{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/rj48p5w09x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Douglas, Deborah G., The End of Try and Fly"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Diversity as Art: Art is Diversity. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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Engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=10.23,13.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a Land Grant Context.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=13.77,15.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These lectures have been sponsored generously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=15.99,19.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the Department of History,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=19.35,21.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"History of Technology and Science Program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=21.02,23.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=23.16,25.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Miller Lecture Fund and the Committee on Lectures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=25.57,28.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm Jim Andrews, I'm a professor of Modern Russian History","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=28.94,31.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the history department and a specialist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=31.93,33.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the cultural history of Russian science and technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=33.58,36.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our distinguished guest today is Dr. Debra G. Douglas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=36.83,40.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's the author of United States Women in Aviation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=40.67,44.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940 to 1985.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=44.18,47.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She's been a staff member at the National Air and Space","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=47.11,50.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Museum in Washington, D.C.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=50.25,52.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She was a NASA historian and she is currently curator","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=52.48,56.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the MIT Museum in Cambridge, 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Evolution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=63.31,67.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of American Aeronautical Engineering Education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=67.12,70.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=70.42,72.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Dr. Douglas will be taking questions 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evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=91.74,96.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's really terrific for me to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=97.37,99.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have related to some of the members that took 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Ames,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=114.3,115.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so it's a real pleasure to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=115.76,117.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much for the 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campaign.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2690.287,2692.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we should try and find a single donor for this.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2692.83,2697.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What he didn't say at the meeting was that he 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NYU","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2703.75,2706.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in fact, his father had become quite enamored","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2707.381,2711.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of aviation and agreed to this in short order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2711.52,2715.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at the groundbreaking ceremonies in June of '25,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2715.87,2720.552"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Daniel Guggenheim gave, made this comment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2720.552,2723.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is, \"Were I a young man seeking a career","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2723.5,2726.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in either science or government, I should,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2726.63,2730.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or commerce excuse me, I should unhesitantly turn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2730.06,2733.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to aviation, I consider it the greatest road to opportunity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2733.08,2738.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is before science of commerce of civilized countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2738.299,2743.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the earth today.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2743.13,2744.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This proved to be a catalytic moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2745.26,2748.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it would lead Daniel Guggenheim to create","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2748.3,2751.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Guggenheim fund for the promotion of aeronautics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2751.38,2754.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A $2.5 million fund which was to be expended","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2754.4,2758.344"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in support of aviation, its number one priority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2758.344,2762.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was to promote aeronautical education in both institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2762.82,2766.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of learning and among the general public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2766.57,2769.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he subsequently then started in January","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2769.33,2773.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 1926 to give money away to, in addition to NYU,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2773.41,2778.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six other schools, which remained the dominant aeronautical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2780.167,2784.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engineering schools to the present day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2784.02,2787.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Briefly, these next two slides here tell you though,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2788.95,2792.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that 1926 is really important if you just take a look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2792.7,2797.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at what's happening here, this is the total number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2797.65,2800.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of passengers on airplanes in you can see, in 1926","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2800.22,2804.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then you see what happens up through '26 and '33,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2804.32,2807.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is this period here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2807.19,2808.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's an immediate jump again here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2808.93,2811.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this next slide quickly is, reveals again the increase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2811.51,2816.356"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in miles flown and what happens is starting with the passage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2816.356,2821.356"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Kelly Air Mail Act in 1925,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2822.61,2825.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Air Commerce Act in 1926.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=2825.86,2828.413"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26718/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/718/original/AV204682_Diversity_as_Art_a.vtt?1622064115","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/718/original/AV204682_Diversity_as_Art_a.vtt?1622064115"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26719","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204682_Diversity_as_Art_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241/transcript/26719/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Welcome to the third in a series of lectures honoring the HOTS program called Engineering in a Land Grant Context. These lectures have been sponsored generously by the Department of History, History of Technology and Science Program, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Miller Lecture Fund and the Committee on Lectures. I'm Jim Andrews, I'm a professor of Modern Russian History in the history department and a specialist on the cultural history of Russian science and technology. Our distinguished guest today is Dr. Debra G. Douglas who's the author of United States Women in Aviation, 1940 to 1985. She's been a staff member at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. She was a NASA historian and she is currently curator of the MIT Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her talk today or presentation is called the End of Try and Fly: The Origins and Evolution of American Aeronautical Engineering Education through World War II. And Dr. Douglas will be taking questions afterwards. Debra?\r\n\r\n- First, I wanna say thank you to the department and to all of the sponsors of this program this evening. It's really terrific for me to be here. I have related to some of the members that took me out to dinner this evening, that two summers ago I actually took part in RAGBRAI, so I can say that I had been in Iowa and seen many towns here, but I have never been to Ames, and so it's a real pleasure to be here. Thank you very much for the invitation. In 1935, Montgomery Knight, who was a professor and director of the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics at the Georgia Institute of Technology, wrote a brief article called Aeronautics and the Engineer. And he started this way, \"But don't you teach flying? The gentlemen who was asking this question was sitting in my office the other day. He had come in to see me about having his son enter Georgia Tech as a prospective student in aeronautical engineering. No, I replied, we do not teach flying for several reasons. Chief of which is the fact that flying is an art while aeronautical engineering is a science.\" And that's really the subject of this talk tonight. And it is a piece of a project that I have been working on for the past three years under contract to NASA which is a book about the federal contributions to the development of aeronautical engineering as a discipline. There has been considerable writing on aerodynamics, but aerodynamics is not synonymous with aeronautical engineering. The Europeans may have bequeathed aerodynamics to the Americans, but aeronautical engineering is American in origins. What makes the story of aeronautical engineering different is the prominent, perhaps even dominant role of the federal government in its development. This is not to say that the public sector is irrelevant in the history of other engineering specialties, but compared with mechanical or civil engineering, aeronautical engineering is anonymous. So what I intend to talk about this evening is a piece of that work. I have been very much interested in the formation of technological communities, of disciplines, and of professional identity, because I view them as more useful sites to measure the impact of institution and external events. In this case, trying to get a handle on what is the nature of the federal contribution to this discipline seems to be more easily understood if we talk about a discipline and the way in which we train people in professional identity. But if you flip through John Anderson's Introduction to Flight textbook and I note that John Anderson is a favorite of the aero engineering department here. Visiting the bookstore downstairs, they have three of his books on the shelf, or Roger Bilstein's history, Flight in America, or any in fact of the gazillion books on airplanes and you look for mentions of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics or NACA, the National Bureau of Standards, McCook Field, Wright-Patterson, Arnold Engineering Development Center, the Bureau of Air Commerce, Civil Aeronautics Authority, the FAA, and you'll find indeed that the references are scant. Now it's not surprising that historians have had a difficult time characterizing the nature of institutional relationships between government and business in the aviation sector. In fact, this has long been the case. In the 1930s, there was a multi-year research project called Public Age to Transportation conducted by the Office of the Federal Coordinator of Transportation and he summarized the work of the NACA in a single footnote buried in the middle of its volume called Public Aids to Schedule Their Transportation and the footnote reads as follows, \"There would be some justification for including the cost of research work of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Aviation research has been emphasized by the government over research that would benefit other forms of transportation. Owing to the importance of defense considerations in these research activities and to the fact that no aid has been set up against other forms of transportation for such limited government research as is conducted directly for their benefit, it is considered unnecessary to include a portion of the committee's expenditures among the costs charged against schedule air transportation.\" Now, this report represented the single most comprehensive analysis to date on the nature and extent of the federal contributions to commercial aviation, yet its authors, most of the report was prepared by David Collison and the economist Paul T. David, made a categorical decision to include, exclude the NACA from their study, asserting that it was too difficult to assess its contributions in conventional terms. It is frankly difficult to make such assessments, although economists certainly try mightily. If one of the things I noticed when I was riding RAGBRAI is that most of the roads were concrete and you'll know that sort of corrugated pattern embedded in the concrete surface, that's called a corduroy texture. It grows out of research done in the fifties for grooving runways and then later on for improving runway surfaces for the space shuttle in Kennedy. And there've been countless studies to, at NASA to try and assess the economic value of grooved runways when it transferred into highway technology, but it becomes impossible to measure, is it the number of accidents that you didn't have? How do you measure it if it's a new road? You have no standard. In my study of Langley and of the NACA and of the federal government, I have formulated a working typology of interactions in which to classify the ways in which the NACA or NASA interacted with other organizations. And those briefly are technology benefactor, technology servant, and technology gatekeeper. But such distinctions only makes sense if you have some sense that they occur within a communal or disciplinary framework. So at this point, I think it's perhaps useful to interject a clearer definition of the term technological community. I use it the way the historian, Ed Constant, has who has written that technological knowledge comprises traditions of practice which are properties of communities of technological practitioners. These communities have specific ways of communicating, educational career paths and special interest groups, such as engineering societies. Again, as Constant writes, these communities are more than simple aggregates of individuals and institutions. The most important attributes of a technological community are the knowledge and traditions of practice that define an accepted mode of technical operation, the conventional system for accomplishing a specified technical task. Tonight, I intend to talk about one piece of that story which is the educational component. Now, if you could turn that projector on, it's that button there, just terrific. Now everybody knows the story of how the airplane was invented. The famous photo here of Wilbur and Orville on the sands of North Carolina's outer banks is really embedded in our brains and without referring to any number of the excellent biographies, historical accounts or even the Wright brothers diaries themselves, you have a pretty detailed account, like this photo in your head. But whether you see them as heroic inventors or nascent system builders, isn't so important as the fact that the way the Wrights went about the process of design, construction and testing their aircraft is different from the way we perceive those same processes today. The stories we tell about the development of an airplane, like the Boeing 777, suggest different modes of creativity. We speak of engineering airplanes, not inventing them. How so and what is the extent of that distinction? The Wright Flyer of 1903 was invented by two people with the assistance of a small number of individuals. They consulted a slightly larger community of scientists and engineers who were likewise interested in the goal of building a vehicle capable of moving through the air. But when that knowledge was found deficient, they undertook independent investigations to collect the data they needed to correct the design problems which cropped up and while not working in complete secrecy, the Wrights did quite deliberately isolate themselves. I hasten to emphasize that the Wrights were not untutored or lucky, nor did they work from a blank slate, but one must consider that it was eight years between the decision to work on the problem of building a flying machine and the first flight of the 1903 airplane. Now, if you could put this next slide up, that would be great. Turning to the aircraft of today, we see a process which is infinitely more complex, but is it just a difference of scale? No, today's aircraft are designed within the context of tremendously large and complex technological systems, which Bill Gates erroneously calls the original worldwide web. Consider that United Airlines employees 90,000 people to maintain and operate about 450 aircraft or that JF Airport alone employs 90,000 people to get airplanes in and out of the sky. Or that Boeing has over a 100,000 employees to build airplanes. The numbers of commercial aircraft today number in the tens of thousands, the number of people needed to keep them operational, in the millions. The capital required to operate and maintain this system is extraordinary. Thus, to build a new airplane today requires a very different mindset. Even the home builder, those legions who traveled to Oshkosh, Wisconsin each summer cannot escape this fact. The identifying N-number painted on the aircraft is as vivid a reminder that these craftsmen are as much a part of the system as any engineer at Boeing. The air transportation system that we know today was largely invented by the start of World War II. One portion of that system involved the creation of aeronautical engineers. In a two- or three-decade period, the term engineer was carefully refined. What I want to explore is how and why the shift from fly and try experimentalists such as the Wright brothers to university-trained engineers occurred. Now the formative phase of aeronautical engineering takes place in four stages. I will consider each of them outlining some of the key developments and making reference to the various programs which take shape at this time. But the first period is really that I want to look at, is aeronautical engineering before World War I. Before the first world war, there was no institution of higher learning granting degrees in aeronautical engineering. A handful of schools, and this included vocational schools, offered a course, maybe two, on various aspects of the technology of flight. But the aspiring engineer enthralled with the progress in flying machines, did not have the choice of seeking a baccalaureate or even a graduate degree. Yet, there were individuals who identified themselves as aeronautical engineers. There was in fact, a nascent community of scientists and engineers who had turned their sights on the problem of flight even before the Wrights had made their efforts. Two centuries of generalized scientific investigations of fluid motion had cohered into a body of knowledge which had come to be known as aerodynamics by the mid 19th century. Could we have the third slide here? Great. Ten months after Orville and Wilbur took turns with their flying machines at Kitty Hawk in August, 1904, a 30-year-old PhD made a short 10-minute presentation of a paper entitled Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung or on the fluid mechanics of very small friction. It was held, it was given at a stand-up session at the third International Mathematical Congress held in Heidelberg, Germany. In a span of time, only slightly longer in duration than the Wright brothers' first flights, Ludwig Prandtl, who's the gentlemen in this next slide here, introduced the boundary layer concept. It was to be a new paradigm for theoretical aerodynamics, every bit as revolutionary as the 1903 Flyer. And it supplied a research agenda and a rationale for building wind tunnels. Just a few months after delivering his paper, Prandtl was snapped up by Germany's most prestigious research university, Göttingen, where he immediately developed a closed circuit tunnel, prior to this time wind tunnels were open tubes or tunnels, and began developing a research center which would produce some of the most significant figures in aerodynamics and aeronautical engineering history. Max Munk, Theodore von Kármán, Adolf Busemann and Jakob Ackeret. Prandtl's lab in Göttingen and was one of three European research centers which would prove profoundly influential in shaping American aeronautical engineering education. The other two were the National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain and this next picture here is of Gustave Eiffel's aerodynamics laboratory in France. You all know the Eiffel Tower, but did you know that it was also used by Eiffel to conduct experiments in aerodynamics? He had a cable that ran from a platform in the tower and he would suspend objects on the cable and drop them and measure their aeronautical resistance. Subsequently, at the base of the tower, he built a wind tunnel facility and research lab, which then he later moved to outside Paris. But after he retired, this is what he spent the next two decades of his life pursuing. The research reports and textbooks resulting from the work of scientists and engineers at these three facilities, became the core curriculum for the earliest American courses in aeronautics. And this slide, this illustration right here is a page of the translated textbook of Gustave Eiffel's textbook on aerodynamics and this was presented in a aviation technical publication by the two people that were teaching the course at MIT at the time. But MIT's first core textbook actually was Gustave Eiffel's book. Through, though the Americans had invented the airplane, European nations had established a tradition between a decade and a quarter of century, depending on the country, of supplying governmental support for aeronautical research. Further, the more extensive and intensively competitive European field of contest races and exhibitions with rich purses had a salutatorian stimulating effect on the technical development of the airplane. Such events had become showcases for national achievement and they prompted a quest for performance, higher, farther and most importantly faster, but did not exist to the same degree in the United States. Now this fact greatly distressed the small but passionate community of aviation advocates here in the United States. To their way of thinking, aviation was the epic poetry of technological deeds, that it could be used for both military and civilian purposes. Now within this community, there was a smaller group who believed that the single most important need was for the federal government to establish a national research laboratory. A spirited campaign began around 1910 and after numerous iterations it ultimately led to the creation of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The process was one which involved close scrutiny of facilities in Europe and in 1913, Albert Zam, who was teaching at Catholic University and Jerome Hunsaker, a young Naval Lieutenant, were sent overseas to survey laboratories and university programs. This photo here is of Hunsaker who's, don't you just aspire to a title like that? Lieutenant Jerome Hunsaker was a Naval Academy graduate who'd been sent to get a masters in Naval architecture as part of the Navy's official post-graduate program in MIT's department of Naval architecture. That is true to this day, actually. MIT is one of the Navy's official post-graduate training sites. Hunsaker was an aviation enthusiast and he took advantage of faculty interest in the subject. MIT administrators, especially President Richard Maclaurin, viewed Hunsaker as a gifted engineer and highly esteemed his leadership abilities. In 1913, one year after Hunsaker completed his MS degree and was working at the Boston Navy Yard, Maclaurin requested that the Navy detail Hunsaker to MIT to develop a course in aerodynamics. Thus it was in the summer and fall of 1913 that Hunsaker traveled to Europe with Albert Zam. Now, the elite group of scientists and engineers which had sent Zam and Hunsaker to Europe, did in fact have a bias towards European education that ran deeper than the fact that the Europeans were in fact, more technically advanced than the Americans in the field of aviation. American engineering education, beginning with West Point, like it's learned and scientific societies, had always turned to European models. By the mid 19th century, hundreds of American students were traveling to Germany to study in the new laboratories and research institutes. The high point in the German university's international reputation came at the turn of the century, a fact which individuals like Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and others were well aware of. Frankly though, there would not have been much anyway in the United States for Hunsaker to study. There were a small number of courses, but Hunsaker and his colleagues were not interested in developing a course of study for ingenious mechanics. They wanted a real engineering curriculum. Mechanical, civil, electrical and mining engineering had been in place for decades. These disciplines represented important fields of study at many American universities. Engineers interested in the problem of flight would, it was assumed, eventually have their own departments, research facilities and professional societies. There was a preset path towards professionalization that advocates for aeronautical engineering fully intended to follow. As historian David Noble put it, and I don't agree with David Noble on most things, but this is, one point I do agree with him on, \"Science like management gave engineers their identity, the mechanical engineers had emphasized the scientific nature of their discipline to distinguish themselves from mechanics and skilled craftsman and this emphasis increased over time as scientifically-trained engineers made headway against the rule of thumb methods of the shock culture tradition.\" Now, if this represented the ambition of individuals like Hunsaker, it is important to keep in mind actual practice, the design and construction of aircraft in the years before World War I, involves substantially more experimentation than theoretical investigation. Before, like about probably like 99 percent to one, before 1914, there were about a half a dozen companies building airplanes and their engineers were generally self-taught. For example, in 1912, the Glenn L. Martin company hired 18-year-old Lawrence D. Bell as a mechanic for his brother who was a company pilot. By 1915, Bell was the plant manager. Now Larry Bell is of course, Bell Helicopter, Bell Textron today, he went on to found that company. It was not the case that these self-taught engineers were uninterested in scientific discovery or engineering practice. Indeed the success of the rights has been attributed to the fact that they approach the problem of heavier than air flight with a systematic method of inquiry which embodied the best engineering practices. While some use the techniques of parameter variation, fly and try remain the single most important method of experimentation. As long as there was no market for aircraft, the companies which built them remained small, economically fragile affairs, unable to afford the skills of a university graduate even if they had been available for hire. Engineers as historian of technology, Ed Latent has pointed out are expensive and industry had to have attained some measure of economic maturity and be of sufficient scale in order to be able to afford the skills of professional engineers, thus the paradoxical situation of aeronautical engineering education in the United States on the eve of World War I was that the fact that advocates knew, or at least they thought they did, exactly what needed to be done. But the absence of market demand for aircraft squelched these ambitions, enforced a slower course of action. This had a number of important implications, chief among them the fact that the federal government would become a critical force in the development of aeronautical engineering curriculum in the United States. The MIT example here is instructive. The Institute offered its first course in aeronautics in 1913 and the corporation approved a degree granting program in aeronautical engineering starting in the 1914/15 academic year. In June, 1915, MIT awarded its first masters of science in aeronautical engineering. But none of this happens in a vacuum. It's not simply enthusiasm for knowledge, his own sake. Aeronautical engineers get made because there are jobs for them to do. Unlike traditional classical education, no university institutes an engineering curriculum and hires professors without a sense of market demand for the students. In the case of MIT, that market was the military, especially the United States Navy, which as noted earlier had already established a partnership with the Institute to conduct its post-graduate training in Naval architecture. Now that was a lucrative arrangement for MIT and one which they were eager to expand. Further, President Maclaurin hoped that it would demonstrate MIT's strong desire to become the home of a national laboratory for aeronautics that was still being discussed in Washington. Again, it's important to note that the commitment of resources is proportionate to the perceived demand. The MIT program's establishment really occurs on the cusp and what initiates what I call sort of the second period of development that runs between 1914 and 1926 and I think it's important to note that the first world war really changed everything. Although the United States would not enter the war until 1917, the effects of the European conflict were swift and profound. On March the third, 1915, Congress passed the Naval Appropriations Act for fiscal year 16. Among the 25 pages of texts were two paragraphs which established a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The mission of the new NACA was virtually identical with that of the British Advisory Committee for Aeronautics which was quote, \"to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight with a view to their practical solutions.\" The budget was tiny, $5,000, excuse me, but it is worth noting that the very first technical report published by the NACA was for research that had been done at MIT. The real work of 1915 at the NACA was to take up the campaign for a national laboratory again. In fact, in December, 1916, the army purchased land in Hampton, Virginia, it's very convenient, my career's kind of traipsed along all these sites here, for an experimental station that would include facilities for the NACA. Originally intended as a joint project, America's entry into the war changed the Army's plan. The NACA proceeded with its construction plans beginning in July of 1917, but the Army Air Service decided to make McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio, today it's Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, its primary research center. The two government labs were just one outlet for engineers interested in airplanes. The NACA, if you will, you know becomes an employment opportunity again for an aeronaut, somebody trained in aeronautical engineering. But with America's entry into war, there was suddenly a new demand for aircraft and to give you a quick sense of scale, the federal appropriations for aviation in 1916 for just the Army alone were $800,000, in 1917 were 18 million, in 1918 were $735 million. The number of actual production, aircraft production in 1916 were 411, went to 2,100 airplanes, went to 14,000 airplanes. So just the tremendous increase in demand for aircraft had an important effect on aeronautical engineering, although perhaps somewhat less than one might initially predict. And that's really because of the perceived problem for the aircraft industry wasn't aircraft design but in fact production and that's, this period is when Henry Ford is invited into, in the automotive industry and to be consultants on production in the aircraft industry. Thus, while the Army trained tens of thousands as pilots or mechanics, there were only two degree granting aeronautical engineering programs, MIT and the University of Michigan at this time. Michigan, which granted undergraduate degrees, had 34 students in the fall semester of 1918/19. Most of whom were there because they wish to gain background in order to qualify for Army Air Service. So only 10 students continued into the spring semester and in fact, only two out of that ten actually qualified then for a bachelor's degree. To tell you a little bit about Michigan, MIT's initial program, that's the first degree granting program in the U.S., but it's a graduate program. Michigan was the first to have an undergraduate program and it really, again, starts with an enthusiast embedded in the Naval architecture and Marine Engineering Program, Herbert Sadler, he attends the international aviation meeting in Boston in 1911. He comes back and he founds the University of Michigan Aero Club and he built a small wind tunnel and worked with students there to conduct all manner of tests on aerodynamic shapes. Sadler's efforts caught the attention of Michigan's Dean, Mortimer Cooley, who favored the idea of teaching classes in aeronautical engineering. It's at that time that Cooley received an unsolicited letter from a man by the name of Felix Pavlovski who was a Polish engineer who had been trained in aeronautics at the University of Paris and had immigrated to the U.S. in 1910, Pavlovski had been working as a car designer, but wanted to, being Detroit, but wanted to teach aeronautical engineering. Cooley hired him as a teaching assistant in mechanical engineering in 1913, where he helped in the drawing classes, but then took over leadership of the Aero Club and subsequently the following fall he became their first professor and they taught their first classes in aeronautics in the theory of aviation beginning in the fall of 1914. They added two more courses the following academic year and in the fall of 1916, they established a complete four-year program of study in aeronautical engineering. Earl Loudy, who is the president of the Aero Society wrote in 1915, one of those, you know, guns blazing kind of letters in the alumni magazine, which says you know, \"Is the University of Michigan going to blaze the trail? I think she will. We have the men, the meetings and the popular student interest, it is up to us to take the lead in aeronautics as we have in other branches of engineering and to build up an international reputation that will remain unquestioned.\" So there was a great deal of enthusiasm. In May of 1917, the first bachelor of science degree was awarded at Michigan and, but again, their programs swelled during the war with the introduction of a special course called Principles of Aviation, which would qualify students for the Army Air Corps Service. So again, there's some sense of market here and the federal government is really supplying that market for engineers and for aeronautical engineering instruction. Edward Stalker who was a graduate, one of Michigan's first graduates, was appointed instructor in aeronautical engineering in 1921 to permit Pavlovski the opportunity to conduct original research. And the demand for that research work was apparent, especially if one reviews the annual reports of the NACA and the Army Air Service. So there's a few aeronautical engineering students at this time, but there was in fact, a research agenda. The Lieutenant Colonel George Squire at McCook Field issued a published, not just issued, published a lengthy laundry list of problems connected with the development of military aviation and some of them were impossibly general for example, continue the development of the mathematical theory to explain the phenomena recorded in the aerodynamical laboratories and to forecast further results or complete theory of the airscrew. Other questions were quite specific, things like engine cooling. The problem of radiation is important. If some substance could be found that would circulate through the cooling system at higher temperatures than water, it is probable that greater engine efficiencies would result. Oil, salt, waters and other materials have been tried within different success or development of a fabric as good as, or better than Irish linen, for covering of airplanes. There has not been manufactured in this country a fabric suitable for use in covering airplanes. So you kind of range from very specific narrow inquiries to very broad-based studies. This next slide here, here, sorry, that's meant to show that to you a little earlier. This is the University of Michigan's curriculum here on the left in 1916 and 1917. And yes, that's right, number nine. That's, that's it, that's your nation's first aeronautical engineering research laboratory there being built. The NACA had a long list of projects and the dedication of the new Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in 1920 was the real turning point for the NACA. The size of the professional staff tripled from four to twelve that year and grew steadily to 44 in 1926, but particular importance was the recruitment of Max Munk, a gifted student of Ludwig Prandtl in 1920. Munk replaced Edward Warner who had resigned as Langley's chief physicist to return to MIT. Max Munk had earned two doctorates, one in engineering and one in physics from Göttingen in 1917 by the age of 27, he was imaginative and irascible and he was assigned to the NACA's office in Washington with the official job title Technical Assistant. And that was in part due to the persistent anti-German sentiment after the first world war and to various immigration restrictions that prevented him from being actually hired as an engineer. Most of his work was on theoretical problems but Munk was the creative genius and developer of the Variable Density Tunnel which is shown in this next overhead here. And what you're looking at is the outside of a pressure vessel, the wind tunnel is actually inside that vessel, but, and that tunnel began operations in 1922 and later on the Propeller Research Tunnel. These two wind tunnels, which I could give you a full paper on, but we'll skip tonight and you can ask me questions about how they work and why they're important later on, transformed, you'll just have to take me on faith here, transformed the Langley laboratory into a major research facility on par with the best European facilities. Munk's presence suddenly vaunted the NACA into the position of being asked for advice about engineering education. But of even greater significance was the fact that the NACA felt the need to encourage the development of aeronautical engineering programs. In its 1921 annual report, one of the important new initiatives it announced was an educational outreach effort, which indicated that the committee was engaged in the preparation of problems and aeronautics and answers there too, which will be distributed among professors in engineering courses at various universities with a view to having the engineering students generally acquire some knowledge of aeronautical engineering. The committee believes that the future development of aeronautics will be aided by even slight, even a slight familiarity with the problems involved in the part of engineering graduates, generally. In October of 1922, they republished a article written by Edward Warner that had originally appeared in the Christian Science Monitor, entitled The Training of Aeronautical Engineers. The Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce in America listed 15 different colleges and schools offering courses in aeronautics, although the accuracy of this list has to be somewhat questioned because it includes the State University of Iowa in Iowa City. And as Amy knows, I called her up and I talked with the archivist at both here and in Iowa City and as far as we know, they never were offering courses prior in, before 1922 in aeronautics. So take the list, you have to take these lists with somewhat grains of salt. The others included the Armour Institute in Chicago, Caltech, Cornell, Indiana, MIT, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, UC Berkeley, University of Detroit, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and an entity they've identified as the Research University of Washington, D.C. I'm not quite certain which that refers to, but if somebody here knows, I'd be eager to find out. They all, Warner noted that the field is so new that its teaching has hardly become systematized but some measure of agreement is at least being reached on essential elements that an aeronautical course should include and on the prerequisites of preliminary preparation. The demand for aeronautical engineering graduates was severely limited, which led Warner to conclude that aeronautical engineering was best restricted to graduate instruction. Quote, \"It is best that all the energies of the school should be devoted to the production of a few highly qualified men, rather than to less thorough training of a much larger number.\" Students interested in research were advised to study experimental physics or other fields as undergraduates, while those interested in aircraft design were encouraged to study civil or mechanical engineering or Naval architecture. Now, Warner had a bias toward civil engineering unless the student was interested in propulsion, then recommended mechanical. All students needed quote, \"a bent for mathematics\" as quote, \"the study of the theory of design, especially the theories of wing action and of airflow around bodies, which have recently been developed, requires mathematical attainments beyond those exacted of the ordinary practitioner in any other sort of engineering work.\" He had two further recommendations. Aeronautical engineering students should learn to pilot an aircraft and they should spend some time working in an aircraft factory. \"It is unnecessary to emphasize\", Warner writes, \"that no opportunities should be lost to acquire practical experience as well as that knowledge which can be gained from lectures and books.\" Now, Warren's recommendations that students needed to be, needed practical as well as theoretical training, represented an ideal, although it was an ideal which was seen as the best possible path. This next slide here really illustrates what came to be perceived as kind of the way in which America was going to achieve success, was this kind of marriage of engineering and design and industry in pursuit of technical excellence. But the actual practice at this point focused on theoretical training, for example both the California Institute of Technology and Stanford University were home to some of the most prominent aeronautical engineers or researchers and both offered graduate courses in aeronautics but neither had a formal course of instruction or department in this 1914/26 period. His, Warner's assertion was viewed as valid and it's perhaps useful to point out that sort of the program which is most significant in this time period that develops is at New York University and that is a model of combining practice, they taught courses in instruments and maintenance and rigging along with airship theory and design. But the significance of the NYU program is that it was, came into existence due to the generosity of Daniel Guggenheim. Daniel Guggenheim's son, Harry, had learned to pilot a plane, had been a Navy pilot during World War II and had been very interested in aviation and when NYU decided it wanted to establish an aeronautical engineering program and was looking for funds for that, it invited Harry to be on the organizing committee. And that committee was proposing various strategies for fundraising and Harry objected at the time and said, \"I don't think we should go on some large public campaign. I think we should try and find a single donor for this.\" What he didn't say at the meeting was that he thought he could get his father to underwrite this program. His father just bequeathed a lot of money to NYU and in fact, his father had become quite enamored of aviation and agreed to this in short order. And at the groundbreaking ceremonies in June of '25, Daniel Guggenheim gave, made this comment, which is, \"Were I a young man seeking a career in either science or government, I should, or commerce excuse me, I should unhesitantly turn to aviation, I consider it the greatest road to opportunity, which is before science of commerce of civilized countries on the earth today.\" This proved to be a catalytic moment and it would lead Daniel Guggenheim to create the Guggenheim fund for the promotion of aeronautics. A $2.5 million fund which was to be expended in support of aviation, its number one priority was to promote aeronautical education in both institutions of learning and among the general public. And he subsequently then started in January of 1926 to give money away to, in addition to NYU, six other schools, which remained the dominant aeronautical engineering schools to the present day. Briefly, these next two slides here tell you though, that 1926 is really important if you just take a look at what's happening here, this is the total number of passengers on airplanes in you can see, in 1926 and then you see what happens up through '26 and '33, which is this period here. There's an immediate jump again here, this next slide quickly is, reveals again the increase in miles flown and what happens is starting with the passage of the Kelly Air Mail Act in 1925, the Air Commerce Act in 1926.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115241#t=0.0,2833.416"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV204682_Diversity_as_Art_b.mp3"]},"duration":2565.216,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/115/242/small/lecture.png?1622064118","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/115/242/original/AV204682_Diversity_as_Art_b.mp3?1622064118","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2565.216,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204682_Diversity_as_Art_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=5.192,6.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From '27 to '32, the public pushed the value","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=6.81,10.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of aviation securities to somewhere between 850 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=10.97,14.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and $1 billion on the New York Stock Exchange.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=14.59,17.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet, the net total earnings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=17.82,19.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these firms were around $8 million.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=19.37,21.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a price to earnings ratio of 100 to one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=21.83,25.351"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Dr. Douglas laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=25.351,27.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And while that was not uncommon during this period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=27.58,31.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nonetheless, it was certainly unsustainable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=31.46,35.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aviation ranked 144th in terms of the value of its products,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=35.12,40.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slightly smaller than the corset industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=41.51,44.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slightly larger than the pocketbook industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=44.01,46.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it was fourth in ranking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=46.49,49.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the trading of new securities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=49.84,52.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the impact of all this cash was immediate and profound.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=52.15,57.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can see it just in aircraft production figures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=57.21,60.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which in '27 were about 2,000 airplanes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=60.65,64.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1928, 4,300, in '29, 6,200 airplanes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=64.56,69.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were being built.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=70.38,71.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And flush with capital,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=72.27,77.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kind of of universal public enthusiasm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=77.23,80.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and interest in aviation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=80.68,82.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the presence of meaningful regulation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=82.68,85.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the aviation industry just really responds immediately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=85.22,89.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it means now that they have the money, if you will,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=89.5,93.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be able to afford to hire engineers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=93.31,96.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a period when there's a start of a 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man","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=106.77,109.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"versus the theoretical man comes into play,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=109.95,113.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's actively discussed now in engineering 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arbiter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=142.86,145.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of what is likely to prove of practical utility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=145.91,148.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and what is not.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=148.54,150.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kind of in the way that I think it was Robby","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=150.17,152.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who when it was asked at Stagg Field what the value","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=152.08,155.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all this research was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=155.01,156.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in physics and nuclear testing that they were doing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=157.85,162.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and his response is, \"I don't know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=162.0,163.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"but in 50 years, I'm sure you'll be able to tax it.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=163.24,165.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=166.844,168.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And (laughs) this kind 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in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=181.09,183.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the statistics are impressive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=183.0,184.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1929, there are 1,400 aeronautical engineering students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=184.55,188.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enrolled in about 14 schools around the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=188.88,193.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's still a time when an untrained individual 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universities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=207.88,210.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So an example is Douglas Aircraft in 1925 hires","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=210.4,215.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"James H. Dutch Kindelberger and Arthur Raymond.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=215.12,218.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kindelberger is self-taught.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=219.4,221.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Raymond is a Caltech graduate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=221.33,223.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both go on to have illustrious careers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=223.24,226.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in aeronautical engineering design.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=226.68,228.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both become chief engineers for their company, or others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=228.59,233.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But there is a belief that if you're going to transform","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=234.25,239.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"air travel into a safe, reliable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=239.74,242.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and an economic technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=242.47,245.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that process was gonna occur as a consequence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=245.25,249.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of hiring trained engineers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=249.71,251.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are two types of programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=253.15,255.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Minnesota, which we'll skip the next couple of slides here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=256.35,261.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and go, there's the next one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=263.08,264.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has a curriculum sheet on it you'll see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=264.67,268.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's slide 17.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=270.01,271.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(people murmuring)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=273.327,276.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah, that one there, thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=276.84,278.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are two sheets 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important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=481.71,483.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they have a two-year graduate program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=484.99,488.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But one of the interesting 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autonomy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=497.75,502.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"E. P. Leslie, who taught at Stanford,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=503.32,505.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote to the acting President of Stanford,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=505.94,508.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Robert Swain, in June of 1930, and said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=508.88,512.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"While the Guggenheim Fund has called this conference,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=512.17,515.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called a conference in Washington in 1926","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=515.15,517.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for all schools giving courses in aeronautical engineering,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=517.86,522.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he wrote, \"so far as I know, no institution 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matter.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=527.47,531.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was another attempt to call another meeting in 1930,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=532.93,537.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Leslie wanted to decline saying 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committee,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=544.96,547.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"we stood ready at any time to render such service","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=547.42,550.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to the industry as we had equipment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=550.9,552.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and personnel fitted for,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=552.57,554.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and that we felt entirely competent to render this service","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=554.75,557.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"without any supervision or direction from anyone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=557.61,560.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"That is the attitude that has been taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=560.78,562.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=562.47,565.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the University of Michigan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=565.01,566.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and I believe the California Institute of Technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=566.18,569.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I see no reason why we should hitch our wagon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=569.33,572.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to Professor Clemens' star,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=572.13,574.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and Dr. Durand degrees with me in this view.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=574.17,576.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there is some institutional rivalry going on here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=576.38,580.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the notion that institutions did not want","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=580.24,582.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"centralized direction from the Guggenheim Foundation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=582.65,586.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1933,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=587.98,592.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1940 which is the last period I wanna consider,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=592.83,595.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have two slides here of, first of the Boeing 247,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=596.99,601.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"numbers 18 and 19,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=603.04,604.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you will.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=608.0,608.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in 1930, and I just quickly put these up here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=611.07,615.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just so that you can see the shape of the vehicle there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=615.86,620.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the point is is that if you closed your eyes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=625.35,627.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you said what is an airplane to you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=627.22,628.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is that generic mind's eye image of the airplane,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=628.9,633.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this and the next one here of the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=635.11,640.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a, also a Boeing 247,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=642.01,645.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the last one, I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=646.77,651.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's, oh, just keep that one up, this is fine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=651.15,653.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=653.16,655.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I think that's it, no, that's it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=656.31,658.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you have here is this is the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=659.09,660.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is the image of the airplane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=660.96,662.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, you know, you think substitute jet engines for it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=662.43,665.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but essentially the low wing, the monocoque,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=665.64,668.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the metal structure, the position of the wings, the windows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=668.44,673.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is your archetypal aircraft,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=674.71,677.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these airplanes in the 1933 timeframe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=679.06,684.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 247, the Douglas DC-1, 2, and 3,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=686.24,689.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Lockheed Electra appeared,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=689.72,691.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the physical appearance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=692.76,694.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and performance of these 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school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1124.33,1126.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We prefer a man with about two years post-graduate work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1126.23,1129.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"in some leading commercial school,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1129.12,1131.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"such as Parks Air College,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1131.35,1133.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Boeing School of Aeronautics, et cetera,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1133.28,1134.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"having served an apprentice aeronautical engineer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1134.96,1137.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"in some aircraft factory for several years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1137.96,1140.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and accordingly qualified himself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1140.57,1142.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"for a position with our company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1142.04,1143.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"However, should we have an opening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1144.53,1146.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"for a man of engineering ability,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1146.6,1148.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"we would consider applications","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1148.21,1149.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of specially qualified student graduates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1149.7,1151.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"from such colleges as the Guggenheim School of Aeronautics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1151.56,1155.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Caltech, Michigan, et cetera.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1155.1,1157.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have things, comments like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1159.29,1161.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"These days of changing philosophies and social standards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1161.72,1165.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"with an unfortunately critical attitude","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1165.17,1167.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"towards management and industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1167.23,1169.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"it seems to me that the true picture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1169.24,1170.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"with naturally a few exceptions, should be impressed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1170.94,1173.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"upon students of today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1173.38,1175.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Initiative, hard work, and loyalty are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1175.25,1177.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"still the stepping stones to promotion and success,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1177.22,1180.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"but some of our young people do not seem to think so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1180.29,1182.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"My feeling is that aeronautical engineering courses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1185.71,1188.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"are too fancy, trying to incorporate too much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1188.41,1191.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of the abstract science of aerodynamics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1191.09,1193.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and oftentimes a graduate does not know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1193.58,1195.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"his basic physics and mathematics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1195.5,1198.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I feel that in order to use physics and mathematics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1198.06,1200.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"in any engineering work, a graduate should be able,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1200.89,1203.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"on any occasion, to derive any of the basic formulas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1203.78,1206.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of analytical geometry, calculus, basic stress formulas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1206.62,1210.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"basic deflection formulas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1210.13,1211.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and retain this knowledge at all times.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1211.47,1215.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Of course, some knowledge of aerodynamics is essential,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1215.5,1218.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"but only the practical phases should be taught","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1218.18,1220.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to four-year students, such as the basic fundamentals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1220.1,1223.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of static, stability, and performance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1223.08,1225.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"If we had more engineers with a real knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1225.73,1228.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of the simple fundamentals, as I have outlined above,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1228.01,1230.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"we would have more engineering,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1230.63,1232.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and less system in all of our factories.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1232.03,1235.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally, one comment from the head","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1235.08,1237.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Pratt \u0026amp; Whitney's airplane plant was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1237.06,1241.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"From the standpoint of the aeronautical industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1241.75,1244.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"it is my belief that the greatest service","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1244.51,1246.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"our educational institutions could render would be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1246.88,1249.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"through a more critical system of evaluating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1249.59,1251.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the possibilities of the students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1251.7,1253.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"with a view to specially classifying those thousands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1253.86,1257.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"who are actually not suited to be real engineers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1257.2,1260.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I realize that this would be a very difficult problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1260.47,1263.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and would necessitate a very intimate contact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1263.12,1265.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"between faculty and students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1265.39,1267.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"But it is my personal belief that the majority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1267.38,1270.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of those who graduate today with engineering degrees","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1270.06,1272.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"are not, never have been,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1272.31,1274.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and never will be true engineers.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1274.02,1275.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing about that particular review","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1282.055,1284.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that Knight came to the conclusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1286.84,1289.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after reviewing comments like that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1289.79,1292.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that the theoretical side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1292.01,1294.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the curriculum was adequate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1294.63,1295.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that quote, \"Schools of aeronautics have passed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1295.98,1298.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"through an evolutionary period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1298.41,1300.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and now have a solid background of fundamental courses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1300.01,1302.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"that are essential to the training of young men","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1302.64,1305.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"for the manufacture and research work.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1305.1,1310.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And his point is just that actually if you review","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1310.23,1312.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all these letters, they all put in the requirements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1312.95,1314.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we hire a university-trained engineer for these fields.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1314.97,1318.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they have some criticism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1318.5,1320.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the practical instruction side of things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1320.31,1325.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's because, most argued, it took between six months","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1325.6,1329.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and three years to make an engineer useful to the company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1329.49,1332.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knight's solution was not to abandon the theoretical side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1335.06,1338.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the curriculum, but rather to change the pedagogy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1338.97,1342.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knight was a former NACA Langley researcher,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1342.69,1345.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he argued for a problem-based curriculum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1345.09,1347.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, give students real problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1347.86,1350.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He did concede that the introduction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1351.11,1353.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of cooperative education programs might be somewhat simpler.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1353.23,1356.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One point that Knight felt strongly about was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1357.89,1360.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the need for faculty to be engaged with industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1360.11,1363.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps doing research during their summer months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1363.77,1366.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanna conclude now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1368.82,1370.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and which is to say that the balance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1370.55,1375.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between theory and practice in aeronautical engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1375.54,1378.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is an ongoing problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1378.43,1380.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is the essential know-how that is required","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1381.25,1384.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make or do things?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1384.34,1386.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When we consider, what we consider theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1386.42,1390.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and practice has changed, though,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1390.01,1391.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the context in which we think about a particular machine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1391.98,1395.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1903, the airplane's context was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1395.89,1400.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of poetry and dreams.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1400.02,1401.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1938, the airplane's context was commercial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1401.69,1405.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and military aviation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1405.38,1406.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a sophisticated system of infrastructure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1406.6,1409.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One cannot divorce engineering training from this fact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1409.58,1413.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, what might have been adequate 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judgments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1419.89,1424.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or they needed a system to, they needed experts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1425.355,1427.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make judgements that became the basis for investment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1427.59,1430.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How fast, how frequent, how safe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1430.89,1433.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these are the sorts of questions that are critical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1433.84,1436.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to an air transportation system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1436.14,1438.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the ones that we ask engineers to supply answers to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1438.44,1442.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not just about a machine, or a single life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1442.22,1444.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's about a system, and that's why Fly and Try ended,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1444.6,1448.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not because that there wasn't value in practical experience,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1448.59,1451.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but because of the increasingly precise answers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1451.86,1454.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the questions I've listed above","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1454.29,1456.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"require the imprimatur of science to give legitimacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1456.66,1460.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thanks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1460.78,1462.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1462.033,1465.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Dr. Douglas is gonna take questions now-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1467.24,1469.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I apologize for, we started 10 minutes late,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1469.98,1472.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I ran five minutes longer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1472.5,1473.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so apologize (laughs) for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1473.73,1476.355"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(man mumbles)\nThank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1476.355,1477.605"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e So any questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1481.28,1484.657"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You can also talk to me informally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1487.2,1489.235"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughs) if that would be, yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1489.235,1490.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, I have a question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1493.767,1494.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you said legitimacy there at the end,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1494.6,1495.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it sounded like you had something more in mind,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1496.951,1497.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and simply that you needed the scientific theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1499.026,1501.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make things work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1501.6,1502.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there was more than that involved somehow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1503.93,1506.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is that right, or did I misunderstand that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1506.13,1508.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I think that's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1508.134,1509.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the engineering profession had attained","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1509.583,1513.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kind of credibility through its emphasis on mathematics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1513.59,1517.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and through its identification with science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1517.5,1520.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it had the ability to render impartial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1521.13,1524.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and objective judgments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1524.57,1525.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, whether or not you believe that (laughs) as historians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1525.78,1529.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is sort of irrelevant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1529.28,1530.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The society believed that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1530.61,1532.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and invested that in that profession,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1532.73,1534.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what happens over two decades is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1536.34,1539.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kind of movement away from hands-on build something,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1539.7,1544.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see if it works, which is fine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1544.91,1547.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you're doing it for yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1547.5,1549.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if you're gonna run a system that transports","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1549.9,1552.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousands of people, airplanes cannot fall out of the sky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1552.57,1556.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're going to invest money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1556.45,1559.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you expect a return on that investment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1560.47,1563.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that requires a regulatory environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1563.04,1567.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It requires people to give some assurances","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1567.18,1571.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the vehicle will be safe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1571.21,1572.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it will do and perform according to your projections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1573.99,1578.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And increasingly the people, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1580.81,1585.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the stakes get higher, as the money gets bigger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1585.74,1588.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the system gets bigger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1588.03,1589.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the need for answers to those questions becomes greater.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1590.29,1594.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's true on the one hand that the engineers actually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1595.81,1599.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of them actually had skills to provide good answers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1599.8,1602.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to those questions, but many did not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1602.31,1604.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, many, many people who were graduating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1604.94,1607.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the kind of way I read the criticism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1607.38,1610.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these manufacturers is that you've got a whole bunch","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1610.0,1612.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people that, you know, are reasonably good technicians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1612.87,1617.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe, after we spent two or three years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1617.61,1619.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training them in our factories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1619.69,1621.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not necessarily able to make good judgments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1621.47,1624.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's what we need.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1624.98,1626.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what a real engineer is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1626.31,1628.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someone who can make judgements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1628.18,1630.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that somebody investing money in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1630.37,1632.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or writing a regulatory rule around, say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1632.63,1636.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how fast should aircraft land?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1637.68,1640.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Should it be 40 miles an hour,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1643.16,1644.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"50 miles an hour, or 60 miles an hour?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1644.59,1646.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's all kinds of rationale for those decisions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1646.96,1651.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's safest?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1653.48,1654.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, there are people who can supply those answers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1657.24,1662.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the time, though,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1663.64,1664.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what engineering schools seemed to sell is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1664.8,1667.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all our graduates can supply these answers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1667.37,1669.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The companies are saying, \"Yeah, not all of them can.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1669.36,1671.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it doesn't much matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1672.99,1674.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, we move into a system where that's,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1674.95,1677.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the scale is such that you continue to need people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1678.66,1683.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me backtrack here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1685.784,1686.884"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause I'm losing my train of thought.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1687.84,1689.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the bottom line is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1689.68,1693.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're using, the engineers have some real skills,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1693.39,1696.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a small subset have real skills.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1696.33,1698.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a larger set who are basically trading","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1698.39,1700.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the image of science and objectivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1700.86,1704.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to market themselves as valued employees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1704.21,1707.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not quite clear to the companies that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1707.89,1709.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have that much value.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1709.91,1711.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The story, just yet, the story changes in World War II","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1712.42,1715.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the production starts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1715.88,1717.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the production figures skyrocket.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1717.98,1719.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roosevelt comes in and says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1719.87,1722.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"We wanna build 50,000 airplanes a year.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1722.08,1724.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They'd been building, oh, 12, 13, 14,000 airplanes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1724.71,1729.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1730.53,1731.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, what they did was they said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1731.5,1734.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gee, if we go around and count all the seats","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1736.22,1738.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these schools that are teaching","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1739.59,1741.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aeronautical engineering courses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1741.26,1743.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we aren't going to be able to produce enough graduates,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1743.1,1745.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if they go to school full, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1745.42,1748.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"12 months out of the year to meet the needs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1748.56,1751.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 50,000 year production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1751.85,1755.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's at that point in the war that then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1756.94,1758.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they sort of really separate out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1758.84,1762.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mathematical side of the engineering profession,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1763.48,1767.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they say okay, engineers do math,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1767.14,1770.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they do the science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1770.18,1771.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what we train other people to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1771.66,1773.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a whole host of paraprofessionals, draftsmen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1773.17,1776.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's when women are brought in as computers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1776.11,1778.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have tech aides.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1779.84,1782.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's three or four professions that come off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1782.83,1784.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, really, to be honest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1784.96,1787.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should say that World War II is a good stopping point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1787.6,1792.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that's precisely at the point that you kind of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1792.43,1795.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's clear that what engineers do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1795.52,1797.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or what people consider engineers to do as special","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1797.91,1800.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the science and math portion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1800.23,1802.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the theoretical portion of their training.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1802.56,1807.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's enough of rambling (laughs) on that subject.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1807.13,1810.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1812.609,1813.972"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e In the, very rapidly you showed us the commercial aviation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1813.972,1815.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the '20s and '30s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1819.0,1823.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you've indicated I guess that this forced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1823.783,1826.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fairly rapid change in the curricula that was developing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1826.83,1831.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have a feel for whether that was kind of leading,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1832.654,1835.952"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, there was obviously during that time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1835.952,1837.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also rapid changes in other curriculum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1837.813,1840.715"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or engineering programs, mechanical, civil, and electrical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1840.715,1845.459"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So was aeronautical kind of leading the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1845.459,1848.804"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these changes, or were they kind of following the trend,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1848.804,1851.924"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and (mumbles) how engineering in general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1851.924,1856.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was rapidly shifting from the shop mentality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1856.243,1861.171"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to more of the analytical, mathematical,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1861.171,1864.571"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"science-based, theoretical mentality?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1864.571,1868.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e They seemed to be following behind somewhat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1868.373,1872.314"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a kind of preset pattern of professionalization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1872.314,1877.314"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and where one 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tradition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1883.664,1888.068"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you know, Alan writes about this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1888.068,1891.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the, you know, industrialization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1891.19,1893.472"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United States that takes place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1893.472,1895.261"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the late 19th and early 20th century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1895.261,1899.108"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what you have with aeronautical engineers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1899.108,1903.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's true with chemical engineers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1903.43,1905.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that they kind of have this model already in mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1905.11,1909.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wanna try and leapfrog the 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society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1913.66,1915.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They wanna go directly to metals and societies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1915.85,1918.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all the things that give a discipline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1918.44,1920.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's shape and character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1920.82,1923.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But they have to, it turns out you can't do that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1924.75,1927.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"absent any kind of market demand for those services.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1927.29,1931.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, they recapitulate the process along the way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1931.81,1936.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the question is how far advanced was a field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1937.74,1941.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like mechanical engineering relative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1941.7,1943.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to aeronautical engineering?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1943.37,1944.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And probably on the whole they were in tandem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1945.84,1950.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure there are fields in mechanical engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1950.12,1952.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there was a much greater advance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1952.12,1954.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the theoretical side of the work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1954.77,1957.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One can think of, say, the work, theoretical work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1960.71,1964.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done by, say, Stephen Timoshenko at Michigan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1964.1,1967.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then at Stanford on the theory of materials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1967.11,1969.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on structures, which was very sophisticated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1969.4,1973.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand, I'm sure there were plenty of shops","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1975.366,1977.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where people were working essentially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1977.34,1979.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in an apprentice tradition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1979.51,1980.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I guess the answer is professionally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1983.65,1987.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the outward apparatus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1987.96,1991.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the aeronautical engineers are behind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1991.0,1992.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In terms of actual practice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1992.65,1994.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they probably are running in identical step,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1994.86,1998.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in step with the other disciplines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=1998.04,2000.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the civil, and mechanical, electrical fields.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2000.23,2003.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I heard you say the three you talked about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2007.536,2009.164"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the change with World War I,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2009.164,2011.431"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was wondering whether their starting 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sorry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2017.22,2021.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shifting from looking at the materials as they are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2021.05,2024.378"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and testing those and then shifting into looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2024.378,2027.829"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at possible materials for future projects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2027.829,2030.341"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are these separate groups of (mumbles)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2030.341,2035.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Aeronautical engineering does not get interested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2035.2,2037.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in production questions until the Second World War.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2037.21,2040.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They dabble in it in the First World War,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2040.2,2042.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the aeronautical engineers actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2042.59,2044.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never do anything with production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2044.61,2046.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or people that call themselves aeronautical engineers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2046.07,2047.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's this trespassing of the automotive community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2047.88,2051.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into that field, and it didn't work very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2052.97,2055.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, the production figures went up to 14,000 airplanes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2055.91,2060.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but actually something like 64,000 airplanes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2061.26,2064.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had been used and it was considered a travesty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2064.02,2067.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a scam and waste of government 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(mumbles).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2217.477,2218.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, you said at the beginning one of the unique things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2220.11,2223.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about aeronautical engineering was the 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market,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2231.01,2233.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and another that it did was to flux the flood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2233.2,2235.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of early staff and creative 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airplanes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2432.84,2437.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I would say that the story is more complicated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2437.14,2440.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it plays a central role in bringing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2440.27,2443.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kind of cohesion in this community and profession,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2443.54,2448.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's not something that's described.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2448.01,2450.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Normally people make reference, they say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2451.15,2452.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, okay, the DC-3 has the NACA cowling on it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2452.8,2457.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or it has this NACA airfoil on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2457.66,2461.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But more significant is this sort of role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2461.87,2465.284"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of publishing and disseminating reports,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2465.284,2469.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of providing personnel who then became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2469.48,2473.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really the most prominent educators who then, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2474.76,2477.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were teaching the students as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2477.51,2480.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah?\nYou mentioned in your list","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2481.97,2483.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of aeronautical schools in the early '20s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2483.22,2486.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you mentioned the University of Iowa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2486.27,2487.524"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being in that list, and I wonder if that isn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2487.524,2490.039"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Hydraulics Institute at the University of Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2490.039,2493.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more in the area of hydrodynamics?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2493.97,2496.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, that's a really good question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2496.25,2497.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I spent a lot of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2497.37,2498.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the archivist and I spent a lot of time back and forth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2498.51,2501.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the phone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2501.15,2502.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They do have a program starting in the late '20s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2502.63,2505.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in 19, as of 1922, we couldn't identify any programming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2505.44,2510.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, you know, we did look in there to see if,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2511.01,2513.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause (mumbles), a lot of aeronautical programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2513.49,2515.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grow out of hydrodynamics curriculum projects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2515.71,2519.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or enable engineering programs, some mechanical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2519.25,2524.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we just couldn't find any reference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2524.13,2526.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any catalog (laughs) or course publication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2526.94,2530.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That doesn't mean there wasn't a course there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2530.6,2532.369"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the information, I just couldn't find it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2532.369,2537.369"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as of 1922.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2538.74,2540.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, before we end tonight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2544.13,2547.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have a token of our appreciation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2547.22,2549.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a hots T-shirt commemorating the lecture series-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2549.01,2552.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, thank you very much-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2552.34,2553.639"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And would you join me in thanking Dr. Douglas?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2553.639,2556.878"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=2556.878,2559.878"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26720/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/720/original/AV204682_Diversity_as_Art_b.vtt?1622064120","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/720/original/AV204682_Diversity_as_Art_b.vtt?1622064120"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26721","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204682_Diversity_as_Art_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242/transcript/26721/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Time. From '27 to '32, the public pushed the value of aviation securities to somewhere between 850 million and $1 billion on the New York Stock Exchange. Yet, the net total earnings of these firms were around $8 million. That's a price to earnings ratio of 100 to one. And while that was not uncommon during this period, nonetheless, it was certainly unsustainable. Aviation ranked 144th in terms of the value of its products, slightly smaller than the corset industry, slightly larger than the pocketbook industry. But it was fourth in ranking of the trading of new securities, and the impact of all this cash was immediate and profound. And you can see it just in aircraft production figures, which in '27 were about 2,000 airplanes, in 1928, 4,300, in '29, 6,200 airplanes were being built. And flush with capital, a kind of of universal public enthusiasm and interest in aviation, the presence of meaningful regulation, the aviation industry just really responds immediately, and it means now that they have the money, if you will, to be able to afford to hire engineers. And this is a period when there's a start of a discussion about this emerging tension in engineering education. This is when this kind of the practical man versus the theoretical man comes into play, and it's actively discussed now in engineering journals. There is an example, one editor of a journal wrote a editorial saying that perhaps, you know, the theorists and the practical men should come together in some kind of hybrid, and the editorial argued, for example, the need for both, suggesting that, quote, \"It would be a bold man \"who had set himself up as the infallible arbiter \"of what is likely to prove of practical utility \"and what is not.\" Kind of in the way that I think it was Robby who when it was asked at Stagg Field what the value of all this research was in physics and nuclear testing that they were doing, and his response is, \"I don't know, \"but in 50 years, I'm sure you'll be able to tax it.\" And this kind of, is the kind of response to this tension that's being played out. How does it play out in the curriculum? With Guggenheim money pouring in, the statistics are impressive. In 1929, there are 1,400 aeronautical engineering students enrolled in about 14 schools around the country. It's still a time when an untrained individual could, learning through apprenticeship and through on-site training, could succeed, but it really was side by side with, and the hiring of engineers trained in universities. So an example is Douglas Aircraft in 1925 hires James H. Dutch Kindelberger and Arthur Raymond. Kindelberger is self-taught. Raymond is a Caltech graduate. Both go on to have illustrious careers in aeronautical engineering design. Both become chief engineers for their company, or others. But there is a belief that if you're going to transform air travel into a safe, reliable, and an economic technology, that that process was gonna occur as a consequence of hiring trained engineers. There are two types of programs, Minnesota, which we'll skip the next couple of slides here, and go, there's the next one that has a curriculum sheet on it you'll see. I think it's slide 17. Yeah, that one there, thank you. There are two sheets there, but this first one is all that's necessary. The University of Minnesota's program that gets created in 1928, 1929, as a direct consequence of the Lindbergh boom, John Ackerman, who had been born in Latvia, studied at the Royal Technical Institute in Moscow, was a pilot for the Imperial Russian Air Force, and who emigrated in 1918 to the United States had been invited to give lectures on aircraft design at the mechanical engineering department. He had gotten a aeronautical engineering degree at Michigan in 1925, and then worked for Henry Ford, and the Stout Metal Aircraft, Hamilton Standard, and was the chief engineer for Mohawk Aircraft in Minneapolis. And so, he gives some lectures. In '29, they establish a full four-year degree program. It has a standard. This, what you see here is the curriculum for that program. A standard freshman year, sophomore, you take aviation, auto, airplane engines, aviation, you get aerodynamics your junior year, stresses, senior, you get stresses in design. What's interesting is that '29 is the first year they offer this course, and they have 229 students enrolled in this program. That's 13% of the total engineering students at Minnesota, and the numbers continue that way throughout this period. What's fascinating to me is that with the exception of Robert Gilruth, when I've reviewed their alumni list, nobody's actually working in the aeronautical industry. So you have kind of this interesting contrast. The students are clearly taking the course 'cause they're caught up with the enthusiasm of the period, but they're doing so with no sense of job prospects. Not only are we in the Depression, and in the height of the Depression, Minneapolis has a few small aviation businesses, but Northwest really isn't there yet. It isn't a major aeronautical hub, and yet 13% of the students are pursuing this course of study. Only, electrical engineering was the largest in, at that time. So I found that quite fascinating. By contrast, Stanford, which received a significant Guggenheim grant, you know, it has five, six, seven students, at the most, 10 students, but all of them become leading engineers in companies. And so, it's a sort of fascinating contrast. They use the Guggenheim money to hire two new professors, Elliot Reed from Langley, and Alfred Niles from McCook Field, and again, what you begin to see in the Guggenheim program is almost all the people that come into the schools, the new professors, are all people that have worked in federal lab facilities. And so, the locus of intellectual creativity is really seen as these federal labs, and then the technology transfers into the university, and that becomes a way in which they structure their curriculum, their sense of what problems are significant and important. And they have a two-year graduate program. But one of the interesting things that I found about this was that the schools were pretty proud of their autonomy. E. P. Leslie, who taught at Stanford, wrote to the acting President of Stanford, Robert Swain, in June of 1930, and said, \"While the Guggenheim Fund has called this conference,\" called a conference in Washington in 1926 for all schools giving courses in aeronautical engineering, and he wrote, \"so far as I know, no institution represented \"at that conference, except New York University, \"has shown any interest or enthusiasm about this matter.\" There was another attempt to call another meeting in 1930, and Leslie wanted to decline saying that, that he had told Clemens he would not attend, that, \"As to the proposed activities of this committee, \"we stood ready at any time to render such service \"to the industry as we had equipment \"and personnel fitted for, \"and that we felt entirely competent to render this service \"without any supervision or direction from anyone. \"That is the attitude that has been taken \"by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, \"the University of Michigan, \"and I believe the California Institute of Technology. \"I see no reason why we should hitch our wagon \"to Professor Clemens' star, \"and Dr. Durand degrees with me in this view.\" So there is some institutional rivalry going on here, and the notion that institutions did not want centralized direction from the Guggenheim Foundation. In 1933, 1940 which is the last period I wanna consider, I have two slides here of, first of the Boeing 247, numbers 18 and 19, if you will. And in 1930, and I just quickly put these up here just so that you can see the shape of the vehicle there. And the point is is that if you closed your eyes, and you said what is an airplane to you, what is that generic mind's eye image of the airplane, this and the next one here of the, this is a, also a Boeing 247, and then the last one, I'm sorry. It's, oh, just keep that one up, this is fine.\r\n\r\n- Oh, I'm sorry.\r\n\r\n- No, I think that's it, no, that's it. What you have here is this is the, this is the image of the airplane. Today, you know, you think substitute jet engines for it, but essentially the low wing, the monocoque, the metal structure, the position of the wings, the windows. This is your archetypal aircraft, and these airplanes in the 1933 timeframe, the 247, the Douglas DC-1, 2, and 3, the Lockheed Electra appeared, and the physical appearance and performance of these aircraft were quite significantly different. They received a blizzard of publicity. They flew at a blistering speed of three miles a minute, and even today, the DC-3 remains one of the most celebrated aircraft in history. These airlines are the subject of many fond memories, but what I see them as historically significant is that they are the outward manifestations of enormous changes taking place within the discipline of aeronautical engineering. In the 1920s, there was a sort of substantial reconfiguration of the aeronautical engineering profession, of the traditions and practice, this kind of discussion when I mentioned there's a tension between theory and practice in aeronautical engineering. I mean, in all aspects of engineering, there are various tensions are being discussed and debated, and all of that is a part of a process of forming a professional identity. And ultimately, there is some stabilization that is occurring in the engineering tradition. Eric Schatzberg has written about the progress ideology of metal. Now, I'm less persuaded by his argument. At this time he writes a book about the history of the shift from the wooden to metal airplanes, but I am convinced that there are ideological commitments in technology. I believe that there are many smaller, and sometimes competitive, ideologies. In addition to the ideology of progress, aeronautical engineers also have had ideological commitments in varying degrees to a broad range of ideals, including safety, economy, control, materials, professional status, and corporate or institutional success. The reconfiguration of the aeronautical community mentioned earlier then represents the emergence of a new ideological coalition. In other words, as the aeronautical community matured in the late '20s, the social relations within that community changed, as did the ideas of what constituted technical practice and tradition, and this in turn is manifest in how these airplanes look and perform. It makes then the aeronautical engineering curriculum an important site for analysis. So in the new universe, and there's one last slide here. This is a handwritten chart, which appeared in a report prepared by Shatswell Ober at MIT and each of these columns here, A, B, C, D, if you will, represent different institutions. First is Caltech, B is Stanford, so forth. What he has done is he reviewed the curriculum at all these schools in the general fields, what he calls humanities, fundamentals of math and science, engineering fields, and aeronautics, and he looked at the size of these charts is how much time each of these schools give relatively speaking that particular subject, and he's doing a comprehensive analysis. The courses, he drew, he did a survey of the field between this 1933, '38 area, and what he came up with is that first of all they shared several key characteristics, that aeronautical engineering programs were, planned to train men to work in engineering groups of airplane manufacturers, or in maintenance sections of airlines. Second, that courses were planned to train engineers, not technicians. And third, they had, they shared a faith in the fact that method or theory matters more, and he gives a lengthy example of why it was pointless to spend weeks and weeks studying, say, the new CAA rules for stress analysis without teaching a person how to do a stress analysis. What would happen when the engineer was confronted with a problem that didn't conform to the specifications of the government rule book? And fourth, he believed that they all shared a sense that aeronautical engineers would eventually have some sort of leadership role within their companies, and that that is why some, that it was important to continue to have some training in humanities and other cultural subjects, that that is what made engineers capable of leadership roles. What he sorts out in all of this is that, that this humanities portion of the curriculum averaged between five and 22%, with an average of 15% of a student's time, that fundamentals in math, physics and chemistry took up between 18 and 33% of a student's curriculum, The average was 28%, and he calls these the foundations. These are these two lower categories here on this chart, and they combined to account for 33 to 52%, an average of 43% of the student's time. Different schools had a whole different series of requirements for the amount of time they spent taking courses in mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering. He noted that Western schools required students to take geology. Caltech has a geology requirement. And that in the end, the aero courses, which are up on the top, account for an average of about 1/4 of the time the students spend, 23 to 32%, which was a low figure from the standpoint of the students who were very interested, or, and employers, who wanted to do less training, on-the-job training. But what he was kind of interested in was the fact that of that 26% of the time, aerodynamics takes up 8% of the curriculum, and the question was was that too much or too little? And he proposes a variety of strategies for getting out of that. Now, what did folks make of all this? That's what somebody in the business, in the university community felt was good preparation for aeronautical engineering. In '39, Montgomery Knight from Georgia Tech does a survey of 21 manufacturers and airlines about their company's hiring requirements in their engineering departments, their shops, dispatching pilots, and the comments they got back were striking. They range from things like, \"Must be a graduate \"from an accredited engineering school. \"We prefer a man with about two years post-graduate work \"in some leading commercial school, \"such as Parks Air College, \"Boeing School of Aeronautics, et cetera, \"having served an apprentice aeronautical engineer \"in some aircraft factory for several years, \"and accordingly qualified himself \"for a position with our company. \"However, should we have an opening \"for a man of engineering ability, \"we would consider applications \"of specially qualified student graduates \"from such colleges as the Guggenheim School of Aeronautics, \"Caltech, Michigan, et cetera.\" We have things, comments like, \"These days of changing philosophies and social standards \"with an unfortunately critical attitude \"towards management and industry, \"it seems to me that the true picture, \"with naturally a few exceptions, should be impressed \"upon students of today. \"Initiative, hard work, and loyalty are \"still the stepping stones to promotion and success, \"but some of our young people do not seem to think so. \"My feeling is that aeronautical engineering courses \"are too fancy, trying to incorporate too much \"of the abstract science of aerodynamics, \"and oftentimes a graduate does not know \"his basic physics and mathematics. \"I feel that in order to use physics and mathematics \"in any engineering work, a graduate should be able, \"on any occasion, to derive any of the basic formulas \"of analytical geometry, calculus, basic stress formulas, \"basic deflection formulas, \"and retain this knowledge at all times. \"Of course, some knowledge of aerodynamics is essential, \"but only the practical phases should be taught \"to four-year students, such as the basic fundamentals \"of static, stability, and performance. \"If we had more engineers with a real knowledge \"of the simple fundamentals, as I have outlined above, \"we would have more engineering, \"and less system in all of our factories.\" And finally, one comment from the head of Pratt \u0026 Whitney's airplane plant was, \"From the standpoint of the aeronautical industry, \"it is my belief that the greatest service \"our educational institutions could render would be \"through a more critical system of evaluating \"the possibilities of the students, \"with a view to specially classifying those thousands \"who are actually not suited to be real engineers. \"I realize that this would be a very difficult problem, \"and would necessitate a very intimate contact \"between faculty and students. \"But it is my personal belief that the majority \"of those who graduate today with engineering degrees \"are not, never have been, \"and never will be true engineers.\" The thing about that particular review is that Knight came to the conclusion after reviewing comments like that was that the theoretical side of the curriculum was adequate, that quote, \"Schools of aeronautics have passed \"through an evolutionary period, \"and now have a solid background of fundamental courses \"that are essential to the training of young men \"for the manufacture and research work.\" And his point is just that actually if you review all these letters, they all put in the requirements we hire a university-trained engineer for these fields. So they have some criticism on the practical instruction side of things, and that's because, most argued, it took between six months and three years to make an engineer useful to the company. Knight's solution was not to abandon the theoretical side of the curriculum, but rather to change the pedagogy. Knight was a former NACA Langley researcher, and he argued for a problem-based curriculum. In other words, give students real problems. He did concede that the introduction of cooperative education programs might be somewhat simpler. One point that Knight felt strongly about was the need for faculty to be engaged with industry, perhaps doing research during their summer months. I wanna conclude now, and which is to say that the balance between theory and practice in aeronautical engineering is an ongoing problem. What is the essential know-how that is required to make or do things? When we consider, what we consider theory and practice has changed, though, as the context in which we think about a particular machine. In 1903, the airplane's context was that of poetry and dreams. In 1938, the airplane's context was commercial and military aviation, and a sophisticated system of infrastructure. One cannot divorce engineering training from this fact. In other words, what might have been adequate training in one context was considered wholly inadequate in another. As you create a system, you need experts to make judgments, or they needed a system to, they needed experts to make judgements that became the basis for investment. How fast, how frequent, how safe, these are the sorts of questions that are critical to an air transportation system, and the ones that we ask engineers to supply answers to. It's not just about a machine, or a single life. It's about a system, and that's why Fly and Try ended, not because that there wasn't value in practical experience, but because of the increasingly precise answers to the questions I've listed above require the imprimatur of science to give legitimacy. Thanks.\r\n\r\n- Dr. Douglas is gonna take questions now-\r\n\r\n- I apologize for, we started 10 minutes late, and I ran five minutes longer, so apologize for that. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- So any questions?\r\n\r\n- You can also talk to me informally, if that would be, yes?\r\n\r\n- Oh, I have a question. When you said legitimacy there at the end, it sounded like you had something more in mind, and simply that you needed the scientific theory to make things work, that there was more than that involved somehow. Is that right, or did I misunderstand that?\r\n\r\n- No, I think that's right. I think the engineering profession had attained a kind of credibility through its emphasis on mathematics and through its identification with science that it had the ability to render impartial and objective judgments. Now, whether or not you believe that as historians is sort of irrelevant. The society believed that, and invested that in that profession, and what happens over two decades is a kind of movement away from hands-on build something, see if it works, which is fine if you're doing it for yourself. But if you're gonna run a system that transports thousands of people, airplanes cannot fall out of the sky. If you're going to invest money, you expect a return on that investment, and that requires a regulatory environment. It requires people to give some assurances that the vehicle will be safe, that it will do and perform according to your projections. And increasingly the people, you know, as the stakes get higher, as the money gets bigger, and the system gets bigger, the need for answers to those questions becomes greater. And it's true on the one hand that the engineers actually, some of them actually had skills to provide good answers to those questions, but many did not. I mean, many, many people who were graduating, which is the kind of way I read the criticism of these manufacturers is that you've got a whole bunch of people that, you know, are reasonably good technicians, maybe, after we spent two or three years training them in our factories, but not necessarily able to make good judgments, and that's what we need. That's what a real engineer is, someone who can make judgements that somebody investing money in, or writing a regulatory rule around, say, how fast should aircraft land? Should it be 40 miles an hour, 50 miles an hour, or 60 miles an hour? There's all kinds of rationale for those decisions. What's safest? And so, there are people who can supply those answers. Most of the time, though, what engineering schools seemed to sell is all our graduates can supply these answers. The companies are saying, \"Yeah, not all of them can.\" But it doesn't much matter. I mean, we move into a system where that's, the scale is such that you continue to need people. Let me backtrack here, 'cause I'm losing my train of thought. But the bottom line is that you're using, the engineers have some real skills, or a small subset have real skills. There's a larger set who are basically trading on the image of science and objectivity to market themselves as valued employees. It's not quite clear to the companies that they have that much value. The story, just yet, the story changes in World War II when the production starts, and the production figures skyrocket. Roosevelt comes in and says, \"We wanna build 50,000 airplanes a year.\" They'd been building, oh, 12, 13, 14,000 airplanes at that point. And so, what they did was they said, gee, if we go around and count all the seats in these schools that are teaching aeronautical engineering courses, we aren't going to be able to produce enough graduates, even if they go to school full, you know, 12 months out of the year to meet the needs of 50,000 year production. It's at that point in the war that then they sort of really separate out the mathematical side of the engineering profession, and they say okay, engineers do math, and they do the science, and what we train other people to do is a whole host of paraprofessionals, draftsmen. That's when women are brought in as computers. They have tech aides. There's three or four professions that come off. And so, really, to be honest, I should say that World War II is a good stopping point, because that's precisely at the point that you kind of, it's clear that what engineers do, or what people consider engineers to do as special is the science and math portion, the theoretical portion of their training. But that's enough of rambling on that subject. Yes?\r\n\r\n- In the, very rapidly you showed us the commercial aviation after the '20s and '30s. And you've indicated I guess that this forced fairly rapid change in the curricula that was developing. Do you have a feel for whether that was kind of leading, I mean, there was obviously during that time also rapid changes in other curriculum, or engineering programs, mechanical, civil, and electrical. So was aeronautical kind of leading the way in these changes, or were they kind of following the trend, and how engineering in general was rapidly shifting from the shop mentality to more of the analytical, mathematical, science-based, theoretical mentality?\r\n\r\n- They seemed to be following behind somewhat. There is a kind of preset pattern of professionalization, and where one moves from a kind of craft-based tradition into a university-based tradition. And you know, Alan writes about this in terms of the, you know, industrialization of the United States that takes place in the late 19th and early 20th century. But what you have with aeronautical engineers, and it's true with chemical engineers, is that they kind of have this model already in mind. They wanna try and leapfrog the step. They wanna go directly to theory. They wanna go directly to engineering society. They wanna go directly to metals and societies and all the things that give a discipline it's shape and character. But they have to, it turns out you can't do that absent any kind of market demand for those services. And so, they recapitulate the process along the way. Now, the question is how far advanced was a field like mechanical engineering relative to aeronautical engineering? And probably on the whole they were in tandem. I'm sure there are fields in mechanical engineering where there was a much greater advance in terms of the theoretical side of the work. One can think of, say, the work, theoretical work, done by, say, Stephen Timoshenko at Michigan, and then at Stanford on the theory of materials and on structures, which was very sophisticated. On the other hand, I'm sure there were plenty of shops where people were working essentially in an apprentice tradition. So I guess the answer is professionally in terms of the outward apparatus, the aeronautical engineers are behind. In terms of actual practice, they probably are running in identical step, in step with the other disciplines, with the civil, and mechanical, electrical fields.\r\n\r\n- I heard you say the three you talked about with the change with World War I, and I was wondering whether their starting out as having people doing basically quality assurance to increase production, and then shifting into, sorry, shifting from looking at the materials as they are and testing those and then shifting into looking at possible materials for future projects, are these separate groups of ?\r\n\r\n- Aeronautical engineering does not get interested in production questions until the Second World War. They dabble in it in the First World War, and the aeronautical engineers actually never do anything with production, or people that call themselves aeronautical engineers. It's this trespassing of the automotive community into that field, and it didn't work very well. I mean, the production figures went up to 14,000 airplanes, but actually something like 64,000 airplanes had been used and it was considered a travesty and a scam and waste of government money. At the time, there's a lot of muckraking journalism written about why did we fail to produce the aircraft that had been ordered, and why is it that, you know, the automotive people couldn't do for the airplane what they had done for the car? It turns out that airplanes are different from cars, and that the technology of flying machines did not lend itself very well to the kinds of tailor-systemized production techniques of scientific management that had worked so well in the automotive industry, in part 'cause the volume was still too small. But aeronautical engineers really never cared about production figures until until World War II, and then they were forced to think about them again. There's been some writing on that. Robert Ferguson did a dissertation at the University of Minnesota in which he argues that all the attention historians give to Willow Run is mistaken, because Willow Run plant set up by Henry Ford is anomalous. It doesn't work like any other aircraft engineering plant. And he in turn looks at Boeing and Convair and Lockheed and Douglas and compares their production techniques and methods. Each adopt a different style of producing airplanes, and he compares them. They all made B-17s, and one of the things that the Army engineers officers right around World War II discovered is that even though they were all B-17s, parts from planes built by Douglas were not interchangeable with parts built for the planes for Boeing. And it's at that point there was this kind of epiphany that style of production affects the, affects the product, the machine that you produce. And it's at that moment that they become interested in production techniques. And that's something they care about to this day. But aeronautical engineers were really, to the extent that they were being trained and in small numbers, were focused on the design of the vehicle exclusively.\r\n\r\n- Question of the-\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Right here, you did, .\r\n\r\n- Oh, you said at the beginning one of the unique things about aeronautical engineering was the role of the federal government in setting up, and I heard you say during the talk that one of the things the federal government did was supply an early market, and another that it did was to flux the flood of early staff and creative people. Are there other ways in which the government was critically important?\r\n\r\n- Yes, once they built Langley, this is really another chapter in the book, but once they built a place like Langley is that they had a research center, and they became kind of, in certain fields, a locus for research in that field. In other words, they, take the field of structures, aircraft structural mechanics. Langley became the center for intellectual creativity and activity, and people came to them for the information. It wasn't simply that the federal government was testing some concepts or, you know, an airplane in a wind tunnel to determine its performance characteristics, or that it was inventing some specific technology like the NACA cowling, which then in turn, got put onto aircraft around. It also became this kind of gatekeeper of information. They sponsored conferences. Every year, there was an annual inspection starting in 1928 at Langley, where there were about 300 people, which were kind of all the leading engineers from industry, government, and universities attended this. And so, once a year there was this kind of mixer where people came, met with each other, talked about the problems. I mean, it was a display for the NACA to say, well, this is the work we're doing, this is our latest wind tunnel we've built. What are you interested in? Is there work that you need us to do that we're not addressing? But in fact, it also performed this function of bringing people together. The NACA technical reports really were the basis for technical knowledge in the American aeronautical engineering community, and this is something Europe didn't have. They translated European works. They brought out textbooks. They republished master's and doctoral dissertations. They publish the results of works in federal labs. They publish the work of research they'd sponsored in universities, and all of that had a centralized distribution system. So you know, an average NACA technical report saw a distribution of somewhere between eight and 15,000. And so, if you were anyone in industry, any library, any university, they all got this. And so, everybody has a common body of knowledge that they're working from as well. So you have a common body of knowledge, which becomes the core of most technical libraries in aeronautical engineering, you know, at the universities. They supplying faculty, becomes kind of post-graduate training. Before aeronautical engineering programs got started, many faculty advised their undergraduate students to go and work at Langley for a year or two, and then go into industry, you know, as a kind of way of getting more hands-on experience with airplanes. So I would say that the story is more complicated, but it plays a central role in bringing a kind of cohesion in this community and profession, and that's not something that's described. Normally people make reference, they say, well, okay, the DC-3 has the NACA cowling on it, or it has this NACA airfoil on it. But more significant is this sort of role of publishing and disseminating reports, of providing personnel who then became really the most prominent educators who then, you know, they were teaching the students as well. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- You mentioned in your list of aeronautical schools in the early '20s, you mentioned the University of Iowa being in that list, and I wonder if that isn't the Hydraulics Institute at the University of Iowa, more in the area of hydrodynamics?\r\n\r\n- Yeah, that's a really good question. I spent a lot of time, the archivist and I spent a lot of time back and forth on the phone. They do have a program starting in the late '20s, but in 19, as of 1922, we couldn't identify any programming. I, you know, we did look in there to see if, 'cause , a lot of aeronautical programs grow out of hydrodynamics curriculum projects, or enable engineering programs, some mechanical. But we just couldn't find any reference in any catalog or course publication. That doesn't mean there wasn't a course there, but the information, I just couldn't find it, as of 1922.\r\n\r\n- Well, before we end tonight, we have a token of our appreciation, a hots T-shirt commemorating the lecture series-\r\n\r\n- Thank you, thank you very much-\r\n\r\n- And would you join me in thanking Dr. Douglas?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/42739/file/115242#t=0.0,2565.216"}]}]}]}