{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rr1pg1jb39/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Woodwell, G. M., The Warming Earth"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203876 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["The Warming Earth is a November 8, 1989 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring George M. Woodwell. George M. Woodwell discusses the evidence and impact of global warming.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Atchison","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=18.2,21.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be the speakers there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=21.67,23.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that will be in the Pioneer 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fire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=27.52,29.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that will be in the Pioneer Room also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=29.37,32.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then at 8:00 PM, there is another 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involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=77.81,79.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in various conservation organizations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=79.38,81.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was founder and is currently a vice 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member","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=97.77,100.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the board of trustees of the Environmental Defense Fund.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=100.81,104.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The list goes on and I could continue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=104.02,105.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you obviously didn't come here to hear me speak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=105.67,108.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so now I'd like you to join me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=108.31,110.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in welcoming Dr. George M Woodwell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=110.1,112.598"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students 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here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=123.54,125.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A particular pleasure to be invited by students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=127.68,132.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We judge students all the time and it's awfully good","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=133.3,136.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be judged by students as worthy of speaking to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=136.41,141.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm pleased to be 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are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=169.14,171.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're are political solutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=171.0,172.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they require the active interest of all of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=172.49,176.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, the earth is warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=177.7,180.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has been warming for the past many thousands of years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=180.98,185.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the retreat of the most recent glaciation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=185.55,190.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you all hear me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=190.16,191.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not sure whether I need this or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=191.3,193.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll stand here and we'll see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=193.93,195.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you can't...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=195.78,197.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The prospects are that the earth will warm considerably more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=202.368,205.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the next years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=205.31,207.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the factors that determine the temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=207.36,210.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the earth are many.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=210.09,211.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many of them are not under the control of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=212.94,216.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the one factor that I'm going to talk about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=217.27,220.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"namely the composition of the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=220.3,222.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with respect to certain heat-trapping gases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=222.68,226.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is under human control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=226.81,229.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's this change in the atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=229.25,233.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the accumulation of those gases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=233.01,235.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that threatens to warm the earth over the next decades","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=235.49,239.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and warm it substantially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=239.09,241.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far beyond any change in the climates of the earth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=241.47,245.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have occurred since humans evolved and certainly since","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=245.84,250.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our complicated civilization has existed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=251.43,254.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, we talk about all of this against the background","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=255.72,258.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which human populations have reached 5 billion people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=258.68,263.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that's just twice as many people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=265.58,268.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as were present in the early 1950s on the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=268.29,272.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That means that in the course of 35 years or so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=272.45,277.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have doubled the human population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=277.73,280.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in the course of the next 35 or 40 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=280.85,284.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have the potential for doubling it again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=284.28,287.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't really think that's likely to happen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=287.97,290.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a host of reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=290.27,292.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you may have observed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=292.6,294.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"governments are falling apart around the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=294.16,297.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the prospects of producing food enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=298.4,302.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to support 10 billion people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=302.34,305.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The prospects of climatic change themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=305.09,308.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will prove to the limiting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=308.29,311.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the productivity of agriculture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=311.6,313.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to the capacity of the earth for supporting people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=313.77,316.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are many 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billions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=319.78,321.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But those factors will have to come into play","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=321.82,323.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and will come into play in the next two or three decades","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=323.9,327.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the times of our lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=327.49,331.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what's the problem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=331.56,332.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem is the accumulation at the moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=332.71,335.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of so-called heat-trapping gases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=335.79,338.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=338.97,343.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and two or three other gasses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=345.71,348.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all produced in one way or another by human activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=348.01,352.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carbon dioxide and methane are by far the most 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equator.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=609.22,612.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe twice as great in those latitudes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=615.02,618.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the average warming of the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=618.57,621.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if the average warming of the earth by 2030 or 2050","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=621.29,626.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were three degrees centigrade,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=626.43,628.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there might be a six degree warming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=628.6,630.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this latitude and North of here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=630.56,633.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's a big change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=633.45,634.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is a really big change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=634.98,637.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the equivalent of say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=637.36,639.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something of the order of a half a degree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=639.9,642.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or degrees centigrade per decade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=642.35,645.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, some will point 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time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=651.853,654.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when it's colder anyway, than it is in the summer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=654.11,657.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so the average warming isn't quite what you 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summer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=668.11,671.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so this two times the average,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=671.74,675.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or maybe a little more than two times the average,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=675.67,678.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applies to the winter and not to the full year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=678.01,681.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the principle that the warming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=682.35,684.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will be greater in the high latitudes still holds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=684.01,686.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what's the effect of such a 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North","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=700.49,705.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find an average annual temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=705.86,709.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's one degree cooler.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=709.36,711.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the equivalent of a degree change in temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=712.06,715.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is 60 to 100 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border,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=729.07,731.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which might be familiar to you, that's the warmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=731.96,736.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and drier limit of the distribution of forest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=736.61,739.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the warmer and drier limit of the distribution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=740.787,743.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of forest could be expected to migrate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=743.45,745.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something of that order, 60 to 100 miles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=745.61,749.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the course of a decade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=749.15,751.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it isn't just one decade and one migration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=751.07,753.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's the next decade and the one after that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=753.89,756.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the one after that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=756.14,757.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we're moving from a period of substantial stability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=757.73,761.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of climates to a period of progressive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=761.49,765.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and continuous instability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=765.2,767.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the key.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=769.29,770.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fact that we're moving from an earth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=770.15,772.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has had climates that were reasonably stable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=772.84,777.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over many decades, centuries, even millennia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=778.04,781.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to an earth in which there is continuous warming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=781.52,785.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at very high rates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=785.25,787.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Continuous warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=787.81,789.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have to think about the implications of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=790.44,793.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it possible to adapt to continuous warming?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=793.06,797.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can we think of agricultures migrating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=797.96,802.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at 60 or 100 miles per decade as climates change?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=802.06,807.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Agriculture of course is particularly vulnerable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=809.72,812.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a year such as what we had in North America a year ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=812.54,817.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not this last summer, but the summer before that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=817.23,820.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a drought and extraordinarily hot weather.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=820.3,824.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And warming the earth increases the probability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=824.2,828.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we will have a high frequency of such circumstances.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=828.71,832.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you noticed then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=832.93,834.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were not particularly well-prepared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=834.14,837.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's pretty hard to become adapted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=837.12,839.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sudden changes like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=839.36,842.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That change of course occurred once","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=843.18,845.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it may not occur for several years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=846.828,849.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the circumstances, one in which the frequency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=849.5,853.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of such droughts will increase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=853.07,855.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do we know about what's happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=857.86,860.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what's likely to happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=860.84,862.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we know quite a few facts that are widely accepted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=862.92,867.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the scientific community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=867.35,869.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that the carbon dioxide concentration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=869.43,872.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has risen by roughly 25% in the past 100 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=872.47,875.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and nobody's arguing with that very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=875.52,878.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's argued with is the interpretation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=878.16,880.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what might happen and how serious it is and the timing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=880.55,884.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are interpretations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=884.49,886.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those were analysis based on in some cases, models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=886.31,890.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are simply tools and based on guesses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=890.43,895.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to how the world works.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=895.03,896.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No one will know for certain that the earth has warmed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=896.86,901.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or will warm until it has warmed as a result of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=901.96,906.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I started out by saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=906.08,909.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are other factors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=909.4,910.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that affect the temperature of the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=910.73,912.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fact is however, that we're changing one of the factors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=913.68,916.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that affects the temperature of the earth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=916.84,918.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and changing it in a very important way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=918.54,922.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as you'll see, I hope as a result","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=922.18,924.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what I'm going to say in the next few minutes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=924.26,928.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this series of changes is one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=928.19,930.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we approach with great danger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=930.92,935.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do we know for certain?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=937.26,939.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we think we know that the earth is warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=939.39,942.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the best sets of data has been accumulated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=942.42,946.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Dr. Hanson, Jim Hanson of Columbia University","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=946.64,951.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Goddard Institute of Space Studies in New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=953.307,956.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He went through with his colleagues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=956.82,959.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the data that exists on the temperature of the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=959.02,962.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he sorted through those data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=962.64,964.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to eliminate points that are questionable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=964.15,967.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These would be points of data taken in a place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=967.13,971.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where say a city has expanded around the sampling site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=971.79,976.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And cities, of course, accumulate heat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=976.88,979.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they dissipate energy from fossil fuels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=979.12,983.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the presence of a city or the new presence of a city","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=983.44,987.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around a measuring point is likely to produce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=987.11,991.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a discrepancy in the temperature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=991.49,993.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raise the temperature in that place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=993.7,996.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the data become unusable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=996.13,998.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so he threw out data that he thought were likely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=998.33,1001.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have become unusable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1001.58,1003.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when he did that, he produced this set of data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1004.691,1008.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we may be able to see from the slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1008.56,1012.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do I do? Push a button or something?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1012.32,1014.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I push a button, nothing happens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1014.62,1017.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let's see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1017.5,1018.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh, maybe it does.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1018.62,1019.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Go ahead and go forward.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1022.371,1023.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Go forward?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1023.4,1024.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.\nIs that forward?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1024.24,1025.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that's not forward.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1025.703,1027.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's why we're not going anywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1027.55,1029.835"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e One more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1029.835,1030.668"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e There you go.\nHow about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1030.668,1032.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1032.57,1033.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I needed a little toy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1033.52,1034.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've never very good at this technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1034.7,1037.505"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1037.505,1039.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Years across here from 1880 to well, into the 1980s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1039.67,1044.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually up to 1988.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1045.67,1047.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And temperature up here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1050.738,1052.738"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that line is the average temperature for all the data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1054.54,1057.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The upward trend is pretty conspicuous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1057.42,1059.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The important point here is that in the 1980s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1059.86,1063.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were five, probably six","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1063.52,1066.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the warmest years in 100 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1066.07,1069.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, one can look at those data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1069.53,1072.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and find 25 reasons for saying, I know damn good,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1072.29,1075.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and others look at the data and say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1075.81,1078.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, you know we can do a little statistical analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1078.01,1081.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this has been done and show that the probability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1081.5,1084.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of getting five or six of the warmest years in the century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1084.26,1089.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all within one decade is very, very low.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1090.02,1093.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there has to be some external influence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1093.92,1096.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beyond mere chance, the ordinary variability observed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1096.87,1100.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in data such as this that has caused that warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1100.91,1105.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The anomalies of course, are the fact that it warmed early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1105.03,1108.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then cooled in the 1940s up until 1968.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1108.36,1111.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's been a surge of warming since.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1112.52,1114.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no parallel change in the concentration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1114.49,1117.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1117.16,1119.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1120.843,1121.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what caused that cooling?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1121.76,1123.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's clear that the temperature of the earth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1123.7,1126.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not determined simply by the concentration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1126.07,1129.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1129.61,1131.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's only one of several factors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1132.52,1134.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And other factors may be dominant from time to time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1134.64,1137.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the climatologists tend to believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1138.9,1140.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I agree with them that the increase in these gases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1140.98,1144.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is probably going to be dominant over the next few decades.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1144.62,1148.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, so these data are Jim Hanson's.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1148.77,1152.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's another parallel set of data accumulated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1152.48,1154.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a group of scientists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1154.97,1156.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the University of East Anglia in Great Britain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1156.81,1160.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they show a similar set of results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1160.08,1163.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The conclusion that these two groups come to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1163.86,1166.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the earth has warmed by about a half a degree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1166.09,1168.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe seven tenths of a degree in the last century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1168.81,1171.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are indications that the earth is warmed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1173.95,1176.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As the climatologists analyze things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1176.95,1180.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they expect that there will be a change in the patterns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1180.86,1183.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of precipitation around the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1183.74,1186.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there appears to have been such a change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1186.06,1188.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consistent with the warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1188.46,1190.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More precipitation in the higher latitudes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1190.41,1193.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They expect that the temperatures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1194.2,1196.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the higher elevations of the earth, higher altitudes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1196.03,1198.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the atmosphere will drop as the earth warms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1198.98,1203.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that appears to be occurring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1204.44,1206.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One would expect that permafrost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1206.87,1209.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would retreat more rapidly as a result of the warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1209.21,1212.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Permafrost in the soils of the high Arctic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1212.87,1216.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1216.17,1217.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the frozen ground is rising apparently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1217.41,1220.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a result of the warming of the earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1220.99,1223.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are various other transitions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1223.32,1225.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so this is not simply a question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1225.94,1228.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of measuring temperature in one place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1228.52,1230.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a whole series of observations that are consistent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1230.92,1233.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the conclusion that the earth is warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1233.9,1238.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well now there is another set of data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1238.03,1240.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that everyone has to know about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1240.66,1242.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It really should be burned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1242.7,1243.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the minds of all citizens of the globe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1243.88,1247.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a set of data, famous set of data,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1247.95,1250.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure you've all seen them before,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1250.43,1252.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken at Mauna Loa in the Hawaiian islands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1253.72,1256.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at 10,000 feet of elevation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1256.8,1260.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A set of data taken by Charles David Keeling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1260.63,1263.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starting in 1958 and going through the present.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1263.48,1268.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The data are now being taken by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1268.41,1270.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1270.54,1273.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The data show the concentration of carbon dioxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1275.2,1278.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in parts per million up here, starting with 1958","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1278.7,1283.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the concentration was about 315 parts per million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1283.54,1287.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's now up to about 351 or 52.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1287.42,1291.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This graph goes only through 1984, 85.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1291.11,1294.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The upward trend is conspicuous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1295.52,1298.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rate of accumulation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1298.31,1300.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"annual accumulation through the most recent 15 years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1301.12,1305.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the upper part of that curve,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1305.36,1307.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about one and a half parts per million annually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1307.24,1312.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The annual accumulation is one and a half parts per million.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1312.22,1315.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are a couple of inflections,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1317.53,1319.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the causes of which are not really known.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1319.41,1321.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was an inflection 1973 and four right in here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1321.97,1325.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It turns out that there is another inflection at the moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1327.24,1330.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just what is happening is a little hard to say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1330.81,1334.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My guess is that there has been a change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1334.55,1336.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the rate of accumulation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1336.98,1339.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most recent data of the last two years suggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1339.18,1343.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the rate of accumulation has jumped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1343.32,1345.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from 1.5 parts per million to about 2.4 parts per million.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1345.91,1350.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a big jump, about a 60% increase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1351.89,1354.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the rate of accumulation as measured at Mauna Loa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1354.87,1357.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at the South pole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1357.87,1359.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is actually a whole series of these stations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1359.55,1362.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the Pacific now from point bowl in Alaska","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1362.01,1365.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the way to the South pole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1365.3,1366.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it looks as though we now have a surge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1368.7,1372.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe a temporary surge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1372.3,1373.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it could be a simple change in the rate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1373.85,1377.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at which that gas is accumulating in the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1377.53,1382.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well the second point is this oscillation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1382.06,1386.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The peaks in that oscillation all occur","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1386.21,1388.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the same time in the year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1388.67,1390.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always in the late summer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1390.86,1395.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in late September early October at the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1396.12,1399.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sorry, the minima occur in late September and early October.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1400.29,1404.847"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the peaks all occur in late winter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1404.847,1407.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in April or thereabouts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1407.6,1409.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's consistent year by year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1412.86,1415.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by year, by year, by year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1415.06,1417.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The amplitude here in Mauna Loa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1417.18,1418.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is about five parts per 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looks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1591.41,1593.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the residual in the atmosphere of the effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1593.78,1598.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of two processes: the curve of photosynthesis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1598.74,1602.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has its peak during summer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1602.73,1605.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and has almost no substance at all in 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year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1614.36,1617.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's high in summer and very low in winter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1617.41,1621.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the atmosphere mixes the products of these two curves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1621.9,1626.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and gives us a residual that looks like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1626.15,1629.576"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I could prove that in detail,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1629.576,1631.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, I have proven it in scientific papers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1631.02,1634.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've done research on forests measuring their metabolism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1635.6,1638.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout the course of the year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1638.97,1640.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and showing that that is true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1640.67,1642.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that this curve in fact is indeed the integral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1642.0,1646.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of two curves, respiration and photosynthesis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1646.7,1650.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carried out by forests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1650.58,1652.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's a very important 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composition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1659.29,1662.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the atmosphere in a short time, look what forest can do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1662.51,1667.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can pull it down by several percentage points","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1667.64,1670.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the course of one season.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1670.56,1672.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then in the course of that same season,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1673.09,1675.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"push it back up again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1675.93,1677.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as respiration releases additional carbon dioxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1677.08,1680.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1680.01,1681.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if we're looking for factors that affect the composition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1681.49,1685.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the atmosphere in the short term, look to forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1685.02,1688.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they're affecting it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1688.05,1689.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a short term of weeks annually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1689.82,1693.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This curve exists at point bowl","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1693.34,1697.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the amplitude is in five parts per million.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1697.61,1700.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's way up at 15 parts per million.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1700.56,1704.258"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a set of data I took years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1704.258,1706.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with colleagues at Brookhaven National Laboratory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1706.09,1709.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was 18 parts per million in the middle of Long Island,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1709.03,1712.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"downwind from the Eastern deciduous forest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1712.9,1715.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the Southern hemisphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1716.67,1718.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the amplitude is very much reduced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1718.76,1721.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's just a couple of parts per million.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1721.1,1723.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the periodicity is shifted to conform","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1723.82,1728.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the Southern hemisphere seasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1728.18,1730.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the amplitude is reduced simply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1730.98,1732.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there are simply not very many forests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1732.9,1736.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Southern hemisphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1737.0,1738.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There isn't that much land available.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1738.37,1740.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's reversed of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1742.33,1743.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to conform with the Southern hemisphere seasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1743.78,1746.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that's the way things work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1746.14,1748.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, now let me talk just a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1750.01,1752.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the stocks of carbon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1752.78,1754.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The size of the pools of carbon that are in exchange here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1754.91,1758.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is very important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1759.45,1760.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the problem is complicated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1760.89,1764.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The atmosphere is in interaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1764.89,1767.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the oceans, with plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1767.44,1770.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then of course we have people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1770.48,1772.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pumping fossil fuels out of the ground,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1772.34,1774.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or digging them out of the ground,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1774.43,1776.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burning them and dumping carbon into the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1776.19,1779.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All these three processes affect the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1779.27,1783.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way up there at the top,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1783.05,1784.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which contains about 750 billion tons of carbon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1784.75,1789.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of it is carbon dioxide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1790.37,1792.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the atmosphere is in a two-way exchange with the oceans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1793.5,1797.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses annually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1799.44,1803.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the oceans and back out of the oceans at some rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1803.51,1808.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we're talking only about the stocks of carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1808.03,1810.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the moment, 750 billion tons in the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1810.57,1814.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and something of the same order, maybe 600 billion tons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1814.29,1817.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the upper mixed layer of the 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activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1885.92,1888.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rate of diffusion of tritium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1888.62,1891.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and various other substances into the oceans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1891.12,1893.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the oceans are really not absorbing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1893.87,1896.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of carbon very rapidly out of the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1896.81,1900.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the oceanographers as a result of that have said that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1900.81,1904.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Terrestrial ecosystems, forest, have to be expanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1904.317,1909.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and absorbing carbon out of the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1909.43,1911.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it isn't going into the oceans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1911.53,1913.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can't account for it.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1913.56,1915.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, terrestrial ecologists have looked at that problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1915.73,1920.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and said, \"Well, forests are not expanding globally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1920.03,1924.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though they contain a large stock of carbon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1924.47,1928.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe 2,000 billion tons of carbon in forests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1928.39,1932.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the soils associated with them over here.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1932.52,1935.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before I go on in that thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1936.53,1938.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me point out that we have over here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1938.09,1941.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fossil fuel stocks, which are also large,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1941.31,1944.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe 10,000 billion tons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1944.07,1946.832"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't really matter but they're big.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1946.832,1949.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's a one-way flow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1949.02,1951.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We mine that, burn it, put it in the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1951.19,1954.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as carbon dioxide and methane, probably a few other gases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1954.7,1958.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are the stocks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1961.5,1963.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The oceanographers have argued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1964.29,1966.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this stock over here has to be expanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1966.01,1968.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there is no 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say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1974.03,1976.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forests expanding globally?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1977.87,1980.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Highly unlikely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1980.64,1982.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deforestation has followed the progress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1982.57,1985.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of civilization for all of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1985.17,1987.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's higher now than it's ever been.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1987.57,1990.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's higher especially in the tropics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1990.05,1992.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's occurring throughout the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1992.03,1994.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Forests are being demolished and by various ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1994.42,1998.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not simply by active mechanical effortS of deforestation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=1998.52,2002.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also by the suffocation of the atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2002.95,2006.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the spread of acid rain around the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2006.01,2008.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the accumulated toxic effects of human activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2008.64,2012.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's unlikely that forests are expanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2012.52,2014.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're standing trap of carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2014.89,2017.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or expanding an area anywhere in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2017.03,2020.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you oceanographers must be all balled up here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2022.19,2024.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and overlooking something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2024.9,2026.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's going into the oceans, for sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2026.4,2028.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, there you have the rub.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2028.88,2031.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that the CO2 concentration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2031.14,2033.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the atmosphere is rising","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2033.16,2035.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we don't really have the answers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2035.0,2037.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to why it's rising or just what the mechanics are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2037.05,2040.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now let's talk about the flows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2041.24,2043.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are the stocks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2043.93,2045.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanna talk about the rates of exchange","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2045.5,2047.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the atmosphere and these stocks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2047.84,2051.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we look at this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2051.06,2052.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we get a little idea as to what they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2052.83,2055.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First the fossil fuels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2055.32,2057.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're burning a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2057.09,2058.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe 5 to 6 billion tons of carbon released","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2058.65,2062.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by burning fossil fuels annually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2062.08,2063.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the oceans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2065.39,2066.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That two-way exchange is of the order of 100 billion tons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2066.71,2071.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of carbon annually, going in each direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2071.79,2075.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now those two flows are not perfectly balanced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2075.65,2079.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they may be 150 billion tons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2079.07,2082.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But probably not 200 billion tons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2082.27,2084.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But you have an idea of the magnitude of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2084.92,2088.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is certainly more carbon going into the oceans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2088.86,2091.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the net than is coming out of the oceans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2091.9,2094.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this graph is wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2094.94,2097.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But nonetheless, something of the order","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2097.03,2100.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a seventh or an eighth of the atmospheric burden","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2100.11,2104.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of carbon dioxide is being exchanged annually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2104.49,2107.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the oceans and that's big stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2107.27,2109.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Same thing is happening on land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2110.27,2112.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"100 billion ton flow through photosynthesis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2112.83,2115.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and another 100 billion ton flow through respiration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2115.83,2119.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we change one of those rates,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2119.22,2121.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we change the rate of accumulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2121.64,2123.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere significantly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2123.66,2127.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we were to increase respiration by say 10%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2127.38,2131.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without effecting photosynthesis very much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2131.98,2134.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just think what that means on a global basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2137.47,2139.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's 10 billion tons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2139.68,2141.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How much carbon is accumulating in the atmosphere annually?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2141.79,2145.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that one and a half billion tons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2145.79,2147.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I talked about from the Mauna Loa curve,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2147.93,2150.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it translates into about...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2150.94,2152.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That one and a half parts per million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2152.95,2154.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"translates into about 3 billion tons of carbon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2154.54,2159.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the rate of accumulation is now five,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2159.1,2162.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2.4 parts per million, it's about 5 billion tons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2164.343,2168.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of carbon per year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2168.94,2170.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So those are the numbers we're talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2170.84,2173.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we were to warm the earth by one degree centigrade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2173.47,2176.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and increase the rates of respiration by say 10%,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2176.93,2180.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a very modest increase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2180.82,2182.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a one degree increase in temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2182.67,2185.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it worked to apply to all the respiration on earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2185.46,2189.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That would be something of the order of 10 billion tons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2189.15,2192.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of additional carbon dumped into the 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latitudes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2202.62,2203.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Northern hemisphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2203.82,2205.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can find about 30% of the total respiration of the 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atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2213.11,2218.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through respiration and photosynthesis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2219.02,2221.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If that 30 billion tons is increased by 10%,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2221.97,2225.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is an additional 3 billion tons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2225.7,2228.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in the calculus that we're dealing with here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2228.88,2231.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where 5.6 or 6 billion tons comes from fossil fuels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2231.54,2235.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some increment from deforestation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2237.24,2240.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an additional 3 billion tons from stimulation of respiration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2240.48,2245.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in excessive photosynthesis is really significant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2245.65,2249.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we're talking about another large source of carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2249.72,2254.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from biotic pools as a result of the warming itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2254.5,2259.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here's a case where the warming produces","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2259.4,2263.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2263.55,2266.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably methane as well because methane is another product","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2266.67,2270.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of respiration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2270.917,2272.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two effects that stimulate further warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2274.1,2278.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the warming produces an acceleration of the warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2278.81,2282.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a positive feedback system involving biotic systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2282.1,2287.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there is enough carbon involved in the pools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2287.62,2290.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be quite significant in speeding the rate of warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2290.77,2295.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, this calculation, this analysis is not a part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2296.2,2300.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the projections that the climatologists have made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2300.07,2303.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in coming to the conclusion that the warming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2303.73,2305.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might be of the order of one and a half to five parts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2305.94,2309.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five degrees centigrade for a doubling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2309.21,2312.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2312.86,2316.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This pushes the rate of accumulation of heat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2316.3,2320.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on earth up, not down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2320.4,2323.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that tends to make us think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2323.64,2325.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the warming is likely to be in the upper end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2325.84,2328.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that range, rather than the lower end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2328.86,2332.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what are the data to show this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2332.46,2335.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do we have any evidence that this is likely to be true?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2335.77,2339.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we have first,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2339.52,2340.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possibility of going back to primary data,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2342.94,2345.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arguing from primary data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2345.51,2347.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I have been arguing in the last few minutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2347.22,2350.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we do know something about the metabolism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2350.61,2352.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of forests and there's a limited body","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2352.83,2357.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of experience dealing with that subject.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2357.34,2360.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I've tried to summarize it for you very hastily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2360.5,2364.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Second, we have the possibility of looking back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2365.98,2370.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the glacial period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2371.58,2374.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that possibility is a new possibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2374.4,2377.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It exists only because some very clever scientists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2377.36,2380.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have figured out a way of determining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2380.47,2382.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the carbon dioxide concentration of gases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2382.67,2385.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trapped in small bubbles in glacial ice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2387.02,2391.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now they've also figured out ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2391.57,2393.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of getting the age of the glacial ice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2393.23,2397.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The age is determined using 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better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2598.37,2602.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the past century as a result of a 25% increase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2602.12,2606.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2606.15,2609.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Trees and nature do not show that. They show the opposite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2609.24,2612.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They show that over the past century or so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2612.62,2615.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rates of diameter growth in trees around the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2615.68,2618.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and many places around the world at least, have declined.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2618.83,2622.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it can't make the case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2622.93,2624.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that carbon is being stored in plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2624.58,2628.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in addition to what was stored previously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2628.38,2630.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a result of this change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2630.75,2632.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the composition of the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2632.09,2634.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Quite the opposite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2634.28,2635.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It looks as though whatever factors dominate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2635.39,2639.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in determining the temperature of the earth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2639.75,2642.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a positive feedback involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2642.22,2645.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the biotic feedbacks have the potential","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2645.18,2647.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for being quite significant in this context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2647.82,2651.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, the third point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2652.44,2654.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The third point is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2654.53,2655.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if those things I've been saying are true,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2655.73,2659.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the warming of the earth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2659.04,2660.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"produces additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2660.47,2664.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially when the warming is rapid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2664.07,2666.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why then we ought to see additional carbon dioxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2666.49,2669.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accumulating in the atmosphere?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2669.3,2671.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I did suggest a few moments ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2671.35,2674.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the rate of accumulation of carbon dioxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2674.26,2677.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as measured at Mauna Loa has increased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2677.1,2679.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That we are now seeing an increase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2679.85,2682.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 2.4 or so parts per million annually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2682.08,2685.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"equivalent to about 5 billion tons of additional carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2685.27,2689.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accumulating in the atmosphere every year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2689.26,2692.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's coming from the Northern hemisphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2693.59,2696.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it appears to be of biotic origin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2696.7,2700.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to Dave Keeling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2700.51,2701.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's been keeping track of this surge in the release.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2701.85,2706.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, all of these factors together lead me to believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2706.0,2709.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're seeing a surge in the rate of accumulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2709.32,2712.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that it is indeed due to the set of processes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2712.84,2716.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've been outlining.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2716.53,2718.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, all scientists do not agree with this analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2718.4,2723.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The meteorologists and the oceanographers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2723.22,2725.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will point out that there are many other factors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2725.33,2728.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The oceanographers are scrambling to explain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2728.09,2731.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this set of data on the basis of changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2731.24,2734.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the circulation of the oceans and changes in the rates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2734.61,2738.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and character of the exchanges of gases with the oceans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2738.05,2742.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So far they have no consistent story that explains it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2743.55,2748.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are big changes, I must say, in temperature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2749.49,2752.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and substantial changes in the carbon dioxide concentration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2752.8,2756.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand, if we were to add to this graph,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2756.77,2760.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the change in carbon dioxide concentration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2760.54,2764.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the past century, it would push that upper curve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2764.17,2767.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from 280 of way up there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2767.9,2770.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this curve way over here on the right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2770.67,2773.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Looks like I can't quite reach it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2773.04,2773.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's that line continued way up off the graph,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2773.873,2778.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way up to 350 parts per million.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2778.03,2780.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which means that the temperature of the earth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2780.77,2783.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is way behind what it has been in the past","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2783.68,2788.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if these two factors are correlated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2788.32,2791.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and are to be correlated in the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2791.52,2793.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we can expect a substantial additional warming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2793.93,2797.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, what does that all mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2797.31,2798.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I must say that in a world of 5 billion people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2800.07,2804.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it means big changes in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2804.29,2806.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's one other source of carbon dioxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2808.33,2810.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I haven't dwelled on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2810.33,2811.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is the destruction of forests globally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2811.29,2815.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did point out that destroying forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2815.06,2817.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"produces carbon dioxide but deforestation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2817.69,2820.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially in the tropics is currently producing something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2820.74,2824.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the order of 1.5 to 3 billion tons of carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2824.3,2829.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in addition to these other sources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2830.5,2832.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've been mentioning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2832.75,2834.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Deforestation produces carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2834.43,2836.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by simply stimulating both decay,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2836.41,2840.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the respiration of decay and the burning of organic matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2840.9,2845.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many of the forests in the Amazon basin for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2845.06,2848.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are simply cut and burned in a dry period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2848.06,2851.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that dumps additional carbon into the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2851.65,2854.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have these sources of carbon for the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2855.46,2858.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have the fossil fuel source, maybe 5.6 billion tons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2858.93,2863.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have a deforestation source,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2863.06,2865.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is probably right now, 3 billion tons annually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2865.9,2870.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's estimated to have been about 1.5 billion tons in 1980,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2871.56,2875.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the evidence is that the rate of deforestation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2875.97,2878.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has surged in the past decade, probably doubled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2878.92,2882.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so 3 billion tons is a good estimate for the moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2882.32,2885.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we have an additional increment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2885.68,2888.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"due to the warming of the earth itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2888.26,2891.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an increment of unknown magnitude","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2891.17,2893.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it could be several billion tons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2893.19,2895.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that the rate of accumulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2895.78,2898.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the atmosphere has been 3 billion tons annually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2898.25,2902.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and may have now jumped permanently to 5 billion tons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2902.76,2907.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The difference between the 3 or 5 billion tons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2907.2,2910.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accumulating in the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2910.75,2912.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the 6,7,8 or 9 billion tons being released","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2912.98,2917.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the atmosphere and we don't really know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2918.01,2919.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how big that number is, must be being absorbed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2919.95,2924.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the oceans by my calculus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2925.46,2927.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I can't find it on the land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2927.92,2930.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I happen to think that I know more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2930.35,2931.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the land and I know about the ocean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2931.9,2933.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I'm certain that the oceanographers are all balled up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2933.99,2937.526"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2937.526,2940.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the oceanographers who are very good scientists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2940.09,2944.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must say, and have lots of good data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2944.56,2946.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the big oceanic gyres","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2946.42,2948.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"insist that they believe that the oceans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2949.47,2953.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cannot be taking it up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2953.51,2954.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so it must be coming up on the land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2954.72,2956.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There'll be a paper published in science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2956.66,2958.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very soon pointing to this argument.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2959.945,2963.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm sure that you'll hear much about it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2963.61,2965.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the next years, next weeks to years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2965.82,2968.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the scientific community addresses it more intensively.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2968.96,2973.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if you were to ask now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2973.18,2974.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well what should we do if we want to stabilize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2974.97,2978.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the temperature of the earth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2978.53,2981.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We aren't gonna live indefinitely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2981.36,2983.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on an earth that continues to warm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=2983.69,2986.08"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25987/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/987/original/AV203876_The_Warming_Earth_a.vtt?1620667467","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/987/original/AV203876_The_Warming_Earth_a.vtt?1620667467"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25988","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203876_The_Warming_Earth_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706/transcript/25988/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Les Dani Institute on World Affairs. Before I begin, I'd like to preview some of tomorrow's events. At 12 noon, there will be a panel discussion. It's titled ISU's role in the global environment. David Glenn Lewin, Eugene Takle and Gary Atchison will be the speakers there. And that will be in the Pioneer Room. At 3:00 PM, there will be a film. It's titled environment under fire and that will be in the Pioneer Room also. And then at 8:00 PM, there is another panel. It's title is, the impact of agricultural technology on the environment. The speakers will be James Baker, Bill Crumpton and John Malinowski. That will be here in the Sun Room. The speaker tonight is Dr. George M. Woodwell. He received his PhD from Duke University in 1958. He taught at the University of Maine until joining the staff at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1961. In 1975, he founded and became director of the Ecosystem Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 10 years later, he moved to found the Woods Hole Research Center, where he's currently a director. Dr. Woodwell has also been involved in various conservation organizations. He was founder and is currently a vice president of the board of the Natural Resources Defense Council. He was a board member and chairman of the board of directors of the World Wildlife Fund from 1980 to 1984. He was a founder and remains as a member of the board of trustees of the Environmental Defense Fund. The list goes on and I could continue, but you obviously didn't come here to hear me speak. And so now I'd like you to join me in welcoming Dr. George M Woodwell.\r\n\r\n- Well, thank you very much. It's a special pleasure to be here. A particular pleasure to be invited by students. We judge students all the time and it's awfully good to be judged by students as worthy of speaking to you. So I'm pleased to be here. I'm going to talk about the warming of the earth. I talk about it through the eyes of a biologist because I am a biologist. I'm going to present it as a serious problem about which we know a lot and yet about which there are many questions. And I'll go on to suggest what the solutions to the problem are. They're are political solutions and they require the active interest of all of us. First, the earth is warming. It has been warming for the past many thousands of years during the retreat of the most recent glaciation. Can you all hear me? I'm not sure whether I need this or not. I'll stand here and we'll see. If you can't... The prospects are that the earth will warm considerably more over the next years. Now, the factors that determine the temperature of the earth are many. Many of them are not under the control of people but the one factor that I'm going to talk about, namely the composition of the atmosphere with respect to certain heat-trapping gases is under human control. And it's this change in the atmosphere, the accumulation of those gases that threatens to warm the earth over the next decades and warm it substantially, far beyond any change in the climates of the earth that have occurred since humans evolved and certainly since our complicated civilization has existed. Now, we talk about all of this against the background in which human populations have reached 5 billion people. At that's just twice as many people as were present in the early 1950s on the earth. That means that in the course of 35 years or so, we have doubled the human population. And in the course of the next 35 or 40 years, we have the potential for doubling it again. I don't really think that's likely to happen for a host of reasons. As you may have observed, governments are falling apart around the world, the prospects of producing food enough to support 10 billion people. The prospects of climatic change themselves will prove to the limiting to the productivity of agriculture and to the capacity of the earth for supporting people. So there are many factors that may limit the human population before it reaches 10 billions. But those factors will have to come into play and will come into play in the next two or three decades in the times of our lives. Well, what's the problem? The problem is the accumulation at the moment of so-called heat-trapping gases. These are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and two or three other gasses, all produced in one way or another by human activities. Carbon dioxide and methane are by far the most important. They account for well over 50% of the potential warming that is estimated as being possible by the climatologists who make such estimations. The concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere is very low. Carbon dioxide is present at way under 1% of the atmosphere by volume, about 300s of 1%. The fact that its concentration is low means that adding just a small additional amount to the atmosphere can raise the fractional amount in the atmosphere significantly. Over the course of the past century, we have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide by about 25%. A little more than that. We've roughly doubled the concentration of methane. The chlorofluorocarbons, which you've read about as being responsible for the destruction of ozone in the high atmosphere are completely artificially produced. They don't exist in nature without human activities. And so their concentrations have risen infinitely by this calculus. The rate of accumulation of carbon dioxide is significant. Carbon dioxide and these other gases I'm mentioning are heat-trapping in the sense that they absorb radiant heat from whatever source. The major source is the sun. Radiant heat of course is also produced by the earth. So wherever it comes from, it's absorbed by these gases. And what that means is that the atmosphere then comes to a new equilibrium between the inputs, largely from the sun, and the outputs, re-radiation back into space. And that new equilibrium is at a higher temperature because there's more of this heat-trapping gas present. Well, for the equivalent of a doubling of the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, a doubling above what was present in the middle of the last century by the climatologists and others who make such calculations estimate that the earth will warm by something of the order of one and a half degrees centigrade to perhaps as much as five and a half degrees centigrade. That's a big change. That would occur sometime in the period of 2030 to 2050. At least that's when the doubling, the equivalent of a doubling of the amount of carbon dioxide will occur if current trends continue. And we'd expect that the earth would warm that much not long after that. Well, averages of course, those are averages, we might say an average of three degrees as a guess; it's a guess, are always made up of extremes. And in this case, the extremes are that in the tropics, there'll be little change. A lot of water available in the tropics and as water is evaporated, it absorbs energy. That energy then is transported into the atmosphere as water vapor, that water vapor is carried by the atmosphere toward the higher latitudes in both hemispheres. As it condenses, the energy is released and precipitation falls. That means that in the middle and high latitudes there is a considerable dissipation of energy that's absorbed elsewhere, in addition to the additional energy that's absorbed by the atmosphere in those latitudes. So the warming is greater in the middle and high latitudes even greater in the high latitudes than at the equator. Maybe twice as great in those latitudes as the average warming of the earth. So if the average warming of the earth by 2030 or 2050 were three degrees centigrade, there might be a six degree warming in this latitude and North of here. And that's a big change. That is a really big change. That's the equivalent of say, something of the order of a half a degree or degrees centigrade per decade. Well, some will point out that that's not quite right, Woodwell. The warming is greater in the winter time when it's colder anyway, than it is in the summer and so the average warming isn't quite what you said and that's correct. It is true that the warming will be greater in the winter time than in the summer, but there will be a substantial warming in the summer. And so this two times the average, or maybe a little more than two times the average, applies to the winter and not to the full year. But the principle that the warming will be greater in the high latitudes still holds. Well, what's the effect of such a warming? At present and the present world in this latitude, we'd go something of the order of 60 to 100 miles North to find an average annual temperature that's one degree cooler. So the equivalent of a degree change in temperature is 60 to 100 miles. Well, that's a big change. That means that if we're thinking about the distribution of a plant, trees say, at the Prairie Forest border, which might be familiar to you, that's the warmer and drier limit of the distribution of forest. And the warmer and drier limit of the distribution of forest could be expected to migrate something of that order, 60 to 100 miles in the course of a decade. But it isn't just one decade and one migration, it's the next decade and the one after that and the one after that. So we're moving from a period of substantial stability of climates to a period of progressive and continuous instability. That's the key. The fact that we're moving from an earth that has had climates that were reasonably stable over many decades, centuries, even millennia, to an earth in which there is continuous warming at very high rates. Continuous warming. You have to think about the implications of that. Is it possible to adapt to continuous warming? Can we think of agricultures migrating at 60 or 100 miles per decade as climates change? Agriculture of course is particularly vulnerable to a year such as what we had in North America a year ago. Not this last summer, but the summer before that. We had a drought and extraordinarily hot weather. And warming the earth increases the probability that we will have a high frequency of such circumstances. And as you noticed then, we were not particularly well-prepared. It's pretty hard to become adapted to sudden changes like that. That change of course occurred once and it may not occur for several years. But the circumstances, one in which the frequency of such droughts will increase. What do we know about what's happened and what's likely to happen? Well, we know quite a few facts that are widely accepted by the scientific community. We know that the carbon dioxide concentration has risen by roughly 25% in the past 100 years and nobody's arguing with that very much. What's argued with is the interpretation of what might happen and how serious it is and the timing. Those are interpretations. Those were analysis based on in some cases, models which are simply tools and based on guesses as to how the world works. No one will know for certain that the earth has warmed or will warm until it has warmed as a result of this. And as I started out by saying, there are other factors that affect the temperature of the earth. The fact is however, that we're changing one of the factors that affects the temperature of the earth and changing it in a very important way. And as you'll see, I hope as a result of what I'm going to say in the next few minutes, this series of changes is one that we approach with great danger. What do we know for certain? Well, we think we know that the earth is warming. One of the best sets of data has been accumulated by Dr. Hanson, Jim Hanson of Columbia University and the Goddard Institute of Space Studies in New York. He went through with his colleagues, all the data that exists on the temperature of the earth. And he sorted through those data to eliminate points that are questionable. These would be points of data taken in a place where say a city has expanded around the sampling site. And cities, of course, accumulate heat, they dissipate energy from fossil fuels and the presence of a city or the new presence of a city around a measuring point is likely to produce a discrepancy in the temperature, raise the temperature in that place. And so the data become unusable. And so he threw out data that he thought were likely to have become unusable. And when he did that, he produced this set of data which we may be able to see from the slide. What do I do? Push a button or something? I push a button, nothing happens. Well, let's see. Oh, maybe it does.\r\n\r\n- Go ahead and go forward.\r\n\r\n- Go forward?\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Is that forward?\r\n\r\n- No, that's not forward.\r\n\r\n- That's why we're not going anywhere.\r\n\r\n- One more.\r\n\r\n- There you go.\r\n\r\n- How about that? Thank you. I needed a little toy. I've never very good at this technology. Years across here from 1880 to well, into the 1980s, actually up to 1988. And temperature up here, that line is the average temperature for all the data. The upward trend is pretty conspicuous. The important point here is that in the 1980s, there were five, probably six of the warmest years in 100 years. Now, one can look at those data and find 25 reasons for saying, I know damn good, and others look at the data and say, well, you know we can do a little statistical analysis, this has been done and show that the probability of getting five or six of the warmest years in the century all within one decade is very, very low. And there has to be some external influence beyond mere chance, the ordinary variability observed in data such as this that has caused that warming. The anomalies of course, are the fact that it warmed early and then cooled in the 1940s up until 1968. So there's been a surge of warming since. There was no parallel change in the concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. So what caused that cooling? It's clear that the temperature of the earth is not determined simply by the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It's only one of several factors. And other factors may be dominant from time to time. But the climatologists tend to believe and I agree with them that the increase in these gases is probably going to be dominant over the next few decades. Well, so these data are Jim Hanson's. There's another parallel set of data accumulated by a group of scientists at the University of East Anglia in Great Britain and they show a similar set of results. The conclusion that these two groups come to is that the earth has warmed by about a half a degree, maybe seven tenths of a degree in the last century. There are indications that the earth is warmed. As the climatologists analyze things, they expect that there will be a change in the patterns of precipitation around the world. And there appears to have been such a change consistent with the warming. More precipitation in the higher latitudes. They expect that the temperatures in the higher elevations of the earth, higher altitudes in the atmosphere will drop as the earth warms and that appears to be occurring. One would expect that permafrost would retreat more rapidly as a result of the warming. Permafrost in the soils of the high Arctic. Well, the temperature of the frozen ground is rising apparently as a result of the warming of the earth. There are various other transitions so this is not simply a question of measuring temperature in one place. There's a whole series of observations that are consistent with the conclusion that the earth is warming. Well now there is another set of data that everyone has to know about. It really should be burned into the minds of all citizens of the globe. This is a set of data, famous set of data, I'm sure you've all seen them before, taken at Mauna Loa in the Hawaiian islands at 10,000 feet of elevation. A set of data taken by Charles David Keeling starting in 1958 and going through the present. The data are now being taken by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The data show the concentration of carbon dioxide in parts per million up here, starting with 1958 when the concentration was about 315 parts per million it's now up to about 351 or 52. This graph goes only through 1984, 85. The upward trend is conspicuous. The rate of accumulation, annual accumulation through the most recent 15 years, the upper part of that curve, is about one and a half parts per million annually. The annual accumulation is one and a half parts per million. There are a couple of inflections, the causes of which are not really known. There was an inflection 1973 and four right in here. It turns out that there is another inflection at the moment. Just what is happening is a little hard to say. My guess is that there has been a change in the rate of accumulation. The most recent data of the last two years suggest that the rate of accumulation has jumped from 1.5 parts per million to about 2.4 parts per million. This is a big jump, about a 60% increase in the rate of accumulation as measured at Mauna Loa and at the South pole. There is actually a whole series of these stations through the Pacific now from point bowl in Alaska all the way to the South pole. So it looks as though we now have a surge, maybe a temporary surge but it could be a simple change in the rate at which that gas is accumulating in the atmosphere. Well the second point is this oscillation. The peaks in that oscillation all occur at the same time in the year, always in the late summer, in late September early October at the... Sorry, the minima occur in late September and early October. And the peaks all occur in late winter, in April or thereabouts. And that's consistent year by year, by year, by year, by year. The amplitude here in Mauna Loa is about five parts per million. The cause of that oscillation is interesting. And that's the major point I want to make with this slide. The cause is the metabolism of forests. Forests are large in the world. They're large in area and large in stature. And they're large in the Northern hemisphere simply because there's a lot of land in the Northern hemisphere. They carry on photosynthesis. Photosynthesis involves taking carbon out of the atmosphere and turning it into carbon compounds in plants and forest store those carbon compounds in organic matter in the stems of the plants and leaves and roots. And then gradually release it during the course of the following year. Now, the release occurs as a result of metabolic processes of the plant quite apart from photosynthesis. Those processes we'll summarize and call respiration that just involves the reverse of photosynthesis. Turning carbon compounds back into carbon dioxide, heat and water, the same products we get if we burn the organic matter. So we have these two processes going on, photosynthesis, which occurs only when water is available, light's available, green plants are available to carry it on. Respiration which occurs all the time. Respiration varies in particular with temperature. It also takes a right set of circumstances, moisture has to be available, but respiration occurs in soils as organic matter decays. The bacteria and fungi of the soil carry on respiration and that is the process of decay. Respiration occurs throughout the year in plants all the time. Even in winter when they're dormant. If the temperature goes up a little bit, the rate of respiration rises and the rate of rise may be quite spectacular. One degree change in temperature may change the rate of respiration by as much as 10 to 30%. So respiration is very sensitive to a change in temperature. Photosynthesis is not, it requires light. It goes on at various temperatures, not very heavily influenced by temperature. The dominant influence then of a change in temperature on these two processes is almost certainly on respiration. Increasing the rate at which carbon compounds are broken down. Well, now this complicated curve here and it is a complicated curve in spite of how simple it looks, is the residual in the atmosphere of the effects of two processes: the curve of photosynthesis, which has its peak during summer and has almost no substance at all in winter and a curve of respiration, which is continuous throughout the year. It's high in summer and very low in winter. And the atmosphere mixes the products of these two curves and gives us a residual that looks like that. And I could prove that in detail, in fact, I have proven it in scientific papers. We've done research on forests measuring their metabolism throughout the course of the year and showing that that is true and that this curve in fact is indeed the integral of two curves, respiration and photosynthesis carried out by forests. So that's a very important observation. It's important because it says, look if we want to change the composition of the atmosphere in a short time, look what forest can do. They can pull it down by several percentage points in the course of one season. And then in the course of that same season, push it back up again as respiration releases additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. So if we're looking for factors that affect the composition of the atmosphere in the short term, look to forest because they're affecting it in a short term of weeks annually. This curve exists at point bowl where the amplitude is in five parts per million. It's way up at 15 parts per million. And a set of data I took years ago with colleagues at Brookhaven National Laboratory, it was 18 parts per million in the middle of Long Island, downwind from the Eastern deciduous forest. In the Southern hemisphere, the amplitude is very much reduced. It's just a couple of parts per million. And the periodicity is shifted to conform with the Southern hemisphere seasons. Now the amplitude is reduced simply because there are simply not very many forests in the Southern hemisphere. There isn't that much land available. It's reversed of course, to conform with the Southern hemisphere seasons because that's the way things work. Well, now let me talk just a little bit about the stocks of carbon. The size of the pools of carbon that are in exchange here. And this is very important because the problem is complicated. The atmosphere is in interaction with the oceans, with plants. And then of course we have people pumping fossil fuels out of the ground, or digging them out of the ground, burning them and dumping carbon into the atmosphere. All these three processes affect the atmosphere way up there at the top, which contains about 750 billion tons of carbon. Most of it is carbon dioxide. And the atmosphere is in a two-way exchange with the oceans. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses annually into the oceans and back out of the oceans at some rate. But we're talking only about the stocks of carbon at the moment, 750 billion tons in the atmosphere and something of the same order, maybe 600 billion tons in the upper mixed layer of the oceans. And then a very large stock down in the abyssal waters and the deeper waters of the oceans. The oceans after all are very deep. Their average depth is about two and a quarter miles. The mixed layer may be 1,000 feet or so, or maybe 3,000 feet thick depending on where you are in the oceans. The mixed layer contains as much carbon in dissolved gaseous form or in the carbonate bicarbonates system of the oceans as occurs in the atmosphere. So the oceans have potentially a large capacity for effecting the composition of the atmosphere. And the oceanographers have argued, the meteorologists have thought up until quite recently, that the major factor affecting the composition of the atmosphere is in fact, these exchanges with the oceans. The oceanographers at the same time, by making measurements of the rate of diffusion of carbon 14, an isotope of carbon that's produced by human activities, the rate of diffusion of tritium and various other substances into the oceans that the oceans are really not absorbing a lot of carbon very rapidly out of the atmosphere. And the oceanographers as a result of that have said that, \"Terrestrial ecosystems, forest, have to be expanding and absorbing carbon out of the atmosphere because it isn't going into the oceans, we can't account for it.\" Well, terrestrial ecologists have looked at that problem and said, \"Well, forests are not expanding globally even though they contain a large stock of carbon. Maybe 2,000 billion tons of carbon in forests and the soils associated with them over here.\" Before I go on in that thing, let me point out that we have over here, the fossil fuel stocks, which are also large, maybe 10,000 billion tons. It doesn't really matter but they're big. And that's a one-way flow. We mine that, burn it, put it in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and methane, probably a few other gases. So these are the stocks. The oceanographers have argued that this stock over here has to be expanding because there is no way that we can balance the global carbon budget otherwise. The people who look at this stock over here say, forests expanding globally? Highly unlikely. Deforestation has followed the progress of civilization for all of time, it's higher now than it's ever been. It's higher especially in the tropics but it's occurring throughout the world. Forests are being demolished and by various ways. Not simply by active mechanical effortS of deforestation, but also by the suffocation of the atmosphere, the spread of acid rain around the world, the accumulated toxic effects of human activities. So it's unlikely that forests are expanding and they're standing trap of carbon or expanding an area anywhere in the world. So you oceanographers must be all balled up here and overlooking something. It's going into the oceans, for sure. Well, there you have the rub. We know that the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere is rising but we don't really have the answers as to why it's rising or just what the mechanics are. Now let's talk about the flows. These are the stocks. I wanna talk about the rates of exchange between the atmosphere and these stocks. And if we look at this, we get a little idea as to what they are. First the fossil fuels. We're burning a lot. Maybe 5 to 6 billion tons of carbon released by burning fossil fuels annually. And then the oceans. That two-way exchange is of the order of 100 billion tons of carbon annually, going in each direction. Now those two flows are not perfectly balanced and they may be 150 billion tons. But probably not 200 billion tons. But you have an idea of the magnitude of them. There is certainly more carbon going into the oceans in the net than is coming out of the oceans. So this graph is wrong. But nonetheless, something of the order of a seventh or an eighth of the atmospheric burden of carbon dioxide is being exchanged annually with the oceans and that's big stuff. Same thing is happening on land. 100 billion ton flow through photosynthesis and another 100 billion ton flow through respiration. If we change one of those rates, we change the rate of accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere significantly. If we were to increase respiration by say 10% without effecting photosynthesis very much, just think what that means on a global basis. That's 10 billion tons. How much carbon is accumulating in the atmosphere annually? Well, that one and a half billion tons that I talked about from the Mauna Loa curve, it translates into about... That one and a half parts per million translates into about 3 billion tons of carbon. If the rate of accumulation is now five, 2.4 parts per million, it's about 5 billion tons of carbon per year. So those are the numbers we're talking about if we were to warm the earth by one degree centigrade and increase the rates of respiration by say 10%, which is a very modest increase for a one degree increase in temperature and it worked to apply to all the respiration on earth. That would be something of the order of 10 billion tons of additional carbon dumped into the atmosphere. Well, we certainly warm the earth by half a degree maybe in the middle and high latitudes it's twice that. Something of that order. In the middle and high latitudes, in the Northern hemisphere, we can find about 30% of the total respiration of the earth. That might be something of the order of 30 billion tons of carbon normally in exchange with the atmosphere through respiration and photosynthesis. If that 30 billion tons is increased by 10%, there is an additional 3 billion tons. And in the calculus that we're dealing with here where 5.6 or 6 billion tons comes from fossil fuels, some increment from deforestation, an additional 3 billion tons from stimulation of respiration in excessive photosynthesis is really significant. So we're talking about another large source of carbon from biotic pools as a result of the warming itself. Here's a case where the warming produces additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, probably methane as well because methane is another product of respiration. Two effects that stimulate further warming. So the warming produces an acceleration of the warming. This is a positive feedback system involving biotic systems and there is enough carbon involved in the pools to be quite significant in speeding the rate of warming. Well, this calculation, this analysis is not a part of the projections that the climatologists have made in coming to the conclusion that the warming might be of the order of one and a half to five parts, five degrees centigrade for a doubling of the carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere. This pushes the rate of accumulation of heat on earth up, not down. So that tends to make us think that the warming is likely to be in the upper end of that range, rather than the lower end. Now, what are the data to show this? Do we have any evidence that this is likely to be true? Well, we have first, possibility of going back to primary data, arguing from primary data as I have been arguing in the last few minutes we do know something about the metabolism of forests and there's a limited body of experience dealing with that subject. And I've tried to summarize it for you very hastily. Second, we have the possibility of looking back over the glacial period. Now that possibility is a new possibility. It exists only because some very clever scientists have figured out a way of determining the carbon dioxide concentration of gases trapped in small bubbles in glacial ice. Now they've also figured out ways of getting the age of the glacial ice. The age is determined using isotopes. The carbon dioxide concentration of the air at the time that that ice was laid down and frozen and the bubbles of air were sealed off is determined now very cleverly and very systematically. We have as a result of that, a set of data from the Antarctic ice sheet. Set of data from a core called a Vostok core taken by a group of Russian and French scientists very few years ago. And they've determined both the carbon dioxide concentration which is the upper curve there and the temperature. This is the temperature graph going back 160,000 years. This is the present time. This is 160,000 years ago. And over that period, temperature vary considerably as you can see. But as temperature varied, so did the carbon dioxide concentration. As temperature rose, carbon dioxide concentration also rose. Now the data are not good enough to say that the increase in temperature is due to the carbon dioxide or that the temperature change preceded the carbon dioxide in every case. It does look as though the drops in temperature came before the drops in carbon dioxide concentration. We can't say what caused the changes in direction. Why it suddenly started to get warmer or cooler. The reason isn't all that clear. The speculation is that it's a change in the amount of energy received at the surface of the earth due to changes in the output of the sun, changes in the angle of the earth with respect to the sun, change in distance from the sun. These factors all affect the amount of energy received at the surface of the earth. But the fact is that these changes occurred over thousands of years. Not decades or just years, we're dealing with our own futures. Years, decade or two. A century perhaps. Not this period. What's important here, is the fact that the increase in temperature was correlated with an increase in dioxide concentration. The declining temperature went in just the opposite direction, the CO2 concentration went in adjust the opposite direction. This is consistent with a positive feedback system. Now, there are scientists around who have been arguing that the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will stimulate photosynthesis because after all, carbon dioxide is a major resource for photosynthesis. And if we increase that resource, then we increase rates of photosynthesis and there are data, experimental data to suggest that that's true. They show that if we increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the air in greenhouses, plants grow better. The unfortunate thing is that there are simply no data available to suggest that trees have grown better over the past century as a result of a 25% increase in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. Trees and nature do not show that. They show the opposite. They show that over the past century or so, rates of diameter growth in trees around the world and many places around the world at least, have declined. So it can't make the case that carbon is being stored in plants in addition to what was stored previously as a result of this change in the composition of the atmosphere. Quite the opposite. It looks as though whatever factors dominate in determining the temperature of the earth, there is a positive feedback involved. And the biotic feedbacks have the potential for being quite significant in this context. Finally, the third point. The third point is that if those things I've been saying are true, if the warming of the earth produces additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere especially when the warming is rapid, why then we ought to see additional carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere? Well, I did suggest a few moments ago that the rate of accumulation of carbon dioxide as measured at Mauna Loa has increased. That we are now seeing an increase of 2.4 or so parts per million annually, equivalent to about 5 billion tons of additional carbon accumulating in the atmosphere every year. And that's coming from the Northern hemisphere and it appears to be of biotic origin according to Dave Keeling who's been keeping track of this surge in the release. Well, all of these factors together lead me to believe that we're seeing a surge in the rate of accumulation and that it is indeed due to the set of processes that I've been outlining. Now, all scientists do not agree with this analysis. The meteorologists and the oceanographers will point out that there are many other factors. The oceanographers are scrambling to explain this set of data on the basis of changes in the circulation of the oceans and changes in the rates and character of the exchanges of gases with the oceans. So far they have no consistent story that explains it. These are big changes, I must say, in temperature and substantial changes in the carbon dioxide concentration. On the other hand, if we were to add to this graph, the change in carbon dioxide concentration over the past century, it would push that upper curve from 280 of way up there, this curve way over here on the right. Looks like I can't quite reach it, but it's that line continued way up off the graph, way up to 350 parts per million. Which means that the temperature of the earth is way behind what it has been in the past and if these two factors are correlated and are to be correlated in the future. So we can expect a substantial additional warming. Well, what does that all mean? Well, I must say that in a world of 5 billion people it means big changes in the world. There's one other source of carbon dioxide that I haven't dwelled on and that is the destruction of forests globally. I did point out that destroying forest produces carbon dioxide but deforestation, especially in the tropics is currently producing something of the order of 1.5 to 3 billion tons of carbon in addition to these other sources that I've been mentioning. Deforestation produces carbon by simply stimulating both decay, the respiration of decay and the burning of organic matter. Many of the forests in the Amazon basin for instance, are simply cut and burned in a dry period. And that dumps additional carbon into the atmosphere. So we have these sources of carbon for the atmosphere. We have the fossil fuel source, maybe 5.6 billion tons, we have a deforestation source, which is probably right now, 3 billion tons annually. It's estimated to have been about 1.5 billion tons in 1980, but the evidence is that the rate of deforestation has surged in the past decade, probably doubled so 3 billion tons is a good estimate for the moment. Then we have an additional increment due to the warming of the earth itself, an increment of unknown magnitude but it could be several billion tons. We know that the rate of accumulation in the atmosphere has been 3 billion tons annually and may have now jumped permanently to 5 billion tons. The difference between the 3 or 5 billion tons accumulating in the atmosphere and the 6,7,8 or 9 billion tons being released into the atmosphere and we don't really know how big that number is, must be being absorbed into the oceans by my calculus because I can't find it on the land. I happen to think that I know more about the land and I know about the ocean so I'm certain that the oceanographers are all balled up. But the oceanographers who are very good scientists, I must say, and have lots of good data about the big oceanic gyres insist that they believe that the oceans cannot be taking it up and so it must be coming up on the land. There'll be a paper published in science very soon pointing to this argument. And I'm sure that you'll hear much about it in the next years, next weeks to years as the scientific community addresses it more intensively. But if you were to ask now, well what should we do if we want to stabilize the temperature of the earth? We aren't gonna live indefinitely on an earth that continues to warm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112706#t=0.0,2991.144"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Narrator:\u003c/strong\u003e Can do it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=5.12,6.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we'd have to find 5 billion tons of carbon somewhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=6.51,11.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and remove it from the current annual release.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=12.88,17.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, there's 5.6 billion tons in fossil fuels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=18.44,21.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe a little more than that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=21.49,22.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we're burning a bit more right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=22.7,25.432"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe 3 billion tons in deforestation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=25.432,28.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we could have deforestation and have fossil fuel use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=28.69,33.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and come out with roughly 5 billion tons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=33.93,37.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that would give us instantaneous stability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=37.59,41.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=41.12,42.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That doesn't mean that that stability would last","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=42.76,45.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a decade or more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=45.24,46.735"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As we gained experience with how things 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out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=66.38,70.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The more the earth warms the greater the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=70.94,73.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At some point, we get to the point where we 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release.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=82.49,85.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"5.6 billion tons is all we're releasing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=85.1,88.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe six from fossil 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forest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=119.69,122.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will store about a billion tons of carbon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=122.85,126.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A million square kilometers is about 600 miles on a side,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=126.2,129.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a square that big.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=129.9,132.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a lot of area, a lot of area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=132.02,134.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the next year and the first year it stores a billion tons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=135.406,139.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and stores it in the second year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=139.15,140.507"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the third year and the fourth year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=140.507,141.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you don't have to 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kilometers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=145.68,148.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of new forest right now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=148.48,150.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to store a billion tons of carbon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=150.22,152.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's possible, but it isn't a panacea.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=152.51,155.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have to assume that that carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=155.61,157.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not be dumped into the atmosphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=157.41,159.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that climatic changes will not destroy the forest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=159.26,161.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=161.98,163.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those are big assumptions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=163.2,165.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are approaches that can be made to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=165.13,168.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What would we do if we were serious about this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=168.74,172.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, from my perspective, the age of fossil fuels is over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=172.35,177.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You just have to do away with 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the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=497.793,500.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience drowns out speaker in a laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=500.267,503.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the elimination of the 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water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=619.436,622.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with just a couple of solar panels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=622.47,624.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are not all that expensive to install.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=624.32,627.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they do run forever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=627.05,628.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And people who are more ambitious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=629.52,630.785"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can get even more energy from solar sources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=630.785,635.785"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if the energy on Cape Cod, where I live","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=635.845,639.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the cost of electricity were to be tripled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=639.27,642.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the likely as we put into service","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=642.29,645.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our wonderful new nuclear plants, the one we have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=645.62,649.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it isn't in surface at the moment, Seabrook.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=649.66,651.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cost of that plant is likely to double","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=651.64,656.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or triple the cost of electricity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=656.08,658.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If it's tripled,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=658.28,659.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can afford now to make my own electricity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=659.5,663.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"improve the efficiency of use of electricity in the house","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=663.36,666.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then make my own electricity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=666.93,669.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and do away with the power plant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=669.28,671.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which would also give me great pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=671.37,673.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these problems of handling energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=677.06,679.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e Is there, different variations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=681.199,683.161"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these plants, they produce low electricity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=683.161,687.501"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And is there any possibility of engineering plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=687.501,690.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do it better?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=690.82,691.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the question is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=693.63,694.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether we could make plants that would fix carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=694.68,698.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a higher rate than plants fix carbon at the moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=698.54,702.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=702.87,703.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the answer is of course that I can't really say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=703.97,708.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know whether we can or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=708.07,711.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I can say is what I know what we can do right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=711.0,715.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what I know about what we can do right now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=715.37,718.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is enough to solve the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=718.17,720.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't have to dream our way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=720.16,722.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into building a new forest with high yield trees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=722.06,726.135"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can use existing for us if we manage them well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=726.135,730.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We can use existing plant communities if we manage them well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=730.2,734.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is always the dream that we can build something new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=734.93,739.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a novel plants in this class.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=740.06,743.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would guess that there may be some possibilities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=743.74,746.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of producing algal populations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=746.37,749.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are super fixers of carbon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=749.35,753.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but just how to use them is another question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=753.7,756.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=761.79,762.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e What's the effect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=762.623,763.456"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of high level carbon dioxide on human beings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=763.456,766.941"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Narrator:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the toxic level for carbon dioxide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=768.54,772.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for mammals is really quite high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=772.56,775.365"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=775.365,779.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is 3/100 of of 1%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=779.55,781.922"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we could double that and make it 6/100 of 1%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=781.922,784.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has virtually no effect on people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=784.97,788.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's way way way down under 1%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=788.76,790.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have to get up to 7% percent or above that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=790.48,793.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before it has effects on people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=793.58,795.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or even affects on rates of respiration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=796.67,798.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in other organisms does have effects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=798.83,802.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=802.07,802.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you get to the point where it's displacing oxygen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=802.903,806.338"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=806.338,807.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty serious effects, but oxygen is present","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=807.86,812.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at 20% of the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=812.06,814.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So carbon dioxide has to get way way way up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=814.43,816.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many fold increases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=818.24,820.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we're not talking about concentrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=820.53,823.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have physiological effects on people at least.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=823.01,825.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Possibility, some advance is that it will have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=825.99,828.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physiological effects on plants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=828.94,831.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the effect that is popular is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=831.38,832.988"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it will stimulate photosynthesis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=832.988,835.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are data to show that true,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=835.54,839.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it's occurring in nature is another question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=839.7,842.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serious question Probably not occurring in nature yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=842.84,846.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least I don't think it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=846.43,847.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some will argue that it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=847.69,849.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The oceanographers argue that plants on land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=850.6,853.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are all growing better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=853.45,854.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e I think you're just a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=856.62,858.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"too optimistic on those numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=858.053,860.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there are actual standards that exist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=860.553,862.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on carbon dioxide interior environments, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=862.957,866.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's quarter percent, that's still six times higher","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=866.51,871.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the concentrations that exist now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=872.22,874.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=874.917,877.834"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Narrator:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you. Yes ma'am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=895.875,898.708"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks faintly)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=902.083,904.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Narrator:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, alcohol is a solution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=932.28,933.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to all kinds of problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=933.52,935.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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administration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=943.04,947.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"federal administration as some sort of solution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=947.42,951.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't quite understand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=951.08,951.915"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how anyone can think it's a solution to anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=951.915,955.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Methyl alcohol, as they advance it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=955.13,957.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be produced from coal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=957.14,958.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Producing alcohol from coal and burning it in cars","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=958.72,961.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is just a way of burning coal in cars and it's produced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=961.28,964.445"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a fossil fuel and it does not solve any problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=964.445,968.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, it may make a whole series of additional problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=968.23,971.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not a good way to use coal because it's inefficient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=971.32,974.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as getting energy out of coal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=974.27,976.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it produces more carbon for the atmosphere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=976.73,979.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than burning the coal itself directly would produce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=979.79,983.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or than burning oil would produce.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=983.18,985.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now ethyl alcohol produced by using sugar growing plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=985.55,990.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and turning them in one way or another into alcohol.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=993.04,998.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As long as the plants are grown again, is quite reasonable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=998.529,1003.529"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not dumping additional fossil carbon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1005.09,1007.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the atmosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1007.74,1008.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Brazilians have a big program using of sugar cane","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1008.67,1012.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a source of alcohol, and they run cars on alcohol.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1012.61,1017.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that carbon dioxide then is taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1018.29,1021.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the atmosphere again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1021.14,1022.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put into the plants and recirculated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1022.72,1025.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is renewable system, but an alcohol based fuel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1025.4,1030.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it comes from fossil fuels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1030.77,1034.238"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it doesn't make any sense at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1034.238,1037.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what's being advanced by the administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1037.97,1040.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This methyl alcohol program is based on coal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1040.61,1044.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it makes no sense whatsoever that I can see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1044.66,1048.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you think of a nuclear power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1051.142,1052.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this claim that nuclear power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1052.78,1054.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the solution to global warming?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1054.68,1056.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Narrator:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that's another 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them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1066.53,1069.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And first nuclear power is extremely expensive at the moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1069.16,1073.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it probably always will 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radioactivity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1241.414,1243.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is an addition, a high cesium contamination in whales.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1243.37,1248.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sheep and whales are 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that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1257.78,1258.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the cost of having that sort of accident","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1260.15,1264.382"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is really almost untold it's so big.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1264.382,1268.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could easily have had a thousand square mile area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1268.61,1272.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the middle of Pennsylvania, similarly contaminated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1272.13,1275.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a result of the TMI accident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1275.59,1279.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We missed it by just a hair's breadth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1279.4,1282.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So those kinds of accidents are real enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1283.72,1287.198"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and totally unacceptable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1287.198,1290.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could go on and talk about what it takes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1290.29,1292.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to avoid that kind of accident or to run reactors safely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1292.69,1297.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It takes a scientific establishment that knows how to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1297.12,1300.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Technological establishment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1300.8,1302.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It takes a stable government with a capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1302.55,1305.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for inspecting the reactors on a continuous basis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1305.62,1309.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reliably, absolutely relentlessly day by day by day by day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1309.07,1314.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and year in and year out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1316.26,1318.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doubt the people who run those reactors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1318.16,1320.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have one of the most boresome jobs you can possibly imagine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1320.78,1324.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you're unlikely to have people running those reactors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1324.48,1327.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under those conditions or any boresome conditions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1327.27,1331.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or capable of analyzing what's likely to have gone wrong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1331.65,1336.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the reactor goes awry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1336.33,1338.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so keeping those reactors operating safely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1338.61,1341.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a major challenge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1341.67,1343.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My guess is that in the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1343.56,1345.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we could probably need that Challenge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1345.78,1347.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as long as we have a reasonable government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1347.5,1350.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that doesn't do a way with regulatory processes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1350.22,1353.349"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1353.349,1356.182"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I don't have much hope for Peru, Argentina, even Brazil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1357.94,1362.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Columbia at the moment, or Namibia or Egypt or Israel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1363.47,1368.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Beirut or India, you go around the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1370.83,1374.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look at the governments and try to figure out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1374.6,1376.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether they have the capacity for regulating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1376.77,1379.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very complicated demanding technology like that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1379.51,1383.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"keeping it operating safely.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1383.44,1385.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are hardly five governments in the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1385.55,1387.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you'd bet on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1387.84,1388.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the governments are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1388.89,1390.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hardly much more than a bunch of thugs and power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1391.25,1394.278"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1394.278,1396.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they're certainly not capable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1396.02,1399.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of running such a complicated technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1399.01,1403.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there are at least 25 other reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1404.06,1407.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of them have to do with the possibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1407.74,1411.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of producing nuclear weapons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1411.17,1413.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anybody who has a reactor has the capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1413.64,1416.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of producing plutonium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1416.02,1417.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and distributing nuclear weapons around the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1417.66,1420.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that possibility is real.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1420.86,1423.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that nuclear power has passed its time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1423.71,1427.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also think that the time of some of the power plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1427.62,1430.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has probably passed as well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1430.31,1432.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it will soon have much smaller plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1432.5,1436.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are capable of producing power more effectively.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1436.85,1441.099"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1000 Megawatt plants are a thing of the past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1441.099,1444.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e I think we have mere time permitting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1448.78,1450.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one more question and then that's it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1450.18,1452.448"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Narrator:\u003c/strong\u003e I'll answer quick.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1452.448,1454.334"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1454.334,1457.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Audience Member:\u003c/strong\u003e So I heard from your introduction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1459.921,1462.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you will be affiliated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1462.04,1463.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with many environmental organizations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1463.28,1465.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What kind of impact do you think organizations like that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1465.9,1468.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what kind of chance do they stand against the lobbies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1468.81,1473.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"above all of these industries that have vested interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1473.35,1476.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in keeping us going down this path, which is so disturbing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1476.08,1480.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Narrator:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, as you asked,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1481.55,1483.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how do the conservation groups fair relative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1483.18,1486.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the industrial interests that push us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1486.62,1490.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the directions we seem to be traveling?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1490.15,1492.799"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My answer is that that these conservation groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1492.799,1496.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly the conservation law groups have taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1496.9,1500.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the role of forcing the government to do its job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1500.77,1505.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After all the government represents all the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1505.1,1508.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they are supposed to obey the laws of the land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1508.76,1512.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Governments get trapped by financial interests,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1512.8,1516.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political interests all those interests that we know about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1516.61,1519.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the same kind of finality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1519.793,1522.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that runs much of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1522.71,1525.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the conservation law groups in particular","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1525.36,1530.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the past 20 years has taken on the job of finding ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1530.29,1534.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of making the government do its job, obey its own laws.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1534.33,1538.482"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can walk into the EPA and say, \"Teddy, Mr. Ryan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1538.482,1543.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, the law passed by the Congress,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1543.45,1546.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says you've got to address","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1546.83,1548.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these partts of subjects in this way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1548.0,1550.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you haven't done it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1550.48,1551.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think you want to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1551.313,1554.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think you ought to start tomorrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1554.6,1557.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obeying the law in these five ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1557.39,1560.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you don't do it, I just happen to have a lawsuit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1560.13,1562.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all made off right,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1562.61,1563.469"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience drowns out speaker in laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1563.469,1564.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It would be very embarrassing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1564.302,1566.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for you and the administration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1566.15,1568.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they notice that sort of thing and it's work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1568.57,1571.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what you do is write as hell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1573.29,1575.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience claps)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=1576.502,1579.252"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25989/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/989/original/AV203876_The_Warming_Earth_b.vtt?1620667472","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/989/original/AV203876_The_Warming_Earth_b.vtt?1620667472"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25990","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203876_The_Warming_Earth_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707/transcript/25990/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Narrator] Can do it, but we'd have to find 5 billion tons of carbon somewhere and remove it from the current annual release. Well, there's 5.6 billion tons in fossil fuels. Maybe a little more than that because we're burning a bit more right now. Maybe 3 billion tons in deforestation. So we could have deforestation and have fossil fuel use and come out with roughly 5 billion tons. And that would give us instantaneous stability in the atmosphere. That doesn't mean that that stability would last for a decade or more. As we gained experience with how things work, we'd probably discover that we had to take more out of the releases, but we have the capacity for doing that. Now as the earth warms and we increase the increment from the stimulation of respiration, then we get more released and have to take more out. The more the earth warms the greater the problem. At some point, we get to the point where we really don't have the possibility of stopping any further man-controlled release. 5.6 billion tons is all we're releasing, maybe six from fossil fuels and 3 billion tons from deforestation. We have control over that, but we don't have direct control over the temperature of the earth and the release from that process. We could, I suppose plant some forests around the world. A forest that covers about a million square kilometers possibly as much as 2 million square kilometers, depending on the vigor of the forest, the quality of the land, the rate of growth of trees in that forest, will store about a billion tons of carbon. A million square kilometers is about 600 miles on a side, it's a square that big. That's a lot of area, a lot of area. In the next year and the first year it stores a billion tons and stores it in the second year and the third year and the fourth year. So you don't have to find a million square kilometers every year but you do have to find a million square kilometers of new forest right now to store a billion tons of carbon. That's possible, but it isn't a panacea. You have to assume that that carbon will not be dumped into the atmosphere, that climatic changes will not destroy the forest and so on. Those are big assumptions. So there are approaches that can be made to work. What would we do if we were serious about this? Well, from my perspective, the age of fossil fuels is over. You just have to do away with fuels. You also have to stop further deforestation and you have to do both those things as rapidly as possible. And then we'd have a program of reforestation. Those are about the only steps we can take to stabilize the composition of the atmosphere. And one can't take those steps too rapidly. Now, what are the possibilities of doing that? Well in the industrialized world the possibilities are pretty good. The less industrialized world it looks much, much more difficult. The less industrialized world of course is looking toward economic development and they think, rightly or wrongly that economic development hinges on the intensity with which energy is used in development. Energy can be used that way but it doesn't have to be fossil fuel energy. We can use a variety of other sources of energy. And if we simply do away with fossil fuels which is likely to happen over the course of the next decades, just by force, why? We'll be thrown back on what other sources of energy? Solar energy is the major source. Solar energy in all of its various forms. And the people who look at the question of how much solar energy is available come to the conclusion that there is enough of it available to do these things we need to do. The possibilities are great that we can improve the efficiency in the use of energy that the developing nations don't have to go through the same pattern of economic development and industrial development that we went through. That they can jump over that and shift to alternative sources of energy. So these are big transformations, all of it, much of it, hinges on the dream that one has for the world. A world that is run by biotic systems as the world that ecologists see is run requires that those biotic systems be kept around. And I think that you can see from the role that forest play in determining the composition of the atmosphere that they are indeed the great biotic flywheel that keeps the earth stable and a place that's habitable by people. So we focus on forests in this particular case and on the problems of dealing with energy as human society progresses. The major rub that I see is the question of the development of the undeveloped world and that can happen only as a result of the most sympathetic approach by the developed world. The first step toward that would be a significant tax right now on fossil fuels. The proceeds of which should be used to aid the development of alternative sources of energy. And we'd practically have to give away those alternative sources, give them away to ourselves and to the rest of the world to avoid a progressive warming of the earth through the continued use of fossil fuels. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- [Narrator] As attended. Mr. Bush sent three delegates, Mr. Riley of the APA, Mr. Allan Bromley the science advisor and Mr. Watkins of the department of energy. There were some 79 or maybe 80 nations represented there. The issue was the warming of the earth and what to do about it. The critical issue was whether the nations of the world should agree to a restriction in the rate of release of carbon dioxide. Three nations voted against it, the rest of the nations of the world voted for restricting the release. The three nations have voted against it were the Soviet Union, Japan and the United States. So Mr. Bush had instructed his three delegates that they should not agree to any restriction in the use of fossil fuels, that we should wait for further data to be available.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] I'm wondering if you reduce or eliminate the use of fossil fuels, how will people get to these conferences, like the At the elimination of the automobile as we see it, aren't you? If that's one of the greatest generator of using such as fossil fuel?\r\n\r\n- [Narrator] Well, the automobile is a good example. Automobiles will run on all kinds of energy. We can run them on electricity produced with solar panels. We can run them on hydrogen produced also with solar panels splitting water and the burning hydrogen produces water. Interestingly enough, and also energy. I can envision having a series of solar panels in the roof of my garage, producing both electricity to charge an electric car that would go for short distances at least. And hydrogen, to produce hydrogen to run a car for greater distances. And once I got set up with that system I probably wouldn't need a new car for a long time. And certainly wouldn't have to go to a gasoline station. It would give me great pleasure. But, that's entirely possible that technology is all available. It needs some perfection, but it needs use and it can be done. People say, some of the engineers say, \"we'd have to pave all of New Mexico with solar panels.\" It's not so at all. And we have roof areas abundantly available in all attitudes, and that's no loss of green plants or anything else. I heat my house and this latitude or higher leaky old summer house with solar panels for much of the year, we produce hot water and solar panels and heat the house with it. And it's a very effective system. It runs year after year after year, it runs on about a hundred Watts of energy. And it's a wonderful, no reason that virtually every house in North America right now could not get a significant fraction of its domestic hot water with just a couple of solar panels which are not all that expensive to install. And they do run forever. And people who are more ambitious can get even more energy from solar sources. So if the energy on Cape Cod, where I live if the cost of electricity were to be tripled which is the likely as we put into service our wonderful new nuclear plants, the one we have it isn't in surface at the moment, Seabrook. The cost of that plant is likely to double or triple the cost of electricity. If it's tripled, I can afford now to make my own electricity improve the efficiency of use of electricity in the house and then make my own electricity and do away with the power plant, which would also give me great pleasure. So these problems of handling energy.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] Is there, different variations these plants, they produce low electricity. And is there any possibility of engineering plants to do it better? Well, the question is whether we could make plants that would fix carbon at a higher rate than plants fix carbon at the moment. That's a good question. And the answer is of course that I can't really say, I don't know whether we can or not. What I can say is what I know what we can do right now. And what I know about what we can do right now is enough to solve the problem. We don't have to dream our way into building a new forest with high yield trees. We can use existing for us if we manage them well. We can use existing plant communities if we manage them well there is always the dream that we can build something new of a novel plants in this class. I would guess that there may be some possibilities of producing algal populations that are super fixers of carbon, but just how to use them is another question. Sir.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] What's the effect of high level carbon dioxide on human beings.\r\n\r\n- [Narrator] Well, the toxic level for carbon dioxide for mammals is really quite high. Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is 3/100 of of 1%. And we could double that and make it 6/100 of 1%. It has virtually no effect on people it's way way way down under 1%. Have to get up to 7% percent or above that before it has effects on people. Or even affects on rates of respiration in other organisms does have effects. There's no question. Once you get to the point where it's displacing oxygen, pretty serious effects, but oxygen is present at 20% of the atmosphere. So carbon dioxide has to get way way way up many fold increases. So we're not talking about concentrations that have physiological effects on people at least. Possibility, some advance is that it will have physiological effects on plants. And the effect that is popular is that it will stimulate photosynthesis. And there are data to show that true, whether it's occurring in nature is another question, serious question Probably not occurring in nature yet. At least I don't think it is. Some will argue that it is. The oceanographers argue that plants on land are all growing better.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] I think you're just a little bit too optimistic on those numbers. I think there are actual standards that exist on carbon dioxide interior environments, for example, and it's quarter percent, that's still six times higher than the concentrations that exist now.\r\n\r\n- [Narrator] Thank you. Yes ma'am.\r\n\r\n- [Narrator] Well, alcohol is a solution to all kinds of problems. Alcohol is advanced at the moment as methyl alcohol is being advanced by people that our administration, federal administration as some sort of solution, I don't quite understand how anyone can think it's a solution to anything. Methyl alcohol, as they advance it, would be produced from coal. Producing alcohol from coal and burning it in cars is just a way of burning coal in cars and it's produced as a fossil fuel and it does not solve any problem. In fact, it may make a whole series of additional problems. It's not a good way to use coal because it's inefficient. As far as getting energy out of coal it produces more carbon for the atmosphere than burning the coal itself directly would produce or than burning oil would produce. Now ethyl alcohol produced by using sugar growing plants and turning them in one way or another into alcohol. As long as the plants are grown again, is quite reasonable. It's not dumping additional fossil carbon into the atmosphere. The Brazilians have a big program using of sugar cane as a source of alcohol, and they run cars on alcohol. And that carbon dioxide then is taken out of the atmosphere again put into the plants and recirculated. So this is renewable system, but an alcohol based fuel if it comes from fossil fuels is it doesn't make any sense at all. And what's being advanced by the administration. This methyl alcohol program is based on coal. And so it makes no sense whatsoever that I can see.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] What do you think of a nuclear power in this claim that nuclear power is the solution to global warming?\r\n\r\n- [Narrator] Well, that's another lecture. I'd be glad to offer it, but there are at least 27 reasons why that's wrong and I'll start on them. And first nuclear power is extremely expensive at the moment and it probably always will be. It's the most expensive source of energy right now. If we look for a cheap source of energy, the cheapest source of energy right now is improved efficiency and conservation. And in fact, the power companies in New England, have been almost against their will beaten into programs of conservation and improved efficiency. And they now advertise. They are been sold on the idea that the way that they can produce energy most efficiently, efficiently from a thermodynamic standpoint and efficiently from a financial standpoint, is to encourage the conservation of energy by their customers. That the cost of conserving energy or improving efficiency can be added into the rate base. So they increased the price of energy slightly but not nearly as much as they would increase the price of energy if they had to build a New Parkland. And so they're advertising this, and they're actually giving away or selling very cheaply efficient light bulbs and they're taking various other steps. I've just benefited from this program by renovating a building from my Institute using the most modern electrical equipment for which we get reimbursed. It's a very good program. Nuclear power of course has the additional problem of producing serious supply waste. There is no solution to the high energy waste problem. There hasn't been a solution in the United States. There isn't any solution around the world, no place to put it. Politically very difficult to find a place to dump that waste. The nuclear reactors accumulate a very large inventory of radioactivity. If that inventory, if the core of the reactor is breached in any way, by an accident, by a terrorism, by an airplanes falling on it or whatever. There is a sufficient inventory of radioactivity to contaminate a big area, the area contaminated by turnable reactor when it blew up and burn is really not at all well-known not estimated, but there's at least a thousand square mile area immediately around that reactor is uninhabitable. Nobody can live there. And the Russians have recently announced that they have had to abandon. They didn't use to announce this sort of thing but they now do that. They've had to abandon several additional villages in a substantial area in the region because of high radioactivity. There is an addition, a high cesium contamination in whales. Sheep and whales are contaminated. And a high cesium contamination in Lapland, 1500 miles away, more than that. So the cost of having that sort of accident is really almost untold it's so big. We could easily have had a thousand square mile area in the middle of Pennsylvania, similarly contaminated as a result of the TMI accident. We missed it by just a hair's breadth. So those kinds of accidents are real enough and totally unacceptable. We could go on and talk about what it takes to avoid that kind of accident or to run reactors safely. It takes a scientific establishment that knows how to do it. Technological establishment. It takes a stable government with a capacity for inspecting the reactors on a continuous basis reliably, absolutely relentlessly day by day by day by day and year in and year out. Doubt the people who run those reactors have one of the most boresome jobs you can possibly imagine. And you're unlikely to have people running those reactors under those conditions or any boresome conditions or capable of analyzing what's likely to have gone wrong when the reactor goes awry. And so keeping those reactors operating safely is a major challenge. My guess is that in the United States, we could probably need that Challenge as long as we have a reasonable government that doesn't do a way with regulatory processes. But I don't have much hope for Peru, Argentina, even Brazil. Columbia at the moment, or Namibia or Egypt or Israel or Beirut or India, you go around the world and look at the governments and try to figure out whether they have the capacity for regulating a very complicated demanding technology like that, keeping it operating safely. And there are hardly five governments in the world that you'd bet on. Most of the governments are hardly much more than a bunch of thugs and power. and they're certainly not capable of running such a complicated technology. And then there are at least 25 other reasons some of them have to do with the possibility of producing nuclear weapons. Anybody who has a reactor has the capacity of producing plutonium and distributing nuclear weapons around the world. So that possibility is real. I think that nuclear power has passed its time. Also think that the time of some of the power plants has probably passed as well, and it will soon have much smaller plants that are capable of producing power more effectively. 1000 Megawatt plants are a thing of the past.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] I think we have mere time permitting one more question and then that's it.\r\n\r\n- [Narrator] I'll answer quick.\r\n\r\n- [Audience Member] So I heard from your introduction that you will be affiliated with many environmental organizations. What kind of impact do you think organizations like that, what kind of chance do they stand against the lobbies above all of these industries that have vested interest in keeping us going down this path, which is so disturbing.\r\n\r\n- [Narrator] Well, as you asked, how do the conservation groups fair relative to the industrial interests that push us in the directions we seem to be traveling? My answer is that that these conservation groups particularly the conservation law groups have taken on the role of forcing the government to do its job. After all the government represents all the people and they are supposed to obey the laws of the land. Governments get trapped by financial interests, political interests all those interests that we know about into the same kind of finality that runs much of the world. And so the conservation law groups in particular in the past 20 years has taken on the job of finding ways of making the government do its job, obey its own laws. They can walk into the EPA and say, \"Teddy, Mr. Ryan you know, the law passed by the Congress, says you've got to address these partts of subjects in this way. And you haven't done it. And I think you want to do it. And I think you ought to start tomorrow. Obeying the law in these five ways. If you don't do it, I just happen to have a lawsuit all made off right,\" It would be very embarrassing for you and the administration. And they notice that sort of thing and it's work. So what you do is write as hell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40886/file/112707#t=0.0,1592.304"}]}]}]}