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programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=136.15,138.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He directs an international course on rural extension,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=138.33,141.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I believe is developing an in-service training course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=141.66,144.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in rural development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=144.71,146.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We look forward to your discussion this evening, Dr. Roling,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=146.48,148.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of open-ended approaches to the small farmer development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=148.88,153.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauds)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=153.003,156.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much for those kind words.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=160.014,162.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can hardly recognize myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=162.42,163.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm very honored and gratified and pleased","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=164.92,168.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be invited to give this lecture tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=168.16,170.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has given me a chance to visit the United States again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=171.34,174.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(items clatter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=174.343,175.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oh, and visit some very good friends again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=175.5,180.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've enjoyed that very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=180.61,181.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did my graduate work at MSU, where I was taught","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=181.74,184.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by some real honest-to-God Iowa farm boys, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=184.8,188.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and among them, Everett Rogers and Carl Eicher,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=189.57,193.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Everett Rogers is somebody who taught me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=193.66,196.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it can be very helpful for an audience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=196.12,199.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have a little outline of what you're going to say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=199.56,204.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As one of the people I met tonight already explained,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=204.3,206.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can fall asleep and then pick up the thread again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=206.96,209.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which otherwise is very difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=209.36,210.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=210.903,212.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So maybe I can very briefly run through it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=212.9,215.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that you have a little bit of an idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=215.12,217.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what I will be speaking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=220.5,222.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like to, of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=222.69,224.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll be talking about the food problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=224.18,226.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I would like to first deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=227.36,229.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the international economic system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=229.27,231.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its effect on the food situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=231.68,234.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in developing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=234.51,235.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to go too deeply into that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=236.91,239.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I want to deal mainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=239.34,241.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with national food production systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=241.42,244.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to deal with some of their main aspects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=244.24,246.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then look at some scenarios for their development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=246.34,250.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'd like to look at the money-science blitz approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=250.92,252.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I have called it, and the open-ended process approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=252.617,256.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I will deal a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=258.0,259.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the money-science blitz approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=259.7,262.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look at its feasibility for developing nations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=262.2,265.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you may surmise from the name I've given the approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=267.0,270.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I might not believe it's so feasible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=270.32,273.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I go then to the open-ended process approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=274.49,276.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'll deal with in a little bit more extensive fashion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=276.7,280.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give some principles of small farmer development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=280.98,283.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then look at some concrete strategies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=283.74,285.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are being utilized from the point of view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=285.98,289.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their fit with those principles I just looked at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=289.31,292.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I would like to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=292.8,294.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at one of these strategies more in detail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=294.7,297.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what I've called the five elements strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=297.21,299.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now much en vogue in various developing countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=299.57,303.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look at some of its aspects and also its suitability,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=303.86,308.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then I will conclude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=308.91,311.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that is roughly the outline,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=311.15,312.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so maybe you know now where to wake up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=312.57,315.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and where to go to sleep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=315.04,317.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Given that this is the seventh lecture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=319.97,321.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was tempted to think of seven fat and seven lean years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=321.69,326.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that if you look at seven lean years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=329.97,334.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and seven fat years and see where we are in that respect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=335.45,338.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that in the US and Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=338.11,339.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've had very fat years indeed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=339.89,342.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so fat that fat has become bad,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=344.104,346.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a complete reversal of what the Bible would say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=347.47,351.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when it says fat years and lean years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=351.2,353.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've understood from an advertisement I saw sitting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=354.57,357.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on one of my friends' toilet that what we need here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=357.78,362.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the West is weight loss methods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=362.8,366.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which burn off fat so fast","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=366.08,367.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that only total starvation can beat it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=367.79,370.304"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=370.304,373.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in most developing nations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=373.18,374.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we are in a very different situation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=374.55,376.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think there the original meaning of fat and lean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=376.54,379.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the Bible says it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=379.64,383.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is graphed very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=383.67,385.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that millions of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=385.97,387.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have experienced many lean years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=387.64,389.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I personally think that the prospects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=389.68,391.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the future do not seem to promise much improvement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=391.53,395.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think tonight it will be very useful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=398.36,400.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to calculate how many millions of people are hungry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=400.72,404.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think I don't have to convince you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=405.23,409.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the seriousness of the world food problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=409.03,411.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Otherwise you wouldn't have been here tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=411.63,414.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It would be like punishing people who are present","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=414.13,418.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for those who are absent, so I won't go into that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=418.12,421.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but what I'd like to do is to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=421.86,423.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at some of the perceptions of the causes of the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=423.71,427.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the remedies which we prescribe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=427.81,430.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a consequence of those perceptions we have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=430.14,433.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in that connection, I would like to first deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=433.15,435.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the international economic system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=435.35,437.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its consequences for the food situation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=439.33,441.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I will only use that as a context,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=442.51,444.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a backdrop, providing the constraints","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=444.64,446.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within which national food production must operate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=446.98,450.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what I want to look at in particular then is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=451.85,454.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the national food production system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=454.46,456.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and efforts to develop it, as I said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=456.15,459.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me then first deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=459.11,460.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the international economic system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=460.12,462.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and let me describe it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=464.16,465.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a bit of exaggeration as follows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=465.22,467.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Developing nations import more than they export.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=468.85,472.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They therefore have large deficits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=472.05,474.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To fill the gap, they borrow abroad,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=474.95,477.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often from commercial banks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=477.26,478.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many developing countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=479.84,481.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the brunt of servicing this debt is borne","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=481.1,483.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the country's farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=483.49,484.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who produce the only exportable commodities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=484.64,486.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet these farmers usually do not benefit much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=488.36,490.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the imports from industrial nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=490.81,492.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm saying I'm exaggerating a bit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=493.82,495.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think that basically this picture is correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=495.56,498.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This situation implies, in fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=499.42,502.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in many developing nations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=502.05,503.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever their political ilk,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=503.77,506.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a very strong tendency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=506.08,507.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to extract as much wealth as possible out of rural areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=507.94,512.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leaving farmers with very little incentive to produce more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=512.4,515.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for us in developed nations and in industrial nations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=517.67,521.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is a very good system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=521.33,522.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I may use figures for the US, and this is not to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=523.55,527.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Netherlands is doing any better,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=527.74,530.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in the US alone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=530.5,531.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"500,000 people are employed for export to the third world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=531.407,536.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One in every five acres is producing food","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=536.84,541.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be exported to developing nations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=541.53,544.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in a way then I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=544.43,545.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that our economies have become dependent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=545.54,547.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upon this kind of export.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=547.74,549.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so I think this international system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=550.2,552.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serves us very well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=552.78,554.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that therefore we are somehow making money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=554.37,557.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wealth of which derives eventually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=560.258,563.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from rural areas in developing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=563.25,565.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another problem with the international system is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=567.81,569.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that our industrial products,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=569.703,571.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially petroleum-based fertilizers and chemicals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=571.2,574.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rapidly become relatively more expensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=574.08,576.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than agricultural products from developing nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=576.13,579.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To give an example, in the Philippines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=579.72,581.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there has been a report which was kept secret,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=581.52,585.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was reported in the BBC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=585.87,587.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's where I have this knowledge from,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=587.53,589.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a report which says that the income gains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=589.65,591.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that small farmers had made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=591.97,593.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a result of adopting high-yielding varieties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=593.31,595.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which had been introduced in this green revolution period,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=595.92,599.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these income gains had been badly eroded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=599.03,601.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the deteriorating terms of trade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=601.54,604.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between fertilizer and local food prices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=604.25,606.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I then may summarize very briefly the effects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=609.19,611.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the international economic system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=611.49,613.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would say that its net effect is to squeeze local farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=613.28,617.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in developing nations by,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=617.06,619.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one, forcing their governments to extract wealth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=619.97,623.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and leave little incentive for production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=623.11,625.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two, to import cheap or subsidized food products","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=626.58,630.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which undermine local farm prices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=630.48,632.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An example is with milk powder in Peru, imported in Peru,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=632.93,637.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Holland and from Sweden,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=637.89,640.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which makes it impossible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=640.1,641.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a local dairy industry to develop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=641.32,643.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, we have a few projects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=645.25,646.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, the Dutch give this milk powder with one hand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=646.28,649.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then they try to start dairy projects on the other hand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=649.53,652.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which don't come off the ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=652.99,653.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the price is too low for milk production locally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=653.98,657.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And three, the terms of trade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=658.21,660.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between industrial products and local farm products,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=660.06,662.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which deteriorate very rapidly and erode income gains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=662.98,667.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I'm not in a position to estimate in figures accurately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=667.72,671.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how serious the impact of the international system is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=671.32,673.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on local food production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=673.74,675.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In some cases, it might even have a positive effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=676.68,679.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The very strong extraction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=679.95,682.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the taxation of cocoa production in Ghana","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=682.76,687.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"led farmers to cut down cocoa trees","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=688.81,691.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to start producing food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=691.22,693.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there, this system led to more food production locally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=693.63,696.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was something that they could sell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=696.64,697.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was very difficult to tax by government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=697.97,700.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In all, I think that the international situation provides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=702.1,705.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very important context for national food production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=705.56,708.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is probably very difficult to find any small farmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=708.86,713.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the third world, and it is he or she","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=714.15,717.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is the modal food producer on this globe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=717.68,722.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any small farmer who is not tied one way or other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=723.13,726.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the international system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=726.55,728.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether he or she walks around stark naked or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=728.34,731.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that this incorporation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=732.69,735.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into this international system is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=735.43,738.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in general, not to the benefit of the small farmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=738.17,740.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me then look at national food production systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=742.95,745.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not going to spend much time on general descriptions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=748.64,751.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My main aim is to briefly indicate some of the problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=751.54,754.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"facing national food production systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=754.41,756.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then to focus on scenarios and strategies too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=756.87,759.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for accelerating food production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=759.66,761.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But a few words first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=762.48,763.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the main aspects of these systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=763.68,765.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you'll have to grant me enough sense to realize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=765.75,768.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it is barely permissible to generalize in this manner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=768.66,772.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm going to do it anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=772.21,773.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In most countries, the modal inhabitant is a rural villager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=774.957,779.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The mass of food consumers, therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=779.87,783.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are self-provisioning peasant farmers and landless peasants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=783.16,787.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In some countries, this latter category","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=788.87,791.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of landless peasants has become very large.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=791.09,793.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Bangladesh, it's now 60%,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=793.45,795.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it increases very, very rapidly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=795.47,797.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the problem of this disposable mass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=798.97,801.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people is their lack of purchasing power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=801.21,804.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, that can also be said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=805.59,807.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the mass of urban people who often flee rural areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=807.57,812.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they can't maintain a life there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=813.78,816.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many countries, the food problem is therefore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=817.94,819.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the first place a poverty problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=819.96,822.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not necessarily a problem of sufficient production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=822.35,826.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that is a very important point to keep in mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=826.71,829.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, I think there are quite a few countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=831.09,833.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are marked by severe malnutrition and hunger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=833.69,836.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which devote a considerable proportion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=837.81,841.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their agricultural resources to export of cash crops.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=841.73,846.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A focus on poverty and on insufficient purchasing power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=848.69,852.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"highlights the conflict of interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=852.04,853.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between urban and rural consumers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=853.66,855.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who benefit from low food prices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=855.82,857.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and farmers who want high prices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=857.56,860.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and need them if they are to apply modern inputs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=860.28,863.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The strategy followed in Europe and the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=864.78,867.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is to increase the production per farmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=867.43,871.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that farmers make a higher income","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=871.89,873.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while consumers still pay low prices for food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=873.65,876.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seems not so attractive for developing countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=876.69,878.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I will come back to the reasons for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=878.667,881.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Present growth rates of the population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=883.85,887.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the developing world, and I base myself here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=887.61,890.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on figures from Hugh Bunting of Reading University,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=890.44,894.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allow us to predict the demand for food might quadruple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=894.45,898.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a hundred years' time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=898.3,899.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and will in all likelihood double in the next 20 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=899.43,902.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now let me finish demand with 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inputs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=915.97,919.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and little modern technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=920.46,922.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Labor is provided by the members of the 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ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=973.82,977.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baker and Norman discovered that the messy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=979.15,982.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mixed cropping practices in so many rain-fed 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diseases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=997.29,1000.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of making optimal use of household labor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1000.14,1002.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of providing the highest yield per 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advantages,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1009.44,1011.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is little surprise that around the University of Zaria,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1011.01,1015.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where a lot of research was being done, all monocropping,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1015.14,1018.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you found farmers multiple-cropping,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1018.39,1020.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they didn't adopt any of this monocropping,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1020.34,1022.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and after 10 years of research,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1022.22,1023.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they finally started to look at why this was the case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1023.74,1026.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then they came up with these results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1026.42,1028.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These kind of results have opened our eyes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1030.84,1032.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the need to look at farming systems research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1032.84,1036.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a first step to improve local agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1036.42,1039.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Norman Baker, I think, who is well known here...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1039.93,1042.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it Norman Baker?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1043.986,1045.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a little lapse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1045.1,1045.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's 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mission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1052.27,1054.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Northern Yemen just recently, a few weeks ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1054.02,1056.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there was a Dutch project,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1056.94,1059.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this project had been there since 1977,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1061.29,1065.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the way they started out was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1065.51,1066.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to look at the farming system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1066.95,1068.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they had 20 acres of land from local people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1068.41,1072.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gotten with some difficulty, and they put a wall around it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1072.8,1075.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they'd done experiments on this area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1075.87,1079.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and when we got there, we found that they were barely able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1079.64,1083.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to equal yields of local farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1083.57,1085.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the typical results, as I said already,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1086.84,1088.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that local sorghum and local wheat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1088.69,1091.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outperformed imported sorghum and imported wheat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1091.65,1094.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let that conclude my brief description","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1097.91,1099.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the main aspects of food production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1099.89,1101.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in developing nations, because I would like to turn now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1101.9,1104.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to scenarios and strategies which we use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1104.89,1108.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to attack the world food problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1108.38,1110.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I shall, of course, have to simplify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1111.29,1113.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to contrast to get across my points.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1113.2,1115.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that respect, I shall limit myself to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1117.32,1120.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two approaches, two scenarios.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1122.81,1125.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is what I said I already called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1127.99,1130.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the money-science blitz scenario,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1130.21,1131.857"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the other one the open-ended process approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1131.857,1135.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me then start with the first one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1137.12,1138.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although I have given it a slightly derogatory name,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1138.97,1142.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the money-science blitz approach is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1142.18,1144.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, by far the most popular one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1144.04,1145.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most agricultural economists, most agronomists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1147.47,1151.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most policymakers, strategists and so forth, ignore the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1151.47,1155.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the food problem is largely a poverty problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1155.463,1158.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not so much a production problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1158.59,1161.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and endorse a high-technology, high-investment approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1161.63,1166.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's really a very interesting issue to find,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1168.6,1173.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say, an agronomist like Bunting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1176.12,1177.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whom I respect very much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1177.78,1179.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is a very able and capable man,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1179.07,1183.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internationally very well known, who says the only way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1183.66,1186.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can solve the world food problem is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1186.83,1189.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through high-technology research and application of that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1189.08,1193.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the research findings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1193.85,1195.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only way to solve this problem of doubling yields","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1198.07,1201.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 20 years' time is through this approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1201.12,1204.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Heavy investment in irrigation, infrastructure, credit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1204.09,1207.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so forth will be necessary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1207.03,1209.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Research, extension, and education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1209.34,1212.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the classic policy instruments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1212.56,1214.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to achieve the required development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1214.46,1216.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Holland we find this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1218.55,1219.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think in the US we find this:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1219.73,1221.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extension, research, and education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1221.45,1223.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also, I think what can be said that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1226.68,1228.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technically, the stipulated increase is already feasible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1228.58,1231.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Experiment stations easily achieve the required yields,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1232.73,1236.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progress in plant breeding, disease control,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1236.33,1238.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weed control, fertilization, irrigation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1238.76,1241.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"management techniques, all these things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1241.25,1243.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would enable the required yields","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1243.06,1245.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be achieved, theoretically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1245.25,1246.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The International Institute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1248.964,1250.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Food Policy Research in Washington has calculated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1250.04,1253.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the acceleration of output increase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1253.78,1255.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 percent required to satisfy demand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1255.69,1258.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some 36 developing nations would necessitate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1258.89,1261.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a capital investment of nearly $7 billion annually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1261.97,1265.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and recurrent expenditure of $12 billion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1265.98,1268.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if one considers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1269.19,1270.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the US defense budget alone is more than $150 billion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1270.38,1273.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one could conclude","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1274.95,1275.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the money-science blitz approach is feasible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1275.93,1278.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both technically and financially.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1278.56,1280.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question is, is it also feasible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1283.64,1285.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of economics, socially, politically?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1285.36,1288.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it realistic, in other words?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1290.63,1292.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's see what happened in Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1294.96,1297.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the United States where this scenario was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1297.26,1299.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is followed with some vengeance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1299.5,1301.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The agricultural technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1303.98,1305.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was developed through research and experimentation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1305.77,1308.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is diffused to and adopted by farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1308.21,1311.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who usually have to invest fairly heavily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1311.84,1314.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to adapt their production factors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1314.63,1317.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the requirements of the technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1317.04,1318.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A host of services is necessary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1320.49,1322.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to provide the farmers with credit, inputs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1322.47,1324.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training, information, and marketing facilities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1324.98,1328.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, a number of functions previously performed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1328.16,1331.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the farmer or his wife, such as processing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1331.17,1334.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are taken out of the hands of the farmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1334.32,1336.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and done outside the farm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1336.06,1337.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Farm prices are carefully set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1339.13,1340.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to guarantee an adequate incentive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1340.89,1342.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for farmers following the proposed development route.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1342.93,1345.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, those who do not go along have to leave the scene,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1346.94,1351.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allowing their land to be taken over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1351.57,1353.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the progressive farmers so as to allow the latter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1353.21,1355.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to benefit from economies of scale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1355.33,1357.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the end, however, the progressive farmers also lose out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1358.6,1362.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that if you read the newspapers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1362.45,1364.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yesterday and today you'll find farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1364.53,1367.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and farm agencies heavily complaining about losing out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1367.57,1371.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at the cost of spoiling the land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1372.64,1375.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with poisons and other things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1375.1,1376.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and lack of attention to organic matter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1376.55,1378.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally farmers produce so much that surpluses accumulate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1379.55,1383.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these may be exported for some time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1383.22,1385.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in the end, the terms of trade turn against agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1385.1,1387.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leaving farmers who remain with heavy debts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1387.8,1390.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hardly able to make a decent living,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1390.83,1392.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is happening in Holland also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1392.39,1395.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all this at a very heavy cost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1395.04,1396.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of nonrenewable energy resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1396.95,1399.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are people who wonder","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1399.32,1401.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether this system is viable in the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1401.1,1404.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that is the system as we know it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1407.46,1409.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it is the system which the money-science blitz scenario,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1409.76,1413.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to my opinion, would seek to install in the third world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1413.45,1416.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now is it feasible to install it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1418.89,1420.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I believe there are a number of reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1422.0,1425.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which make us seriously doubt it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1425.04,1428.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and let me enumerate 10 of these reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1428.66,1431.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One reason is, and I've already alluded to it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1433.38,1436.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that many traditional farming systems are so well adapted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1436.04,1440.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the possibilities offered by the environment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1440.08,1442.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the state of knowledge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1442.54,1443.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the resources effectively available on the farm,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1443.63,1446.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that ceiling effects are operative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1446.73,1448.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which leave little room for improvement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1448.86,1450.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I already gave an example from North Yemen in that respect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1451.85,1454.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Second reason is that many seemingly breakthrough solutions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1456.14,1459.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially such things as irrigation development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1459.91,1462.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often have disappointing results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1462.82,1464.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Apparently, as much land is brought under irrigation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1466.29,1470.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as is brought under irrigation is often lost to salination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1470.15,1473.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in such countries as Pakistan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1473.6,1475.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Furthermore, the supply of available water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1475.91,1477.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is limited indeed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1477.97,1480.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the same can be said for land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1480.0,1482.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in countries of already high population density","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1482.39,1484.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the limits of absorbing increasing numbers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1484.84,1487.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the land through raising land and labor productivities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1487.65,1491.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are already being reached.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1491.92,1493.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A third reason: Many countries lack the foreign exchange,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1496.091,1499.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the distribution systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1499.74,1501.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the situational frameworks necessary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1501.1,1503.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be able to timely provide farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1503.3,1505.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with chemicals, fertilizers, and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1505.43,1507.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, one of the reasons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1507.76,1509.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why I've started to disbelieve in this high-technologies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1509.82,1513.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high-technique solution, high-investment solution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1513.27,1517.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that I've noticed in a country like Ghana","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1517.35,1520.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it is very difficult for farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1520.903,1522.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have access to these inputs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1522.86,1525.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A fourth reason is that there is some evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1527.83,1531.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from an American study done in '75","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1531.27,1533.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Development Alternatives Incorporated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1533.64,1535.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that providing loans and other financial assistance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1535.58,1539.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to small farmers is counterproductive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1539.01,1540.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of agricultural development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1540.82,1543.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Apparently, farmers' own generation of resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1543.46,1547.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their own commitment of resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1547.07,1548.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is essential for successful projects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1548.65,1550.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A fifth reason is that the political need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1553.17,1556.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to extract value from rural areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1556.66,1558.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so as to pay for urban development, imports,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1558.65,1561.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"large, unproductive bureaucracies and so on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1561.58,1564.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does not allow adequate incentives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1564.11,1566.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for farmers to produce food surpluses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1566.2,1568.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's more, the deteriorating terms of trade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1568.9,1571.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've already mentioned between imported inputs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1571.79,1573.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such as fertilizer and farm gate prices erode the gains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1573.76,1576.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cheap imported foodstuffs such as wheat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1577.81,1580.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and milk powder also, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1580.02,1582.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disallow local agriculture to develop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1582.12,1584.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A sixth reason is the fact that very many farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1585.54,1590.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I said, are self-provisioning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1591.64,1595.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or exchange food without money being exchanged so that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1595.1,1600.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in such cases, they don't make the money necessary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1600.12,1603.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to afford to pay for these inputs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1603.68,1607.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A seventh reason is that the lack","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1609.25,1611.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of purchasing power on the rural landless","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1611.28,1613.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the urban poor leads to low farm gate prices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1613.11,1615.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or to subsidized prices, which many countries cannot afford.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1615.91,1619.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An eighth reason is that many of the cropping systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1622.24,1624.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such as the tropical forest zone in West Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1624.99,1628.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that for many of these areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1628.36,1630.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"researchers have not yet come up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1630.26,1631.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with breakthrough alternatives to current systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1631.95,1634.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In some cases, I think also the increments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1636.81,1639.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be achieved with breeding high-yielding varieties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1639.63,1642.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of some crops currently traded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1642.48,1644.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world market seems to have peaked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1644.06,1646.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A ninth reason is that the exodus of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1648.85,1652.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from rural areas, which would seem likely as a result","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1652.38,1655.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of implementing the money-science blitz scenario,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1655.15,1658.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would lead to more consumers than producers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1658.32,1662.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consumers with no effective demand and a changed pattern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1662.08,1665.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of food preferences towards convenience foodstuffs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1665.71,1668.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the tenth and, to my mind, most important reason is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1669.9,1673.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the hungry masses have no political clout,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1673.83,1678.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that their misery or death is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1680.69,1682.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of no consequence to anybody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1682.84,1685.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, I don't think that large-scale starvation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1685.06,1688.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would lead to more than a few short-lived charity efforts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1688.65,1692.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but would not lead to fundamental change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1692.75,1695.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we have to be realistic in these matters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1695.24,1697.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In all then, I think if you look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1698.92,1700.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at these reasons, I don't think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1700.46,1702.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the money-science blitz scenario is very feasible,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1702.3,1706.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore, one looks for other scenarios,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1707.43,1712.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm not saying that I'm,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1712.2,1713.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this next scenario is going to solve the problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1714.73,1717.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think it's worth looking at,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1717.85,1720.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that scenario is what I've called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1720.22,1722.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the open-ended process scenario.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1722.72,1724.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It assumes that food production development is only possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1726.97,1730.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it is looked at as in terms of poverty alleviation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1730.6,1733.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in terms of small farmer development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1735.35,1737.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1739.01,1740.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that improving food production capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1740.39,1742.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in developing nations requires an approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1742.47,1744.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is much broader","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1744.56,1745.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than just improving agricultural production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1745.65,1747.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now I don't think, I don't say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1748.72,1750.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that modern agricultural technology has no role to play.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1750.39,1752.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not saying that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1752.9,1753.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I'm saying is that a whole host","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1753.89,1757.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of conditions must be changed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1757.67,1759.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and many small steps must be taken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1760.4,1763.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before high-technology solutions can become relevant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1763.21,1766.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the points I plan to raise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1768.25,1769.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with respect to the open-ended process approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1769.94,1771.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been developed by my colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1771.85,1773.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and myself in a project called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1773.33,1775.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Small Farmer and Development Cooperation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1775.12,1777.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the International Agricultural Center in Wageningen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1777.24,1779.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this project was financed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1781.07,1782.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the Dutch Ministry of Development Cooperation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1782.45,1784.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and let me begin my 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development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1791.28,1795.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we have developed in that project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1795.25,1798.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One principle, of course, is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1798.91,1800.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've already implied it, is effective remuneration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1800.86,1804.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Farmers cannot be forced to produce,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1806.34,1808.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although it's often tried.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1808.73,1810.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They can only be forced if you have control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1811.38,1813.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over their factors of production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1813.3,1814.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is very often not the case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1814.7,1816.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hence, an increase in productivity can only be achieved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1817.81,1821.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through voluntary exchange of values,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1821.1,1823.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such as an adequate income","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1823.44,1824.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in exchange for production increase,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1824.94,1828.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this implies limiting the extraction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1828.34,1831.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of wealth from rural areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1831.94,1834.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which in turn means reducing urban consumption,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1834.12,1836.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreign debt, and imports from industrial countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1836.95,1840.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think these things are linked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1840.55,1842.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A second principle is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1844.01,1846.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one must try to seek agricultural development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1846.67,1851.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without an exodus from rural areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1851.25,1854.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that any policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1854.43,1855.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of agricultural development which would deliberately seek","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1855.63,1859.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to reduce the number of people relative to land resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1859.24,1862.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by fostering a rural exodus must remain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1862.14,1864.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside the alternatives of action.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1864.51,1866.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Already in many countries, urban growth is unprecedented,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1866.77,1870.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1871.59,1872.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that instead of agricultural development interventions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1872.423,1874.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which focus on individual progressive farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1874.86,1878.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is necessary to seek to improve rural livelihood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1878.35,1883.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to improve the community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1884.37,1888.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is presently in the rural areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1888.5,1890.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so I think that the concept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1892.5,1894.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the society which we have in mind,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1894.2,1897.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially in the shorter run,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1897.57,1899.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we think of development in the third world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1899.28,1902.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must be different from the one we've used in the West.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1902.02,1904.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think that we can,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1905.69,1907.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially I don't think we can focus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1907.14,1909.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a progressive farmer strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1909.37,1912.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and leave the rest to cater for itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1912.39,1917.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The third principle is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1919.04,1920.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that farming systems research is a source of technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1920.99,1925.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where the money-science blitz scenario is usually unfeasible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1926.97,1930.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for reasons already mentioned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1930.96,1932.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and where it would not necessarily look very carefully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1934.77,1938.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at farming systems, but would work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1938.49,1942.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the development of agricultural science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1942.29,1947.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that helping small farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1949.03,1952.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"requires looking at their farming systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1952.53,1954.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and possibly requires an initial focus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1954.57,1957.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on low-external-input technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1957.41,1960.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in an effort to avoid making farmers dependent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1962.31,1965.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upon very often unreliable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1965.43,1967.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and unpredictable outside agencies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1967.4,1969.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marketing forces, terms of trade and so on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1969.19,1972.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that an initial focus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1972.09,1974.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on low-external-input technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1974.3,1975.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would provide the small steps of initial development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1975.9,1980.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and allow some modicum of locally sustained development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1980.73,1984.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this kind of technology development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1987.33,1988.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not the kind of thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1988.94,1990.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is the present work of experimental stations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1990.66,1995.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that very often,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=1997.941,1999.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impediments for raising productivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2001.43,2003.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might be found outside the farm,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2003.73,2005.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and remedial action outside the farm might be necessary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2007.07,2010.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A fourth principle is that institutional change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2013.06,2017.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a means of improving agricultural productivity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2017.48,2020.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must be seriously considered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2020.05,2022.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Inadequate marketing, low prices, lack of purchasing power,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2022.27,2025.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lack of consumer goods in the market,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2025.67,2027.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fear of oppression, and so on and so on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2027.28,2030.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faulty distribution and delivery systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2030.98,2033.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lack of farmer power to counteract forces of extraction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2033.99,2037.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these very often, more than technical factors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2037.46,2040.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the major cause of stagnation in agriculture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2040.52,2043.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there are very few experiences which show that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2044.55,2049.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which do not show that small farmers are very keen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2050.21,2054.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to respond whenever realistic opportunity is offered them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2054.87,2057.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that is one of the important lessons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2058.91,2061.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have learned in the past 10 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2061.82,2065.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Resistance to change is usually very justified,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2065.05,2068.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore I think the focus should be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2069.78,2073.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on offering realistic opportunities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2073.79,2076.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this usually does not only involve technical,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2076.81,2079.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also institutional, if not political change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2079.92,2083.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so I think that this Western idea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2084.7,2087.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of research, extension, and education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2087.69,2090.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as sufficient development tools negates the mix","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2091.97,2095.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of interventions which usually is required.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2095.91,2098.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A fifth principle is that linkage strategies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2100.8,2105.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of what I've called sock-it-to-them strategies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2106.72,2109.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be followed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2109.68,2110.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there is one way of looking at development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2113.81,2116.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that involves words like dissemination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2116.48,2119.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technology transfer, blueprint planning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2119.16,2121.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other concepts which involve,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2122.76,2125.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which one automatically thinks of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2127.59,2129.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if one thinks of an experiment station","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2129.35,2131.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disseminating technology to farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2131.19,2133.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"via extension and other means.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2133.437,2135.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there is an increasing international consensus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2136.2,2139.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based on empirical research that instead of such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2139.33,2143.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I've called sock-it-to-them strategies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2143.0,2144.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"linkage strategies are called for,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2144.86,2147.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in a linkage strategy, it's not just the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2147.22,2150.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say, a research station which disseminates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2150.32,2152.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is a process in which both the farmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2152.97,2155.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the recipient, the utilizer on the one hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2155.92,2158.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the other hand, the change agent or the institution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2158.03,2163.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building institution, if you want to make,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2163.67,2166.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, the opportunity-building institution,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2166.14,2168.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have an important role to play.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2168.31,2169.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The farmer provides information about his possibilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2171.04,2173.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the constraints which he feels,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2173.95,2175.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wishes and his present knowledge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2176.901,2180.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the change agent draws upon his own knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2180.6,2183.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and his means to provide opportunities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2183.12,2184.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which fit the farmer's knowledge, desires, and ability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2184.99,2187.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's this linkage strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2190.52,2193.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is necessary if one wishes to avoid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2193.11,2196.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pushing inappropriate technologies on farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2196.7,2200.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the typical concepts that go with linkage are dialogue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2200.26,2203.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"participation, target group orientation, accountability,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2203.81,2207.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technology development with instead of for the utilizer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2207.75,2210.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so forth, in fact, a whole lexicon of words","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2210.41,2212.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have come to defend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2212.78,2215.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The sixth and last principle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2217.8,2220.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have called countervailing power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2220.7,2222.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that linkage does not work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2224.08,2225.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless farmers have some power over the change agent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2225.9,2228.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the latter is accountable to the farmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2228.92,2231.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Without this accountability, there is absolutely no reason","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2232.35,2236.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a change agent to make an effort to assist farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2236.28,2240.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think very often there is absolutely no reason.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2241.41,2243.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not rewarded for it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2243.76,2245.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think very often we believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2245.62,2248.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people are self-motivated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2248.6,2250.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we assume that every change agent is self-motivated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2251.7,2255.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While there are a number who are, definitely,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2255.19,2257.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody has these experiences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2257.89,2259.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think that it is not correct","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2259.32,2261.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to assume everybody will be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2261.71,2263.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that things move on the basis of self-motivation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2263.17,2266.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that the need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2266.88,2268.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for countervailing power is very pervasive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2268.87,2273.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that without it, bureaucratic imperatives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2274.64,2279.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extraction tendencies on the part of elites,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2279.32,2282.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the part of bureaucrats,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2282.22,2283.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would soon render development efforts ineffective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2283.62,2287.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm not saying that this is only the case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2288.7,2291.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in developing nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2291.61,2292.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that in the US and in the Netherlands, for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2292.82,2295.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one cannot imagine agricultural development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2297.03,2299.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without political clout on the part of farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2299.34,2302.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that in the US, for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2303.32,2304.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the farmer bureau has played a very important role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2304.84,2308.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in developing agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2308.69,2310.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that the establishment of land grant colleges","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2311.31,2314.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think would have worked without political power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2316.72,2319.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the part of the farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2319.46,2321.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet when we go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2321.56,2322.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to assist agricultural development in developing nations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2322.89,2326.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we assume that self-motivation is enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2326.71,2328.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that all we have to do is to train people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2330.6,2332.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and provide them with transport.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2332.72,2334.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have, maybe exaggerating a little bit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2336.41,2338.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come to the conclusion that good and powerful farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2338.75,2343.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause agricultural development services to be effective,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2343.34,2346.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it is seldom the other way around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2346.85,2348.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And therefore, I think that a strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2351.27,2353.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which one should try to follow is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2353.65,2355.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to create some kind of political clout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2355.61,2358.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the part of farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2358.37,2359.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Instead of strengthening the intervention power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2360.53,2362.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of extension services, credit institutions, and research,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2362.87,2366.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I personally believe that the fastest way possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2366.12,2370.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to develop agriculture is to increase the accountability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2370.24,2374.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of such institutions to farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2374.18,2376.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when I say to farmers, I don't mean the few large ones","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2377.35,2380.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who hold a relatively small part of the resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2380.63,2384.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the mass of small farmers whose increased wellbeing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2384.78,2387.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and increased production really make a difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2387.96,2390.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now that concludes my brief overview","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2392.23,2394.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of some of the principles of small farmer development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2394.63,2397.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's clear that efforts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2399.43,2401.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to improve food production based on these principles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2401.81,2404.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are very different from those based","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2404.72,2406.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a money-science blitz scenario.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2406.3,2408.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The question is, can these lofty principles be translated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2410.44,2413.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a concrete development strategy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2413.3,2415.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to approach this question briefly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2416.65,2418.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by reviewing some of the most common","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2418.58,2422.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agricultural development strategies presently being used,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2422.03,2425.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'll finish with, I'll end up with one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2427.12,2432.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I believe comes closest to being a concrete strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2432.21,2435.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based on the principles I've mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2435.57,2437.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The first one is what I've called the scheme strategy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2439.3,2444.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a name for a practice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2445.61,2447.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has been followed in colonial times and also now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2447.91,2452.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by people in a hurry who want to extract wealth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2452.64,2455.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from rural areas or have food production going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2455.81,2458.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as fast as possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2458.69,2460.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The basic idea behind the scheme or the plantation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2460.59,2463.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the irrigation scheme or the state farm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2463.79,2466.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the settlement scheme or what have you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2466.55,2468.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to keep production decisions under one management.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2468.97,2473.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schemes may vary a bit in this respect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2475.32,2477.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but very often all of them, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2477.16,2479.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have power to evict or otherwise punish farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2479.24,2482.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they have control over means of production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2482.98,2485.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, time and again countries go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2486.99,2488.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for this large production scheme,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2488.63,2490.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think time and again they experience failure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2490.29,2492.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whenever a single cash crop production does succeed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2494.97,2499.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rural people very often lose out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2499.54,2502.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One typical example is, for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2502.0,2504.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in irrigation schemes, women, in Africa especially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2504.43,2508.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women can no longer grow their family food gardens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2508.86,2511.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they did in the village,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2511.35,2512.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which often leads to a lot of loss of nutritional value","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2512.3,2516.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the food the children eat and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2516.74,2519.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Variations on the scheme approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2520.42,2521.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the large commercial farm concession","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2521.92,2524.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the commodity approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2524.45,2525.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The former, I think, may lead to rapid production increases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2527.0,2530.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but one should not neglect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2530.95,2533.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or overlook the negative consequences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2533.33,2537.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The large commercial farm very soon forms farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2537.09,2541.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they very soon form a very effective lobby","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2541.56,2544.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which divert attention from researchers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2544.34,2546.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extensionists, policymakers, and input distributors","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2546.75,2550.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away from small farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2550.84,2552.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's more, I think large farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2554.35,2556.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although they might not produce the majority of the food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2556.99,2560.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can affect farm prices and marketing channels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2560.5,2563.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and reduce opportunity for small farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2563.76,2566.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's very difficult to have a large farmer group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2566.47,2568.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a mass of small farmers in one country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2568.96,2572.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The commodity approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2572.16,2573.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which the total mix of interventions required","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2574.98,2578.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for one crop is catered for by one management,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2578.1,2580.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has led to very impressive developments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2580.32,2582.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one example is the Kenya tea development authority,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2582.14,2584.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is well known in this respect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2584.88,2587.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think this approach typically works for crops","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2587.28,2589.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over which the management has a monopoly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2589.75,2592.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a marketing monopoly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2592.713,2594.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think it doesn't apply so well to food crops.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2594.57,2597.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think personally that the scheme approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2598.46,2601.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is maybe not the one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2601.52,2604.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that fits best the principles I've enumerated earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2604.17,2609.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let us look then at the diffusion strategy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2609.27,2611.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well known because it was developed here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2612.57,2615.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Iowa State University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2615.21,2617.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had the honor this morning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2617.32,2618.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sit in a lecture with Dr. Bolin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2618.5,2622.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who is one of the original authors, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2622.28,2624.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the first articles on this subject,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2624.49,2628.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he was the teacher, again, of Everett Rogers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2628.15,2630.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was my mentor, again, so this is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2630.08,2632.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it all came from Iowa State University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2632.7,2634.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This diffusion strategy assumes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2635.67,2638.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that farmers are independent decision-makers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2638.51,2642.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that each must pass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2642.09,2643.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through an individual adoption process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2643.46,2645.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before any change occurs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2645.04,2646.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The diffusion strategy based on this process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2648.14,2650.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this concept, is the most widely used in extension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2650.74,2653.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Usually the practice is to approach 10 or 20%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2656.84,2660.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the farmers in a community who are most progressive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2660.27,2663.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to approach them directly with the technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2663.76,2667.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one is promoting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2667.33,2669.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one assumes that the difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2669.13,2671.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between farmers is purely psychological,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2671.23,2673.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the technology you present","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2673.14,2674.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is applicable to all farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2674.92,2677.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you introduce it to a few, and therefore you hope,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2678.66,2681.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thereafter you hope it will diffuse to everybody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2681.4,2683.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we all know since the analysis of the consequences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2684.8,2688.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of introducing high-yielding varieties, especially in Asia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2688.44,2691.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that access to resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2691.92,2693.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than psychological characteristics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2693.89,2696.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause differential adoption behavior.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2696.25,2698.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In effect then, the progressive farmer strategy means","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2701.15,2704.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the focusing of development of a minority of farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2705.93,2709.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while neglecting the rest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2709.52,2711.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think stimulates migration to urban areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2711.41,2714.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think then is hardly a strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2714.35,2716.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to combat the world food problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2716.62,2718.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to the principles I have enumerated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2718.55,2720.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that the progressive farmer strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2721.71,2724.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fits the money-science blitz approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2724.26,2726.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These two things go together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2726.98,2728.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that if we don't accept the money-science blitz approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2728.7,2731.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we must look for another strategy also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2731.21,2733.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of these strategies that has developed is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2735.07,2737.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the target group strategy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=2737.67,2739.083"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21182/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/182/original/AV203255_Open_Ended_Approaches_to_Small_Farmer_Development_a.vtt?1608541989","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/182/original/AV203255_Open_Ended_Approaches_to_Small_Farmer_Development_a.vtt?1608541989"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21183","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203255_Open_Ended_Approaches_to_Small_Farmer_Development_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447/transcript/21183/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Good evening. I'm pleased to welcome you to the World Food Institute's Seventh Annual World Food Institute Lecture, whose topic will be open-ended approaches to small farmer development. Dr. Roling, who is our speaker this evening, is particularly well qualified, I think, to discuss this topic. His home is in the Netherlands where houses and farms both tend to be small, if I'm correct. He obtained his undergraduate and master's degree at the Agricultural University in Wageningen, and he majored in rural sociology and agricultural economics. As part of his program, he did practical work in Southern Italy and observed the progress in an agrarian reform program in that area. After that, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Ibadan in Western Nigeria for two years, and then was an assistant leader for an AID Michigan State University project on diffusion of innovations in rural societies in Eastern Nigeria for two more years. No doubt related to that latter assignment, he enrolled at Michigan State University in the Department of Communication for a doctoral program, which he completed in 1970. Since then, he has been a research fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Nairobi in Kenya, and I'm familiar with the paper he coauthored on research conducted there entitled, I believe, \"Extension and the Forgotten Farmer.\" He's been active in training programs in Nigeria, Kenya, and Ghana, and has been a faculty member at Agricultural University in Wageningen. Last June, he became director of the International Agricultural Center, also at Wageningen. It's a beautiful new building in which the center offers training programs in English for students from other countries. The Agricultural University's program is taught in the Dutch language. Dr. Roling has been active in technical assistance interventions on behalf of the rural poor, particularly in Africa. Now he serves as a project and policy advisor for the Ministry of Agriculture and the Dutch government's international assistance programs. He directs an international course on rural extension, and I believe is developing an in-service training course in rural development. We look forward to your discussion this evening, Dr. Roling, of open-ended approaches to the small farmer development.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much for those kind words. I can hardly recognize myself. I'm very honored and gratified and pleased to be invited to give this lecture tonight. It has given me a chance to visit the United States again, oh, and visit some very good friends again, and I've enjoyed that very much. I did my graduate work at MSU, where I was taught by some real honest-to-God Iowa farm boys, I think, and among them, Everett Rogers and Carl Eicher, and Everett Rogers is somebody who taught me that it can be very helpful for an audience to have a little outline of what you're going to say. As one of the people I met tonight already explained, you can fall asleep and then pick up the thread again, which otherwise is very difficult. So maybe I can very briefly run through it so that you have a little bit of an idea of what I will be speaking about. I would like to, of course, I'll be talking about the food problem, and I would like to first deal with the international economic system and its effect on the food situation in developing countries. I don't want to go too deeply into that because I want to deal mainly with national food production systems. I'd like to deal with some of their main aspects and then look at some scenarios for their development, and I'd like to look at the money-science blitz approach, as I have called it, and the open-ended process approach. Then I will deal a little bit with the money-science blitz approach and look at its feasibility for developing nations, and you may surmise from the name I've given the approach that I might not believe it's so feasible. I go then to the open-ended process approach, which I'll deal with in a little bit more extensive fashion, give some principles of small farmer development, and then look at some concrete strategies which are being utilized from the point of view of their fit with those principles I just looked at. And then I would like to look at one of these strategies more in detail. That's what I've called the five elements strategy now much en vogue in various developing countries, and look at some of its aspects and also its suitability, and then I will conclude. So that is roughly the outline, so maybe you know now where to wake up and where to go to sleep. Given that this is the seventh lecture, I was tempted to think of seven fat and seven lean years, and I think that if you look at seven lean years and seven fat years and see where we are in that respect, I think that in the US and Europe, we've had very fat years indeed, so fat that fat has become bad, a complete reversal of what the Bible would say when it says fat years and lean years. I've understood from an advertisement I saw sitting on one of my friends' toilet that what we need here in the West is weight loss methods which burn off fat so fast that only total starvation can beat it. Now in most developing nations, I think we are in a very different situation, and I think there the original meaning of fat and lean as the Bible says it is graphed very well. I think that millions of people have experienced many lean years, and I personally think that the prospects for the future do not seem to promise much improvement. I don't think tonight it will be very useful to calculate how many millions of people are hungry, because I think I don't have to convince you of the seriousness of the world food problem. Otherwise you wouldn't have been here tonight. It would be like punishing people who are present for those who are absent, so I won't go into that, but what I'd like to do is to look at some of the perceptions of the causes of the problem and the remedies which we prescribe as a consequence of those perceptions we have. And in that connection, I would like to first deal with the international economic system and its consequences for the food situation, but I will only use that as a context, as a backdrop, providing the constraints within which national food production must operate, and what I want to look at in particular then is the national food production system and efforts to develop it, as I said. Let me then first deal with the international economic system, and let me describe it with a bit of exaggeration as follows. Developing nations import more than they export. They therefore have large deficits. To fill the gap, they borrow abroad, often from commercial banks. In many developing countries, the brunt of servicing this debt is borne by the country's farmers who produce the only exportable commodities. Yet these farmers usually do not benefit much from the imports from industrial nations. I'm saying I'm exaggerating a bit, but I think that basically this picture is correct. This situation implies, in fact, that in many developing nations, whatever their political ilk, there is a very strong tendency to extract as much wealth as possible out of rural areas, leaving farmers with very little incentive to produce more. And for us in developed nations and in industrial nations, it is a very good system. If I may use figures for the US, and this is not to say that the Netherlands is doing any better, I think in the US alone, 500,000 people are employed for export to the third world. One in every five acres is producing food to be exported to developing nations, and in a way then I think that our economies have become dependent upon this kind of export. And so I think this international system serves us very well, and I think that therefore we are somehow making money, the wealth of which derives eventually from rural areas in developing countries. Another problem with the international system is that our industrial products, especially petroleum-based fertilizers and chemicals, rapidly become relatively more expensive than agricultural products from developing nations. To give an example, in the Philippines, there has been a report which was kept secret, but it was reported in the BBC, that's where I have this knowledge from, a report which says that the income gains that small farmers had made as a result of adopting high-yielding varieties which had been introduced in this green revolution period, these income gains had been badly eroded because of the deteriorating terms of trade between fertilizer and local food prices. If I then may summarize very briefly the effects of the international economic system, I would say that its net effect is to squeeze local farmers in developing nations by, one, forcing their governments to extract wealth and leave little incentive for production, two, to import cheap or subsidized food products which undermine local farm prices. An example is with milk powder in Peru, imported in Peru, from Holland and from Sweden, which makes it impossible for a local dairy industry to develop. In fact, we have a few projects. Of course, the Dutch give this milk powder with one hand and then they try to start dairy projects on the other hand which don't come off the ground because the price is too low for milk production locally. And three, the terms of trade between industrial products and local farm products, which deteriorate very rapidly and erode income gains. Now I'm not in a position to estimate in figures accurately how serious the impact of the international system is on local food production. In some cases, it might even have a positive effect. The very strong extraction of the taxation of cocoa production in Ghana led farmers to cut down cocoa trees and to start producing food. So there, this system led to more food production locally, which was something that they could sell and was very difficult to tax by government. In all, I think that the international situation provides a very important context for national food production. It is probably very difficult to find any small farmer in the third world, and it is he or she who is the modal food producer on this globe, any small farmer who is not tied one way or other into the international system, whether he or she walks around stark naked or not, and I think that this incorporation into this international system is, in general, not to the benefit of the small farmer. Let me then look at national food production systems. I'm not going to spend much time on general descriptions. My main aim is to briefly indicate some of the problems facing national food production systems, and then to focus on scenarios and strategies too for accelerating food production. But a few words first about the main aspects of these systems, and you'll have to grant me enough sense to realize that it is barely permissible to generalize in this manner, but I'm going to do it anyway. In most countries, the modal inhabitant is a rural villager. The mass of food consumers, therefore, are self-provisioning peasant farmers and landless peasants. In some countries, this latter category of landless peasants has become very large. In Bangladesh, it's now 60%, and it increases very, very rapidly. And the problem of this disposable mass of people is their lack of purchasing power. And of course, that can also be said of the mass of urban people who often flee rural areas because they can't maintain a life there. In many countries, the food problem is therefore in the first place a poverty problem and not necessarily a problem of sufficient production. I think that is a very important point to keep in mind. In fact, I think there are quite a few countries which are marked by severe malnutrition and hunger which devote a considerable proportion of their agricultural resources to export of cash crops. A focus on poverty and on insufficient purchasing power highlights the conflict of interest between urban and rural consumers who benefit from low food prices and farmers who want high prices, and need them if they are to apply modern inputs. The strategy followed in Europe and the United States, which is to increase the production per farmer so that farmers make a higher income while consumers still pay low prices for food, seems not so attractive for developing countries, and I will come back to the reasons for that. Present growth rates of the population in the developing world, and I base myself here on figures from Hugh Bunting of Reading University, allow us to predict the demand for food might quadruple in a hundred years' time, and will in all likelihood double in the next 20 years. Now let me finish demand with that and let me now turn to production, to the production side. As I said, food production in the third world is largely carried out on small peasant farms using few purchased inputs and little modern technology. Labor is provided by the members of the household, and it would be entirely mistaken to conceptualize the peasant farm in terms of the Western farm enterprise run by a professional male farmer. To establish some order of magnitude, one could say that the typical farm would be some five to six acres, each roughly yielding the equivalent of a ton of grain. If the demand for food I predicted earlier is to be met, the output per acre on existing arable land will need to eventually be triple present yields, and this will not be easy. Present local farming systems, and we have only recently discovered them, usually make optimum use of the environment so that it is hard to improve upon these farming systems. Time and again, researchers discover that local varieties outperform imported ones. Baker and Norman discovered that the messy, mixed cropping practices in so many rain-fed fields is the most effective way of farming, be it in terms of disease control, of spreading risks from erratic rainfall, of keeping down diseases, of making optimal use of household labor, of providing the highest yield per acre and also providing the highest monetary return. So given all those advantages, it is little surprise that around the University of Zaria, where a lot of research was being done, all monocropping, you found farmers multiple-cropping, and they didn't adopt any of this monocropping, and after 10 years of research, they finally started to look at why this was the case, and then they came up with these results. These kind of results have opened our eyes to the need to look at farming systems research as a first step to improve local agriculture, and Norman Baker, I think, who is well known here... Is it Norman Baker? I have a little lapse. I think it's him. He is well known here and he did a lot on this work. I returned from an evaluation mission to Northern Yemen just recently, a few weeks ago, and there was a Dutch project, and this project had been there since 1977, and the way they started out was not to look at the farming system, but they had 20 acres of land from local people, gotten with some difficulty, and they put a wall around it, and they'd done experiments on this area, and when we got there, we found that they were barely able to equal yields of local farmers. One of the typical results, as I said already, was that local sorghum and local wheat outperformed imported sorghum and imported wheat. Let that conclude my brief description of the main aspects of food production in developing nations, because I would like to turn now to scenarios and strategies which we use to attack the world food problem. I shall, of course, have to simplify and to contrast to get across my points. In that respect, I shall limit myself to two approaches, two scenarios. One is what I said I already called the money-science blitz scenario, and the other one the open-ended process approach. Let me then start with the first one. Although I have given it a slightly derogatory name, the money-science blitz approach is, I think, by far the most popular one. Most agricultural economists, most agronomists, most policymakers, strategists and so forth, ignore the fact that the food problem is largely a poverty problem and not so much a production problem, and endorse a high-technology, high-investment approach, and it's really a very interesting issue to find, let's say, an agronomist like Bunting, whom I respect very much, who is a very able and capable man, internationally very well known, who says the only way we can solve the world food problem is through high-technology research and application of that, of the research findings. The only way to solve this problem of doubling yields in 20 years' time is through this approach. Heavy investment in irrigation, infrastructure, credit, and so forth will be necessary. Research, extension, and education are the classic policy instruments to achieve the required development. In Holland we find this, and I think in the US we find this: extension, research, and education. Also, I think what can be said that, technically, the stipulated increase is already feasible. Experiment stations easily achieve the required yields, progress in plant breeding, disease control, weed control, fertilization, irrigation, management techniques, all these things, would enable the required yields to be achieved, theoretically. The International Institute for Food Policy Research in Washington has calculated that the acceleration of output increase from 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 percent required to satisfy demand in some 36 developing nations would necessitate a capital investment of nearly $7 billion annually, and recurrent expenditure of $12 billion. But if one considers that the US defense budget alone is more than $150 billion, one could conclude that the money-science blitz approach is feasible both technically and financially. The question is, is it also feasible in terms of economics, socially, politically? Is it realistic, in other words? Let's see what happened in Europe and the United States where this scenario was and is followed with some vengeance. The agricultural technology which was developed through research and experimentation is diffused to and adopted by farmers, who usually have to invest fairly heavily to adapt their production factors to the requirements of the technology. A host of services is necessary to provide the farmers with credit, inputs, training, information, and marketing facilities. In fact, a number of functions previously performed by the farmer or his wife, such as processing, are taken out of the hands of the farmer and done outside the farm. Farm prices are carefully set to guarantee an adequate incentive for farmers following the proposed development route. However, those who do not go along have to leave the scene, allowing their land to be taken over by the progressive farmers so as to allow the latter to benefit from economies of scale. In the end, however, the progressive farmers also lose out, and I think that if you read the newspapers yesterday and today you'll find farmers and farm agencies heavily complaining about losing out, and at the cost of spoiling the land with poisons and other things, and lack of attention to organic matter, finally farmers produce so much that surpluses accumulate, and these may be exported for some time, but in the end, the terms of trade turn against agriculture, leaving farmers who remain with heavy debts hardly able to make a decent living, and this is happening in Holland also, and all this at a very heavy cost of nonrenewable energy resources, and there are people who wonder whether this system is viable in the future. But that is the system as we know it, and it is the system which the money-science blitz scenario, to my opinion, would seek to install in the third world. Now is it feasible to install it? I believe there are a number of reasons which make us seriously doubt it, and let me enumerate 10 of these reasons. One reason is, and I've already alluded to it, that many traditional farming systems are so well adapted to the possibilities offered by the environment, by the state of knowledge, and the resources effectively available on the farm, that ceiling effects are operative which leave little room for improvement. I already gave an example from North Yemen in that respect. Second reason is that many seemingly breakthrough solutions, especially such things as irrigation development, often have disappointing results. Apparently, as much land is brought under irrigation, as is brought under irrigation is often lost to salination in such countries as Pakistan. Furthermore, the supply of available water is limited indeed, and the same can be said for land in countries of already high population density where the limits of absorbing increasing numbers on the land through raising land and labor productivities are already being reached. A third reason: Many countries lack the foreign exchange, the distribution systems, and the situational frameworks necessary to be able to timely provide farmers with chemicals, fertilizers, and so on. In fact, one of the reasons why I've started to disbelieve in this high-technologies, high-technique solution, high-investment solution, is that I've noticed in a country like Ghana that it is very difficult for farmers to have access to these inputs. A fourth reason is that there is some evidence from an American study done in '75 by Development Alternatives Incorporated that providing loans and other financial assistance to small farmers is counterproductive in terms of agricultural development. Apparently, farmers' own generation of resources and their own commitment of resources is essential for successful projects. A fifth reason is that the political need to extract value from rural areas so as to pay for urban development, imports, large, unproductive bureaucracies and so on, does not allow adequate incentives for farmers to produce food surpluses. What's more, the deteriorating terms of trade that I've already mentioned between imported inputs such as fertilizer and farm gate prices erode the gains. Cheap imported foodstuffs such as wheat and milk powder also, I think, disallow local agriculture to develop. A sixth reason is the fact that very many farmers, as I said, are self-provisioning or exchange food without money being exchanged so that, in such cases, they don't make the money necessary to afford to pay for these inputs. A seventh reason is that the lack of purchasing power on the rural landless and the urban poor leads to low farm gate prices or to subsidized prices, which many countries cannot afford. An eighth reason is that many of the cropping systems, such as the tropical forest zone in West Africa, that for many of these areas, researchers have not yet come up with breakthrough alternatives to current systems. In some cases, I think also the increments to be achieved with breeding high-yielding varieties of some crops currently traded in the world market seems to have peaked. A ninth reason is that the exodus of people from rural areas, which would seem likely as a result of implementing the money-science blitz scenario, would lead to more consumers than producers, consumers with no effective demand and a changed pattern of food preferences towards convenience foodstuffs. And then the tenth and, to my mind, most important reason is that the hungry masses have no political clout, so that their misery or death is of no consequence to anybody. In fact, I don't think that large-scale starvation would lead to more than a few short-lived charity efforts, but would not lead to fundamental change. I think we have to be realistic in these matters. In all then, I think if you look at these reasons, I don't think that the money-science blitz scenario is very feasible, and therefore, one looks for other scenarios, and I'm not saying that I'm, that this next scenario is going to solve the problem, but I think it's worth looking at, and that scenario is what I've called the open-ended process scenario. It assumes that food production development is only possible if it is looked at as in terms of poverty alleviation and in terms of small farmer development, and therefore I think that improving food production capacity in developing nations requires an approach which is much broader than just improving agricultural production. Now I don't think, I don't say that modern agricultural technology has no role to play. I'm not saying that. What I'm saying is that a whole host of conditions must be changed and many small steps must be taken before high-technology solutions can become relevant. Now the points I plan to raise with respect to the open-ended process approach have been developed by my colleagues and myself in a project called the Small Farmer and Development Cooperation of the International Agricultural Center in Wageningen, and this project was financed by the Dutch Ministry of Development Cooperation, and let me begin my discussion of this open-ended process approach by a number of principles for small farmer development which we have developed in that project. One principle, of course, is, and I've already implied it, is effective remuneration. Farmers cannot be forced to produce, although it's often tried. They can only be forced if you have control over their factors of production, which is very often not the case. Hence, an increase in productivity can only be achieved through voluntary exchange of values, such as an adequate income in exchange for production increase, and this implies limiting the extraction of wealth from rural areas, which in turn means reducing urban consumption, foreign debt, and imports from industrial countries. I think these things are linked. A second principle is that one must try to seek agricultural development without an exodus from rural areas. I think that any policy of agricultural development which would deliberately seek to reduce the number of people relative to land resources by fostering a rural exodus must remain outside the alternatives of action. Already in many countries, urban growth is unprecedented, and therefore I think that instead of agricultural development interventions which focus on individual progressive farmers, it is necessary to seek to improve rural livelihood and to improve the community that is presently in the rural areas. And so I think that the concept of the society which we have in mind, especially in the shorter run, when we think of development in the third world, must be different from the one we've used in the West. I don't think that we can, especially I don't think we can focus on a progressive farmer strategy and leave the rest to cater for itself. The third principle is that farming systems research is a source of technology. Where the money-science blitz scenario is usually unfeasible for reasons already mentioned, and where it would not necessarily look very carefully at farming systems, but would work from the development of agricultural science, I think that helping small farmers requires looking at their farming systems, and possibly requires an initial focus on low-external-input technology in an effort to avoid making farmers dependent upon very often unreliable and unpredictable outside agencies, marketing forces, terms of trade and so on, and I think that an initial focus on low-external-input technology would provide the small steps of initial development and allow some modicum of locally sustained development. Now this kind of technology development is not the kind of thing that is the present work of experimental stations. I think that very often, impediments for raising productivity might be found outside the farm, and remedial action outside the farm might be necessary. A fourth principle is that institutional change as a means of improving agricultural productivity must be seriously considered. Inadequate marketing, low prices, lack of purchasing power, lack of consumer goods in the market, fear of oppression, and so on and so on, faulty distribution and delivery systems, lack of farmer power to counteract forces of extraction, these very often, more than technical factors, are the major cause of stagnation in agriculture. I think there are very few experiences which show that, which do not show that small farmers are very keen to respond whenever realistic opportunity is offered them. I think that is one of the important lessons that we have learned in the past 10 years. Resistance to change is usually very justified, and therefore I think the focus should be on offering realistic opportunities, and this usually does not only involve technical, but also institutional, if not political change. And so I think that this Western idea of research, extension, and education as sufficient development tools negates the mix of interventions which usually is required. A fifth principle is that linkage strategies instead of what I've called sock-it-to-them strategies should be followed. I think there is one way of looking at development that involves words like dissemination, technology transfer, blueprint planning, and other concepts which involve, which one automatically thinks of if one thinks of an experiment station disseminating technology to farmers via extension and other means. I think there is an increasing international consensus based on empirical research that instead of such what I've called sock-it-to-them strategies, linkage strategies are called for, and in a linkage strategy, it's not just the, let's say, a research station which disseminates. There is a process in which both the farmer or the recipient, the utilizer on the one hand, on the other hand, the change agent or the institution, building institution, if you want to make, I mean, the opportunity-building institution, have an important role to play. The farmer provides information about his possibilities, the constraints which he feels, the wishes and his present knowledge, and the change agent draws upon his own knowledge and his means to provide opportunities which fit the farmer's knowledge, desires, and ability. I think it's this linkage strategy which is necessary if one wishes to avoid pushing inappropriate technologies on farmers, and the typical concepts that go with linkage are dialogue, participation, target group orientation, accountability, technology development with instead of for the utilizer and so forth, in fact, a whole lexicon of words that we have come to defend. The sixth and last principle I have called countervailing power. I think that linkage does not work unless farmers have some power over the change agent so that the latter is accountable to the farmer. Without this accountability, there is absolutely no reason for a change agent to make an effort to assist farmers. I think very often there is absolutely no reason. They're not rewarded for it, and I think very often we believe that people are self-motivated, and we assume that every change agent is self-motivated. While there are a number who are, definitely, everybody has these experiences, but I think that it is not correct to assume everybody will be and that things move on the basis of self-motivation, and I think that the need for countervailing power is very pervasive, so that without it, bureaucratic imperatives, extraction tendencies on the part of elites, on the part of bureaucrats, would soon render development efforts ineffective. And I'm not saying that this is only the case in developing nations. I think that in the US and in the Netherlands, for instance, one cannot imagine agricultural development without political clout on the part of farmers. I think that in the US, for instance, the farmer bureau has played a very important role in developing agriculture, and that the establishment of land grant colleges I don't think would have worked without political power on the part of the farmers. And yet when we go to assist agricultural development in developing nations, we assume that self-motivation is enough, so that all we have to do is to train people and provide them with transport. I have, maybe exaggerating a little bit, come to the conclusion that good and powerful farmers cause agricultural development services to be effective, and it is seldom the other way around. And therefore, I think that a strategy which one should try to follow is to create some kind of political clout on the part of farmers. Instead of strengthening the intervention power of extension services, credit institutions, and research, I personally believe that the fastest way possible to develop agriculture is to increase the accountability of such institutions to farmers. And when I say to farmers, I don't mean the few large ones who hold a relatively small part of the resources, but the mass of small farmers whose increased wellbeing and increased production really make a difference. Now that concludes my brief overview of some of the principles of small farmer development. I think it's clear that efforts to improve food production based on these principles are very different from those based on a money-science blitz scenario. The question is, can these lofty principles be translated into a concrete development strategy? I want to approach this question briefly by reviewing some of the most common agricultural development strategies presently being used, and I'll finish with, I'll end up with one that I believe comes closest to being a concrete strategy based on the principles I've mentioned. The first one is what I've called the scheme strategy. It is a name for a practice that has been followed in colonial times and also now by people in a hurry who want to extract wealth from rural areas or have food production going as fast as possible. The basic idea behind the scheme or the plantation or the irrigation scheme or the state farm or the settlement scheme or what have you is to keep production decisions under one management. Schemes may vary a bit in this respect, but very often all of them, I think, have power to evict or otherwise punish farmers because they have control over means of production. Now, time and again countries go for this large production scheme, and I think time and again they experience failure. Whenever a single cash crop production does succeed, rural people very often lose out. One typical example is, for instance, that in irrigation schemes, women, in Africa especially, women can no longer grow their family food gardens as they did in the village, which often leads to a lot of loss of nutritional value in the food the children eat and so on. Variations on the scheme approach are the large commercial farm concession and the commodity approach. The former, I think, may lead to rapid production increases, but one should not neglect or overlook the negative consequences. The large commercial farm very soon forms farmers, they very soon form a very effective lobby which divert attention from researchers, extensionists, policymakers, and input distributors away from small farmers. What's more, I think large farmers, although they might not produce the majority of the food, can affect farm prices and marketing channels and reduce opportunity for small farmers. It's very difficult to have a large farmer group and a mass of small farmers in one country. The commodity approach, in which the total mix of interventions required for one crop is catered for by one management, has led to very impressive developments, and one example is the Kenya tea development authority, which is well known in this respect, but I think this approach typically works for crops over which the management has a monopoly, a marketing monopoly, and I think it doesn't apply so well to food crops. So I think personally that the scheme approach is maybe not the one that fits best the principles I've enumerated earlier. Let us look then at the diffusion strategy, well known because it was developed here in Iowa State University. I had the honor this morning to sit in a lecture with Dr. Bolin, who is one of the original authors, I think, of the first articles on this subject, and he was the teacher, again, of Everett Rogers, who was my mentor, again, so this is, it all came from Iowa State University. This diffusion strategy assumes that farmers are independent decision-makers, and that each must pass through an individual adoption process before any change occurs. The diffusion strategy based on this process, on this concept, is the most widely used in extension. Usually the practice is to approach 10 or 20% of the farmers in a community who are most progressive, to approach them directly with the technology that one is promoting, and one assumes that the difference between farmers is purely psychological, so that the technology you present is applicable to all farmers. So you introduce it to a few, and therefore you hope, thereafter you hope it will diffuse to everybody. But we all know since the analysis of the consequences of introducing high-yielding varieties, especially in Asia, that access to resources rather than psychological characteristics cause differential adoption behavior. In effect then, the progressive farmer strategy means the focusing of development of a minority of farmers while neglecting the rest, which I think stimulates migration to urban areas, which I think then is hardly a strategy to combat the world food problem according to the principles I have enumerated. I think that the progressive farmer strategy fits the money-science blitz approach. These two things go together, so that if we don't accept the money-science blitz approach, we must look for another strategy also. One of these strategies that has developed is the target group strategy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103447#t=0.0,2748.02939"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The failure of the fusion research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=5.75,7.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to cater for all farmers in the community,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=7.86,9.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there is differential access,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=9.82,11.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"led to the adoption of the marketing principle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=11.97,15.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that a population must be subdivided,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=15.15,17.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a heterogeneous population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=17.73,20.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must be subdivided in a more homogeneous subgroups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=20.93,24.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that you have subgroups for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=24.49,26.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which you can develop uniform packages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=26.42,28.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are applicable to every member of the subgroup.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=28.51,31.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a simple marketing principles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=31.27,32.586"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which had not been much applied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=32.586,36.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in agricultural development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=36.01,37.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But as a result of these problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=38.66,40.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the diffusion approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=40.42,42.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this marketing approach has been seriously looked at.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=42.24,45.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Ashraf and others including myself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=46.41,49.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have worked in Kenya on using adopter categories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=49.9,53.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in this case the 20% least innovative farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=53.77,58.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as target groups for packages of maize innovations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=59.62,64.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it was very successful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=66.64,68.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we look at a homogeneous group of farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=68.65,71.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and try to develop a technological package","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=71.76,74.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would fit that group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=74.01,75.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in fact it was very successful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=75.44,77.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All these so-called conservative farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=77.17,79.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who wouldn't change were very ready to adopt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=79.48,82.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another example is the work of summit in Mexico","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=83.5,87.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has developed a concept of a recommendation domain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=87.78,91.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaning a homogeneous area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=91.95,93.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of farming system and access to resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=93.69,96.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to which specific technological packages can be developed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=98.45,102.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a third example is India,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=102.0,103.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has had its small farmer development agency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=103.54,106.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There have been problems with this approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=109.37,112.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this target group approach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=112.49,114.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One problem is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=114.99,116.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is very difficult to develop opportunities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=116.68,119.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are specific for these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=119.73,121.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different categories of farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=121.29,123.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you have something which is income generating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=123.33,127.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then it's very difficult to keep the bigger farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=129.4,131.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from grabbing it very fast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=131.75,133.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's one problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=133.82,134.904"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another problem is that this approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=134.904,137.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still looks upon farmers as individuals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=137.64,140.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that it looks up on the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=140.69,142.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of development agricultural development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=142.94,144.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a problem of the individual farm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=144.63,147.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not a problem of rural development in a broader sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=147.43,151.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me then come to the last of these strategies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=157.1,161.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is I've called it the five element strategy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=161.94,165.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's been a new strategies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=166.17,168.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has been developed in recent years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=168.24,170.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by various people and agencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=170.44,172.614"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the elements it consists of are the following,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=172.614,176.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I've mentioned them on the outline too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=177.04,179.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is mobilization of small farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=179.85,183.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"creating awareness of their problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=183.23,185.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two is, organizing them into small functional groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=186.47,190.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of maybe five, six, ten farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=190.61,192.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A third element is training farmers to be leaders,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=193.94,198.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chairman, secretaries, or even barefoot extension workers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=198.85,203.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A fourth element is the provision of these little groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=204.06,208.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with realistic opportunities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=208.37,211.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually through some technical agencies such as a extension.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=211.79,216.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the fifth element is support services which are provided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=216.2,221.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by an intermediate organization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=221.193,223.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which may be a government organization or an NGO.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=223.75,226.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now these five elements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=227.08,228.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come out in various projects activities and so on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=229.75,233.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now let me give you an example one example is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=233.75,236.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our primary health care activities in Kenya","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=237.08,239.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which have been supported by an NGO.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=239.76,242.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These activities consists of a mobilization effort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=243.81,248.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which involves going in a village inquiring house to house","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=249.91,253.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the health problems are and trying to make people aware","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=253.67,257.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that some of these problems can be dealt with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=257.18,259.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by their own activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=259.08,260.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not just gifts of God which come 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gathering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=464.14,467.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's one should look for activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=468.49,472.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which one discovers and can gradually expand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=472.18,474.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a rather organic fashion instead of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=474.53,476.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming to an area with five million dollars in your pocket","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=476.82,480.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 20 experts involved there, we start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=480.37,483.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very different approach and that's something that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=483.02,485.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are experimenting with at the moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=485.65,487.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but haven't got proof of the viability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=487.28,490.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a large scale and in the long run.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=490.72,492.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that of the strategies I have reviewed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=494.83,496.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the five element one is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=496.96,498.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the one which adheres most closely to the principles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=498.46,501.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of small farmer development that I have mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=501.3,504.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't focus on the individual progressive farmer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=504.44,507.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's the only one which focuses on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=508.09,509.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this institutional social economic and policy change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=509.74,512.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's one which deliberately works towards developing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=514.01,516.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some countervailing power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=516.64,517.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since it provides a platform for critical awareness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=517.73,520.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for self-confidence development of leadership and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=520.83,523.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that Raymond Cola of the UNESCO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=526.1,529.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who has had much to do with formulating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=529.17,531.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this five elements strategy, he said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=531.55,534.247"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"it can provide a balance between anarchy and technocracy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=534.247,537.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between network and operators.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=537.97,539.618"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=539.618,540.451"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was a nice way of putting it for a Frenchman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=540.451,543.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ladies and gentlemen I've come to the end of my presentation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=545.36,548.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I still owe you a conclusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=548.7,550.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of lean and 30 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=550.73,553.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is it so that this open-ended approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=554.61,556.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to small farmer development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=556.38,557.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and especially the five elements strategy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=557.68,560.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is capable of contributing to the emergence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=560.25,562.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 30 years ahead for the mass of the rural poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=562.67,566.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are we able with this kind of strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=568.35,569.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to affect the world food problem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=569.83,571.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that the answer must be that we don't know yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=573.55,576.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So far, this five elements strategy has been tried on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=576.7,579.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a relatively small scale in many developing countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=579.65,582.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by many agencies most notably,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=582.17,584.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the FAO small farmer development program in Nepal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=584.48,587.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The FAO has now launched","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=588.9,591.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people's participation program a big thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=591.07,595.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the strength of the success","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=595.69,597.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this work in Nepal especially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=597.15,600.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the fund for agriculture development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=601.09,605.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is financing a very large scale replication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=605.99,608.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also in the Nepal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=608.32,609.857"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we don't know yet until we know the results,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=610.78,614.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I must say that there are formidable forces at work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=614.44,618.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to thwart large scale replication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=618.12,620.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that many government officials and agencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=622.13,624.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are not rewarded for making systematic efforts to create","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=624.8,627.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realistic opportunities for the rural poor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=627.77,630.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to allow the development of countervailing power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=630.16,632.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is not blaming them we have in Holland,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=632.4,635.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for instance, had a course for development workers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=635.37,637.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they formed a platform towards the ministry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=637.63,641.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try and change some things in the ministry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=641.0,643.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And very soon we found a ministry saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=643.49,645.247"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, we're not sure whether we need to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=645.247,647.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finance this course after all.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=647.67,649.247"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=652.83,655.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we are not so sure whether it will work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=658.64,661.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some people go further and say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=663.43,665.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the whole flurry around participation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=665.37,667.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small farmer development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=667.68,668.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so it's just an other gimmick","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=668.95,671.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to lead the attention away from what really counts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=671.42,675.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things like land reform,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=675.09,676.711"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change of the world economic system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=676.711,678.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to one which allows less exploitation overruled poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=680.34,683.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by such countries as yours and mine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=683.28,685.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is what I wanted to say tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=688.02,690.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope you'll have some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=690.8,692.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=694.08,695.035"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=695.035,697.785"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much, Dr. Rolling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=701.985,703.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=703.68,704.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there'll probably be some questions from the audience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=704.64,706.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll have questions for about the next 15 minutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=706.73,710.645"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we have people who'd like to ask questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=710.645,714.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Does someone have a question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=715.77,716.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would like to ask at the present time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=716.68,719.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure he must have challenged a few of your perceptions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=719.41,722.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=722.83,723.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What are you saying that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=725.181,726.681"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the principle that constitutional change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=726.681,730.348"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I understand that all development schemes are for change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=732.18,736.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are you suggesting a change by revolution?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=737.861,741.531"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=741.531,743.948"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Will I answer one by one or shall I wait?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=751.188,754.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Why don't you answer that one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=754.25,755.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while we're waiting anyway for the next one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=755.34,757.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I know there are people who say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=761.14,763.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the only change that can come is revolutionary change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=763.447,766.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I meant really is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=767.37,769.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have approached agriculture development too long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=770.44,775.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a question of, on farm changes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=775.11,780.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem of agricultural production we've looked at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=780.09,783.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as something that was a problem of factors on the farm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=783.1,787.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think we have neglected very much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=787.65,791.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the conditions for a farmer to produce properly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=791.55,794.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the problem is usually not the farmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=794.42,796.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that among the changes that are necessary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=797.88,801.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are price changes, policy changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=801.96,804.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changes in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=807.02,810.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the delivery systems for seeds, fertilizer and soul.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=810.14,814.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in that respect, it's not a very much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=814.13,817.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"revolutionary change that I'm counseling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=817.19,819.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I think though is that for, for change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=819.93,824.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be finally effective, political support","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=827.09,831.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and commitment is necessary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=831.42,832.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think for that, maybe that a lot of other changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=834.35,839.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might also be required in the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=839.56,841.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I'm not sure that there is one recipe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=842.36,845.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one can prescribe for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=845.41,846.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think political commitment is necessary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=848.11,850.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very definitely yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=850.96,851.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe I'll stay here. Are there any other questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=854.69,856.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=856.29,857.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The farming system research like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=857.273,859.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=859.953,862.892"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has it ever gone outside of the institute gates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=862.892,866.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and applied in the country sides?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=866.667,869.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it has.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=872.4,873.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it has been applied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=875.5,878.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is very widely applied in different projects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=878.51,882.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's become one of the most popular things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=882.62,884.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done in agricultural economics if I'm not mistaken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=884.38,887.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I thought that quite a lot of research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=887.93,891.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is being carried out which seeks to be a basis for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=891.74,896.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technology development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=898.11,899.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's still limited as a surface to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=899.54,901.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international research institutions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=901.89,905.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that that has been the main focus so far,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=905.06,907.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although I would counsel that most development efforts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=907.26,909.205"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would need a very adequate analysis of the situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=909.205,914.084"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before you go into it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=914.084,916.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that the farming systems research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=916.12,917.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has come off the ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=917.84,919.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm happy that, that is happening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=919.46,922.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it has,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=922.63,923.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for instance, I was giving this example in Northern Nigeria,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=923.463,926.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is already an old example, one of the first,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=926.12,928.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they discovered that all this work on monocropping","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=928.77,930.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the research station wasn't very relevant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=930.73,932.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the farmers were doing much better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=932.75,934.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the multiple crop. And so they've changed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=934.25,936.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to now experiments with multiple cropping,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=936.98,939.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a very difficult thing to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=939.07,940.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you get so many variables","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=940.85,942.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's very difficult to take all of them into account.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=942.09,944.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is that some answer to your question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=947.11,949.635"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right there, Yes, sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=949.635,952.142"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Your open-ended approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=952.142,953.922"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how do you propose to finance this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=953.922,957.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (chuckles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=957.337,960.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, there are a number of ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=960.24,963.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we've done in Holland, is to say here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=964.76,968.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to agree with the receiving nation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=970.42,972.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's say with the ministry of finance and planning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=972.71,975.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this project would be carried out by Holland,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=975.43,978.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we didn't want yet to specify the exact nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=978.15,981.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the things on which we would spend our efforts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=981.41,984.495"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that we would allocate 15 million guilders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=984.495,987.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this project. So here was 15 million guilders floating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=987.34,991.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, above this open-ended approach,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=991.74,994.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is very difficult to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=994.14,996.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there is a tremendous pressure to spend money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=996.15,999.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and very difficult to get out from hurried spending.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=999.5,1004.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1007.414,1008.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to have a number of regular activities in the project,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1008.55,1011.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that say we have such a percentage of the total sum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1011.99,1015.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we don't allocate yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1015.06,1016.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we leave open for activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1016.24,1019.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we develop as we go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1019.89,1022.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A third possibility is to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1023.45,1028.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is the one I'm personally in favor of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1028.18,1030.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to say, we start with a starter activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1030.88,1033.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a very, fairly small project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1033.32,1034.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You start with something that is pretty harmless.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1034.95,1037.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, can't do too much harm if you go wrong,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1037.92,1041.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you start with that. See whether while your working on it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1041.28,1044.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see whether you can identify a number of activities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1044.65,1048.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would make a lot of difference and it would be useful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1048.28,1051.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you have identified them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1051.01,1052.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to then expand the project to take care of us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1052.57,1055.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But your question is a very good one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1055.77,1057.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because what we find in Holland for instance, is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1057.26,1060.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to change the financial procedures in the ministry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1060.71,1063.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to allow for flexible open-ended financing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1063.42,1067.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is very difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1067.09,1068.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think most financiers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1068.73,1070.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prefer clear cut ways of spending money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1070.77,1074.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if it's failing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1074.91,1076.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see above open-ended ways which have a chance of success.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1076.32,1080.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1082.275,1083.108"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1084.755,1086.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Your comment on the money and science and technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1086.33,1090.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1092.455,1094.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I feel my personal situation and developing country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1094.57,1097.965"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been because the failure is caused by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1097.965,1102.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the project being political projects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1102.77,1106.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not so much of the interests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1106.26,1108.615"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the individual farmers per say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1108.615,1111.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in so on the smart farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1113.625,1115.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I have seen lots of projects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1117.055,1119.485"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that falls in the order of $60 million to $500 million,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1119.485,1124.485"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being passed into the project with no results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1127.545,1131.378"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes I have seen that too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1132.605,1134.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Majority of the money,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1134.154,1136.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended up in the pockets of the peccary officials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1136.33,1140.355"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1140.355,1141.188"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you agree to that?\nOh yes, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1141.188,1143.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I think you were talking about the study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1143.86,1145.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you'd seen today, which kind of showed that in general,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1145.52,1149.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"large projects do tend to waste a lot of money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1149.18,1151.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which came out in favor of small projects, isn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1151.76,1154.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think I would agree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1154.39,1156.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I've just visited the project in Yemen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1156.15,1158.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which had, I already mentioned it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1158.61,1160.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which had I think, 12 Dutchmen working there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1160.64,1164.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then together with local people, a staff of 120","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1164.58,1167.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and various activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1168.96,1170.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a fleet of cars and a workshop and all this stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1170.62,1174.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you look at the amount of money that went into it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1174.96,1177.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what came out of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1177.03,1178.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1178.46,1179.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cost effectiveness of that particular very, very low.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1179.293,1182.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that the local government, the people in North Yemen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1182.47,1187.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they said, well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1187.27,1188.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've put a lot of counterpart funds into this project","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1188.103,1189.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what have you done with it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1189.48,1191.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, blaming the project for wasting the Yemeni money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1191.38,1195.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they were right. Absolutely right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1195.51,1197.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sorry there was a...Well, there are two people I...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1198.65,1202.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The gentleman, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1203.21,1204.675"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd rather be interested by the fact around destruction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1204.675,1208.884"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do you propose we about that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1208.884,1210.584"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to show that I do not get in more stable countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1210.584,1213.884"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mostly any of the study from up there tends to...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=1213.884,1217.967"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21184/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/184/original/AV203255_Open_Ended_Approaches_to_Small_Farmer_Development_b.vtt?1608541996","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/184/original/AV203255_Open_Ended_Approaches_to_Small_Farmer_Development_b.vtt?1608541996"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21185","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203255_Open_Ended_Approaches_to_Small_Farmer_Development_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448/transcript/21185/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The failure of the fusion research to cater for all farmers in the community, because there is differential access, led to the adoption of the marketing principle that a population must be subdivided, in a heterogeneous population must be subdivided in a more homogeneous subgroups. So that you have subgroups for which you can develop uniform packages which are applicable to every member of the subgroup. It's a simple marketing principles, which had not been much applied in agricultural development. But as a result of these problems with the diffusion approach, this marketing approach has been seriously looked at. Dr. Ashraf and others including myself have worked in Kenya on using adopter categories, and in this case the 20% least innovative farmers as target groups for packages of maize innovations. And it was very successful. So we look at a homogeneous group of farmers and try to develop a technological package that would fit that group and in fact it was very successful. All these so-called conservative farmers who wouldn't change were very ready to adopt. Another example is the work of summit in Mexico which has developed a concept of a recommendation domain, meaning a homogeneous area in terms of farming system and access to resources, to which specific technological packages can be developed. And a third example is India, which has had its small farmer development agency. There have been problems with this approach with this target group approach. One problem is, that is very difficult to develop opportunities which are specific for these different categories of farmers. If you have something which is income generating then it's very difficult to keep the bigger farmers from grabbing it very fast. That's one problem. Another problem is that this approach still looks upon farmers as individuals, and that it looks up on the problem of development agricultural development, as a problem of the individual farm not a problem of rural development in a broader sense. Let me then come to the last of these strategies and that is I've called it the five element strategy. It's been a new strategies which has been developed in recent years by various people and agencies and the elements it consists of are the following, and I've mentioned them on the outline too. One is mobilization of small farmers, creating awareness of their problems. Two is, organizing them into small functional groups of maybe five, six, ten farmers. A third element is training farmers to be leaders, chairman, secretaries, or even barefoot extension workers. A fourth element is the provision of these little groups with realistic opportunities, usually through some technical agencies such as a extension. And the fifth element is support services which are provided by an intermediate organization which may be a government organization or an NGO. Now these five elements come out in various projects activities and so on now let me give you an example one example is, our primary health care activities in Kenya which have been supported by an NGO. These activities consists of a mobilization effort which involves going in a village inquiring house to house what the health problems are and trying to make people aware that some of these problems can be dealt with by their own activities. They're not just gifts of God which come down. But the malaria is something one can do something about. The second thing then is the formation of village committee which is to deal with this problem. Well, one of the villagers is trained as a barefoot doctor. The ministry of health, that is then the fourth element, the ministry of health provides medicines and technical training for these barefoot people. But it turns out that some kind of intermediate organization must be there to link these various elements, if the intermediate organization is not there once finds very soon for instance, that the barefoot local health attendant is being overruled and overrun by the ministry man. It's very difficult to keep this balance especially in the beginning that the barefoot attendant is no longer accountable to the village committee which is the whole purpose of the thing, but to the ministry of health man because he feels that's a higher status person that's all. So in the beginning there must be some kind of surveillance of the functioning of these different elements together. An essential aspect of the whole approach is that these elements must all work synergistically together to be effective. Usually in our projects, development projects, we only look at one of these elements we provide, let's say technical assistance only, but then we don't have as much impact as if, as when all these elements are catered for together. So for instance if we only mobilize and organize, some people have felt it as long as we can organize more farmers, they will begin to have some political clout. But what turns out is that small farmers very soon lose interest if they don't get some income generating opportunities provided to them. So again, all these elements must be there it's the combination which makes the difference and allows for effective linkage. The second very crucial aspect of this five element system is that it requires an effective interfacing, between the local level and the higher district regional or national level. A very complicated aspect. It is at the higher levels that government and other agencies, must cooperate and coordinate their efforts to create realistic employment, marketing and other income and welfare generating opportunities which these local groups can utilize. And this usually requires political and administrative support. Mobilizing to achieve and maintain such support is crucial to the success of the strategy and interventions which try to install the system typically must work at these different levels at the same time. What we have noticed in our efforts in Holland is that this kind of intervention which tries to establish this five element system, cannot be a pre-planned kind of ordinary project according to the project cycle. What we have learned is that you must go in with a rather open mind with an ability to be flexible and responsive, that you must rely very heavily on intelligence gathering. And that's one should look for activities, which one discovers and can gradually expand in a rather organic fashion instead of, coming to an area with five million dollars in your pocket and 20 experts involved there, we start. It's a very different approach and that's something that we are experimenting with at the moment, but haven't got proof of the viability on a large scale and in the long run. I think that of the strategies I have reviewed the five element one is, the one which adheres most closely to the principles of small farmer development that I have mentioned. It doesn't focus on the individual progressive farmer, it's the only one which focuses on in this institutional social economic and policy change, it's one which deliberately works towards developing some countervailing power since it provides a platform for critical awareness for self-confidence development of leadership and so on. I think that Raymond Cola of the UNESCO who has had much to do with formulating this five elements strategy, he said, \"it can provide a balance between anarchy and technocracy between network and operators.\" And I think that was a nice way of putting it for a Frenchman. Ladies and gentlemen I've come to the end of my presentation but I still owe you a conclusion in terms of lean and 30 years. Is it so that this open-ended approach to small farmer development and especially the five elements strategy, is capable of contributing to the emergence of 30 years ahead for the mass of the rural poor. Are we able with this kind of strategy to affect the world food problem? And I think that the answer must be that we don't know yet. So far, this five elements strategy has been tried on a relatively small scale in many developing countries by many agencies most notably, by the FAO small farmer development program in Nepal. The FAO has now launched the people's participation program a big thing. On the strength of the success of this work in Nepal especially, and the fund for agriculture development is financing a very large scale replication also in the Nepal. So we don't know yet until we know the results, but I must say that there are formidable forces at work to thwart large scale replication. I think that many government officials and agencies are not rewarded for making systematic efforts to create realistic opportunities for the rural poor, to allow the development of countervailing power. And this is not blaming them we have in Holland, for instance, had a course for development workers and they formed a platform towards the ministry to try and change some things in the ministry. And very soon we found a ministry saying, \"Well, we're not sure whether we need to finance this course after all.\" So I think, that we are not so sure whether it will work. Some people go further and say that the whole flurry around participation, small farmer development. And so it's just an other gimmick to lead the attention away from what really counts things like land reform, change of the world economic system, to one which allows less exploitation overruled poor by such countries as yours and mine. That is what I wanted to say tonight I hope you'll have some questions. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much, Dr. Rolling. I'm sure that there'll probably be some questions from the audience and we'll have questions for about the next 15 minutes if we have people who'd like to ask questions. Does someone have a question they would like to ask at the present time? I'm sure he must have challenged a few of your perceptions. Yes.\r\n\r\n- What are you saying that, on the principle that constitutional change, I understand that all development schemes are for change. Are you suggesting a change by revolution?\r\n\r\n- Will I answer one by one or shall I wait?\r\n\r\n- Why don't you answer that one while we're waiting anyway for the next one.\r\n\r\n- Well, I know there are people who say the only change that can come is revolutionary change. What I meant really is that we have approached agriculture development too long as a question of, on farm changes. The problem of agricultural production we've looked at as something that was a problem of factors on the farm. And I think we have neglected very much all the conditions for a farmer to produce properly. I think the problem is usually not the farmer. And I think that among the changes that are necessary are price changes, policy changes, changes in terms of the delivery systems for seeds, fertilizer and soul. So in that respect, it's not a very much revolutionary change that I'm counseling. What I think though is that for, for change, to be finally effective, political support and commitment is necessary. And I think for that, maybe that a lot of other changes might also be required in the end. But I'm not sure that there is one recipe, one can prescribe for that. But I think political commitment is necessary. Very definitely yes. Maybe I'll stay here. Are there any other questions? Yes.\r\n\r\n- The farming system research like The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, has it ever gone outside of the institute gates and applied in the country sides?\r\n\r\n- I think it has. I think it has been applied and is very widely applied in different projects. It's become one of the most popular things done in agricultural economics if I'm not mistaken. And I thought that quite a lot of research is being carried out which seeks to be a basis for technology development. It's still limited as a surface to international research institutions. I think that that has been the main focus so far, although I would counsel that most development efforts would need a very adequate analysis of the situation before you go into it. But I think that the farming systems research has come off the ground and I'm happy that, that is happening. And it has, for instance, I was giving this example in Northern Nigeria, which is already an old example, one of the first, where they discovered that all this work on monocropping and the research station wasn't very relevant because the farmers were doing much better with the multiple crop. And so they've changed to now experiments with multiple cropping, which is a very difficult thing to do because you get so many variables that it's very difficult to take all of them into account. Is that some answer to your question? Right there, Yes, sir.\r\n\r\n- Your open-ended approach, how do you propose to finance this? Well, there are a number of ways. What we've done in Holland, is to say here, to agree with the receiving nation, let's say with the ministry of finance and planning that this project would be carried out by Holland, that we didn't want yet to specify the exact nature of the things on which we would spend our efforts, but that we would allocate 15 million guilders to this project. So here was 15 million guilders floating, you know, above this open-ended approach, which is very difficult to do because there is a tremendous pressure to spend money and very difficult to get out from hurried spending. Another approach is to have a number of regular activities in the project, that say we have such a percentage of the total sum, which we don't allocate yet and we leave open for activities, which we develop as we go on. A third possibility is to say, and this is the one I'm personally in favor of, is to say, we start with a starter activity. It's a very, fairly small project. You start with something that is pretty harmless. You know, can't do too much harm if you go wrong, you start with that. See whether while your working on it see whether you can identify a number of activities that would make a lot of difference and it would be useful. And if you have identified them, to then expand the project to take care of us. But your question is a very good one, because what we find in Holland for instance, is that, to change the financial procedures in the ministry to allow for flexible open-ended financing is very difficult. I think most financiers prefer clear cut ways of spending money, even if it's failing to see above open-ended ways which have a chance of success. Yeah. Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Your comment on the money and science and technology was very interesting. And I feel my personal situation and developing country has been because the failure is caused by the project being political projects, not so much of the interests of the individual farmers per say and in so on the smart farmers. And I have seen lots of projects that falls in the order of $60 million to $500 million, being passed into the project with no results.\r\n\r\n- Yes I have seen that too.\r\n\r\n- Majority of the money, ended up in the pockets of the peccary officials.\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- Do you agree to that?\r\n\r\n- Oh yes, yes. Well, I think you were talking about the study that you'd seen today, which kind of showed that in general, large projects do tend to waste a lot of money in which came out in favor of small projects, isn't it? And I think I would agree that I've just visited the project in Yemen, which had, I already mentioned it, which had I think, 12 Dutchmen working there and then together with local people, a staff of 120 and various activities, a fleet of cars and a workshop and all this stuff. And if you look at the amount of money that went into it and what came out of it. Yeah. The cost effectiveness of that particular very, very low. So that the local government, the people in North Yemen, they said, well, we've put a lot of counterpart funds into this project and what have you done with it? You know, blaming the project for wasting the Yemeni money. And they were right. Absolutely right. Sorry there was a...Well, there are two people I... The gentleman, yes. I'd rather be interested by the fact around destruction. How do you propose we about that to show that I do not get in more stable countries mostly any of the study from up there tends to...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34598/file/103448#t=0.0,1226.4751"}]}]}]}