{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rr1pg1jc3k/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Richards, Paul G., The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Its Recent History, Status and Prospects. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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treaty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=162.68,164.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and why the Senate voted as they did,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=165.76,169.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what actions are taking place today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=169.64,173.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps to encourage a reconsideration of this treaty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=173.92,177.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I have to begin even earlier,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=180.5,184.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to perhaps give a sense of what this treaty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=184.9,189.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is intended to achieve, and indeed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=190.58,192.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is nuclear testing for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=192.89,195.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in such a controversial subject,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=196.214,198.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is very important to try and find those areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=198.26,201.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there is agreement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=201.56,203.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so let me begin with one here graph,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=203.69,206.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which quotes the words of a former director","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=206.46,211.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Los Alamos National Laboratory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=211.0,214.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which he is simply saying here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=215.3,218.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that nuclear testing is a process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=218.72,222.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deeply caught up in the procedures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=222.31,224.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by which a nuclear weapons state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=224.88,228.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"develops that nuclear arsenal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=228.11,231.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everyone really agrees with this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=232.23,235.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in fact, there have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=235.98,237.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 2000 nuclear weapons tests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=237.93,242.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since Trinity in July of 1945,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=242.93,246.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I understand was actually witnessed by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=249.18,251.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a gentlemen in this room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=251.21,253.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2000 nuclear tests since that date,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=254.44,258.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the latest being by Pakistan on May 30th of 1998.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=258.06,263.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So over a 40 to 50 year period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=266.08,270.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximately one nuclear explosion a week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=270.1,272.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well these decades, deeply caught up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=273.48,275.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the processes by which nuclear weapons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=275.77,278.428"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been developed in different countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=278.428,281.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, nuclear weapons have their power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=285.14,289.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the context of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=289.13,291.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps I can explain this best,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=291.21,293.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"previous weapons in the Second World War, up until 1945,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=293.36,298.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a big bomb would have the yield of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=299.81,303.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximately one ton of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=303.1,306.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some chemical explosive equivalent, TNT for example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=306.33,310.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One ton, until Trinity and Hiroshima and Nagasaki,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=310.18,315.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a big bomb.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=316.31,317.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that all changed in 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=318.83,321.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you see here on the bottom left corner of that cube,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=323.52,328.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some representation of the 12,000 kilotons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=330.32,335.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Hiroshima weapon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=335.45,337.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that scales things up by a factor of 10 to the fourth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=338.69,342.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a scientist would put it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=342.04,344.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then in the subsequent years, we see the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=344.7,349.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development of hydrogen bombs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=351.3,355.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which take things up another factor of a thousand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=355.27,359.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the largest cube of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=359.57,362.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's volume-proportional to yield","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=362.27,364.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this little diagram,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=364.1,366.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a nuclear weapon tested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=366.36,370.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the Soviet Union in October, 1961,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=370.2,373.629"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was at the 58 megaton level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=373.629,377.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, to give you some numbers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=377.85,379.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adding together all of the explosive used in World War Two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=379.81,384.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was about two megatons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=384.64,386.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So at 58,000 kilotons, or 58 megatons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=387.94,392.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're talking about something almost 30 times 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Senate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1387.81,1391.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And suddenly, the Senate Majority Leader,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1391.3,1394.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trent Lott, in late September, announced 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Senate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1400.482,1403.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for an immediate vote.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1403.843,1405.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I say immediate, on the timescale of about three 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cons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1429.56,1431.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an informed debate is held in a number of different forums.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1433.49,1437.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in this case, it was not to 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1999,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1460.81,1463.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"statements about verification.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1465.08,1466.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And all at the last minute, a hundred 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road,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1492.91,1494.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seeing that there was going to be a net negative vote,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1494.06,1496.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"62 out of a hundred senators,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1496.75,1499.238"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made a request to take this treaty off the table,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1499.238,1504.238"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and simply not vote on it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1505.62,1507.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not lock themselves in to a vote.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1507.07,1511.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But by the rules of the 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agenda.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1518.59,1521.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And clearly, there were three or four senators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1522.76,1526.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whose unanimous consent was required to stop the train,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1526.34,1530.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they would not consent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1530.02,1531.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So under the procedures of the Senate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1531.49,1533.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though 62 senators did not want to conduct the vote,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1533.41,1536.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wishing to have a more deliberate process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1537.55,1539.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it didn't happen, and the vote was forced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1541.48,1543.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the results I've already told 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remanufacturing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1914.26,1916.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, that's really part of the first issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1916.75,1919.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the third issue, that's the central one for 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agreement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=1995.6,2000.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the expectation that the nuclear weapons powers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2000.93,2005.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would agree to be bound by a Comprehensive Test Ban 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of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2011.7,2016.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Senator Helms against the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2017.545,2020.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that is what the treaty is intended to 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available.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2039.08,2041.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are many other ways to subject military hardware","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2041.83,2044.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the hostile environments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2044.91,2046.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"represented by nuclear explosions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2046.91,2049.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hardly would say that this is the first order 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Treaty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2060.9,2064.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the extent that it could not be sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2064.1,2066.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that all other signatories would be bound by that treaty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2066.25,2069.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it's very important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2069.41,2070.799"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to build a system that monitors compliance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2070.799,2074.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is largely a problem in seismology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2074.04,2076.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, let me talk about that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2082.58,2084.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"verification for awhile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2085.92,2087.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let me give you a bit of a context 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down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2095.36,2099.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President Clinton appointed a four-star,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2100.71,2105.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recently retired chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2105.82,2109.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four-star Army General, General John Shalikashvili,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2109.81,2112.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do two things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2114.19,2115.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To, first of all, visit all 100 senators in private,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2115.98,2120.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to ask them what really were their concerns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2120.227,2123.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many have said that the vote in the Senate was, in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2123.84,2127.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a second impeachment trial,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2127.493,2130.001"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that really it wasn't to do with U.S. foreign policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2130.001,2135.001"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or matters of national security,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2135.97,2138.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but simply that in the deeply partisan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2138.09,2141.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hostilities of Washington in recent years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2141.88,2145.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Senate was not about to give President Clinton","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2145.96,2148.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something that he so clearly wanted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2148.79,2151.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which, as I said earlier, all American presidents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2151.84,2155.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going back to President Eisenhower","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2155.5,2157.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had declared to be a national objective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2157.48,2159.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were not gonna give him that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2159.04,2160.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, was it really that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2160.73,2161.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And General Shalikashvili's assignment was to find 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treaty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2170.78,2174.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the second was, to ask the general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2174.01,2179.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see if agencies within the United States 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date,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2191.66,2193.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps in a more supportive environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2194.6,2196.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that work is 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Shalikashvili.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2203.966,2206.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has asked the National Academy of Sciences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2206.53,2208.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to carry out a 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language,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2272.45,2276.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'll be talking about shortly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2276.47,2278.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a major new international monitoring 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Korea,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2340.55,2342.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in effect has a veto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2342.87,2344.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because until they all 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at,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2579.208,2581.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and reach a determination:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2581.09,2582.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that potentially a nuclear weapons test,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2582.79,2586.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or can we all go back to sleep again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2586.647,2589.356"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause it's an earthquake?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2589.356,2590.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the perspective here is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2590.26,2593.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the treaty monitoring network is indeed that one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2593.31,2596.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that only the potential nuclear explosion signals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2596.19,2600.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the really important ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2600.72,2602.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I have already indicated to you that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2602.49,2604.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a third method of monitoring is to 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contribute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2610.57,2613.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are thousands of seismometers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2613.21,2615.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I've already indicated to you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2615.41,2616.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operated by people who are really interested earthquakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2616.96,2621.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and who, on an average of once a week for the last 40 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facility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2627.3,2629.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both for detection and discrimination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2629.57,2632.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between those two different types of signal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2632.2,2634.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it turns out that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2634.89,2637.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global networks of seismometers to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2638.39,2642.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study nuclear weapons explosions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2645.08,2648.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have received three times more money from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2648.7,2650.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treaty monitoring side than the study of earthquakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2650.96,2653.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When people think of seismology, they think of earthquakes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2653.73,2656.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm saying that three times more money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2656.64,2658.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has actually been pumped into this science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2658.46,2661.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the national security need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2661.92,2664.055"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to monitor nuclear explosions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2664.055,2666.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I could tell you a great deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2668.0,2669.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the detection and location capabilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2669.54,2672.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how to discriminate between earthquakes and explosions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2672.74,2676.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's been my professional life for the last 15 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2676.57,2680.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I'd like to talk about some very specific events","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2682.61,2686.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have had an impact upon the Senate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2686.46,2689.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, it's decision in 1999.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2689.92,2694.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So let me just go through a little more anecdotal half","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2694.14,2698.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of one or two particular seismic events of interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2698.07,2702.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, it turns out that in 1997,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2702.13,2705.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm showing you a map here of Novaya Zemlya,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2706.525,2710.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the island north of the Russian continent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2710.1,2713.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the location in a blow-out view here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2715.17,2717.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the nuclear weapons testing history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2717.95,2721.239"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Russia in recent years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2721.239,2725.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in 1997, appeared an article in the Washington Times,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2726.38,2731.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stating that after having signed this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2733.15,2735.712"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2735.712,2738.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Russia had carried out a nuclear weapons explosion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2738.32,2742.378"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Clinton Administration knew about it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2742.378,2744.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but were just too afraid to do anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2744.787,2747.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, it turns out, after extensive analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2749.21,2752.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that what had happened was that the small earthquake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2752.387,2755.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had occurred at this location in August of 1997,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2755.83,2760.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that the various agencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2761.57,2765.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charged with monitoring for the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2766.2,2768.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had wrongly identified it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2770.63,2774.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here's the headline from the Washington Post","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2774.04,2777.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a few months later, laying out in detail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2777.44,2780.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what apparently had happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2780.67,2782.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And indeed, after that seismic event in the Kara Sea,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2782.73,2787.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"north of the Russian landmass,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2789.72,2792.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where that earthquake had occurred,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2792.35,2794.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it had apparently, if going to the newspapers here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2794.4,2797.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been wrongly interpreted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2797.7,2799.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the president was promptly told unambiguously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2799.48,2803.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Russia carried out a nuclear test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2803.04,2805.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well I had worked in great detail on that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2805.83,2808.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and very quickly to me and many of my colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2808.15,2812.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing earthquake seismology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2812.0,2813.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was apparent that it was, indeed, an earthquake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2813.3,2816.159"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had a number of characteristics of an earthquake.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2816.159,2817.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was in the oceans, not on land,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2817.917,2820.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it had an aftershock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2820.1,2822.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had a ratio between two different way of types","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2822.21,2824.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was characteristics of an earthquake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2824.487,2825.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than an explosion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2825.82,2827.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And part of the problem here is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2827.94,2829.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is the quality of the work done, frankly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2830.79,2834.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by those charged with national technical means methods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=2834.32,2838.623"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26774/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/774/original/AV204744_The_Comprehensive_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty_a.vtt?1622064282","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/774/original/AV204744_The_Comprehensive_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty_a.vtt?1622064282"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26775","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204744_The_Comprehensive_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269/transcript/26775/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Have a visiting scholar, Professor Paul Richards. Dr. Richards is Mellon Professor of Natural Sciences, and Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University in New York. His research focuses on the theory of seismic wave propagation, as well as the use of seismological methods to study underground nuclear explosions. And of course, the implications in both scientific and political worlds. In 1994, he was a member of the U.S. Delegation for the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, helping to negotiate a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Professor Richards is the recipient of a MacArthur Genius Fellowship. He was a visiting physicist at Livermore National Laboratory, Orson Anderson Visiting Scholar at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and twice a Foster Fellow Scholar at the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. He's a fellow of the AAAS, The American Geophysical Union, winning the Macelwane Medal in 1977. He's the coauthor of a textbook, \"Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods.\" During his visit to ISU this week, he will give two talks, this is the first. Tomorrow afternoon at 4:10, he will speak on \"Earth's Inner Core: Discoveries and Conjectures.\" That's a scientific talk in 102 Science one. This evening's title is, \"The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: \"Its Recent Recent History, Status, and Prospect.\" Please join me in welcoming Professor Paul Richards.\r\n\r\n- Thank you. Well, I am here this evening to talk with you about a subject, which has a number of different controversies floating around it. Specifically in the context of a recent decision made in the United States Senate, which has its title of the world's greatest deliberative body. I think that's one of its characterizations. But the last October, by a very substantial majority, voted to reject ratification by the United States of a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which had been a declared foreign policy initiative of every president of the United States since Dwight Eisenhower. So I need to tell you a little about the history of this treaty, and why the Senate voted as they did, and what actions are taking place today, perhaps to encourage a reconsideration of this treaty. But I have to begin even earlier, to perhaps give a sense of what this treaty is intended to achieve, and indeed, what is nuclear testing for. And in such a controversial subject, it is very important to try and find those areas where there is agreement. And so let me begin with one here graph, which quotes the words of a former director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, in which he is simply saying here that nuclear testing is a process deeply caught up in the procedures by which a nuclear weapons state develops that nuclear arsenal. Everyone really agrees with this. And in fact, there have been about 2000 nuclear weapons tests since Trinity in July of 1945, which I understand was actually witnessed by a gentlemen in this room. 2000 nuclear tests since that date, the latest being by Pakistan on May 30th of 1998. So over a 40 to 50 year period, approximately one nuclear explosion a week. Well these decades, deeply caught up in the processes by which nuclear weapons have been developed in different countries. Well, nuclear weapons have their power in the context of, perhaps I can explain this best, previous weapons in the Second World War, up until 1945, a big bomb would have the yield of approximately one ton of some chemical explosive equivalent, TNT for example. One ton, until Trinity and Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was a big bomb. But that all changed in 1945. And you see here on the bottom left corner of that cube, some representation of the 12,000 kilotons of the Hiroshima weapon. So that scales things up by a factor of 10 to the fourth, as a scientist would put it. And then in the subsequent years, we see the development of hydrogen bombs, which take things up another factor of a thousand, so that the largest cube of all, and it's volume-proportional to yield in this little diagram, was a nuclear weapon tested by the Soviet Union in October, 1961, that was at the 58 megaton level. Again, to give you some numbers, adding together all of the explosive used in World War Two, was about two megatons. So at 58,000 kilotons, or 58 megatons, you're talking about something almost 30 times bigger than all of World War Two, dropped out of a plane in a nuclear test by the Soviet Union, near their Island of Novaya Zemlya. And of course, in the process of development of these tests, for many years, this was the symbol, the mushroom cloud, of atmospheric nuclear testing. This is a picture of a weapons test in the Nevada test site, in which a 200 millimeter artillery shell was fired over an eight mile distance as a potential tactical nuclear weapon. And that type of nuclear testing in the atmosphere with its associated fallout, and the human cry over the damage associated potentially from radioactivity in strontium, and iodine, and other chemicals that get taken up by human beings, as well as the consideration of more controlled environments of nuclear testing, more suitable perhaps, than the atmosphere, led to the Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty. This is its formal name, of 1963, which indeed ended the atmospheric testing by the three countries that negotiated it the United Kingdom, France and the United States, although, excuse me, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union. France and China carried on with atmospheric testing. In fact, the last atmospheric test by China was in 1980. But mostly, atmospheric testing came to an end in 1963, and both literally and figuratively went underground. I say figuratively because the human cry associated with that mushroom cloud in the public eye was no longer there. And the general public, I think, was not aware that, for example, since 1963, there have been about 1500 underground nuclear weapons tests. 200 by France, about 500 by the USSR, none since the breakup of the Soviet Union, and about 800 by in the United States underground. And, through a period of negotiation that was on again off again for about 20 years, resulting in 1996 at last in a formally agreed to multi-lateral treaty, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, has just two basic obligations. The first one in Article One, this first paragraph simply says, \"The state party that agrees to this treaty \"will not carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion.\" And the second paragraph says that signatories will not help anybody else to carry out a nuclear weapons test explosion. That's the whole guts of the treaty. And the remaining 75 pages are largely about issues of verification, and about how onsite inspections might be conducted, and how the global network that would monitor compliance with this treaty will be built and operated. Which brings me to, perhaps why I am in this room. I'm a seismologist. I've worked as an academic, mostly at Columbia University for the last 30 years. I wrote textbooks, I do research as a seismologist, and I became very interested in technical issues of nuclear arms control, specifically in the mid 1980s, when I had an opportunity and took it to go to Washington, and I joined in the first Reagan Administration, the unit that wrote the president's report to Congress on Soviet arms control violations. And the seismologist comes into this subject of nuclear arms control, and certainly nuclear weapons testing, because nuclear weapons tests generate signals literally heard around the world with a number of different technologies. A nuclear explosion in the atmosphere literally generates sound waves, a somewhat lower frequency than our ears can pick up, but certainly that can be picked up by microphones, like infrasound. Nuclear explosions in the oceans generate enormous, very loud amplitude sound waves in the ocean. And nuclear explosion underground generate seismic waves, which are routinely picked up by, for example, earthquake monitoring operations, as carried out by thousands of seismologists around the world. It turns out that the underground environment for nuclear testing is both the most favorable one from the point of view of nuclear weapons design, because underground can provide a fully controlled environment for making careful measurements of what happens in a nuclear test, and also provides some facilities for hiding exactly what you're doing from potential adversaries. To turn that another way, to the extent that the Soviet Union and China have carried out a extensive series of underground nuclear weapons testing. The principle military intelligence technology for finding out what those potential adversaries of the United States might be doing, again, is seismology. But now I'll talk about this subject in the context of nuclear arms control. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty does have extensive verification provisions, which I'll come to shortly, but let me remind you what happened in 1996. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, its text after, actually 40 years of negotiations, they began in the 1950s, was it last agreed to. and there's a whole history here about linkage to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and the indefinite extension of that treaty, which was agreed to in the 1990s. The immediate response to agreeing at last on the language of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, was that in New York, in September of 1996, within half an hour of that treaty being open for signature, it was signed by the leaders of all five declared nuclear weapons countries. The United States, President Clinton was the first sign. And as I say, within half an hour, also the signatures were received from the Russian Federation, from France, from China, and the United Kingdom. And subsequently, by more than 150 other countries. And in signing, President Clinton stated that this was the longest sought, hardest fought battle in the history of arms control. Referring back, perhaps to that 40 years of negotiation. and to the many difficult times, including the time when the Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty was at last agreed to in 1963. Those negotiations were intended to be a comprehensive treaty, but failed in large part because of perceptions that, at that time, in the 1960s, a comprehensive treaty could not be adequately verified. Well, President Clinton, I think, was looking backwards when he summarized the situation this way. But he could have certainly said the same thing looking forwards. Because in 1999, as I've already indicated, this treaty was trashed and burned in the United States, in the United States Senate, specifically. Before I get to that, I want to summarize a little about the level of funding we're talking about, let alone the level of military power projected by deployed nuclear weapons. So since the 1940s, over a period of more than 50 years, a total of almost $6 trillion has gone into building nuclear weapons, and deploying them. Deploying them is the largest fraction. Testing them is part of this slice of the cake here, that's part of the process of designing and building them, as I've indicated. Which reminds me to say, that the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is completely silent on the question of stockpiles of previously designed nuclear weapons. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty is part of an international process to achieve what is called in the jargon of arms control, a ban on vertical proliferation of nuclear weapons technology. Horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons technology is when the technical information about nuclear weapons design spreads, as it were sideways from the current nuclear weapons states to the hundreds of non-nuclear weapon states around the world, that's horizontal proliferation. Vertical proliferation is the jargon term for what happens with a nuclear power that continues to develop new designs, potentially new, more sophisticated, perhaps lighter nuclear weapons that can more easily be delivered. And the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, in the larger pattern of other arms control treaties, is part of a network of efforts, including the Non-Proliferation Treaty itself, to achieve the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Well, to remind you that under the United States Constitution, after a treaty is negotiated, after it is signed, it must still be ratified by all of the countries that have signed that treaty, and ratification requires a domestic political process, which is different in every country. But in the United States, it is required that the advice and consent of the Senate be obtained, and the Senate must vote by a two-thirds majority in support of every treaty that is then ratified by the United States president. The Senate doesn't itself ratify, but its advice and consent to ratification by two-thirds vote must be received. And the Senate gives that advice and consent many many times a year, to varieties of treaties that are presented to it. And the last time that a serious treaty was not given the consent of the Senate was in between the two World Wars, when the League of Nations was voted down by the Senate. You have to look back that far before finding a previous example of what happened in October, 1999, when the Senate, by a vote of 51 nos, and 48 yeses, voted on its advice and consent to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. So to remind you of the arithmetic here, the actual vote on advice and consent was 51 no, 48 yes. That was a hundred senators. Senator Robert Byrd, for the first time in his long career as a Senator, simply voted present. It's the first time he ever decided not to vote. He was so, as he said, disgusted by the process that happened, that he was not prepared to vote yes or no. For that treaty to have passed, it would have required a vote of 67 yes. But it got a vote of 51 no. Well, the hints of major trouble arose when eventually after signing that treaty in 1996, President Clinton submitted it for consideration of the Senate, and the relevant committee of jurisdiction in this case, is the Committee On Foreign Relations, chaired by Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina. And in this letter of 1998, he reported back to the president in fairly polite language, as you can read it, that this treaty did not merit serious consideration by his committee. And that in fact, he regarded it important first to achieve progress on a couple of other little issues like agreeing to the Kyoto Protocol, and the amendments of the ABM Treaty, which I may say, are going absolutely nowhere. But he essentially said those hurdles had to be jumped first before his committee would begin consideration. So as politely as possible, this letter says that this treaty is not going to be given serious hearings, for example, in the Senate. But then after that 1998 dated letter, a number of senators who very much wanted this treaty to receive the consent of the Senate, not realizing, I think, what intense opposition there was to it, as represented by Senator Helms, and many other senators, began to speak more and more vociferously to the effects that they would hold up the business of the United States Senate unless the Senate took up its constitutional duty of giving serious hearings to that arms control treaty, and took it through the process of advice and consent the way that every other serious foreign policy treaty has been handled in the Senate since that League of Nations debacle before the Second World War. So in September 1999, matters got to a head in which a small number, about three or four senators, seriously advocating for this treaty, said they would hold up the business of the Senate, unless this treaty were put on a track towards hearings that end in a full vote in the Senate. And suddenly, the Senate Majority Leader, Trent Lott, in late September, announced that, okay, if that is the situation, that treaty would be brought up before the full Senate for an immediate vote. If I say immediate, on the timescale of about three weeks. And, to acquaint you, normally on a matter of serious national security concern, a treaty before the United States Senate goes through many months of detailed technical hearings. Senate staff become familiar in detail with the pros and cons, an informed debate is held in a number of different forums. But in this case, it was not to be. There were hearings held, a couple of classified hearings before Senate Armed Services. A number of newspapers reported, here, for example, some headlines from the Washington Post on October the third, 1999, statements about verification. And all at the last minute, a hundred senators did then engage in three days of debate, before taking that final vote. At one stage, 62 senators made a request, looking down the road, seeing that there was going to be a net negative vote, 62 out of a hundred senators, made a request to take this treaty off the table, and simply not vote on it, not lock themselves in to a vote. But by the rules of the Senate, it took as they call it, unanimous consent to take consideration off the agenda. And clearly, there were three or four senators whose unanimous consent was required to stop the train, and they would not consent. So under the procedures of the Senate, even though 62 senators did not want to conduct the vote, wishing to have a more deliberate process, it didn't happen, and the vote was forced. And the results I've already told you. In those last minute hearings, the first full day of debate in the Senate was October 8th. The day beforehand, there was a hearing before Senator Armed Services, and the professor at Stanford with deep Korea-long knowledge of nuclear weapons design, made two points. The first one to say that the stockpile of U.S. nuclear weapons would be maintainable in a safe and reliable way without the support of a nuclear test program. And his second point to say that this treaty can be effectively verified. But a hearing like that before the first full day of debate simply has no impact. Amazingly, in those last days before the Senate debate, the op-ed pages of newspapers around the world were filled with opinions. Here we see in the New York Times, the president of France, the prime minister of the United Kingdom, and the chancellor of Germany writing an op-ed piece in the New York Times, at the last minute before a Senate debate. That is an extraordinary way for communication of opinions on foreign policy between countries. And in this op-ed piece, these three leaders, political leaders of the three main strongest countries, I would have to say, in Europe, almost plead with the Senate to support a treaty, which in their own countries, had gone through the process of ratification. But let us look at the remarks of Senator Helms in speaking, as he did, against this treaty, and he had five points against. The first one that confidence in the reliability of the stockpile would erode. The second that warheads, that sometime in the future, if they can't be designed because there's no, you can't redesign them because there's going to be no nuclear test program under a comprehensive treaty, would have to be at some level remanufactured, and he stated here that warheads could not be remanufactured to maintain already existing designs indefinitely in the stockpile. Third, no future designs can be added. Here he speaks in the fourth reason, I guess, to one of the other technical reasons for which nuclear testing has been used in the past, most nuclear weapons tests in the United States have been conducted by the Department of Energy. And it's pretty decisive, it's under the Atomic Energy Commission, for example. Under the very strongly held principle in this country that nuclear weapons remain under civilian control. But a small fraction of nuclear weapons tests have actually been conducted by the military, by the department defense under programs to learn what happens to military hardware in the environment of a nuclear explosion. And that is what this issue speaks to. That type of test of military hardware against the environment of a nuclear weapon could not be carried out under a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. And the fifth reason given by Senator Helms, is the verification law. Now, stand back from this, if these are the five reasons that were persuasive in getting that vote against the treaty, which of them are political, which ones are based on technical input, and to some level, they have the combination of both, I know. But actually, most of these are quite technical issues, and there had been no serious hearings on any of these issues before the Senate voting in full executive session, that's to say all a hundred senators as a committee of the whole, deciding this. Confidence in the reliability of the stockpile. Well, the three nuclear weapons labs directors, not only Los Alamos and Livermore, but I reminded you the third nuclear weapons lab is Sandia National Laboratory in Albuquerque, which actually is the principal engineering laboratory. Once the designs have been developed by Livermore and Los Alamos, they're essentially turned over to Sandia for engineering, and building the weapons that are eventually deployed in the stockpile. The three weapons lab directors testified that they could maintain confidence in the stockpile. And this is part of a separate set of decisions associated with a funding program known as the Stockpile Stewardship Program, under which it is agreed, and this program is now underway, that four and a half billion dollars a year for the next 10 years at least, are set aside for stockpile stewardship. That is to say, looking in detail at the many components of weapons that are in the stockpile, and by a variety of different procedures, maintaining confidence that the weapons in the stockpile will work. And the three weapons lab directors testified that they have every expectation that that stockpile stewardship program will succeed. On the questions of remanufacturing, again, that's really part of the first issue. Now the third issue, that's the central one for me. Because that's the point, is it not, of those who advocate this treaty? But to say that the treaty is deficient because it does not permit further designs, I think here, Senator Helms is exactly right. And goes deeply to the question of what nuclear weapons for, what have they been for in the past, and to the future, is there a need for maintaining the capability continually for new designs? So that's the central issue I think. In arms control, should we have it, or should we not have it? But to the extent that the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty is part of a package of international treaties, including the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and a series of initiatives to build down stockpile levels. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty is a very much a strongly desired objective. For example, by the 180 or so countries who signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty as non nuclear weapons states, did that, we reached that agreement with the expectation that the nuclear weapons powers would agree to be bound by a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and would stop vertical proliferation. So it is true that this is the reason in the eyes of Senator Helms against the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, But that is what the treaty is intended to achieve. On the question of hardening military software, well, there have been numerous Department of Defense military effects tests as they're called, in the past. The data from them is still available. And there are many other ways to subject military hardware to the hostile environments represented by nuclear explosions. I hardly would say that this is the first order issue. And this last issue, the verification issue, I think it's widely understood that the United States would not be bound by a treaty like the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to the extent that it could not be sure that all other signatories would be bound by that treaty. And so it's very important to build a system that monitors compliance, and this is largely a problem in seismology. So, let me talk about that, verification for awhile. And let me give you a bit of a context here that when the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty was so definitively voted down, President Clinton appointed a four-star, recently retired chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, four-star Army General, General John Shalikashvili, to do two things. To, first of all, visit all 100 senators in private, and to ask them what really were their concerns. Many have said that the vote in the Senate was, in fact, a second impeachment trial, that really it wasn't to do with U.S. foreign policy or matters of national security, but simply that in the deeply partisan hostilities of Washington in recent years, the Senate was not about to give President Clinton something that he so clearly wanted, which, as I said earlier, all American presidents going back to President Eisenhower had declared to be a national objective. They were not gonna give him that. Well, was it really that? And General Shalikashvili's assignment was to find out what were the other issues that bothered the United States Senators about this treaty. And the second was, to ask the general to see if agencies within the United States government could come up with programs to meet whatever concerns senators had. So that potentially, the treaty could be resubmitted at some future date, perhaps in a more supportive environment. So that work is ongoing. I am working on three different projects myself, with General Shalikashvili. He has asked the National Academy of Sciences to carry out a review. And I'm working on the verification panel, which I chair, that's writing that report for him. The Jasons, an organization of physicists, has conducted a number of reviews of this issue for the general. And then a number of federal agencies directly have got their own review programs about how to address the concerns of various senators. I will go on here to say that the work of monitoring this treaty is actually done in a number of different ways. National technical means is a jargon word, which means the work that intelligence agencies do. It's specifically the type of monitoring that the United States can do unilaterally, using satellites, using whatever connections it has with facilities in other countries. Not all of it secret, but much of it secret. The second level of monitoring is the work established by treaty language, which I'll be talking about shortly. There is a major new international monitoring system costing about $200 million a year to install, and about a hundred million dollars a year as an operating budget. That is the International Monitoring System headquartered in Indiana, that's now beginning operations. This treaty, as I've said earlier, has been signed by more than 150 countries. Most of those countries have now ratified the treaty. There are a number of significant hold outs. North Korea, and India, and Pakistan have not yet signed. The treaty is unusual in the conditions under which it can actually go into effect. It is required that all 44 countries specified in the treaty itself, which have operated nuclear power reactors, must sign and ratify this treaty before it can go into effect. Which means that any one of those 44 countries, and the list does include India, and Pakistan, and North Korea, in effect has a veto. Because until they all sign, this treaty can't go into effect. So I think the widely anticipated hope was, Russia and China and the United Kingdom, and France, the United States. In other words, the nuclear weapons powers would all sign and ratify, and then take the leadership role in persuading India and Pakistan not to get into that trap, which I reminded you has cost the United States $6 trillion of building up nuclear weapons over the years. But instead, take another path. And India and Pakistan, their leadership has repeatedly indicated that under the right circumstances, as long as they did it both together, they would sign this Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. So, with that bit of history, I also want to say that around the world, there are thousands of seismometers in operation by hundreds of institutions doing scientific research or monitoring earthquakes, which obtain data of great interest for treaty monitoring purposes as well. So to talk a little more about treaty monitoring, The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, that's its title, operates an international data center, and an international monitoring system, which actually acquires the data and sends it in to the data center, using these four technologies: radionuclides, seismology, acoustics, and infrasound. And, that work is associated with well the same, exactly the same information is in this graphic. What I simply want to show you is a map of the world with lots of color dots on it. This is where the $200 million to build that network is actually installed at 321 places around the world. And there's a network of seismometers that continuously record, and continuously send data by satellite to the data center in Vienna. There's another network of 120 stations continuously recording, but they only send data to Vienna for time intervals that are requested. There's a network of 60, essentially microphones, listening around the world to the infrasounds of an explosion in the atmosphere. Then there's networks in the ocean, and then a network of 80 stations around the world, far more sensitive than anything yet installed anywhere. Listening, listening's the wrong word, sensing the presence of the unique radionuclides, for example, xenons. Certain types of isotope of xenon that are diagnostic of a nuclear weapons test if they appear in certain proportions. And the kryptons, and iodines and so on. Large numbers of unstable isotopes that are generated by a nuclear weapons test that would provide in a sense a smoking gun in the presence of a nuclear weapons test one day. So this network has been gradually built up over a period of years. It's actually, the seismic part of it is largely operational. It has been for five years. And the chief problem with operating it is that it has to cope with about 50 earthquakes a day. Now they're recorded by the network because it's a sensitive network. But they have signal levels comparable to a small nuclear explosion, or a large nuclear explosion, and that somebody has to look at, and reach a determination: is that potentially a nuclear weapons test, or can we all go back to sleep again 'cause it's an earthquake? Well, the perspective here is, from the treaty monitoring network is indeed that one, that only the potential nuclear explosion signals are the really important ones. But I have already indicated to you that a third method of monitoring is to recognize the contribution that a far greater network than shown here can also contribute. There are thousands of seismometers, as I've already indicated to you, operated by people who are really interested earthquakes, and who, on an average of once a week for the last 40 years have been noticing nuclear explosions, and have developed their own facility both for detection and discrimination between those two different types of signal. So, it turns out that global networks of seismometers to study nuclear weapons explosions have received three times more money from the treaty monitoring side than the study of earthquakes. When people think of seismology, they think of earthquakes, but I'm saying that three times more money has actually been pumped into this science because of the national security need to monitor nuclear explosions. Well, I could tell you a great deal about the detection and location capabilities, and how to discriminate between earthquakes and explosions. That's been my professional life for the last 15 years. But I'd like to talk about some very specific events that have had an impact upon the Senate. For example, it's decision in 1999. So let me just go through a little more anecdotal half of one or two particular seismic events of interest. So, it turns out that in 1997, I'm showing you a map here of Novaya Zemlya, which is the island north of the Russian continent, which is the location in a blow-out view here of the nuclear weapons testing history of Russia in recent years. And in 1997, appeared an article in the Washington Times, stating that after having signed this Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996, Russia had carried out a nuclear weapons explosion. And the Clinton Administration knew about it, but were just too afraid to do anything. Well, it turns out, after extensive analysis, that what had happened was that the small earthquake had occurred at this location in August of 1997, and that the various agencies charged with monitoring for the United States had wrongly identified it. So here's the headline from the Washington Post a few months later, laying out in detail what apparently had happened. And indeed, after that seismic event in the Kara Sea, north of the Russian landmass, where that earthquake had occurred, it had apparently, if going to the newspapers here, been wrongly interpreted, and the president was promptly told unambiguously that Russia carried out a nuclear test. Well I had worked in great detail on that, and very quickly to me and many of my colleagues doing earthquake seismology, it was apparent that it was, indeed, an earthquake. It had a number of characteristics of an earthquake. It was in the oceans, not on land, it had an aftershock. It had a ratio between two different way of types that was characteristics of an earthquake rather than an explosion. And part of the problem here is, what is the quality of the work done, frankly, by those charged with national technical means methods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115269#t=0.0,2843.4"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Here a few minutes ago, it is going ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=5.35,8.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to our surprise, it is achieving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=8.46,11.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a detection capability and the ability to identify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=11.68,14.884"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discriminate evidence that is about five times better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=14.884,18.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than it was planned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=18.58,19.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was roughly planned to achieve the ability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=19.587,22.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to detect and identify data about one kiloton.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=22.9,26.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually it's doing the work down to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=28.06,30.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 100 tons in all areas of Eurasia and North Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=30.48,35.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is a very very pleasant surprise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=37.54,40.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But yet structurally you have to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=40.09,42.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that any verification system, is not going to be able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=44.233,49.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to monitor what is a zero yield treaty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=49.94,54.376"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The comprehensive test ban treaty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=54.376,55.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is just that, it is truly comprehensive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=55.64,58.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It bans nuclear test explosions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=58.21,60.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of any size all the way down to zero.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=60.11,63.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the fact of any practical verification system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=63.62,67.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being good or not, certainly in the legal sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=67.79,71.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to be recognized as not being capable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=71.65,74.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fully monitoring compliance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=74.75,77.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the way down for example, to some nuclear firecracker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=77.95,80.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a few grams of TNT equivalent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=80.68,82.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can't do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=82.65,83.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the word of interest here is effective verification.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=84.88,89.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can effective verification be achieved?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=89.53,94.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which can be defined in a number of ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=94.26,96.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, to say that a system is effective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=96.13,100.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the extent that it can quickly detect and identify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=100.01,105.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all nuclear explosions of militarily significant yield","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=105.7,110.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in time for the United States for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=112.5,116.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do something about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=116.12,117.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I think that the short answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=118.74,122.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to that is yes, we can do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=122.58,124.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=124.37,125.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is therefore greatly a concern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=125.647,127.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in the debate on the United States Senate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=127.17,131.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both Senator Helms and majority leader Senator Lott","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=131.8,135.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indicated in full testimony,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=136.91,139.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not testimony, excuse me in their speeches","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=139.42,141.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the Senate floor, that nuclear tests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=141.93,145.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the level of 70 kilotons, Senator Lott said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=145.49,150.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could be pared out and would be hidden","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=150.46,152.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the verification system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=152.85,154.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To me that is wrong by about three orders of magnitude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=155.15,159.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can go down to so much better levels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=159.65,162.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm baffled at several levels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=165.891,167.856"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obviously by the overall policy decisions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=167.856,169.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but very much by the fact that the political debate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=169.6,174.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not informed on technicalities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=174.22,176.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, the title of my talk this evening,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=178.33,182.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the comprehensive test ban treaty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=182.3,184.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's history, political status and future prospects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=184.87,189.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What happened here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=191.28,192.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what went wrong?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=193.16,194.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just about everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=194.43,196.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not only the debate in the Senate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=196.01,197.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps I should state more clearly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=197.45,199.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the material presented to the Senate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=200.79,204.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"via defense administration had almost no content.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=204.19,207.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Normally in this type of foreign policy issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=207.84,211.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of national security is through a series","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=211.39,214.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of documents that are generated by the administration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=214.61,217.296"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's trying to make its case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=217.296,218.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the administration trying to make the case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=218.73,221.612"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the North American Free Trade Agreements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=221.612,223.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or to make the case of a new change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=223.97,226.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in negotiating status for China, trade status","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=226.75,231.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is supported by a huge lobbying effort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=231.46,233.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=233.51,235.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They simply didn't do that for the comprehensive test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=235.14,238.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It simply wasn't done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=238.33,239.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what went wrong?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=240.52,241.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Almost everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=241.58,243.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Does this matter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=243.347,244.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, it matters to the extent that the nuclear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=244.77,249.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-proliferation regime might unravel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=249.34,253.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And only time will tell on that matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=255.49,259.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether it does or not, who knows?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=260.97,264.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I appreciate the chance this evening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=264.38,266.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to tell you a little about these issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=266.72,269.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I welcome any questions that any of you might have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=269.56,274.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on anything I've said so if you have questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=274.03,277.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd be happy to hear them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=277.447,279.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you for giving me this opportunity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=279.1,280.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to tell you about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=280.89,282.326"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=282.326,284.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Are there some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=286.996,289.006"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=289.006,289.839"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think when we detect the sizable explosion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=291.02,294.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's almost too late.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=294.59,295.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm interested in what indications along the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=297.163,299.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there might be that the people who would read,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=299.96,303.129"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be behaving, and this recent information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=303.129,306.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Wall Street Journal on a secret agreement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=306.32,309.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposedly that Gore had made with the Russians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=309.34,314.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to allow them to continue sending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=314.11,316.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowhow and material of a nuclear type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=316.81,320.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Iran for instance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=320.32,322.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Without revealing it to the commoners,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=322.36,325.158"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it scared me to death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=325.158,326.658"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The business of the Chinese,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=327.52,329.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they did or they didn't get spy secrets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=329.9,332.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that bothers me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=332.24,333.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes well let me say a little bit about those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=333.757,336.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all the treaty itself, you correctly point 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indications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=358.27,362.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of preparations to test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=362.99,365.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can look at the whole 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China,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=429.6,432.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the extent that China does not test","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=432.29,435.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from developing those 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lighter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=455.18,458.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and perhaps are easy to deliver.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=458.148,461.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To the extent that China is 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up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=497.61,499.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, you said that 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alternatives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=506.88,509.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you share with us a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=509.437,511.744"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what kind of fixes are needed on those 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start","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=521.69,524.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is declared to be of indefinite extent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=524.55,527.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some senators didn't like 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extent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=532.8,534.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had to be revised, it had to be looked at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=534.767,537.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and reviewed, excuse me, every five 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extent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=541.47,542.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the comprehensive test ban treaty was not like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=542.59,546.488"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's of 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agreements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=561.62,564.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transparency agreement perhaps with Russia and China.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=564.2,567.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So to the extent, for example, the United 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tests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=572.01,576.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's no nuclear energy involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=578.243,580.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the United States department of 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them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=585.82,588.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not quite to the point of criticality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=588.1,590.872"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to the extent that we can see any 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tests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=600.912,604.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that concerns senators.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=604.057,606.224"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The principle ones, were the ones on Senator Helms list,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=607.344,612.344"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that many senators don't believe the stockpile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=612.483,614.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be reliable without a test 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level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=627.689,630.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of detectability of the current verification system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=630.33,633.545"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So those are the primary technical 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barrage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=639.41,641.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of technical information to say that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=641.927,644.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes the stockpile is reliable without a test program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=644.48,648.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to support it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=648.3,649.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, the history of the United States stockpile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=649.57,652.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that it has never relied on the nuclear test program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=652.43,656.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to assure confidence in the reliability and safety","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=656.24,659.258"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the weapons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=659.258,661.166"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The verification system is, as I've used the term,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=661.166,664.249"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"orders of magnitude that were mischaracterized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=664.249,666.832"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the senate debate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=666.832,668.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And many nuclear weapons designers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=668.19,670.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are saying that you simply cannot build a viable weapon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=670.43,674.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless you test it at yields that have to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=674.317,677.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far above what is now known to be the detection level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=677.31,680.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the verification system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=680.6,682.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So on those three basic technical issues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=682.14,686.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the General is getting the message from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=686.18,688.551"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the senators that those were a concern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=688.551,690.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet they're under what might have emerged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=690.18,693.712"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in an extensive set of formal hearings before the senate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=693.712,697.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that those matters really are put to rest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=697.17,700.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e More questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=704.336,705.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But just to play devil's advocate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=707.889,711.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't the US drop a bomb that wasn't tested?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=711.377,716.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes, absolutely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=716.6,718.405"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Hiroshima bomb was a gun type device,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=718.405,723.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"firing two bits of uranium together to form a critical mass.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=723.25,726.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is understood that that 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it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=744.027,744.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never goes through a fission, it just flies apart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=744.97,748.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's the type of sophisticated 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months","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=796.32,798.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and months seems to me like a citizen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=798.56,801.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this country that I'm not getting my money's 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said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=807.95,810.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Hey we should be spending months on this\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=810.957,814.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and did not do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=814.09,815.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Am I being too critical of my politicians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=816.8,821.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=822.74,823.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=824.62,826.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What concerns me most is 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end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=832.56,835.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are gonna be opposed to the comprehensive test ban treaty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=835.48,837.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are going to be a number of 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control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=842.49,844.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what bothers me most is that a number of senators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=844.34,846.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the middle who I would say are the majority,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=846.72,849.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who in previous years have very clearly indicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=849.02,853.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their general support for this type of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=853.01,855.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work and nuclear control simply was swept away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=857.108,861.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the process that you have so characterized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=861.56,864.908"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I testified in the 1980s several times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=864.908,868.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the Senate foreign relations committee,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=868.28,870.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the Senate Armed Services,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=870.32,871.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the intelligence committees","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=871.55,873.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on previous arms control treaties,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=874.15,877.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specifically there was for time an important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=877.15,880.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"threshold test ban treaty, bilateral between Russia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=880.4,883.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Soviet Union and United 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tests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=887.99,890.208"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at that time Senator Lugar,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=890.208,891.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many of other senators were vigorously in support,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=893.79,896.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only of the treaty that at that time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=896.8,899.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Reagan administration was holding hostage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=899.34,903.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also spoke vigorously in favor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=903.2,905.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a comprehensive test ban treaty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=905.19,907.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very formally United States Senate in about 1994","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=907.63,910.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"voted to require the administration 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extension","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=927.75,930.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at about that time as part of an overall agreement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=930.18,933.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there would be a comprehensive test ban treaty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=933.62,936.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which bans the vertical proliferation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=936.38,938.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the nuclear weapon status.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=938.32,939.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of that is the history of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=939.3,942.148"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And have it ripped apart in three weeks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=942.148,944.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is certainly is, concerning me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=944.2,947.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Why is the administration not 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arsenals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=980.98,982.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We still have tremendous capacity to do harm to each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=982.85,987.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just not a matter of serious public 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House.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1000.43,1002.857"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e This phrases the next question in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1008.07,1010.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the candidates, either presidential","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1010.86,1013.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or vice presidential, expressed themselves on--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1013.227,1016.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes, yes, they have indeed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1016.07,1018.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So President Gore has spoken vigorously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1018.33,1020.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in support of this treaty and has declared intent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1020.36,1022.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at appropriate time in the future to resubmit it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1023.782,1025.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if he becomes our next president.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1025.49,1027.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Governor Bush has said that he is opposed to this treaty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1027.86,1032.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he supports a moratorium on nuclear 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France","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1051.06,1054.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and certainly the United Kingdom,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1054.65,1056.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went into a voluntary moratorium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1056.987,1059.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that, Governor Bush says he would continue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1059.12,1061.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there would be a question 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indefinitely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1084.06,1085.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But Governor Bush has said he does not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1087.17,1089.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not support the comprehensive test 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outside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1096.426,1099.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e If you're given a, some kind of assessment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1099.13,1100.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then what the future holds since there was failure to sign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1100.787,1104.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does this mean that we can expect some proliferation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1104.13,1107.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Iran or--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1107.283,1108.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, what lies ahead possibly has two components.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1108.46,1113.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is the fact that we don't have a treaty doesn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1113.447,1116.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remove the needs to build a very strong verification system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1116.67,1120.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because whether or not there's a treaty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1120.51,1121.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'd still like to know what China's up to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1121.74,1123.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or what Russia might be up to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1123.49,1124.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and North Korea and Iran and Iraq too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1124.78,1127.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that is going ahead anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1127.06,1129.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then the other side has to do with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1130.47,1132.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well if there is an indefinite moratorium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1132.4,1134.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over a period of years, and unless nuclear war","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1134.89,1137.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"breaks out in South Asia or something like that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1137.86,1139.995"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then all bets are off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1139.995,1141.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But our moratoriums have been in place for a number of years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1141.37,1145.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then conceptually it might appear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1146.68,1151.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a moratorium does not have some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1151.01,1153.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the advantages that a treaty has.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1153.28,1155.975"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The treat has the advantages,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1155.975,1157.434"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn't talk about them, but the whole concept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1157.434,1158.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of onsite inspection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1158.93,1160.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The idea that if some suspicious event happens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1160.05,1162.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the foreign territory, and by well-defined process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1162.27,1166.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries can demand to inspect that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1167.26,1171.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are a number of advantages that the treaty has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1172.61,1175.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over a moratorium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1175.45,1176.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And over a period of time they may become apparent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1176.347,1179.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if nuclear testing breaks out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1179.94,1181.694"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well oh well, then everything falls apart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1181.694,1185.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's thank our professors again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1186.808,1188.361"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=1188.361,1190.694"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26776/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/776/original/AV204744_The_Comprehensive_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty_b.vtt?1622064287","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/776/original/AV204744_The_Comprehensive_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty_b.vtt?1622064287"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26777","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204744_The_Comprehensive_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270/transcript/26777/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Here a few minutes ago, it is going ahead. And to our surprise, it is achieving a detection capability and the ability to identify discriminate evidence that is about five times better than it was planned. It was roughly planned to achieve the ability to detect and identify data about one kiloton. Actually it's doing the work down to about 100 tons in all areas of Eurasia and North Africa. Which is a very very pleasant surprise. But yet structurally you have to say that any verification system, is not going to be able to monitor what is a zero yield treaty. The comprehensive test ban treaty is just that, it is truly comprehensive. It bans nuclear test explosions of any size all the way down to zero. So the fact of any practical verification system being good or not, certainly in the legal sense has to be recognized as not being capable of fully monitoring compliance all the way down for example, to some nuclear firecracker of a few grams of TNT equivalent. You can't do that. So the word of interest here is effective verification. Can effective verification be achieved? Which can be defined in a number of ways. For example, to say that a system is effective to the extent that it can quickly detect and identify all nuclear explosions of militarily significant yield in time for the United States for example, to do something about that. Well, I think that the short answer to that is yes, we can do that. We can do that. There is therefore greatly a concern that in the debate on the United States Senate, both Senator Helms and majority leader Senator Lott indicated in full testimony, not testimony, excuse me in their speeches on the Senate floor, that nuclear tests of the level of 70 kilotons, Senator Lott said, could be pared out and would be hidden from the verification system. To me that is wrong by about three orders of magnitude. We can go down to so much better levels. I'm baffled at several levels, obviously by the overall policy decisions, but very much by the fact that the political debate it's not informed on technicalities. So, the title of my talk this evening, the comprehensive test ban treaty, it's history, political status and future prospects. What happened here? Well, what went wrong? Just about everything. Not only the debate in the Senate perhaps I should state more clearly, that the material presented to the Senate via defense administration had almost no content. Normally in this type of foreign policy issue of national security is through a series of documents that are generated by the administration that's trying to make its case. So the administration trying to make the case for the North American Free Trade Agreements, or to make the case of a new change in negotiating status for China, trade status is supported by a huge lobbying effort by the administration. They simply didn't do that for the comprehensive test. It simply wasn't done. So what went wrong? Almost everything. Does this matter? Well, it matters to the extent that the nuclear non-proliferation regime might unravel. And only time will tell on that matter. Whether it does or not, who knows? But I appreciate the chance this evening to tell you a little about these issues. And I welcome any questions that any of you might have on anything I've said so if you have questions, I'd be happy to hear them. Thank you for giving me this opportunity to tell you about it.\r\n\r\n- Are there some questions. Yes?\r\n\r\n- I think when we detect the sizable explosion it's almost too late. I'm interested in what indications along the way there might be that the people who would read, would be behaving, and this recent information in the Wall Street Journal on a secret agreement supposedly that Gore had made with the Russians to allow them to continue sending knowhow and material of a nuclear type to Iran for instance. Without revealing it to the commoners, I think it scared me to death. The business of the Chinese, if they did or they didn't get spy secrets, that bothers me.\r\n\r\n- Yes well let me say a little bit about those. First of all the treaty itself, you correctly point out, bans only nuclear testing in the International Monitoring System and address only that issue. Was or was there not a nuclear test? Now US national technical means can do far more than that and is working on that. US national technical means that's to say whether there was five satellites doing, can and I'm sure do look out for indications of preparations to test. They can look at the whole organization of Russia's special nuclear laboratories. A number of different ways in which that can be looked at. The question of spying by China has raised a whole multitude of questions. At some level, are there secrets at all? To the extent that China has by one method or another, acquired secrets, well, let us remind ourselves the United States has a budget of about $25 billion dollars for the black budget of our own intelligence efforts to learn what other countries are doing. Is this is a surprise to Washington that China might have an effort to learn what the United States is doing? To the extent that China has acquired, sophisticated nuclear weapons design information from the United States, then a nuclear test ban treaty prevents China, to the extent that China does not test from developing those designs.\r\n\r\n- But we have no assurance whatsoever, whether they're dispensing what they've learned do we?\r\n\r\n- Well, they can't build an employable weapon without a nuclear test program that incorporates, to some standard the designs that are associated with building weapons that are lighter and perhaps are easy to deliver. To the extent that China is bound by a comprehensive test ban treaty which China has signed and has declared an intent to ratify, China is prevented from that level of vertical proliferation to that level of, so the United States that is of concern is far ahead of any other country in the sophistication of its own nuclear weapons designs. And that is perhaps why it is so hard to give up that lead, but to have a comprehensive test ban treaty many will argue, does lock in place that lead to the extent that the comprehensive test ban regime holds up.\r\n\r\n- Yes, you said that General was talking alternatives. Can you share with us a little bit what kind of fixes are needed on those discussions?\r\n\r\n- Well, the senators are concerned about several issues in this treaty that were a surprise to them. It is a treaty that right from the start is declared to be of indefinite extent. And some senators didn't like that. The non-proliferation treaty was set up to be a treaty of 25 years extent. It had to be revised, it had to be looked at and reviewed, excuse me, every five years. And then eventually it did become of indefinite extent. But the comprehensive test ban treaty was not like that. That's of concern. The senators, some of them don't like the fact that there isn't a clear sense of what activities are not prohibited. So they would like some agreements, transparency agreement perhaps with Russia and China. So to the extent, for example, the United States is certainly carrying out on the vigorous and sophisticated program of subcritical nuclear tests. And there's no nuclear energy involved but the United States department of energy is taking chunks of plutonium and subjecting them to chemical explosions and compressing them but not quite to the point of criticality. And to the extent that we can see any indications of Russia doing that, exactly what are they doing? Well, maybe they are going beyond the point of criticality. And are executing very low yield tests. So that concerns senators. The principle ones, were the ones on Senator Helms list, that many senators don't believe the stockpile will be reliable without a test program. They don't believe the verification system will work and they believe that the country could execute some program of building a viable nuclear weapon with a test program below the level of detectability of the current verification system. So those are the primary technical issues. And I would have to say on those three technical issues, the General is being subjected to a whole barrage of technical information to say that, yes the stockpile is reliable without a test program to support it. In fact, the history of the United States stockpile is that it has never relied on the nuclear test program to assure confidence in the reliability and safety of the weapons. The verification system is, as I've used the term, orders of magnitude that were mischaracterized in the senate debate. And many nuclear weapons designers are saying that you simply cannot build a viable weapon unless you test it at yields that have to be far above what is now known to be the detection level of the verification system. So on those three basic technical issues, I think the General is getting the message from the senators that those were a concern. And yet they're under what might have emerged in an extensive set of formal hearings before the senate, that those matters really are put to rest.\r\n\r\n- More questions. But just to play devil's advocate, didn't the US drop a bomb that wasn't tested?\r\n\r\n- Oh yes, absolutely. The Hiroshima bomb was a gun type device, firing two bits of uranium together to form a critical mass. And it is understood that that type of what today would be called primitive nuclear weapon is not going to be tested. But it is also true to say that that is a type of design which is extremely expensive in terms of the amounts of highly enriched uranium that has to be used, because most of it never goes through a fission, it just flies apart. So it's the type of sophisticated weapon, certainly anything to do with anything to do is working towards a concept for primary and the secondary, the most sophisticated weapons that in many cases don't require so much uranium and plutonium as the Hiroshima design that are prevented from being developed by comprehensive test ban.\r\n\r\n- I'm trying to move, I'm trying to distill in my head what you said about the political process. And if I understood correctly the Senate spent about three weeks. And you indicated that it should have been months and months seems to me like a citizen of this country that I'm not getting my money's worth from the people that I've elected to the Senate who even if the president messed up, should've said, \"Hey we should be spending months on this\" and did not do it. Am I being too critical of my politicians?\r\n\r\n- No. I don't know. What concerns me most is that in matters of this type, there are certainly gonna be some senators who to the bitter end are gonna be opposed to the comprehensive test ban treaty. And there are going to be a number of senators in the other side, who have a great zeal for nuclear arms control. But what bothers me most is that a number of senators in the middle who I would say are the majority, who in previous years have very clearly indicated their general support for this type of work and nuclear control simply was swept away by the process that you have so characterized. So I testified in the 1980s several times for the Senate foreign relations committee, for the Senate Armed Services, for the intelligence committees on previous arms control treaties, specifically there was for time an important threshold test ban treaty, bilateral between Russia, and Soviet Union and United States. Putting in limits on the allowed size of underground nuclear tests. And at that time Senator Lugar, many of other senators were vigorously in support, not only of the treaty that at that time the Reagan administration was holding hostage but also spoke vigorously in favor of a comprehensive test ban treaty. Very formally United States Senate in about 1994 voted to require the administration to achieve a comprehensive test ban treaty by 1996. In the context of the Senate, giving it support to them if based on the nonproliferation treaty which became a treaty of indefinite extension at about that time as part of an overall agreement that there would be a comprehensive test ban treaty which bans the vertical proliferation of the nuclear weapon status. All of that is the history of this. And have it ripped apart in three weeks, is certainly is, concerning me.\r\n\r\n- Why is the administration not presenting any argument in depth?\r\n\r\n- I don't know I think the administration cares about some things. This is just not high on this agenda. I've been saying now that the general public is not interested in nuclear arms control races. I think with the end of the Cold War, newspapers are not writing about the fact that we still have huge arsenals. We still have tremendous capacity to do harm to each other. It's just not a matter of serious public interest. And that of course is what drives any administration especially leading up to presidential elections. So to the extent that it's not in the public eye if gets neglected in the White House.\r\n\r\n- This phrases the next question in terms of have the candidates, either presidential or vice presidential, expressed themselves on--\r\n\r\n- Oh yes, yes, they have indeed. So President Gore has spoken vigorously in support of this treaty and has declared intent at appropriate time in the future to resubmit it if he becomes our next president. Governor Bush has said that he is opposed to this treaty but he supports a moratorium on nuclear testing. So the last nuclear test by the United States was in 1982 and his father actually put in place the current moratorium by the United States on nuclear weapons testing. So the treaty was achieved in an environment in which Russia and China, and eventually France and certainly the United Kingdom, went into a voluntary moratorium. And that, Governor Bush says he would continue. So there would be a question about if there's a moratorium on nuclear testing, I suppose it gives one a greater flexibility to break out and resume testing at some time. But the Pentagon has declared no need for any new nuclear weapons designs. The weapons design labs, as I've indicated have declared that the present stockpile can be maintained indefinitely. But Governor Bush has said he does not not support the comprehensive test treaty.\r\n\r\n- One more question and then we can continue discussion with refreshments outside.\r\n\r\n- If you're given a, some kind of assessment then what the future holds since there was failure to sign does this mean that we can expect some proliferation from Iran or--\r\n\r\n- Well, what lies ahead possibly has two components. One is the fact that we don't have a treaty doesn't remove the needs to build a very strong verification system. Because whether or not there's a treaty, we'd still like to know what China's up to or what Russia might be up to, and North Korea and Iran and Iraq too. So that is going ahead anyway. Then the other side has to do with, well if there is an indefinite moratorium over a period of years, and unless nuclear war breaks out in South Asia or something like that, then all bets are off. But our moratoriums have been in place for a number of years then conceptually it might appear that a moratorium does not have some of the advantages that a treaty has. The treat has the advantages, I didn't talk about them, but the whole concept of onsite inspection. The idea that if some suspicious event happens on the foreign territory, and by well-defined process countries can demand to inspect that. So there are a number of advantages that the treaty has over a moratorium. And over a period of time they may become apparent. But if nuclear testing breaks out, well oh well, then everything falls apart.\r\n\r\n- Let's thank our professors again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42753/file/115270#t=0.0,1194.168"}]}]}]}