast to coast kind of interview. And my chairman of my department didn't know this was happening. All this TV equipment came in and students are walking by the lab and they saw me in there being interviewed and my chair man finally walked in, he said, \"My God, it's happening.\" So, his wife had seen me on TV while the... This was a live broadcast and called her husband who was my chairman and said, \"Tom, did you know Carolyn Heising is on TV right now, broadcasting from the PC lab?\" And he said, \"No, I can't believe it.\" So he walked down the hall and yes I was there. So he was shocked and so I remember they were looking for my department because I was trying to keep it from them that I really was nuclear engineer, who had gone into an IE apartment. And I was trying to minimize the fact that I was willing to move. And my chairman walked in like, \"Oh, my God. Who did they call here?\" So here I was on TV and the reporter was asking all kinds of questions. Now, by Monday night, to tell you the truth. I was kind of frightened myself because I didn't know what was going on. And I certainly wasn't going to be held responsible for any accident that had happened in the Soviet Union. And so that night before, I remember thinking about, sitting on my own and then thinking about what it all meant and then I thought, well, better me go on TV than the Clamshell Alliance or Ralph Nader, or Jane Fonda or some other people of the sort. And in addition to that, several of my neighbors had come up to me, and they were very concerned. One of my girlfriends called me. She was a secretary in Boston. She said, \"Can we walk outside Carolyn?\" I said, \"Of course you can Jenna.\" But there was real concern on the part of the public. So I was trying to figure out what posture I could take. So when I came on TV, and it was a live interview. I just said, I wasn't concerned. I thought that the levels were low levels of radiation and that there was no health effect going to be felt outside of at least a hundred mile radius, perhaps 50 mile radius. From what I know about reactor safety in this country it would be no impact even in the worst case accident beyond the 50 mile radius in the plant. So I assured everybody that was listening to me in the Boston area that they were not gonna be having their hair fall out the next day. So I made those kinds of comments, reassuring cooments and then they put Dr. Goodman, to talk a little bit about the reactors in the Soviet Union. So anyway let me tell you a little bit about the Chernobyl reactor. I don't know how many people here are from nuclear engineering. So by showing hands, is anybody here on nuclear? Some of these people who just raising hands, may find this a little boring but for other people, I need to go over this, to establish the kind of plant, the Chernobyl reactor was. The symbol we is is RBMK reactor or LWGR, light-water graphite moderated reactor. And you can find this in your reactor design books those of you who are nuclear students. This is a kind of reactor that really looks almost like a scale up of the Enrico Fermi pile. Have any of you have ever been to the Smithsonian Institute? Have any of you students ever seen, the Enrico Fermi pile mock up in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC? No one no? If you ever go to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC they do have a mock up of the Enrico Fermi pile. And that was where the fusion reaction occurred some years ago. And they used graphite blocks. So when I think about the RBMK, or LWGR type of reactor, I think of a very huge mock up of the Enrico Fermi pile a large number graphite blocks. So it's quite different than our reactors in this country, which are generally Light-water Reactors. Which are both like light-water Cooled and light-water moderated. So this particular plant of Soviet reactor, which I believe they have 18 units operating of this type are of a different design than we have in this country. They're graphite moderated and water cooled. This particular plant, the Chernobyl plant had four units on site. The unit the accident occurred was unit four. They all were producing a thousand megawatts of electric power. That's the electrical capacity. The RBMK reactors, have few other interesting design characteristics. It's a high powered pressure tube reactor. It's a channel type, graphite uranium boiling water reactor. So in addition, it's a boiling water reactor. But one of the interesting things about this is it's continually fueled reactor somewhat similar in some ways to the CANDU reactor in Canada. In the sense that it's channel type and they have on-line refueling. And in some ways it's similar to the high temperature gas reactor operating Fort St. Vrain in this country and that's graphite moderated. But other than that, it's very different. And that's where the similarities really end. Now why did the Soviets gp for this kind of design? And you should know something about Soviet nuclear engineers. There are two types of reactors that they have in the Soviet Union. They have a pressurized water reactor that's similar to the ones we have in this country. And they also have these RBMKs. Now, if you go back into the text, so your next slide, for those who have copy of this turn them over. There was an interesting article written in 1981 by Mr. Dol Rajol he's a Soviet person working for an international atonic energy agency which is headquartered in Vienna. And in his article I found that he pointed out that the urgent failure that was formed , that was a favorite of certain reactor designers from the Soviet Union. It was studied and tested since 1954 when the original Obninsk power reactor. It was then followed by the Siberian devil Kursk and other stations, including Chernobyl. And by the way, Chernobyl plant is one of the newer plants in the Soviet Union. It was in fact, highlighted in the February 86 issue of Soviet Life. How many of you have ever seen an issue of Soviet life? Some of you, have. You know, that that is the official, I wouldn't say propaganda, but it's the official magazine that is sent over to English speaking countries like the United States, to show us a little bit about Soviet life. Well, then that issue, which I happened to have at the time of the accident in my office they had highlighted their nuclear power program and they chose the Chernobyl plant as one of their showcase reactors. So the accident happened two or three months later and in February issue of Soviet Life, the Soviets had written this article about how great the Chernobyl plant was. So it was one of the newer RBMK installations in the Soviet Union. Soviet engineers preferred the design because it could be scaled up. In other words, they could build larger and larger units with larger and larger electrical capacity that has a high thermal efficiency and they could build it pretty more extensively. And cost issues are considered in the Soviet system, in a communist system, unlike what you might think cost isn't an issue. And that was one of the considerations about the type of plants. The first one gigawatt electric unit was built in 1973, The Sosnovy nuclear power station in Leningrad. Unfortunately, when we went six months after the accident with the American Nuclear Society delegation they did not allow us to see any Soviet nuclear plant. We were, when we were Hungary, we were allowed to visit the Hungarian plant, outside of Budapest, the PAX nuclear plant. But that is a pressurized water reactor and not an RBMK, with the quality I've seen in the plant station. We were in Leningrad for three days and we tried to pull as many streams as possible, but the Soviets, could not allow our group to visit, a Soviet plant. The USSR is the only country in the world to use this commercial design. They were sort of proud of it because they had originated it and developed it. And as I pointed out, 18 units in the Soviet Union are now built on this design. It's approximately 3% of the total USSR electrical capacity. Okay, now next one. Giving a little bit of background of the design of the plant. Here's a picture of it. Again, this is taken from that same nuclear energy article by an 1981 inside of a graphite steam generating reactor in USSR. This is a figure two of that article. It's the general view of the RBMK reactor. Shows the reactor building. And even in this slide, you can tell that it does not have a Western style nuclear structure. It has a typical industrial type building. There's no signs of safety related structure that they introduced. What you see as black here in the interior is the active area of the core. And up on top, this is marvelous refilling machine. Now, unfortunately I didn't bring any other pictures from the Soviet Life article, but they have beautiful picture of an operator, couple operators who are standing on top of this immense refueling machine that went around on top of the core and which was continually refueling this particular core. Now this massive structure, something quite unusual and nothing at all similar to the Canadian CANDU reactor. So it was a massive structure. And during the accident, of course it collapsed. So that's the general view of the chain reactor showing the refilling machine here, and then the graphite moderator. As you all know, graphite is a form of carbon. And once graphite ignites, it's like a coal pile. It's very hard to put out a coal pile once it starts on fire. It's even harder to deal with the graphite's on fire. The control rods below the reactor in this plant, there are 211 control rods. They used in cooling the pressure tubes to the older models in the stainless steel. And the graphite stacks are contained in an airtight reactor space filled with an inert gas at atmospheric pressure. Now somebody... Now, getting back into the politics of all this, there's interesting writer at the New York Times who was their nuclear writer. His name was Stuart Diamond. Now some of you may have read his articles on this accident. Mr. Diamond, when my article appeared in the Boston Globe saying that this plan did not have a Western style of containment, Mr. Diamond took it upon himself to make a phone call to me. And he asked me just before lunch too. He called me around 11 and my office. And he asked me, \"Well, I see that you're quoted in the Boston Globe as saying that there's no containment structure around this plant.\" I said, \"Yes.\" He says, \"How do you know that?\" So I said, \"Well, I have a couple of sources of information including this article, but also a textbook on Soviet reactor designs and for all the women engineers here, it was written by Dr. who was the founder of the nuclear powered plant at the Moscow Institute. She's the equivalent of department chair person there. She wrote a book on nuclear power stations. And I happened to pick it up about 10 years ago in Canada, at one of the international expo. So I had the book by which also stated some things about how Soviet reactor designers view Western style containments. And one of the things it says in her book is that there's a group of people who felt that those structures were overly expensive. So there were a number of reasons why the Soviet designers earlier on did not want to place a containment structure around the plants. In addition to that, I told the reporter I'd been at an idea conference in Stockholm Sweden in the 1980, and there are numbers of Soviet nuclear engineers had showed up at that meeting. And one of my friends from the Electric Power Research Institute, Dr. Ed Zebrowski asked a question to one of the Soviet engineers on the panel and he asked him, \"What do you think the probability is of a major accident in a Soviet reactor?\" And the Soviet engineer looked back and said, \"It's impossible.\" So it can't happen. So there was a certain mentality, I would say among the Soviet engineers that these accidents were impossible and that their plants were at zero risk. Well, for me being a risk assessor sitting in that audience and Stockhom I had to laugh and many of my colleagues laughed. But nobody in the Soviet Union had performed a risk studies. Nobody has still, nobody still has performed a risk study on this current plant. So anyway, to talk more about this what the reporters did when they saw that there's a airtight reactor space filled with inert gas at atmospheric pressure. a number of the reporters tried to claim that the Soviet than the Western containment. And back to my phone conversation with Stuart Diamond at the New York Times, he then told me, \"Well, he said, I know that there's a containment around that plant.\" I said, \"Well, how do you know Mr. Diamond?\" He said, \"Well, I have a source in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. And I said, \"Well, who is that?\" And he said, I can't divulge my sources. And then he said, \"Dr. Heising, do you still hold by what you said that there is no things structured on these plants.\" And I said, \"Yes, I sure do.\" So then I started shouting at me on the phone. He started pretty much accusing me of being a liar, and said, \"Do you work for the nuclear industry?\" I said, \"Well, sometimes I do, but I'm generally a university professor.\" I said, \"Sometimes I can solve for different So finally he became so irritating, and I said, \"Mr. Diamond, you called me.\" and I hung up on him. Now later on at the American nuclear society meeting, one of the November meetings, we had a panel of these wonderful reporters up in front. Somebody got got this for a idea, and said, \"We have invited a bunch of these science writers from different media to come and talk to us. We had about 300 nuclear engineers and scientists in the audience, including me. Stuart Diamond at the podium along some of his friends. So there is a question, the answers come in and we engineers are very polite and we write our questions on little pieces of paper little cards that are around around an audience like this, then they're all passed up in front, and the person who is the session chairman then picks these questions to ask. So I wrote a few questions to Mr. Diamond. And you probably get even where this is going when there's 300 nuclear people in the audience. So one my friends, who happened to be one of my friends, was the session chairman. So he knew full well and he saw the question because I had told him about it. So he took it out and he asked the question about this. And this is months after and by the way, the New York Times, had to retract their article they ended up printing an article, In the New York Times, that said that there was no containment structure around this plant. And that indeed this plant had a Western style containment. So, and what had happened prior to ANS meeting and Mr. Diamond was up there. And so eventually they had to retract that story, but not before it had been spread around this country. And other newspapers had picked it up because New York Times has a pretty good reputation as being an honest newspaper whereas now I wonder. But anyway, he was up there at podium, and my question to him was regarding this issue and how they had to retract their statement. And he really was embarrassed. And he said, \"I don't remember ever talking to this person.\" And I said, \"Well, here I am.\" And I said, \"Yes you did. You called me up in my office phone, shouting at me.\" And he said, \"That's enough.\" So eventually he had to apologize in front of all my colleagues. After that I remember, my colleagues came up to me and thanked me because they had to deal with him also. And hopefully that taught him a lesson. But I don't know. Now, as we get into this, now, what happened at this plant? There's another picture here that shows... Now this obviously Soviet Life, 1986. What it shows here are two people from the plant on top of this active core. And what you see here is a fuel, what you might call electrical fuel pin. But anyway, it's block of graphite and these are graphite bricks with vertical holes. There are 1600 pins and 2,488 graphite bricks in this massive core. And this refueling machine goes around, each of these areas and is replacing the fuel. There's this little, super heated steam, as this is a falling water reactor. There's graphite around the fuel element. And the fuel is in this kind of cylindrical shape here with a hole in between. The fuel is a mix of 2% uranium 235 which is the element. And the pellets are 1.5 millimeters in diameter and then their inside a chromium alloy can. So, that gives you an idea what the score looks like. Looks nothing at all like ours. So for those of you who are new to nuclear engineering this is a little simplified diagram of the major difference. So one of the major differences between our plants and the Soviet plants. On your left there's a picture of vessel reactor this is the kind of arrangement we have in US reactors. Where the core is one massive unit. It's the one you see about rectangular in shape. The pressure tube reactor in the RBMK reactor on the other hand has distributed fuel. The fuel pins and pressure tubes are distributed throughout this gigantic rectangular core. So this is a difference between the pressure vessel reactors we have here and pressure tube reactors that the Chernobyl reactors was part of. That's one of the difference. now I have Chernobyl plant, therefore, there was no Western style containment The USSR design philosophy was based on reliance on the emergency core cooling system or ECCS. There were no emergency safety features for small local case in the design of the Soviet plants. Now, why don't the Soviets have Western style container? Why is that important to us? Well, here in America, in Three Mile Island. And in Three Mile Island, that was a pressurized water reactor in Pennsylvania. And at that point, there was, what we call a small loss of coolant accident through a stuck-open pressurizer release valve. Now there was a large degradation of the core. And, getting back to this picture, most of the core in the Three Mile Island accident degraded. So, this rectangular shape was strongly changed during that event. And roughly there's a lot of crumbling going on. A lot of this core material on the bottom of the pressure vessel but there was no breach of pressure vessel. However, most of the inner gases escaped from the pressurizer release valve. And a lot of that material or gases ended up being admitted to the atmosphere. But most of the impacts, as far as we know all of the fissile material from the court was retained inside the plant. And why was that? Even though some of the fissile material was climbing out some of the piping and so on, we had a contained structure around that plant. If some of you can remember that. It's a six foot thick steel reinforced concrete structure. For those who have visited a nuclear plant. How many of you have visited a nuclear plant? You can see a cutaway version of the containment structure. And these containments are designed to withstand airplanes crashing into them at high velocities. They are built to withstand a large pressure builds up. And then the large dry pressurized containment structure they can withstand pressures of up to about 120 to 130 PSI, pounds per square inch. Now, in the Three Mile Island event, there was a hydrogen explosion inside the containment. And which would result in about... I think it's like roughly 30 PSI pressure spike. But this is not threatened the containment integrity. So what happened at Three Mile Island accident was that the containment kept its integrity and there was no radioactive material that escaped to the public. Okay? Now had the Chernobyl plant had a similar containment structure around it it may have with held. And there would not have been a plume to encircle the globe. And that's why it's so important. That's why that's such a central difference for people that made nuclear reactor safety standards. that containment is your final defence. Let me get on to another slide now. The next slide is the US design philosophy. The difference in their design philosophy. Early on in the history of the American nuclear program there was a decision made to develop reactors and plants that have defensive work built into them. So there was an acknowledgement that an accident could happen. It was never considered to be zero by American plant designers, even despite some of the claims that the nuclear industry has made. No one has ever said it was zero. Okay? Acknowledged that it was very small but no one said that it was zero. So with that in mind, the reactor designers came up with defense in their design philosophy to provide a multiple layer of barriers to prevent the release radiation to the environment in case of an accident. And the different things we seek are the fuel pellets and cells. The fuel rods, the pressure vessel itself, act as barriers to keep the radioactive material inside in case of an accident. The final barrier is this large containment structure. Every commercial plant in this country has some containment structure around it. In the Soviet Union, most other plants do not have such containment structure nor are they required to by any governing body. Soviet government operates on its own, they can decide how safe they want their plants. It's up to them whether or not they want a containment around their plants. And that's the central difference. Now let's talk a little bit about the Chernobyl accident itself, how it began. It began in like... And this is interesting, created by humans from their human factors there was a group of students management or human resources class. Anyway, it's interesting that this accident occurred at midnight because the Three Mile Island also during the night or wee hours in the morning. And this one began 12 midnight, Friday, April 25th, 1986. This slide was made prior to, when I knew what the initiative event was but I did guess that the likely initiating event was a loss of onsite power. And I presumed that all of the units at the plant could safely shut down. And then I hypothesized that unit number four was unable to safely shut down because because onsite generator my have failed to start on demand. Then I had speculated that loss of power makes the controller system inoperable. The ECCS designed only for large local case and forced the reactor to continue and it's not designed for small local case. This is a slide that I had prior to knowing what actually happened. So I was way off. What actually happened was the operators of the plants, were conducting what they call, a routine non-nuclear related tests of Chernobyl. And the reactor was shut down at the time of the event. But this test required that they had some minimal power level. My understanding of what happened, they withdrew all of the control rods, not seeming to understand that you have this kind of Xenon impact and that the Xenon will decay and the power level could increase. So they didn't seem to understanding of Xenon transients. They also shut off all the emergency safety features. And they said that they needed to do this, to run this test. So what they had practically done was made all the plant systems inoperable. So there was no failure in the systems, they were just terminated by operators. Somebody once made a comment, that it was as if the Marx brothers were running that plant. The two Karl Marx brothers. Whatever but... It was, some what their plan, in the sense that there seems to be no understanding, at least to my point of view, of the nuclear physics going on in the plant and the reactor itself. So what they did was they were trying to increase the power level, they removed all the control rods. Now, as things are going at one point in the accident, at one point prior to the actual explosion, they saw that some things were going strange and one of the head engineer decided that they should shut down the plant. So they injected all the control rods at once. Now, Canadians have told me, the Canadians who have so much similar plant, they ran some reactor physics codes, and they claimed that that was the moment at which the accident occurred. Because when you re-inject the control rods, they changed some of the reactor physics parameters such that you have super critical explosion. And so they're claiming that could be one of them. The actual decision to scram the reactor was the event which actually caused an explosion. So given whether it was that or whether it was just eminent what happened then was, what happened is super critical. This is what we call transient related type of accident for people who study reactor accidents like me. We have two types of major initiators. We have a loss of cooling accident and we got transient related events. This was a transient related kind of event. I just took this new suite containing some pretty pictures here which is sort of describing the series of events which is not really that accurate as it turns out, but you should formulate an idea. And eventually there was this explosion. Now, when this explosion occurred, it ripped top of the reactor building apart. It also generated high temperatures and eventually it's graphite moderators started to burn. Burn like a giant pile of coal. Now the Soviet scientists well he's the one that calculated that 3% of the fissile material escaped. Only 3%, but that's still a large amount. And so 3% of this fissile material escaped during the time of the explosion. The plume went up the mile high because of the strength and energy released in that explosion recorded very high. That's why when we're predicting our American accident codes for our plants. And then in one sense that was good because the plume going so high now that the radiation levels to people living in Pripyat in the city around the plant were exposed to levels that didn't harm them. So the fact that the plume went so high over the plant that the prevailing winds could carry it further. And that's why that plume went so far. And even was picked up in low levels as far away as Scandinavia. Now, if the plume had not gone quite as high, it wouldn't have gone so far. And we might not have picked up those low levels and no one would have known about this. So this event occurred in such a way that there was an explosion that ripped the reactor building apart. Now finally we learnt about the hazard the major health hazard was for the people in 100 mile radius. Unfortunately Kyiv is located within 100 miles radius and there are 2.5 million people living there. Also, another main traumatic hazard was from water and food contamination. This is has come up way after the accident And in fact, when we went to the Soviet Union we had a member from the food and drug administration in our delegation. He was looking out for problems related to food contamination. One thing we were told while we were there was that the water reservoir had been changed. The water reservoir for Kyiv had been located near this Pripyat town in Pripyat river. And then they had then changed the water reservoir. So apparently there happened contamination to some extent of a water supply for Kyiv. But we ate the food there and we drank the bottle of water, and we're still here today. Also members of our delegation were carrying radiation badges. And none of the delegation members were exposed to any high levels of radiation. We couldn't even pick up any real changes in the radiation levels. The only change that we saw was really picking up radiation from flying aircraft. So the nature has it could then be from water and food contamination outside of a hundred mile radius","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112087#t=0.0,2786.48163"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e ... back to the US.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=4.767,6.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then there's a little picture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=7.93,9.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showing this effect as radiation levels decrease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=10.31,13.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a function of distance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=16.83,19.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this shows that the dangerous levels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=19.24,20.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are only in a 100 mile area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=20.38,22.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there were evacuations of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=22.41,25.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the accident from the Kiev region","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=25.72,28.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and when we met with the Soviet embassy people in Moscow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=29.43,33.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the US embassy in Moscow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=33.55,36.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they pointed out they had never seen anything like it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=36.89,39.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all these people coming north from Kiev","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=39.787,42.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the trains and coming into the cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=43.224,47.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it really was a disruptive event and had a major impact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=47.3,50.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the Soviet's opinions about nuclear power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=50.79,53.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The next slide just shows some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=56.68,58.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"radiation exposure pathways to the embassy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=60.525,62.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This comes from an old document,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=62.87,64.527"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made up by the 400-Ton Energy Commission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=64.527,67.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This shows the summary of maximum occupational doses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=67.363,71.522"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"above which could affect people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=71.522,75.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the number of people who died,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=75.15,77.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were 32 people who died in the accident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=77.34,79.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those 32 people all were operators and firefighters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=81.72,85.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And nobody in the public,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=86.843,89.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as we know, had died from this accident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=89.1,91.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the Soviet system of regulation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=93.42,95.811"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me show you on the next slide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=95.811,97.511"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a state committee on the supervision","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=100.2,102.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of safe operations in the industry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=102.27,104.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the Council of Ministers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=104.29,106.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prior to the accident, they had nothing equivalent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=106.0,108.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=108.46,110.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they told us that now, after the accident,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=110.057,113.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are creating a separate body to regulate nuclear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=113.72,117.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a state nuclear safety inspection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=119.6,123.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and different organizations in the Soviet Union","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=123.147,126.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which help to regulate safety.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=126.37,128.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is just an article, again, out of Soviet life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=129.63,132.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were asking him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=135.98,136.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the Ukraine's nuclear power industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=136.94,139.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this guy may be one of the people who was fired","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=139.77,143.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because right after the accident,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=143.51,145.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Soviets did change their management structure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=145.48,148.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there were a number of people who were sent to Siberia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=148.78,152.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=152.243,153.854"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is how they handle things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=153.854,155.326"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had the Challenger event, we changed heads of NASA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=155.326,159.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we didn't send the old NASA head to Siberia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=161.01,163.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the last part of I'm gonna talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=165.59,167.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deals with risk study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=167.343,169.084"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how much time do I have?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=169.084,171.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Another five minutes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=171.43,172.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Another five minutes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=172.417,173.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll just go really briefly over this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=173.423,175.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can see a lot of people starting to leave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=175.29,177.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have risk studies on the American plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=178.33,181.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Soviet Union has no risk study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=181.6,183.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while I was there, I talked to this gentleman,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=183.57,185.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Professor Vladimir Demmin, who was the one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=185.82,187.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who calculated the 3% source turn from the event.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=187.77,192.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's also in charge of the risk assessment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=192.01,194.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's also in charge of designing the concrete structure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=195.38,199.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to contain the unit to bury it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=199.41,202.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that unit will not be operable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=202.22,203.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another interesting statistic is that while we were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=203.783,207.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Soviet Union, units one and two became operational.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=207.53,210.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it took them six months to restart units one and two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=211.65,215.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it took us six years to start Three Mile on unit one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=215.41,219.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they need the electricity seems maybe more then we do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=219.43,222.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they also have restarted unit three,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=223.72,226.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is an adjacent unit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=226.92,229.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the Soviets have placed those units back onto operation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=229.09,234.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they did have to bury","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=234.36,236.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and contain unit four where the accident occurred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=236.42,241.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our risk study results do not apply to this RBNK,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=242.2,245.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we cannot tell how risky it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=245.47,247.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I speculate this heck of a lot more risky than our plan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=253.771,258.771"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These slides here, I'm not gonna have time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=258.81,260.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go over all of these so I'm gonna skip these.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=260.99,263.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This has to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=263.12,263.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with how we've reformed reactor safety studies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=263.953,267.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd love to just jump right to the last slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=268.1,271.849"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you want to, if most of you have time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=271.849,273.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can look at some of those statistics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=273.597,275.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the safety of our own plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=275.49,277.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The conclusion here is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=279.31,281.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the things I've looked at,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=282.304,284.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm trying to make an estimate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=284.05,285.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how much riskier our DMP is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=285.04,288.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the current design.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=288.04,289.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that it's at least a factor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=289.75,291.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 1,000 greater public risk than the US designs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=291.153,294.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, there's no Estrin stock containment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=295.17,298.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there is no emergency core cooling system designs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=298.02,300.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for small loss of cooling event.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=300.61,303.532"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, I say US safety standards require 90%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=303.532,306.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of US reactor costs to be devoted to safety systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=306.99,309.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that means that US reactors are very safe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=309.14,312.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Chernobyl accident was the worst case accident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=314.32,317.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We call it worst case accident in our analysis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=318.89,321.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it was uncontained","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=321.21,323.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a large radioactive plume formed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=323.45,326.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The last comment I make is that the Soviets may modify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=326.66,329.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their design, but they're not going to put a containment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=329.48,332.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around those units.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=332.0,333.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They do have containments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=333.62,334.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around their PWR large 100 megawatt units,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=334.9,337.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but most of the plants do not have containment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=337.81,340.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What they did do is they made it impossible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=340.053,342.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for operators to remove all the control rods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=342.53,346.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they did mention that around the periphery","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=346.34,348.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the core those control rods will be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=348.68,352.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under machine control so that operators cannot remove them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=354.23,358.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They also changed some of their operating procedures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=358.93,361.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to respond to this particular event.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=362.79,364.901"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Other than that, other than those changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=364.901,367.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there have not been any other major changes to the design","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=367.59,371.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this changes they did make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=371.04,373.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apply to that particular event.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=373.5,375.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=376.66,377.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If there any questions I can take them now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=377.62,380.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=381.244,384.411"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much I am sure that Dr. Lenky","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=388.482,390.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be able to stay for a time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=390.983,393.045"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for those of you that must leave,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=393.045,395.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then thank you for coming,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=395.2,396.857"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but those who can stay, then please do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=396.857,399.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there will be an advanced meeting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=399.86,402.357"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a laser containment meeting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=402.357,403.669"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the infrared engineering graduate students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=403.669,406.685"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A meeting will be held at two o'clock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=406.685,408.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if you can be there at 140 Green Hall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=408.61,413.123"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25123/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/123/original/AV203753_The_Chernobyl_Incident_b.vtt?1620062583","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/123/original/AV203753_The_Chernobyl_Incident_b.vtt?1620062583"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25124","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203753_The_Chernobyl_Incident_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088/transcript/25124/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- ... back to the US. Then there's a little picture showing this effect as radiation levels decrease as a function of distance. And this shows that the dangerous levels are only in a 100 mile area but there were evacuations of people after the accident from the Kiev region and when we met with the Soviet embassy people in Moscow, from the US embassy in Moscow, they pointed out they had never seen anything like it all these people coming north from Kiev on the trains and coming into the cities. So it really was a disruptive event and had a major impact on the Soviet's opinions about nuclear power. The next slide just shows some of the radiation exposure pathways to the embassy. This comes from an old document, made up by the 400-Ton Energy Commission. This shows the summary of maximum occupational doses, above which could affect people. Now, the number of people who died, there were 32 people who died in the accident. Those 32 people all were operators and firefighters And nobody in the public, as far as we know, had died from this accident. Now the Soviet system of regulation, Let me show you on the next slide, there's a state committee on the supervision of safe operations in the industry under the Council of Ministers. Prior to the accident, they had nothing equivalent to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission but they told us that now, after the accident, they are creating a separate body to regulate nuclear. There was a state nuclear safety inspection and different organizations in the Soviet Union which help to regulate safety. And this is just an article, again, out of Soviet life. They were asking him about the Ukraine's nuclear power industry. I think this guy may be one of the people who was fired because right after the accident, the Soviets did change their management structure, and there were a number of people who were sent to Siberia. That is how they handle things. We had the Challenger event, we changed heads of NASA but we didn't send the old NASA head to Siberia. Now the last part of I'm gonna talk about deals with risk study. I don't know how much time do I have?\r\n\r\n- Another five minutes.\r\n\r\n- Another five minutes? I'll just go really briefly over this, I can see a lot of people starting to leave. We have risk studies on the American plants. The Soviet Union has no risk study. while I was there, I talked to this gentleman, Professor Vladimir Demmin, who was the one who calculated the 3% source turn from the event. He's also in charge of the risk assessment. He's also in charge of designing the concrete structure to contain the unit to bury it because that unit will not be operable. Another interesting statistic is that while we were in the Soviet Union, units one and two became operational. So it took them six months to restart units one and two it took us six years to start Three Mile on unit one. So they need the electricity seems maybe more then we do. And they also have restarted unit three, which is an adjacent unit. So the Soviets have placed those units back onto operation but they did have to bury and contain unit four where the accident occurred. Our risk study results do not apply to this RBNK, and we cannot tell how risky it is. I speculate this heck of a lot more risky than our plan. These slides here, I'm not gonna have time to go over all of these so I'm gonna skip these. This has to do with how we've reformed reactor safety studies. I'd love to just jump right to the last slide. If you want to, if most of you have time, you can look at some of those statistics on the safety of our own plants. The conclusion here is that, one of the things I've looked at, I'm trying to make an estimate about how much riskier our DMP is with the current design. I think that it's at least a factor of 1,000 greater public risk than the US designs. First of all, there's no Estrin stock containment and there is no emergency core cooling system designs for small loss of cooling event. Secondly, I say US safety standards require 90% of US reactor costs to be devoted to safety systems and I think that means that US reactors are very safe. The Chernobyl accident was the worst case accident. We call it worst case accident in our analysis because it was uncontained and a large radioactive plume formed. The last comment I make is that the Soviets may modify their design, but they're not going to put a containment around those units. They do have containments around their PWR large 100 megawatt units, but most of the plants do not have containment. What they did do is they made it impossible for operators to remove all the control rods and they did mention that around the periphery of the core those control rods will be under machine control so that operators cannot remove them. They also changed some of their operating procedures to respond to this particular event. Other than that, other than those changes, there have not been any other major changes to the design and this changes they did make apply to that particular event. So that's the end. If there any questions I can take them now.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much I am sure that Dr. Lenky will be able to stay for a time, and for those of you that must leave, then thank you for coming, but those who can stay, then please do and there will be an advanced meeting, a laser containment meeting for the infrared engineering graduate students. A meeting will be held at two o'clock and if you can be there at 140 Green Hall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40468/file/112088#t=0.0,418.63837"}]}]}]}