{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/qn5z60cn94/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Breman, Joel G., Old Perils, New Perils"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Old Perils, New Perils: Emerging Infections in the 21st Century. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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economic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=16.41,19.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and political trends will speak of an effective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=19.37,23.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us foreign 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movies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1579.92,1583.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they discussed what I call the science fiction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1585.01,1588.322"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fiction of Ebola and some other symptoms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1588.322,1592.072"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was patient who was coughing waving forward,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1593.32,1597.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cant say his eyes were white shot, a little 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them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1623.32,1627.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was the culprit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1628.79,1631.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is, you know the 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related","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1640.28,1645.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Marburg virus which in 1967","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1645.49,1650.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had infected about 32 persons in Germany, in Yugoslavia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1650.03,1655.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"derived from monkeys, imported","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1656.92,1659.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Uganda to Germany for laboratory 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virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1668.52,1670.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why? Because it turned out 31 other animals had been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1670.41,1675.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in contact with the monkeys as they came into Germany","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1675.78,1679.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and almost all the monkeys 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else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1696.52,1698.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ebola which has first become","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1699.879,1702.212"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most feared name in 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vehicles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1727.5,1728.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and traveled from village to village","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1728.9,1730.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all approximately about 550,000 people and,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1730.92,1734.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"550 villages were visited.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1737.11,1739.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we found that relatively few villages were infected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1739.24,1742.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the villages, very few people had the disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1742.497,1747.497"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And how do we do our 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members.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1750.707,1754.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here are our forum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1754.55,1756.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this gentleman has a shaved head.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1756.63,1760.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In those days, shaved heads were not common anywhere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1760.543,1764.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this actually meant the family in 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added?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1785.53,1787.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, we define the clinical signs and symptoms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=1787.17,1790.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the incubation 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Uganda","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2037.01,2041.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there have been now 15 episodes of Marburg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2041.49,2046.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Ebola that have 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moves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2447.54,2451.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across the world at the speed of a jet airplane.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2451.07,2454.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Longterm climate 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dengue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2472.01,2475.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and others can multiply.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2476.39,2480.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the mutation of 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experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2495.06,2498.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, it's nice to see the media picked up on it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2498.43,2503.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which hasn't been endemic here in our country since 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Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2539.655,2542.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The group at greatest risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2543.8,2545.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about probably 90% of the malaria 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apart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2679.783,2684.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when you float around the capillary in the vital organs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=2684.12,2689.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402/transcript/28433/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can clog the work and you can get 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Tomorrow evening in this room at 8:00 PM, Kevin Phillips, a forecaster of economic and political trends will speak of an effective us foreign policy. I hope to see you again at these lectures. I'm especially pleased to be here tonight to introduce our speaker, Dr. Joel Breman from the U S national institutes of health. International medical aid and research are important components of the question, Why should America care? And tonight's speaker is well qualified to address this particular issue. As an epidemiologist, Dr. Brennan's career has included a variety of exciting projects and demanding responsibilities following his medical training and residency at the university of Southern California and the Los Angeles County medical center. Dr. Brennan joined the team that directed smallpox virus, eradication, and measles control efforts in Western Africa. Throughout the 1970s he continued working in the field to certify that the smallpox virus had indeed been completely eradicated. And in 1976, he played an important role in containment of the first known Ebola virus outbreak in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since that time, Dr. Brennan has pursued his varied interest in malaria childhood, diseases and international biomedical issues. He has authored over 100 scientific articles textbook chapters and related publications at the NIH Fogarty international center, outside of Washington, DC, Dr. Bremen currently administeres scientific grants and fellowships, designed to mobilize international research efforts against global health threats. Tonight, he will speak about the past, present and future implications of emerging infectious diseases. Please welcome Dr. Brennan Thank you very much. Very kind introduction. I'm delighted to be here today. You gathered from the introduction I've been and worked in some very exotic places. I've only been in Washington DC area five years, Washington DC, I've certainly discovered as a very exotic place as Henry Kissinger, it's a place where the behavior of 90% of the people there ruined the reputation of the other 10%. And I'm still learning about how to maintain my sanity and get something done. But it's a marvelous place, great place for public service and not what I'm going to tell you about not tonight. Now, tonight I wanna share some experience I have had working on infectious diseases in developing countries and to consider what infectious dangers Iowa state's students, residents of Ames in other and those organisms that need a continually susceptible human population are still around today. And tonight we'll talk about a few of these perils from a very personal vantage point. Perhaps this will encourage some of you to pursue a career in international science and medicine, in veterinary medicine. I'll also try to address the theme of your Institute, Why should America care? That way your parents and friends will know the benefits derived from your unorthodoxy. Should you decide to investigate international science in more detail. So affections have been the scourge of humans since we became social over 10,000 years ago and began forming villages, towns, and cities. Before then, we lived in very small groups. We were probably scavengers, before we became gatheres, then hunters, then farmers. Microbes may have decimated small family clusters without leaving a trace because we weren't in contact with other groups. Now, if the clans had contact with others then the germs could spread through populations taking longer periods of time encouraged by the steady influx of newborns and the occasional susceptible immigrant that would come in and would bring the new disease or would, catch a new disease herself. Animals were probably the source of most of these epidemics in the early years. And some organisms adapted to us and us to them by genetic change in Darwinian selection, microbial and human. Regrettably there are a few records of what specific scourges attack these early small smatterings of people. The old Testament refers to the 10 plagues as including frogs and boils. Now the boils, have caught my attention because that disease could have been caused by leprosy, staphylococcal infections or the virus smallpox. Now we know, can we have the first slide please? And I don't know, if we dim the lights or have to shut them completely, but yeah, that's good. Let's first talk, the fine, what we're going to be addressing tonight. What is an emerging disease? And this has really taken a august group of scientists at US Institute of medicine to throw out a catch all definition, which will be good as we travel through some of these diseases tonight. Emerging infections now and then the future are those new reemerging or drug resistant infection whose incidents in humans has increased within the past two decades or whose incidents threatens, to increase in the near future. Simply stated it can be anything known or unknown. So I mentioned the old Testament and the boils. We know that a small pox like disease was present in Egypt in 11 60BC because the Pharaoh Ramses v died then of something that resembled smallpox. This is the Pharaoh Ramses v And if you look at the chin and the face there are lot of little bumps here this gentlemen is accepted as the first known smallpox case but of course there was something going on before that. We know also that smallpox devastated populations in China in the 13 hundreds and the Americas in the 15th century, when the Spaniards brought the disease from Europe to Peru and elsewhere in Latin America and effectively wiped out the Inkling, the main kingdoms and other populations in the Americas. Records indicate the smallpox may have been the first agent used, as a biologic warfare microbe when blankets distributed by the U S military used by small pox patients to certain Indian tribes caused massive epidemics in our native American population, Meriwether Lewis, in 1804 and 1805, described the ravages of smallpox among Indians in his diary on the voyage of discovery while passing through several areas near here, Castle Bluff stop nearby in his diary the description of this terrible disease among the Indians. The most spectacular infectious decimator of humans was undoubtedly, the plague for black death. And in this book, A Classic by William McNeill you could see the wreck at the Seaport in somewhere in Europe. This infection depends on bloodsucking fleas usually living on rats or rodents and when hungry enough we'll go to human. Social disruption, poverty are the conditions allowing plague and other diseases such as typhus to spread. The population of great Britain estimated at almost 4 million in 1548 dropped to 2.1 million in 1430. And it took almost 200 years before the pre-plague population was reached again. The same thing occurred throughout all of Europe where it is estimated that a third of the population died of the plague, between 1346 and 1350 a third of Europe over four year period. In China, the population grew from 65 million to 150 million from 1400 to 1600, but remains stable over the next hundred years, probably due in part to 37 epidemic outbreaks that occurred from 1500 to 1700. The plague, syphilis and small pox are recorded along with political disorders, which certainly accelerate any infections that are occurring in populations because the health services providing care no longer exists in an efficient manner. Let us slow forward to the end of the 18th century. One of the most momentous discoveries in science and medicine was made by Edward Jenner, our British country doctor and naturalist, who observed that woman who milked cow milk rarely acquired small pox. He concluded that a disease of cows, cow pox from around the udder with sores on both the udders of the cows in the hands of the maidens protected the maidens against smallpox. Well, Jenner, vax concluded that if he vaccinated people with this material and then challenge them to smallpox perhaps some protection could occur in here in a classic thing is James Phipps, the young boy and Sarah Nelmes the milkmaid from whom the cow pox was taken, protecting him against smallpox to which he was exposed later on. This was the beginning of the science of vaccination in immunology, in less than a hundred years later, Louis Pasteur, her friends and Robert koche and Paul Ehrlich of Germany among others demonstrated the microbial basis of infectious disease effectively opening up the fields of bacteriology and a rational approach to chemotherapeutics that's analogy, epidemiology, public health antisepsis. Let's fast forward to 1967. I was a resident in internal medicine in Los Angeles working at the largest County hospital in the country. Curious about health problems and other areas of the world, I asked the professor friend of mine if there were opportunities to work for a brief time before returning to LA and setting up practice. My professor Paul Worly, professor of pediatrics mentioned a new program to eradicate smallpox coordinated globally by the World Health Organization and supported by our government, the agency for international development. The centers for disease control, now called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention America's Prevention Agency was responsible for staffing the program in 20 countries in Western and central Africa. I had never seen smallpox, never been to Africa, spoke no French, and probably otherwise was totally unqualified to work on this issue. It had such responsibility. I applied for the program, was pleased to be accepted and assigned to the country of my first choice, Guinea, French speaking, and led by Sekou Touray a charismatic socialist. Now here is the disease that Edward Jenner protected against in Indonesian patients the most just figuring horrible looking disease that the pain of society for thousands of ears. In 1926, when statistics first began being recorded through the league of nations, you could see the entire world was covered by smallpox. We in the United States, we still having tens of thousands of cases of this disease, few were mildly reported. When the program first began, in the 1950, the US, a few Northern countries, had successful vaccination program. The program didn't begin until 1967 in here. Now we have what we call incidents, not just numbers of cases, but cases per a certain percent of the population which is really raised but they're more important than numbers. And here is Guinea. Here's where I ended up in 1967 the second highest incidents of smallpox in the world. The first highest was Sierra Leon also a US government supported program. And here's where Lyndon Johnson said we will work to help the world Health Organization eradicate this disease. And we will get work in the entire world with one country after one country again in this tough area. Now this is also 1967, but I pointed out to you that several countries here in Europe are marked because they had importation. So disease, even in the Southern countries, imperil others that don't have pandemic disease. We didn't have importations that year, but we were constantly imperilled by smallpox. Indeed this severely looking patient is in Yugoslavia, where in 1972 importations from the middle East came in and attack that country totally unprepared for the disease. We are interdependent in many ways. Today had meeting with the veterinary students they said, well, how did you prepare for the work? What did you do? And what did you do once you got there? Basically I could say, Push vehicles through the swamp to get to the next village to ensure they were vaccinated and didn't have any smallpox which is just some of the fun that we had. And this is Ethiopia now, where, what we did was immortalized in their local culture. Some of the paintings as to what the health workers were involved in. Now as the incidents got lower and lower, and we felt we were on top of it, vaccinating people properly. We didn't just have a campaign to vaccinate. Eradication of disease is not just using something that's been known in the past and hoping that you'd protect everybody and no one will get it. We had to go out Seeking cases. And we found that the most juice per squeeze was not in massive vaccination of people, perhaps not even at great risk because the disease hadn't been there but to find little pockets of disease and vigorously isolate the patients and then vaccinate those in contact With the patients or the suspect patients. And here's a Sudan where we were almost completely eradicated where the disease was almost completely gone. And here you have an agent stopping camel caravan moving across Southern Sudan and asking if they had seen this disease using her identification. So this was new, in the past massive vaccination with the approach. But now we were using selective containment in epidemiologic approach. Here in Zaire is a patient with again a severe type of rash representing the African form which is important relative to something you'll see even better. So you could see as the campaign, begin in 67 there were close to 30 countries that had that were reporting smallpox that had endemic disease. There were another, at that time a hundred countries at risk, many of which had importations and had to keep up their quarantine at borders, vaccination suffer from complications with vaccinations and on and on. So this went very, very smoothly down to the last endemic case, 1977 occurring in a patient in Somalia, that town of Merca. And we see here, those of you, is this visible in the back? You could see this one case. Interestingly, the last case of recorded smallpox in humans was in Birmingham, England where a laboratory escape caused a spread but natural transmission occurred here. So the number of countries went down smoothly but the number of patients in here 120,000 thousand are surveillances felt to be so incomplete when the program began it may have been up to a hundred times that many. So there may have been 10 to 15 million cases of smallpox occurred. But those reported this for those of you applying for epidemiology or what figures mean. Here in 1970 all of a sudden we had almost twice as many cases reported while the countries giving money to the program, said this is failing. Why did this occur? It occurred because we were now seeking disease by going from village to village, house to house and finding cases where previously they'd never come to the attention of anybody. So that's intresting. Then an added, very controversial component was added to the program a reward for cases in every country. We asked the government, if they felt it, they could ferry out patients by announcing their population, a reward for a case that would be ultimately confirmed and some countries accepted, some didn't. And at the end of the program the world health organization had a reward of a thousand dollars for any case. Now in India, interestingly more people knew about the reward, they knew the direction from which the sunset or the name of the prime minister. Fortunately, we didn't have to give the reward after 1977. Although someone from England tried to claim it for the national change. So it is a small pox virus forming white pots on the chorioallantoic membrane of chickens. Chickens provide the culture medium to identify viruses and by the way influenza virus and several other viruses are identified So I show, the smallpox virus growing in the laboratory. Here, I feel you, Ali Moaw Maalin Anyone heard of this man, get an A in the class. He is the man from Merca Somalia who was the last known case. The last case of smallpox in the first year he had recovered famous man in public health. After thousands of years we found him the day that his rest occurred. And here is the smallpox virus seen in the lab. And with the electron microscopy from Ali Maow Maalin. A disease transmitted from human to humans, no animal reservoir, probably for at least 10,000 generations. That is the last fight, I get excited every time I see it. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, after several years Of searching. Let's talk about a newer peril. It was 1976 and I was living in Lansing, Michigan, and I was signed from the CDC to help that state prepare for a possible epidemic of swine flue. And if you remember the swine flu scare in 1976 and if you were young, a lot of heads shaking, Well, Why was I in Michigan? The director of the CDC said, if you want a stay with our organization, you've got to have an experience in the United States. But two months after I arrived, the call came late at night like it always does It was from the CDC, an epidemic of unknown cause had just been reported from the Sudan and Zaire. Scan information reports to WHO the World Health Organization relayed to Atlanta and to me in Lansing included only the following. The epicenter of the outbreak was about a thousand kilometers from the capital of Kinshasa And again in the Sudan about a thousand kilometers from there. That disease included fever and bleeding and the following 100% of the villages were infected. A hundred percent of the population had been infected and everyone had died. Would I be interested in going? For a few days the CDC way, to find out what was going on and report back to WHO in the CDC? Why call me? Well, I told you I lived in Africa and I spoke French. What I didn't know is nobody else wanted to go back into Atlanta. So we arrived, a few of us and ultimately we had a marvelous international feed from of course, led by the minister of health of what was then Zaire, now, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Belgium, Canada, South Africa, even at that time and three or four other countries. Within 24 hours after arriving in the Capitol I was on the president's airplane, flying over the tropical rainforest Here, like the other, some of my shots and down there, the what was then was then the Zaire now the Congo river. I did have no idea what I was gonna do. Now after a while we saw a road, little clearing here, these are villages behind the villages the secondary rain forest cut back. But this is mainly primary forest. In those villages were patients, who were sick. We just had the most primitive equipment that we use paper like gloves and for mask, we knew nothing about the disease. We didn't even know till the day we left the cause of it. Now this is a sick person. If I can leave you with one thing, that's all I want you to believe that those of you who've read the Hot Zone and seen outbreaks in several other movies where they discussed what I call the science fiction. The fiction of Ebola and some other symptoms. There was patient who was coughing waving forward, cant say his eyes were white shot, a little bit of bleeding around the teeth, could have been someone with hepatitis, influenza, malaria. Anything else? The more severely patients were having some bleeding through from the intestines and elsewhere. But sick person can be managed, not someone to run away from. Although the villagers had run away from them. What was the culprit? Here is, you know the answer give it away, a very strange virus. The largest virus known that was related to the Marburg virus which in 1967 had infected about 32 persons in Germany, in Yugoslavia derived from monkeys, imported from Uganda to Germany for laboratory research. But monkeys were never proven to be the reservoir of a Ebola virus. Why? Because it turned out 31 other animals had been in contact with the monkeys as they came into Germany and almost all the monkeys died. Meaning any animal where death is so frequent is undoubtedly not the reservoir, if it killed the animal. The reservoirs to those that can maintain the virus and pass it on to someone else. Ebola which has first become the most feared name in medicine. How do we get our work done? Well, in order to go through those villages hundred percent infected claimed, we needed equipment. And here again, the president's military airplane here the land rovers coming out of the airplane but we took the vehicles and traveled from village to village all approximately about 550,000 people and, 550 villages were visited. And we found that relatively few villages were infected and in the villages, very few people had the disease. And how do we do our work? Well, here is where you're here are doctors, nurses and here are family members. And here are our forum, and this gentleman has a shaved head. In those days, shaved heads were not common anywhere, in this actually meant the family in mourning. So that was a sign in Zaire, that someone had died of Ebola and we then put things together. Ultimately 320 patients were found to have had the disease. What was it that we added? Well, we define the clinical signs and symptoms the incubation period. We developed the serologic test. We identified a few patients who had recovered and took their serum for treating others who might have the disease. But most importantly, we found among the, the tissues of transmission was that a major portion early in the epidemic of patients had received Ebola from dirty syringes and needles in the hospital. Five syringes and needles had been used for 120 beds hospitals. And that's still a problem in developing countries. So we closed the hospital effectively, everyone had run away, brought in more equipment and the epidemic stopped in October. I must say that the best time to arrive at an epidemic is at the end than we arrived right about here. So we had to reconstruct this. Although when you're in the situation you don't know if you're here, if you're here or if you're here, you just never know what's going on. This is all what we suspected. Not without peril, one of our peace Corps volunteers developed chills and fever during the investigation, he was doing lab work. So we had to evacuate him in a portable isolator sent him off to South Africa, where they had a treatment team. They never did find out what the cause of this illness was. But like here we get colds and diarrhea and maybe even fever. In Africa you get the same thing and it's not Ebola. Now, Richard Preston made a lot of money. And how many here have read the Hot Zone or heard of it? Oh boy. Tell you, about some of these things. Well, Preston described not only the Zaire experience but also he described importation of Ebola virus in 1989 from monkeys that came from the Philippines into arrest in Virginia, very close to the white house. And you can imagine the interest that that story initially published in the new Yorker in January, well, shortly after that that book is popular in the world in 94, took off like wildfire because the new Ebola outbreak occurred in Kikwit Zaire. And here whereas when we went off it's last pages in the New York times if it got into it, poor communication actually that was the summer of Legionnaire's disease. The pneumonia that occurred in Philadelphia how many remember Legionnaire's disease? That was quite a summer, wasn't it? Legionnaire's disease, Swine flu scare, Ebola, toxic shock syndrome. Ebola over there way over there that was in the back pain. So I took Richard Preston to publicize the importance of the media. Now with satellite communications immediately is absolutely essential. So the 95 outbreak had the world riveted. And I must say interesting the person who set this up, if you look very carefully at this. He said, he got Bola. They didn't get it right in setting it up. This is not E.Cole Ebola This is a mistake in marking that. So in working with the media you gotta pay attention to them too. Now, since 1967, when that first outbreak in Germany and Yugoslavia occurred from Uganda there have been now 15 episodes of Marburg or Ebola that have occurred. And I call this The Five of Viral Triangle, five of viruses, it looks like a thread, the virus that you saw. And there are a lot of countries here where they're not yet filled in, but some surveys indicate that there are antibody here in humans and some, even within animals but we still have not discovered, are we apparel? Well, I mentioned here of Viginia in 1989. In 1996 I was in Texas had some monkeys imported from the Philippines. Why Philippines? Nobody knows monkeys in the Philippines in the wild, in the Philippines. Several patients have gone from up on Gabon to South Africa, Uganda into South Africa. Zimbabwe that time, it was really easy into South Africa. Here we had a death in the laboratory in Russia. These things are very dangerous, even for laboratory workers and infection in the United Kingdom, this patient survived. Okay? So that story of Ebola is still unfolding. 30 years, we still don't know where the disease is in nature. We have no treatment, no vaccine, no knowledge how it gets from nature to human. It comes out and it goes back, a lot of work to do. Other diseases back in the 1990s have been designated as priority and you know, and have heard of many of them in our country, in the four corners area of New Mexico, in the Arizona. Theres new virus carried by rodents initially into our Indian population. Young, healthy people fought this type of pneumonia after tremendous amount of terrible work done by your colleges, gemologists biologists, epidemiologists public health workers has found that small mouth in that area was transmitting an extreme amount of virus and the patients were sleeping or breathing in the virus that was excreted in the air. Dengue is a viral disease carried by a mosquito. The same type of mosquito that carries yellow fever is moving from the South to North. And it's now really causing problems in the Carabean Well, anthrax outbreaks have occurred in Cuba and actually in India. The plague occurred in India in 1994. HIV, we all know about different subtypes now spreading to Africa. And elsewhere, hemorrhagic fevers from all diseases, yellow fever, rift Valley fever. Again, these are carried by mosquitoes. Huge outbreak area of diptheria, we thought we had conquered that but now with the disassembling of the health and economic, political structure in the former Soviet Union massive outbreaks of diptheria, are still in the area then recently and now. Cholera again starts spreading throughout the Western hemisphere bringing our citizens at times in contact with this disease. Now, let's add some reasons as to why these things are occurring. These infections, some of which I've mentioned, populations growing in opposition to the land that was previously posted Who knows what's working there. You've talked about that. Maybe a bullet from that area, changes in human behavior. We know about sexually transmitted diseases intravenous drug use, population growth simply more people, population shifts, people moving from areas where disease A doesn't exist to where it does. And it's susceptible we talked about the theory in the Soviet union when there's a breakdown of the health infrastructures. Many of these countries where people are going into other areas where they could make more money or they've given up on the disease or people feel that disease is controlled, any time microbial drugs are very highly publicized in the state where animals are so important. I think this population knows the issues about using microbial in animal feed. And whether that makes us more susceptible to pass through resistant strain. Ecologic changes basically, we talked a little bit about deforestation but wherever there are collectings of water, small or wide within building, you can have vector-borne disease infect you. When I say vector, I'm talking about snails or certain tropical diseases, schistosomiasis is one of them and particularly easiest in Egypt and in china. The pathogens need water to move around, all vector-borne disease can be passed by rodents. As we've talked about all the virus or plague. When you cut down where they work they then run into your village then into your house. Increased trade and expanded markets. We'll talk a little bit about that. Food commerce in particular now moves across the world at the speed of a jet airplane. Longterm climate changes. Well, who knows what El Nino is responsible for but certainly a lot of rain and warming climate indicates that mosquito, the type that carry malaria and dengue and others can multiply. And then the mutation of organisms, as I mentioned earlier on, organisms microbes are very, very wild. Let's talk about a disease with which more recently I had some experience. Again, it's nice to see the media picked up on it which hasn't been endemic here in our country since 1950s but still we have over a thousand cases a year of which several people die. Now, approximately 50 to 60 million Americans travel abroad residents of the U S travel abroad every year of which about eight to 10 million go to malarious area. So it's still a danger. Here is the anopheles mosquito sterilized. And here is at shores of Africa. The group at greatest risk about probably 90% of the malaria occurs on that continent again and they're at greatest peril Not only because the diseases there but the worst types of the diseases of the four types of human malaria eminence mosquito that causes malaria the anopheles type in Africa, the MBI here the provocative is the most efficient transmitter of malaria three of the most severe form the most efficient transmitted. Some malaria and then briefly go through a little bit of biology and epidemiology here. The mosquito gets the infection. The mosquito gives the infection, the human and the disease can be manifested with the acute chills and fever or other forms that we don't talk about much and really needs to be quantitated much more precisely so that we can get on with the job. One of the effects is severe anemia cause malaria affects red blood cells. But another effect is on the nervous system. All things that occur when you have nervous system impact at a very early age, also imprecisely defined is the effect of malaria during pregnancy where the placenta is compromised and the blood vessels basically triple up still among reasons then the baby has low birth weight and the consequences of low birth weight are early death. So here is the enemy you see, the mosquito is the parasite. It doesn't focus in the back, the parasite was in the red blood cells, often the red blood cells. It is an electron micrograph of the parasite inside the red blood cell tearing cells apart. And when you float around the capillary in the vital organs they can clog the work and you can get sick. Kidneys can shut down. You're one skin be affected. And of course your brain, there is a young child in Malawi, with cerebral malaria, the most dire consequences, and here some babies in Zaire, those babies born to a woman in their first pregnancy up to two thirds might have low birth weight at great risk If the mother has malaria at greatest risk for death. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116402#t=0.0,2735.568"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e These can be spread now, HIV, AIDS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=7.0,11.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So all these things can be teased out and addressed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=12.05,16.549"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are major programs addressing them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=16.549,19.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess in Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=22.75,24.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's appropriate maybe to use an iceberg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=24.04,26.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to describe what you find in disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=26.41,29.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Totally inappropriate for tropical diseases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=29.12,31.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we made up this slide years ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=31.75,34.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showing that really very little of the disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=34.7,39.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can define as per reports from the health system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=39.65,44.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really represent what's going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=44.58,47.151"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are some studies from the (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=47.151,49.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indicating that for every case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=49.77,52.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that really came to a hospital,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=52.24,56.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe 35 or so were treated or managed at home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=57.23,62.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so, you have to understand what's going on 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1998,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=878.954,881.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, not only is Polio is not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=881.41,884.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we haven't had any cases here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=884.28,885.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and several other countries haven't had cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=885.617,888.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, the major problem is in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=888.693,893.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Acute flaccid paralysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=896.634,898.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Interesting one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=900.554,901.474"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not just, you have polio,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=901.474,902.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's get a sample of your stool or blood and test it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=902.84,907.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People are now going from house to house","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=907.73,909.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like they did with smallpox","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=909.97,912.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying anyone who has a limp,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=912.43,914.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it could be due to injury, car accident,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=914.92,917.694"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it could be due to a birth trauma,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=917.694,919.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it could be due to anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=919.53,920.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they are searching out cases of polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=920.99,923.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is again one of the most exciting campaigns of all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=923.84,928.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polio and then measles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=928.76,931.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another vaccine preventable disease is occurring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=931.18,934.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here is the annual cases globally of measles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=934.667,939.575"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Measles is much more complicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=939.575,941.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's very, very transmissible,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=941.11,946.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the most transmissible contagious diseases of all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=946.1,949.925"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But coming along.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=949.925,950.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here is indeed the stylized virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=950.887,955.887"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people are using now to say this won't occur.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=956.36,960.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let's talk just at the end here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=960.25,964.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about saving each of these things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=964.67,968.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we ease into why should America care.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=968.083,971.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, the economists have studied each of the vaccines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=971.2,975.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DPT, measles mumps rubella, polio, chicken pox,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=975.207,979.124"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemophilus influenza.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=981.177,982.586"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is your new vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=982.586,984.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Spectacular effect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=984.12,985.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Meningitis, hepatitis B, relatively new.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=985.51,989.045"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's shown for every $6 that we invest,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=989.045,991.195"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we save almost $60 in vaccination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=992.13,994.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's absolutely incredible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=997.386,998.778"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the amount that we save from this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=998.778,1001.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it doesn't make any difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1001.77,1002.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, this costs about $60 here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1002.78,1006.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe for this series in the US","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1006.82,1009.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you have a very frugal HMO.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1009.03,1012.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It may cost less elsewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1012.183,1013.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the ratio is about 10 to one wherever you go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1013.91,1017.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So vaccination really pays off for those (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1017.69,1022.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are other campaigns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1022.367,1024.218"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is Guinea worm, a parasitic disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1024.218,1025.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1025.873,1028.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Absolutely (indistinct) a population load","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1028.15,1030.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause it affects young people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1030.677,1032.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it comes out in their extremities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1032.82,1036.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A waterborne disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1036.16,1038.458"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a small crustacean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1038.458,1039.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a puny little shrimp actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1039.97,1042.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that lurks in the water that people drink in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1042.61,1047.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, in now almost entirely in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1047.01,1052.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But by cleaning up their water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1052.88,1054.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people won't get these diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1054.86,1057.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, if you identify the disease early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1057.29,1060.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it's caught in the water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1060.7,1064.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the little shrimp get infected again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1064.16,1067.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you can prevent this disease from occurring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1067.86,1072.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, should we,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1073.731,1074.564"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why should our country get so involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1074.564,1078.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in international health?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1078.427,1079.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've shown some information about importation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1079.93,1083.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaning that you eliminate disease overseas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1083.45,1087.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it won't occur here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1087.26,1088.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by the way, when the measles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1088.107,1090.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and particularly the polio was diminished in the Americas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1090.98,1095.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States, not polio but measles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1096.17,1099.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was exporting measles cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1099.55,1101.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the islands in the Caribbean including Cuba","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1101.4,1104.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause they had eliminated and we hadn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1104.82,1107.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, the benefits go both ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1109.6,1112.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm always surprised when I talk to my relatives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1114.11,1118.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and people whom I know outside of Washington","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1118.12,1123.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of what they feel the amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1123.95,1127.546"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we in our country spend on foreign aid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1127.546,1130.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I usually get a response, well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1130.31,1132.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number one, too much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1132.23,1133.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and two, 30, 40% of our total budget goes to foreign aid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1133.867,1138.867"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, here it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1138.89,1140.315"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Less than 1%, 14 billion of our $1.7 trillion budget.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1140.315,1145.315"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, are other countries pulling their share","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1150.685,1153.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of their gross national product for humanitarian?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1153.66,1158.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not really military assistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1158.29,1162.416"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's humanitarian and development assistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1162.416,1165.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, here we have the Scandinavian countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1165.31,1168.236"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They contribute almost 1% of their budget,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1168.236,1170.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their percent of gross national product.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1173.506,1175.616"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here we have some of the mid-Europeans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1175.616,1178.666"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France, Luxembourg, Sweden,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1178.666,1181.256"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they do half a percent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1181.256,1183.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, where's the United States in 1997?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1183.08,1186.208"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're here, the last of 20 countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1186.208,1190.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"0.08 of our budget goes for development overseas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1190.02,1195.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, is this self-serving?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1199.768,1200.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, really,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1200.9,1201.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what do we have to do over there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1201.733,1203.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, every time I asked some friends of mine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1203.3,1206.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in international commerce and economics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1206.83,1209.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Microsoft, Chrysler, Intel, Procter \u0026amp; Gamble","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1209.2,1214.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they say half to two thirds of all their sales is overseas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1214.13,1218.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's certain markets that they want to develop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1218.89,1222.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Southern Hemisphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1222.35,1224.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but disease is rampant and populations are unstable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1224.62,1229.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they're interested.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1230.96,1233.487"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do we gain anything by investing in these countries?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1233.487,1237.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, again, let's go to smallpox,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1237.69,1239.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a good example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1239.4,1240.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We haven't had a case here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1240.68,1242.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hadn't had a case since 1949.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1242.3,1244.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I showed you Ali Maow Maalin from Somalia in 1977.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1245.65,1250.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The program began '67 to '77,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1252.905,1255.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certified free in '80.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1256.98,1258.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We contributed $30 million to the $300 million program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1259.55,1264.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very substantial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1265.73,1266.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by the way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1266.93,1267.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two thirds of the money was contributed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1267.87,1270.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the developing countries themselves in manpower,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1270.33,1273.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"salary, gasoline, with what they could do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1273.7,1277.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this wasn't us doing it all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1277.65,1280.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Plus, most of the workers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1280.0,1281.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost all the workers were from these countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1281.6,1284.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this year, we conclude that in our 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about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1360.24,1363.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also have certain savings for our country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1363.41,1367.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Laurie Garrett in her book,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1367.49,1369.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, written just before the Ebola outbreak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1369.04,1373.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurred in (indistinct),","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1373.34,1374.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has written about these diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1375.94,1378.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And she called it, \"The Coming 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elimination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1407.36,1409.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we talked about polio in the Western Hemisphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1409.3,1412.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reduction to zero in a geographic area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1412.04,1416.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eradication is permanent reduction to zero worldwide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1416.11,1420.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then destruction is 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done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1429.43,1432.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we're poised to do possibly with the smallpox virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1432.48,1435.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's some diseases that (indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1436.891,1440.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the next century will be plaguing off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1441.46,1444.699"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and objects of possibly control or 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ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1466.728,1468.228"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this terrible disease of childhood could not be addressed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1469.069,1472.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other than by 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land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1780.71,1783.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope that my talk tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1784.12,1786.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has stimulated maybe one person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1786.08,1788.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to take the knowledge that we have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1788.7,1790.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the remotest part of the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1791.705,1793.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help them and bring those benefits back to our country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1793.85,1798.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1798.39,1800.316"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1800.316,1803.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faint 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virus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1902.545,1907.545"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe we won't,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1908.87,1909.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if something new comes along,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1909.74,1911.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we won't be able to take that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1911.613,1913.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and compare it to whatever else is known.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1913.5,1916.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, let me say, we're not destroying the vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1916.81,1919.855"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The vaccine is different than the 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around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1928.78,1933.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the complications from the vaccination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1933.02,1938.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rash disseminated vaccine encephalitis occurred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1938.58,1943.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about anywhere from 50 to 100 per million vaccination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1944.8,1949.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And about one per million vaccinations of children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1955.42,1958.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whoever receives this would die.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1958.35,1960.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if there's no disease around to threaten anybody,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1960.767,1965.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why should we continue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1965.76,1967.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first of all, vaccinating people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1967.66,1970.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, let's first talk about stopping vaccination,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1970.02,1974.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we 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1980","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1976.35,1978.977"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when it was declared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1980.202,1981.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A few people who work in laboratories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1981.7,1983.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and today, I talked to someone who's using Vaccinia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1983.4,1987.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has a new use.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1987.23,1988.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vaccinia turns out to be a marvelous vector","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1988.77,1991.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for moving antigens,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1991.72,1993.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaning other products that could immunize people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1994.55,1998.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from one way from combining them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=1998.24,2002.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then giving it to animals or humans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2004.22,2006.672"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and developing immunity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2006.672,2007.941"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Vaccinia still has a use,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2007.941,2010.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but not to protect against smallpox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2010.033,2012.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There isn't any.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2012.38,2013.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, to use smallpox virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2013.61,2015.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to compare it to new viruses that might come out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2016.413,2019.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are new viruses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2019.547,2021.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new pox viruses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2021.05,2021.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is not felt that it is necessary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2022.932,2026.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that entire genetic component","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2026.33,2029.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of several standard strains of smallpox virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2029.85,2033.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been combed and sequenced,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2033.39,2036.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaning that they've been fingerprinted in great detail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2036.81,2040.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that if a new virus comes up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2040.777,2043.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we now have tests to compare these new viruses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2043.42,2046.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the genetic makeup of what went before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2046.95,2050.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we're not saying to eliminate all trace,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2050.65,2053.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the fingerprint.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2053.1,2053.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're just saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2053.933,2055.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let us destroy the infectious form","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2055.15,2059.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that someone doesn't sneak it out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2059.71,2063.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or there's a lab accident","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2063.24,2064.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the virus gets into a susceptible population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2064.597,2068.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That, we don't want to occur.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2068.63,2070.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The questions are good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2070.37,2071.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They will be debated for next several months,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2071.54,2075.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe longer, pros and cons on the destruction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2075.04,2078.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I want it clear that there's no smallpox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2078.463,2082.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no danger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2082.893,2084.237"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when it's been searched for,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2084.237,2086.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hundreds of thousands of health workers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2086.36,2089.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went from hut to hut.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2089.013,2090.972"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We saw the reward.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2090.972,2092.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And on and on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2092.29,2093.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're confident that the disease is not lurking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2093.41,2096.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Your question is good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2096.35,2097.758"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is there a new disease like smallpox?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2097.758,2099.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't answer where it came from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2099.9,2101.981"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Undoubtedly, there's an evolution here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2101.981,2105.059"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Undoubtedly, it was an animal virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2105.059,2107.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before it came to humans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2107.1,2108.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But all the strains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2108.85,2110.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have been looked at genetically recently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2110.01,2113.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not indicate that it continually evolving genetically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2115.005,2119.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the smallpox virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2119.96,2121.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Excellent, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2121.66,2122.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faint speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2123.96,2126.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, certainly with biotechnology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2148.69,2151.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of funny things can be done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2151.29,2154.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You saw me comment on the (indistinct) event","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2155.532,2157.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where an annealing of a respirator virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2157.86,2162.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Ebola virus occurred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2162.66,2166.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no evidence that someone has tried to do this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2166.28,2169.242"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's some rumors, but there's no evidence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2169.242,2172.311"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The human body is the best incubator of changing viruses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2172.311,2176.978"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and animal melting pots,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2178.313,2180.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly ducks and pigs for influenza virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2183.763,2187.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can form an environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2188.913,2190.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where recombination can occur all the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2192.62,2195.902"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we can have a major shift.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2195.902,2197.502"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when that comes to humans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2197.502,2199.542"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a great danger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2199.542,2201.459"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And probably influenza's our greatest 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remember,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2230.7,2231.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the City Council of Cambridge and throughout the countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2231.533,2233.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to shut down Harvard from working on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2233.83,2236.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And ethicists and microbiologists sat together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2236.53,2240.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they 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bacteria,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2248.47,2251.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or throughout that time bacteria or viruses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2252.113,2255.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that the pathogenicity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2255.22,2258.334"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the virulence could not be more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2258.334,2260.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the most virulent of the individual organisms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2260.51,2263.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with which you are working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2263.76,2266.392"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was very, very 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particular","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2305.32,2306.417"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are going to have to be given options","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2306.417,2309.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to protect themselves and their 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practices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2314.43,2318.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Their IV drug use in homosexuality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2318.17,2321.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not a problem that 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together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2339.7,2342.191"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and talking about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2342.191,2343.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In terms of drugs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2343.52,2344.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, I am so excited about the new drugs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2344.99,2349.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole sets of new drugs that have come 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parasite,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2372.46,2374.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like some other pathogens can develop defense mechanisms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2374.91,2379.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coats of protective sugars or fats","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2382.0,2386.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that do not allow these drugs to enter into it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2386.6,2391.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or will change compared to what vaccines are given,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2392.34,2396.181"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what immune response occurs, and on and on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2396.181,2399.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I'm hopeful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2399.089,2400.408"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our government put a lot of effort into that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2400.408,2403.246"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. David Baltimore, the Nobel Laureate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2403.246,2405.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and President of MIT,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2406.381,2408.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and President of the AIDS Vaccine Consortium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2408.48,2412.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where several people are really committed to that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2413.171,2415.648"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including Dr. Varmus, Director of NIH,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2415.648,2418.581"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and probably (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2418.581,2420.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think like all politics, it's local.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2420.96,2424.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All protection is local","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2424.64,2426.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you don't have other agents to protect against it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2426.17,2430.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's pretty grim.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2430.13,2431.661"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the scourge of our time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2431.661,2434.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Other questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2434.85,2436.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2437.861,2438.781"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faint speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2438.781,2441.531"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, yeah, that's a really good question there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2471.83,2476.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Future or present epidemiology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2476.979,2478.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Excellent thinking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2478.87,2479.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right, when you look at which groups are at greatest risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2481.9,2486.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and which are evolving,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2486.06,2487.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the Black population, the Hispanic population,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2487.62,2490.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or inner-city groups seem to now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2491.722,2494.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the highest incidence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2496.941,2498.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before, it was the gay population,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2498.49,2500.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intravenous drug users.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2500.37,2501.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those were still (indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2501.877,2503.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I think the question really relates to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2503.637,2506.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should everyone continue the precautions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2506.21,2511.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, again, I think in the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2511.58,2514.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the miraculous contribution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2514.797,2518.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been the use of these drug combinations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2518.19,2520.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of treatment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2521.3,2523.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Patients are gonna have really remission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2524.3,2528.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who knows how long they'll be able to live and go on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2529.727,2532.746"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're expensive and on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2532.746,2534.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but anyway, now you have the drug combination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2534.77,2537.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are very, very effective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2537.8,2540.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's been some marvelous survival,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2540.477,2543.098"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complications from the drugs too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2543.098,2545.445"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In terms of prevention, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2545.445,2547.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the point of that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2547.677,2549.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we shouldn't scare everybody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2549.37,2552.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, certainly, people who have a lifestyle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2552.297,2554.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they wouldn't get in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2554.81,2556.558"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2556.558,2557.391"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, AIDS is like, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2557.391,2559.548"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like borne body fluid, borne disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2559.548,2562.348"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're talking about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2562.348,2563.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, hepatitis and some other things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2563.577,2565.886"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are transmitted the same type of way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2565.886,2567.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're not at risk for those things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2567.99,2571.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then watch yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2571.05,2573.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm very, very positive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2574.995,2577.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would not say everyone is out of the woods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2577.26,2580.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are certain groups that transmit it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2580.25,2582.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's changed our thinking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2584.343,2587.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And my view is being prudent in all things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2587.27,2591.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the best way to protect yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2591.563,2594.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I'm positive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2595.803,2597.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Will we have a vaccine soon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2597.96,2600.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2601.617,2602.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've learned in this business not to put,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2602.45,2604.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while being hopeful,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2604.803,2606.502"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't put an event and a date in the same sentence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2606.502,2610.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faint speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2613.443,2616.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2621.07,2622.101"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, I was very actively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2622.101,2623.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in a committee to prepare our country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2623.78,2627.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against the next pandemic of influenza.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2627.69,2631.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That will be coming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2631.72,2632.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These things are totally unpredictable,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2632.77,2634.742"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about every 20 or 30 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2634.742,2636.342"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know if you may be referring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2636.342,2637.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Hong Kong outbreak last year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2637.777,2641.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we thought was new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2641.6,2642.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where all the chickens were killed in Hong Kong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2643.95,2646.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there were just a handful of patients in the city.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2646.51,2651.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a very unpredictable type of event,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2655.19,2659.041"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2659.041,2659.874"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that is probably our biggest danger that will come,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2659.874,2663.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for which we can prepare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2665.77,2667.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's an absolute shame that every year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2667.9,2671.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"10 to 20,000 Americans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2671.44,2673.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mainly elderly people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2674.39,2675.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but others at risk die from influenza","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2675.46,2679.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when there's a vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2679.06,2680.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our coverage for our older people is only 60% are covered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2680.38,2684.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by the way, there's a pneumonia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2686.597,2688.101"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For bacterial pneumonia, it's only 30%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2688.101,2690.849"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I don't know why that's occurring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2690.849,2693.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I bring that up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2694.64,2695.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause that's sort of a hobby horse that we can do better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2695.92,2699.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, population with what we have and the new,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2699.29,2704.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they found in Hong Kong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2704.03,2707.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in China next to it was that indeed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2707.66,2710.279"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are plenty of these chicken influenza viruses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2710.279,2713.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that almost never affect humans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2713.14,2716.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's still to this date unknown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2716.63,2718.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why these few people have the disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2720.07,2723.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So again, that's unknown.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2723.343,2724.176"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maybe someone in this audience is gonna unravel the biology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2724.176,2728.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ecology of influenza.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=2728.81,2732.253"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28435/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/435/original/AV204595_Old_Perils_New_Perils_b.vtt?1622661051","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/435/original/AV204595_Old_Perils_New_Perils_b.vtt?1622661051"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28436","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204595_Old_Perils_New_Perils_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403/transcript/28436/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- These can be spread now, HIV, AIDS. So all these things can be teased out and addressed. And there are major programs addressing them. I guess in Iowa, it's appropriate maybe to use an iceberg to describe what you find in disease. Totally inappropriate for tropical diseases, but we made up this slide years ago showing that really very little of the disease that we can define as per reports from the health system really represent what's going on. And there are some studies from the indicating that for every case that really came to a hospital, maybe 35 or so were treated or managed at home. And so, you have to understand what's going on now. To complicate matters, the malaria parasites, particularly the Plasmodium falciparum, the African strain had become resistant to the drugs that have been used for years, for about 50 years since Second World War when chloroquine was developed. So this is now the resistance to the drugs in the area. But there are other drugs that can be used. Why is this important? Because remember the 10 million Americans that go to malarious areas on business, travel, investment, oil, commerce of all types, and we're responsible for them. So getting back to why malaria epidemics are occurring there. We talked about weather previously, environmental conditions, susceptibility of population, resistance to drugs, control measures. We talked about detection, and then poor commitment to malaria nationally and internationally. These are some of the factors, generic factors I commented on before. There is hope. Just a few days ago, I got back from South Africa where there was just a major planning meeting to promote research and control in the World Bank, and the United States, France, England, Belgium, Holland, several other countries. Most importantly, the African countries are all getting together to renew their commitment to dealing with this scourge. Very, very exciting. So of us can dream about the future and without dreams, we're never gonna really get there. We talked about running out of drug, wonder drugs. This is a major problem that's gonna carry over into the next century. And we really have to judicious use of anti-microbials and also not just for humans, for animals, and development at the same time as new drugs. And we can do that with basic science and the application of some of what we find from basic science, particularly molecular genetics, who designing new drugs can test for diagnosing these disease. Now, in addition to the emergence of microbes that are resistant to bacteria, I want to talk a little bit about other causes of susceptibility to emerging infections. In animals, we talked about they can carry salmonella. Of course, we know about that in eggs. We know about E. coli in meat. That could be transmitted to humans. Children in the developing world are just teeming with bacteria to which they don't have much immunity, and viruses. And by the way, children in the United States are also teeming with bacteria or parasites. There are amoeba. There are parasites, another parasite, Giardia, the backpacker's parasite, rampant in daycare centers and up to 10% of the population 'cause these are transmitted from stool to mouth in these environments. And now, with advances in transplantation, we have people whom are more susceptible to infection. So you have to watch out about that and those things are certainly going to accelerate. Then we talked about young people susceptible. Well, the population is aging and most people are becoming much more susceptible not only for infectious diseases but for cancer. And who knows how many cancers are caused by infection? So, this is very, very interesting. Here's just the increase in resistance of staph infection to a variety of drugs, mainly the penicillin type drugs, but mainly in large hospitals. The larger the hospital, the higher the frequency of resistance because there are more patients and more germs there. So the moral of the story is get out of the hospital as fast as you can. Get home. Hospitals are where sick people are and where the germs are. Here's the increasing number of organ transplantation. We talked about aging population. Well, I pulled out of the Washington Post the percent of homeowners aged 65 or older living alone in our country. And it turned out that the top 10 were in the heart of America. And the number of one in five, I believe, or six was Calhoun County and Greene County, Iowa, where close to or over 20% of the population had, 20% of homeowners aged 65 or over was the highest in those two counties in the country. So it's just a reflection of the aging of the population and their susceptibility. Even in developed societies, there could be new infections that start emerging even without us knowing it. Here are the incidence of deaths for diabetes, stroke, liver disease, suicide, cancer, injuries from '80 to early '90. And in the early '80s, some strange disease that at first was neglected for a number of reasons, then poorly defined, the microbe not even identified til the mid '80s, diagnostic tests developed late, and of course, this is the beginning of the HIV epidemic in our country. So there's at least a five to seven year period before we got on top of it. Are we even on top of it now? Who knows? 30 million HIV positive patients worldwide, only 5% of them in our country. Most of the rest in Africa. A real challenge. Again, in our country, let's talk about most people come to the emergency room for. Well, it's diarrhea and stomach pain very interestingly. This slide was given to me by Dr. Michael Osterholm, the Chief Epidemiologist of the State of Minnesota nearby. So maybe these things pertain here too. So why does this occur? 25 to 50 years ago, most of the food we ate came from the farms and areas right nearby. But here is the market in Minneapolis showing literally hundreds of products from around the world. Depending on the season, here are the percent of the various products imported from Mexico. So when you go in winter, so January through March, you have cantaloupe, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes, over maybe half these products are coming in from Mexico. And now, here is the use of antibiotics used for their poultry production in Mexico. And so some of them, I'm certainly not trying to say that Mexico or other countries are the cause of our problem, but you could see that we have to be very vigilant about testing our food, and knowing, and working with other countries that provide our food. And in our food industry and in our own habits, our diet has changed, our food services have changed, productions have changed. And we talks about high risk populations. Now, I have been perhaps a little negative in talking about some challenges, although certainly, the smallpox story was absolutely spectacular. Scientists, public health people in our country and elsewhere have been working on developing some new vaccines to combat diseases. Obviously, vaccines are the most popular. Now, we hope that some new vaccines will be a against this is respiratory syncytial virus. Here, we have a new influenza virus. Again, another type of influenza virus. This is supposed to be bold. We now have a newly developed, effective vaccines against diarrhea caused by rotavirus, a virus that causes most of the childhood diarrhea. Hepatitis A, another virus that affects immunosuppressed patients actually carried by from animals. Chicken pox virus. Some of the viruses that cause severe infection, skin infection, strep infection. And we have this new pertussis vaccine that's marvelous. We hope within 10 years, into the next century, we'll have vaccines against HIV, herpes, that cause genital herpes and other forms, Epstein-Barr virus that's associated with some cancers, E. coli causes diarrhea, the yellow diarrhea. Two types of hepatitis. Lyme disease. The papilloma virus associated with cancers of the cervix. Very interesting and one of very few known microbes associated with causing cancer. Hepatitis B, which we already have a vaccine, is the other. And for adolescents, we have the chicken pox, the dengue, the intestinal bacteria, and we talked about the respiratory virus elsewhere. And for older people, of course, sexually transmitted diseases are very important. Not only chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and then of course, the holy grail, to have some products against HIV and malaria. And here's some parasitic diseases that are water, and here, , and here, to Biblical days. And here's another sexually transmitted disease. Well, so there is hope. Scientists are doing well. Who knows what disease this is? One leg limp. No? Polio, right. We haven't seen polio here since Sunday and those days. Like that is the disease that still exists throughout the world, but there's a marvelous campaign following the small pox campaign to completely interrupt polio. And one of my great heroes in every sphere including medicine is Ciro de Quadros, who when people said, \"Well, you can't do that.\" Polio is much more complicated than smallpox. All the patients had a rash. There's no asymptomatic form. The vaccine was good, shared an incubation period. Easy to do. Polio, for every 200 patients with the infection, only one will get paralysis. You come to the hospital. It's in the water, in the environment. He said, \"No, I'm gonna do it in the Americas and show the world that it can be done.\" And we haven't had a case in the Western Hemisphere since 1991. And now, the World Health, and still worked at the Pan American Health Organization. And it's absolutely marvelous. So in 1998, here, not only is Polio is not, we haven't had any cases here and several other countries haven't had cases. Again, the major problem is in Africa. Acute flaccid paralysis. Interesting one. It's not just, you have polio, let's get a sample of your stool or blood and test it. People are now going from house to house like they did with smallpox saying anyone who has a limp, it could be due to injury, car accident, it could be due to a birth trauma, it could be due to anything. So they are searching out cases of polio. And that is again one of the most exciting campaigns of all. Polio and then measles, another vaccine preventable disease is occurring. And here is the annual cases globally of measles. Measles is much more complicated because it's very, very transmissible, one of the most transmissible contagious diseases of all. But coming along. And here is indeed the stylized virus that people are using now to say this won't occur. Now, let's talk just at the end here about saving each of these things as we ease into why should America care. Well, the economists have studied each of the vaccines, DPT, measles mumps rubella, polio, chicken pox, hemophilus influenza. This is your new vaccine. Spectacular effect. Meningitis, hepatitis B, relatively new. And it's shown for every $6 that we invest, we save almost $60 in vaccination. It's absolutely incredible the amount that we save from this. So it doesn't make any difference. I mean, this costs about $60 here maybe for this series in the US if you have a very frugal HMO. It may cost less elsewhere. But the ratio is about 10 to one wherever you go. So vaccination really pays off for those . There are other campaigns. Here is Guinea worm, a parasitic disease. There's no vaccine. Absolutely a population load 'cause it affects young people and it comes out in their extremities. A waterborne disease. This is a small crustacean, a puny little shrimp actually that lurks in the water that people drink in, again, in now almost entirely in Africa. But by cleaning up their water, the people won't get these diseases. In fact, if you identify the disease early because it's caught in the water and the little shrimp get infected again, then you can prevent this disease from occurring. Now, should we, why should our country get so involved in international health? I've shown some information about importation meaning that you eliminate disease overseas, it won't occur here. And by the way, when the measles and particularly the polio was diminished in the Americas, United States, not polio but measles, was exporting measles cases to the islands in the Caribbean including Cuba 'cause they had eliminated and we hadn't. So, the benefits go both ways. I'm always surprised when I talk to my relatives and people whom I know outside of Washington in terms of what they feel the amount that we in our country spend on foreign aid. I usually get a response, well, number one, too much, and two, 30, 40% of our total budget goes to foreign aid. Well, here it is. Less than 1%, 14 billion of our $1.7 trillion budget. Now, are other countries pulling their share in terms of their gross national product for humanitarian? This is not really military assistance. It's humanitarian and development assistance. Well, here we have the Scandinavian countries. They contribute almost 1% of their budget, their percent of gross national product. And here we have some of the mid-Europeans, France, Luxembourg, Sweden, they do half a percent. Well, where's the United States in 1997? We're here, the last of 20 countries, 0.08 of our budget goes for development overseas. Now, is this self-serving? I mean, really, what do we have to do over there? Well, every time I asked some friends of mine in international commerce and economics, Microsoft, Chrysler, Intel, Procter \u0026 Gamble they say half to two thirds of all their sales is overseas. And there's certain markets that they want to develop in the Southern Hemisphere, but disease is rampant and populations are unstable, but they're interested. Do we gain anything by investing in these countries? Well, again, let's go to smallpox, a good example. We haven't had a case here, hadn't had a case since 1949. I showed you Ali Maow Maalin from Somalia in 1977. The program began '67 to '77, certified free in '80. We contributed $30 million to the $300 million program. Very substantial. And by the way, two thirds of the money was contributed by the developing countries themselves in manpower, salary, gasoline, with what they could do. So this wasn't us doing it all. Plus, most of the workers, almost all the workers were from these countries. Now this year, we conclude that in our country, we save $30 million every month, having eradicated smallpox. We no longer give vaccination. We no longer have quarantine at the borders. We no longer have complications from the vaccinations and hospitalization. So we saved over $400 million a year since vaccination stopped here in the United States in '72 'cause even before eradication, we felt that we were at little peril and that the vaccinations were causing more problems than the protection. We've saved $11 billion from helping other countries. Poliomyelitis, the campaign is ongoing. But in a couple of years, when they predict eradication will occur, a half a billion dollars will be saved. And by the time that certification occurs, and possibly stopping of vaccination because humans again are the only reservoirs, we'll save $3 billion a year. Measles in his other diseases I talked about also have certain savings for our country. So Laurie Garrett in her book, again, written just before the Ebola outbreak occurred in , has written about these diseases. And she called it, \"The Coming Plague: \"Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance.\" And when she signed my book, 'cause she's probably one of the best of the recorders, she wrote one thing. The microbes are coming, the microbes are coming. Keep up the fight. Well, again, I want to remind you that control is the reduction of incidents through a locally accepted level. The elimination, we talked about polio in the Western Hemisphere, reduction to zero in a geographic area. Eradication is permanent reduction to zero worldwide. And then destruction is elimination of all the isolates of the microbial agents, which is yet something we haven't done but we're poised to do possibly with the smallpox virus. So there's some diseases that and in the next century will be plaguing off and objects of possibly control or eradication. We talked about hepatitis, polio, measles, rabies, yellow fever, different types of encephalitis. Why not German measles in the same vaccine? Bacterial diseases, this causes influenza. Just 10 years ago, this terrible disease of childhood could not be addressed other than by antibiotics. The new vaccine with modern science has almost eradicated or eliminated this disease from our country. Syphilis in newborns, trachoma. Today's New York Times was very exciting. The article on single dose treatment tetanus of newborns prevented by vaccinating mothers during pregnancy. Tuberculosis, parasitic diseases. You've seen Guinea worm. There's another disease that causes blindness transmitted by a fly that is being controlled with pesticide spraying. Some other tropical diseases that are on the . So the future is hopeful. Other diseases I'm allowing for control or eradication. Nutritional problems, iodine, vitamin A, iron, folic acid, malnutrition, lead poisoning. All these things can be approached with very positive programs that are functioning now in certain areas. Nutrition, which touches everything. In the developing world, if you have 100 children who die, 20% of them will die from pneumonia, 7% from measles, 5% from malaria, 20% from diarrhea, 20% from problems of low birth weight in newborns, but in all of these, nutrition touches over half. 55% of all the deaths are associated with nutrition, so we can get involved in that. Speculating on some other issues that we haven't really thought about at great length. Have to include biologic warfare. And Richard Preston who wrote \"The Hot Zone\" has just come out with a, to me, a more interesting, scarier book talking about biologic terrorism in the New York City, combining the smallpox virus with a respiratory virus. Well, this is fantasy science fiction, but there are certain things that we have to think about. And anthrax, smallpox, plague, tularemia, ancient scourges, all carry through the respiratory means, three of them, animal diseases, are real issues, and our government and others are concerned with this. There are certain toxins that are very, very dangerous if put in food or water. Likely, unlikely, do I know something you don't know? Not really, but I'm concerned with it, particularly because smallpox virus is scheduled to be sterilized, eliminated in June of next year. Only in Atlanta at the CDC and in Russia do those reside. Well, in closing, two weeks ago, what you know, have we covered everything? I don't know. I picked up The Washington Post three weeks ago and here was again buried in the back page UNP studies Sudan outbreak. Scientists don't know what caused illness that killed 110 people. International team of physicians investigating an outbreak of unidentified infection that sicked one quarter of the population of four remote villages in Southern Sudan, killed 20% of those who fell ill. Outbreak occurred in a robust region near the Ethiopian border among people who scarcely have any contact with the outside world. Grim statement, positive statements. Eradication of polio represents a gift for the 20th to the 21st century, doing something good while worried about something strange. When smallpox was eradicated from India, the prime minister wrote to her country and the world, smallpox is a disease of economic backwardness. Its eradication is an important event of which our public health workers and friends of the World Health Organization can be legitimately proud. Important now to ensure there was no relapse for complacence or negligence. Our vigilance must continue. Let us resolve on Independence Day that we shall continue our work to take the benefits of modern medical knowledge to the remotest parts of our land. I hope that my talk tonight has stimulated maybe one person to take the knowledge that we have to the remotest part of the world, help them and bring those benefits back to our country. Thank you very much. Sure. Question. Well, those are excellent questions basically saying if we destroy the virus, and maybe we won't, if something new comes along, we won't be able to take that and compare it to whatever else is known. Now, let me say, we're not destroying the vaccine. The vaccine is different than the virus. The reason that we stopped vaccinating against smallpox was there haven't been any around. And the complications from the vaccination, rash disseminated vaccine encephalitis occurred about anywhere from 50 to 100 per million vaccination. And about one per million vaccinations of children or whoever receives this would die. But if there's no disease around to threaten anybody, why should we continue, first of all, vaccinating people. So, let's first talk about stopping vaccination, which we did. No one's been vaccinated here, or by the way, in the rest of the world since 1980 when it was declared. A few people who work in laboratories, and today, I talked to someone who's using Vaccinia which has a new use. Vaccinia turns out to be a marvelous vector for moving antigens, meaning other products that could immunize people from one way from combining them and then giving it to animals or humans and developing immunity. So Vaccinia still has a use, but not to protect against smallpox. There isn't any. Now, to use smallpox virus to compare it to new viruses that might come out, and there are new viruses, new pox viruses, it is not felt that it is necessary. In that entire genetic component of several standard strains of smallpox virus have been combed and sequenced, meaning that they've been fingerprinted in great detail and that if a new virus comes up, that we now have tests to compare these new viruses with the genetic makeup of what went before. So we're not saying to eliminate all trace, the fingerprint. We're just saying, let us destroy the infectious form so that someone doesn't sneak it out or there's a lab accident and the virus gets into a susceptible population. That, we don't want to occur. The questions are good. They will be debated for next several months, maybe longer, pros and cons on the destruction. But I want it clear that there's no smallpox. There's no danger when it's been searched for, hundreds of thousands of health workers went from hut to hut. We saw the reward. And on and on. We're confident that the disease is not lurking. Your question is good. Is there a new disease like smallpox? I can't answer where it came from. Undoubtedly, there's an evolution here. Undoubtedly, it was an animal virus before it came to humans. But all the strains that have been looked at genetically recently do not indicate that it continually evolving genetically, the smallpox virus. Excellent, yes. Well, certainly with biotechnology, a lot of funny things can be done. You saw me comment on the event where an annealing of a respirator virus and the Ebola virus occurred. There's no evidence that someone has tried to do this. There's some rumors, but there's no evidence. The human body is the best incubator of changing viruses and animal melting pots, particularly ducks and pigs for influenza virus can form an environment where recombination can occur all the time and we can have a major shift. And when that comes to humans, there's a great danger. And probably influenza's our greatest danger in what we already know could occur. Can biotech people pull out of the gene bank or out of the laboratory some viruses or bacteria and put them together? I don't know. When the controversy over working on DNA occurred about 20 years ago, do you remember, the City Council of Cambridge and throughout the countries tried to shut down Harvard from working on it. And ethicists and microbiologists sat together and they said, \"What are the dangers here?\" And the dangers that were concluded was that no matter what you did to putting together different bacteria, or throughout that time bacteria or viruses, was that the pathogenicity, the virulence could not be more than the most virulent of the individual organisms with which you are working. It was very, very interesting. I imagine that people will be trying this. How successful, I don't know. Good point. Question? I'm a cup half full person. I think social science is gonna be in the near term very important. Women in particular are going to have to be given options to protect themselves and their families. I think that we know about our gay community really were very successful with safe sex practices. Their IV drug use in homosexuality is not a problem that exists. By the way, it is in Eastern Europe where they're having a major problem and certain Asian countries. So what's happened is that women's groups in particular have gone far past their governments and far past WHO in getting together and talking about it. In terms of drugs, I mean, I am so excited about the new drugs, whole sets of new drugs that have come out. Very costly, won't be available to developing world populations right away, but will be ultimately. They will be. So drugs are coming down the line. Vaccines are tough. The AIDS virus like the malaria parasite, like some other pathogens can develop defense mechanisms, coats of protective sugars or fats that do not allow these drugs to enter into it or will change compared to what vaccines are given, what immune response occurs, and on and on. But I'm hopeful and our government put a lot of effort into that. Dr. David Baltimore, the Nobel Laureate and President of MIT, and President of the AIDS Vaccine Consortium where several people are really committed to that including Dr. Varmus, Director of NIH, and probably . But I think like all politics, it's local. All protection is local when you don't have other agents to protect against it. It's pretty grim. It's the scourge of our time. Other questions? Yes? Well, yeah, that's a really good question there. Future or present epidemiology. Excellent thinking. Right, when you look at which groups are at greatest risk and which are evolving, like the Black population, the Hispanic population, or inner-city groups seem to now have the highest incidence. Before, it was the gay population, intravenous drug users. Those were still . So, I think the question really relates to should everyone continue the precautions? Well, again, I think in the United States, the miraculous contribution has been the use of these drug combinations in terms of treatment. Patients are gonna have really remission. Who knows how long they'll be able to live and go on? They're expensive and on, but anyway, now you have the drug combination which are very, very effective. And there's been some marvelous survival, complications from the drugs too. In terms of prevention, yeah. I think the point of that, we shouldn't scare everybody. I mean, certainly, people who have a lifestyle where they wouldn't get in. Same thing. I mean, AIDS is like, you know, like borne body fluid, borne disease, you're talking about. You know, hepatitis and some other things are transmitted the same type of way. If you're not at risk for those things, then watch yourself. So I'm very, very positive. I would not say everyone is out of the woods. There are certain groups that transmit it and it's changed our thinking. And my view is being prudent in all things is the best way to protect yourself. So, I'm positive. Will we have a vaccine soon? I don't know. I've learned in this business not to put, while being hopeful, I don't put an event and a date in the same sentence. Yeah. Actually, I was very actively involved in a committee to prepare our country against the next pandemic of influenza. That will be coming. These things are totally unpredictable, about every 20 or 30 years. I don't know if you may be referring to the Hong Kong outbreak last year that we thought was new where all the chickens were killed in Hong Kong because there were just a handful of patients in the city. That's a very unpredictable type of event, as I mentioned. I think that is probably our biggest danger that will come, for which we can prepare. It's an absolute shame that every year, 10 to 20,000 Americans, mainly elderly people but others at risk die from influenza when there's a vaccine. Our coverage for our older people is only 60% are covered. And by the way, there's a pneumonia. For bacterial pneumonia, it's only 30%. And I don't know why that's occurring. Now, I bring that up 'cause that's sort of a hobby horse that we can do better. You know, population with what we have and the new, what they found in Hong Kong and in China next to it was that indeed, there are plenty of these chicken influenza viruses that almost never affect humans. And it's still to this date unknown why these few people have the disease. So again, that's unknown. Maybe someone in this audience is gonna unravel the biology and ecology of influenza.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43464/file/116403#t=0.0,2734.128"}]}]}]}