{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/qb9v11w71p/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Ihonvbere, Julius Omozuanvbo, Regionalism within the Context of African Economic and Political Crisis"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Regionalism within the Context of African Economic and Political Crisis. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=9.37,14.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of regional integration in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=17.25,19.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within the context of political and economic crisis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=20.43,23.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are facing now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=23.44,24.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This history very important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=27.12,28.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we consider the fact that this days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=30.04,33.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are talking of all kinds of economic integrations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=33.27,37.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=37.87,39.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The European are doing theirs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=41.48,44.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the American are doing theirs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=44.18,46.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We thought that Africa should also be involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=46.79,50.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this within the contexts of the new world order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=50.79,53.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also very pleasing and we thought that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=58.07,63.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this period we Nigerians have partnered with Britain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=65.315,69.648"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are more than 31 or 32 years of independence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=70.543,75.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the British independents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=75.86,78.582"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so we would like to also put 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Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=86.15,88.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without talking about the historical perspective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=88.57,93.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I wish to use this opportunity therefore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=94.81,99.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to say that Julius Ihonvbere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=99.49,104.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contributed much in academics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=105.37,109.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also is an accomplished scholar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=109.34,111.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a textbook here in form of resume.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=113.66,117.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I don't know how to start to read it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=118.86,121.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I will try to be very, very brief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=121.46,123.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But let me say that Julius Ihonvbere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=124.49,126.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was my head of department at University of Port Harcourt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=126.96,130.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he's always saying to us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=130.607,135.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that particular in time that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=136.886,139.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we should be very critical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=139.75,142.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We should develop the habit of questioning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=142.18,144.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and questioning and question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=144.207,145.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That to question is to develop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=146.41,148.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to develop is not question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=149.34,151.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, throughout his period in University of Port Harcourt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=152.62,156.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he really made all kinds of impression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=156.483,159.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to all kinds of students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=159.77,161.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm very happy that he's agreed to come here today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=161.74,165.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to address this audience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=165.813,167.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He is currently a professor at University of Texas, Austin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=169.45,173.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he taught previously at Carleton University, 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books.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=201.05,203.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He also has 21 chapters","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=205.14,209.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in those different kinds of books too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=210.18,212.868"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he published more than 38 articles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=212.868,217.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in international journals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=217.27,218.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And all of these articles have to do with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=218.79,222.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=222.59,224.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So ladies and gentlemen without wasting so much of the time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=225.74,228.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not a good talker,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=228.39,229.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to welcome Professor Julius Ihonvbere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=231.12,234.221"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=234.221,236.471"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(child crying)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=243.037,245.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I must say it's an honor and a privilege to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=261.48,266.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is my very first time in this part of the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=268.013,271.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'm even more excited that Jude Okafor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=271.987,276.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was certainly one of my very alert and bright students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=276.48,281.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the University of Port Harcourt is doing well here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=285.95,288.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in a position to provide this site of leadership,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=288.71,293.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which culminated in me being invited to give this talk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=293.04,297.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Teachers usually are happy when they see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=299.21,302.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their former students making progress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=302.53,304.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think what's is done so far deserves to be commended.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=304.25,309.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have studied Africa closely in a serious sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=311.34,316.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for about a decade or more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=318.98,320.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in the past three years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=322.001,324.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since I have come out of the struggle in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=326.15,328.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to temporarily reside in North America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=330.0,333.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've had the opportunity to review my theory, my prejudice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=333.04,338.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my alliances, and my perspectives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=339.78,341.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both on the predicament of Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=342.82,345.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in Africa's place in the international system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=345.21,348.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I am decisively going to say a few things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=349.18,351.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just exactly the way I think the way I see them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=351.79,354.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we might not agree with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=354.3,355.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hope that we will have the opportunity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=355.38,358.128"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to debate and disagree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=358.128,360.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and support our positions with available and reliable data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=360.38,363.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I took the chance to prepare a written paper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=365.81,369.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that whatever I say, I can live with Jude later on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=369.43,372.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and those who want to go into some more detail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=372.51,375.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will have the opportunity to go through that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=375.98,379.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I begin the paper with the quote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=379.457,380.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think is very interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=380.89,382.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it appeared in the September issue of Time Magazine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=382.25,387.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an article by Lance Moore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=387.39,389.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I want to quote it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=389.01,390.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Africa has a journey for extremes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=390.637,393.857"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"for the beginning and the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=393.857,397.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It sends simultaneously connected to some memory of Eden","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=397.347,402.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and to South fortaste of apocalypse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=402.287,404.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Nowhere is there more vivid and night darker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=405.657,410.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Nowhere are there forest more luxuriant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=410.387,413.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"nowhere is there a continent more miserable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=413.637,416.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"It is now clear that Africa and Africans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=418.247,421.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"are in very deep trouble.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=421.397,423.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"In current debates and policy meetings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=424.257,426.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Africa is hardly mentioned or included","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=427.227,430.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"in any serious discussion of the so-called new world order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=430.177,434.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"In the ongoing US presidential elections or campaigns,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=435.087,440.014"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"while the candidates have discussed Mexico","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=440.014,441.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and Latin America, China and Asia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=441.837,444.117"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Eastern Europe and other issues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=444.117,446.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"they have not bothered about Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=446.157,448.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"During the first presidential debate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=449.747,452.427"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"though Somalia was mentioned in a direct question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=452.427,455.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"along with Bosnia and Herzegovina,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=455.637,457.897"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the responses of the three candidates showed very clearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=457.897,462.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"that they were not thinking about Africa or 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issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=468.64,470.898"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In September 1992,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=470.898,472.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the CNN had a World Economic Development Congress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=473.938,477.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Washington, DC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=477.44,478.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While there were sessions devoted to Russia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=479.67,482.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Latin America, Taiwan, and other critical matters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=482.28,485.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was not a single panel on Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=485.59,488.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The keynote addresses delivered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=489.25,490.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Henry Kissinger and Margaret Thatcher,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=490.82,493.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the new balance of power and free trade respectively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=493.7,497.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not mention not to talk of discussing Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=497.04,502.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are realities to which Africans must respond","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=502.11,505.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the 1990s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=505.26,506.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To be sure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=507.39,509.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are several options opened to Africans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=509.0,510.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and friends of Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=510.99,512.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is possible to blame the problems on foreigners,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=512.83,515.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"multinationals, falling commodity prices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=515.81,518.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the global recession.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=518.97,520.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This will be very confident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=521.43,523.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is also possible,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=523.53,524.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as many African leaders tend to do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=524.8,527.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to blame the increasing marginalization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=527.11,528.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and deepening crisis of Africa on students,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=528.223,532.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"radical academics, stubborn workers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=532.14,534.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and political extremists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=534.91,536.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is typical in Nigeria for instance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=536.32,539.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, it is possible and even more convenient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=539.16,541.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to blame the regions' crisis on colonialism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=541.48,543.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"declining foreign aid and wickedness of the IMF","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=543.923,546.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the World Bank,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=546.313,547.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or better still supernatural and unforeseen circumstances.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=547.87,552.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'll find this a lot in OAU documents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=552.22,555.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The truth, is that these are not new arguments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=555.96,559.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The world is tired of listening to excuses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=559.85,563.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pleas for aid, complaints and diversion on the majority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=563.03,566.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of corrupt, decadent, unaccountable, irresponsible,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=566.68,571.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"repressive and ruthless gangs which call themselves regimes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=571.37,574.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or governments in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=574.91,576.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are regimes which are since the 1960s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=577.67,579.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grossly mismanaged their respective economies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=579.25,583.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"harassed and intimidated popular forces,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=583.35,586.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suffocated civil society, mitigate their economies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=586.08,589.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and looted their treasuries dry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=589.72,591.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is clear that there is a very strong sub-structural,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=593.17,596.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and by that I made internal dimension","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=596.82,599.018"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the African predicament.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=599.018,601.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Africans need the courage, the will and the strength","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=601.327,604.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to confront these realities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=604.154,606.028"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"commit themselves to structural changes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=606.028,608.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to learn the current custodians of state power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=608.227,611.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"by any means necessary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=611.177,612.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I put that in quote.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=612.583,614.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"And map out alternative programs for mobilization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=614.787,618.227"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"education, empowerment, production, and 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University","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=625.99,629.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for organizing this lecture on the broad topic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=629.88,631.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"covering Africa, and concerned with it's deepening crisis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=631.74,635.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'll also of course like to thank them again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=635.98,638.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for inviting me to present his address.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=638.0,640.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa today like I said before is in deep crisis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=641.01,643.877"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"As the OAU, which is the Organization of African 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world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=682.938,683.957"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The world bank for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=683.957,685.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"takes the position that they, I'm quoting the World 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Table,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=729.8,731.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is an organization based in New York,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=731.54,734.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in assessing the African condition of the beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=734.21,736.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the 1990s, raise the conclusion that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=736.27,738.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm quoting them 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countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=746.977,750.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"and increases in foreign aid from eight donors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=750.377,753.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"it is clear that Africa's crisis 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colonizers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1533.39,1535.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"improved the level of trade among African states,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1535.577,1538.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or led development in any form.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1538.91,1541.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the ECA, that is the Economic Commission for Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1541.77,1545.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is part of the Lagos Plan of 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2,000.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1549.61,1551.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Declared the 1980s, quote,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1551.86,1553.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to be Africa's last decade,\" end 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Tyrans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1576.37,1580.155"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successfully establish a viable corporation scheme?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1580.155,1583.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's like, can 10 mad people actually cooperate in a 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2025?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1611.498,1616.498"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is when the African common market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1616.553,1618.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is supposed to come into existence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1618.77,1620.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the leaders are not in a hurry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1620.27,1623.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Given the general failure of Africans states","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1623.15,1624.772"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to remain good on previous declarations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1624.772,1626.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and given the witnesses of generally less ambitious efforts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1626.327,1630.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the past,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1630.17,1631.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is there any reason to expect any achievements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1631.5,1634.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the current initiative?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1634.22,1635.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, given the generalist solid states","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1636.89,1639.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the African economy today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1639.22,1640.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plagued with debts, debt servicing, widespread corruption,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1640.97,1644.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political cynicism and withdrawal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1644.46,1646.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as general economic, social and political","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1646.81,1649.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decay and instability,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1649.3,1651.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can a common market be built","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1651.01,1652.225"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and expected to survive in Africa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1652.225,1654.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, there's not enough 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them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1659.15,1663.346"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But before then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1663.346,1664.724"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me move from the general discussion of Africa condition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1664.724,1667.981"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to specifics of the African situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1667.981,1669.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will lay background as to my comments on regionalism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1669.943,1673.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is sufficient to note that on all indicators","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1675.47,1678.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of development, the African region","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1678.64,1681.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has experienced precipitous declines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1681.283,1683.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last decade or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1683.74,1685.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The regions foreign debt stands at $300 billion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1685.94,1690.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"making it the most debt-distressed 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unsustainable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1787.54,1791.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ibrahim Babangida himself laments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1791.423,1794.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, and I'm quoting him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1794.07,1795.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Africa's indebtedness is the single major obstacle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1795.467,1798.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"to development in the continent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1798.597,1800.697"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The debt problem is a central element","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1800.697,1802.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"of Africa's critical economic situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1802.647,1805.147"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Africa's debt is crippling, the realities are startling,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1805.147,1809.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"as they are depressing.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1809.057,1810.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"End quote.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1810.4,1811.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The number of least developed countries in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1812.4,1814.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increased from 17 in 1980, to 28 in 1990,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1814.58,1819.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 32 in 1992.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1819.31,1820.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are 47 least developed countries in the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1821.58,1824.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"32 of them are in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1824.82,1826.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course there are more countries like Ghana","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1826.96,1829.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the queue to join that 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Gowon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1842.09,1845.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the refusal of the United Nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1845.997,1848.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the United States to give any 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anybody,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1872.097,1875.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it was not Bosnia, it was not Herzegovina,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1875.56,1877.627"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was not Europe, and they were not white, 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classifications,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1903.79,1906.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and are not classified as low income countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1906.63,1909.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You look at the World Bank documents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1909.67,1911.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll see Nigeria and Ghana have moved from middle income","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=1911.79,1914.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to low 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aid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2044.925,2048.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in its funding for democracy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2049.83,2052.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa has received only about half a million 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refugees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2276.187,2280.377"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Africa has become the basket case of the planet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2280.377,2283.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the third world of the third world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2283.597,2285.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"the vast continent in free fall.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2285.883,2288.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"End 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community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2407.86,2410.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was in 1980.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2411.471,2412.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that time, OAU leaders were fully 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development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2424.75,2427.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based on collective self-reliance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2427.7,2430.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In spite of these, I know that declarations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2430.21,2432.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African leaders third to, as usual,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2432.82,2435.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implement the protocols of the Plan of Action.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2435.87,2438.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, the document is hardly available in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2438.01,2441.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a document which the OAU said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2441.59,2444.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the basis for the socioeconomic revolution in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2444.06,2447.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can assure you you can find that document to 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Geneva,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2450.22,2452.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Institute for Liberal Studies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2452.62,2454.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is where the Lagos Plan of 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distributed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2460.733,2462.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the 1986 African Priority Program for Economic Recovery","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2463.43,2466.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African leaders presented the long list of the 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ministers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2541.61,2545.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"top democrats, and political leaders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2545.45,2548.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over the decades, African leaders have been 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Community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2727.67,2730.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is made up of the Francophone countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2730.21,2732.611"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continues to divide the region","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2732.611,2734.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Anglophone and Francophone interests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2734.0,2736.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both organizations compete for the loyalty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2738.07,2739.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and use of member states,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2739.68,2741.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and compete for foreign assistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2741.55,2743.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They both exist in the same region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2743.5,2745.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One made up of all the national's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2745.26,2746.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"16 countries in West Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2746.26,2748.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one made of only the Francophone countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2748.07,2751.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Though the ECOWAS has set up its original bank,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2754.11,2756.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they call the Ecobank,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2756.673,2758.379"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and encourage the creation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2758.379,2759.212"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the West African Chambers of Commerce,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2759.212,2761.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Federation of West African Manufacturers Associations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2761.38,2764.384"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the regional insurance scheme,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2764.384,2766.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and since January has succeeded,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2766.3,2768.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"January 1990 has succeeded in getting unprocessed goods,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2768.01,2771.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and handicrafts traded due to free region trade,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2771.54,2775.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is yet to address the critical issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2775.45,2777.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of low inter-regional trade, political conflicts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2777.6,2780.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"foreign domination, and the duplication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2780.95,2783.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of foreign investments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=2783.19,2784.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ibrahim Babangida as chairman of ECOWAS was 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28393/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/393/original/AV204198_Regionalism_within_the_Context_of_African_Economic_and_Political_Crisis_a.vtt?1622660845","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/393/original/AV204198_Regionalism_within_the_Context_of_African_Economic_and_Political_Crisis_a.vtt?1622660845"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28394","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204198_Regionalism_within_the_Context_of_African_Economic_and_Political_Crisis_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382/transcript/28394/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Professor Ihonvbere to Iowa State University to examine many factors of determining problems of regional integration in Africa within the context of political and economic crisis we are facing now. This history very important if we consider the fact that this days we are talking of all kinds of economic integrations going on in the world. The European are doing theirs, the American are doing theirs. We thought that Africa should also be involved in this within the contexts of the new world order. It's also very pleasing and we thought that this period we Nigerians have partnered with Britain are more than 31 or 32 years of independence from the British independents. And so we would like to also put everything within that context, because we cannot talk of Africa without talking about the historical perspective. So, I wish to use this opportunity therefore to say that Julius Ihonvbere contributed much in academics, and also is an accomplished scholar. I have a textbook here in form of resume. So I don't know how to start to read it but I will try to be very, very brief. But let me say that Julius Ihonvbere was my head of department at University of Port Harcourt. And he's always saying to us at that particular in time that we should be very critical. We should develop the habit of questioning, and questioning and question. That to question is to develop and to develop is not question. So, throughout his period in University of Port Harcourt, he really made all kinds of impression to all kinds of students, And I'm very happy that he's agreed to come here today to address this audience. He is currently a professor at University of Texas, Austin, and he taught previously at Carleton University, Ottawa, University of Toronto, University of Erfurt, Open State University in Nigeria, and University of Port Harcourt. He authored four books, and had up to eight articles which he had contract with Dragon Published books. He also has 21 chapters in those different kinds of books too, and he published more than 38 articles in international journals. And all of these articles have to do with development in Africa. So ladies and gentlemen without wasting so much of the time, I'm not a good talker, I'd like to welcome Professor Julius Ihonvbere.\r\n\r\n- I must say it's an honor and a privilege to be here. This is my very first time in this part of the country. And I'm even more excited that Jude Okafor was certainly one of my very alert and bright students at the University of Port Harcourt is doing well here, and in a position to provide this site of leadership, which culminated in me being invited to give this talk. Teachers usually are happy when they see their former students making progress. And I think what's is done so far deserves to be commended. I have studied Africa closely in a serious sense for about a decade or more. And in the past three years, since I have come out of the struggle in Africa, to temporarily reside in North America, I've had the opportunity to review my theory, my prejudice, my alliances, and my perspectives, both on the predicament of Africa, and in Africa's place in the international system. So I am decisively going to say a few things just exactly the way I think the way I see them, which we might not agree with, and I hope that we will have the opportunity to debate and disagree and support our positions with available and reliable data. I took the chance to prepare a written paper so that whatever I say, I can live with Jude later on and those who want to go into some more detail will have the opportunity to go through that. And I begin the paper with the quote which I think is very interesting because it appeared in the September issue of Time Magazine, an article by Lance Moore. And I want to quote it, \"Africa has a journey for extremes, \"for the beginning and the end. \"It sends simultaneously connected to some memory of Eden \"and to South fortaste of apocalypse. \"Nowhere is there more vivid and night darker. \"Nowhere are there forest more luxuriant, \"nowhere is there a continent more miserable. \"It is now clear that Africa and Africans \"are in very deep trouble. \"In current debates and policy meetings, \"Africa is hardly mentioned or included \"in any serious discussion of the so-called new world order. \"In the ongoing US presidential elections or campaigns, \"while the candidates have discussed Mexico \"and Latin America, China and Asia, \"Eastern Europe and other issues, \"they have not bothered about Africa. \"During the first presidential debate, \"though Somalia was mentioned in a direct question \"along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, \"the responses of the three candidates showed very clearly \"that they were not thinking about Africa or Somalia.\" And if you have that tape you can go back and look at it none of them respond to the Somalia issue. In September 1992, the CNN had a World Economic Development Congress in Washington, DC. While there were sessions devoted to Russia, Latin America, Taiwan, and other critical matters, there was not a single panel on Africa. The keynote addresses delivered by Henry Kissinger and Margaret Thatcher, on the new balance of power and free trade respectively did not mention not to talk of discussing Africa. These are realities to which Africans must respond in the 1990s. To be sure, there are several options opened to Africans and friends of Africa. It is possible to blame the problems on foreigners, multinationals, falling commodity prices, and the global recession. This will be very confident. It is also possible, as many African leaders tend to do, to blame the increasing marginalization and deepening crisis of Africa on students, radical academics, stubborn workers, and political extremists. This is typical in Nigeria for instance. Finally, it is possible and even more convenient to blame the regions' crisis on colonialism, declining foreign aid and wickedness of the IMF and the World Bank, or better still supernatural and unforeseen circumstances. You'll find this a lot in OAU documents. The truth, is that these are not new arguments. The world is tired of listening to excuses, pleas for aid, complaints and diversion on the majority of corrupt, decadent, unaccountable, irresponsible, repressive and ruthless gangs which call themselves regimes or governments in Africa. These are regimes which are since the 1960s, grossly mismanaged their respective economies, harassed and intimidated popular forces, suffocated civil society, mitigate their economies, and looted their treasuries dry. It is clear that there is a very strong sub-structural, and by that I made internal dimension to the African predicament. \"Africans need the courage, the will and the strength \"to confront these realities, \"commit themselves to structural changes, \"to learn the current custodians of state power \"by any means necessary. And I put that in quote. \"And map out alternative programs for mobilization, \"education, empowerment, production, and democratization.\" It is in this content that I would like to commend the Nigerian Students Union of Iowa State University for organizing this lecture on the broad topic covering Africa, and concerned with it's deepening crisis. And I'll also of course like to thank them again for inviting me to present his address. Africa today like I said before is in deep crisis. \"As the OAU, which is the Organization of African Unity, \"and the Economic Commission for Africa, the ECA, \"have come to agree it is a crisis of an importance here, \"unprecedented and unacceptable proportions \"manifested not only in the abysmal declines \"in economic indicators and trends, \"but more tragically and glaringly \"in the suffering, hardship and impoverishment \"of the vast majority of African people.\" End quote, quoted in the OAU and ECA in the 1990 document. This position is shared by the developed nations, the United Nations, and the major financial institutions of the world. The world bank for instance, takes the position that they, I'm quoting the World Bank. \"The difficulty facing Africa are formidable. \"The margin for maneuver is indeed slim, \"and Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole \"has witnessed almost a decade of fallen per capita incomes, \"increasing hunger, and accelerating ecological degradation. \"The earlier progress made in social development \"is now being eroded. \"Overall, Africans are almost as poor today \"as they were 30 years ago.\" End quote, that is the World Bank. Which means, at the point of political independence from hundreds of years of colonialism, the condition of Africa today has not witnessed any significant improvement according to the bank. The North South Round Table, this is an organization based in New York, in assessing the African condition of the beginning of the 1990s, raise the conclusion that, and I'm quoting them again, \"in spite of some progress since \"the United Nations Programme of Action \"for African economic development, \"top-minded actions by a majority of African countries \"and increases in foreign aid from eight donors, \"it is clear that Africa's crisis continues. \"Africa's debt is still rising, \"and the per capita incomes are still falling, \"and the number in poverty is still projected by almost 50%. \"The organization went on to summarize \"the African condition in this way. \"The overall record was predominantly negative in the 1980s. \"This was manifested within Africa \"by severely depressed economic growth rates, \"stagnant agricultural production, \"deteriorated social services, \"and declines in living standards. \"Externally, it was marred by a rising debt burden, \"inadequate resource flows, and the sharp fall \"in commodity prices for Africa's key exports. End quote, yet, Africa has not the short of responses to these numerous unseemly on ending crisis. Impulse substitution, nationalization, indeginization, African socialism, Nyayoismis, humanism, regionalism, and more recent structural adjustments have been some of these responses which have been adopted since the 1960s. As well, these responses have been incorporated into major documents and declarations of the OAU and the ECA. Some of these include, the Cultural Charter for Africa, 1976, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1981, The Lagos Plan of Action and the Final Act of Lagos, 1981, Africa's Priority Programme for Economic Recovery, 1986, African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes, 1989, and the African Charter for Popular Participation in Development, 1990. This documents which are come from OAU and ECA have been adopted by virtually all African governments, but never implemented in any serious and consistent manner. If anything, presence of ideological differences, nationalistic interests, the inability to generate sufficient political will, corruption, regime turnover and political instability, have militated against the ability to implement the various charters. As well, pressures from debt servicing, drought and refugee problems, and increasing vulnerability to external pressures, manipulation, penetration, domination and exploitation have worked against the national and regional attempts of growth and development. Thus, in spite of foreign aid the so-called UN Development Decades, ideological experimentation and so on, Africa simply moved from crisis to crisis since the 1960s. Furthermore, as the African Priority Programme has noted these internal contradictions constitute only a portion of the African reality. The document draws attention to the failure of African leaders and governments to implement what it refers to as, most of the measures recommended in the Lagos Plan of Action, which would have minimized, quote and quote, \"the negative effect of the current world recession and brought some progress to Africa. As part the documents mentioned above, today, the African condition is pathetic. All the programmes of the past decade have failed woefully to improve the conditions of living. As Olusegun Obasanjo, Nigerian's former head of state pointed out during the 1991 OAU Summit in Abuja, Nigeria, I'm quoting him here. \"Africa has more civil wars than any other continent, \"the largest number of refugees, \"and the highest incidents of famine occasioned \"by diversion of energy and resources into protected wars.\" End quote. Salim A Salim, the secretary-general of the OAU, specifically noted that Africa has 11 active wars which have thrown up over 5 million refugees and 12 million displaced persons. The OAU scribe was definitive on the point that unless conditions of normalcy, conditions of peace, stability and security established, Africa's major resources will continue to be diverted to situations of conflict instead of being used for economic development. General Ibrahim Babangida as chairman of ECOWAS and of the OAU, and president of Nigeria, in a rather sober address to the 46th session of the UN general assembly in October 1981, reads the conclusion that, and I'm quoting. \"The overall performance of the African economy since 1986 \"has been dismal.\" end quote. He attribute the reasons for the regions unprecedented and deepening crisis to, and I'm using his own words. \"Mainly to the debt burden, \"the collapse of commodity prices, \"the low levels of resource flows \"on the developing countries, \"as well as natural calamities.\" Earlier, in the major foreign policy address, Babangida had noted that the international system continues to present difficulties for Africa. But the economies of the countries, of many of African countries had deteriorated further with the heavy debt burden pulling them into further stagnation. And that the picture that is evolving is one of rapid disengagement from Africa. To be sure, Babangida belongs to the group of African leaders who seek external reasons to justify and rationalize the widespread internal roots of the African predicament. Gross mismanagement, criminal corruption, misplaced priorities, repression on large scale human rights abuses, the general suffocation of civil society, the reproduction of inherited conditions of poverty, dependence, inequalities, foreign domination, and shameless subservience to foreign manipulation. And of course the use of the state by the elites for accumulation rather than legitimation purposes. It is precisely this tendency to seek mostly external scapegoats and to be silent on the role of internal relations of power, politics, production and exchange, that has made it virtually impossible to generate the required political will to mobilize the masses, make the required concessions and sacrifices for integration, and confront in a fundamental way the limitations and contradictions, which continued to polarize the continent and make it impossible to implement usually well-worded declarations and charters. With the on-going changes in the global system which include, the redirection of interest and investment to Eastern Europe, the drastic decline in foreign aid, the harassment of independently mandated world leaders by the developed nations. For instance, the George Bush administration, has been openly campaigning for the overthrow of the president of another country, Iraq. It is an illegal act not supported by any law on earth. If president of another country cannot openly campaign for the overthrow of the president of another country no matter how much you hate that person. And that is the kind of duality. Of course we know of the Libyan situation. The loss of the United Nations to the United States with Britain and France tagging along, the dismemberment of the Soviet Union as a nation and superpower, the collapse of communists and socialists against the world over except in Cuba, and maybe to some extent China. The unification of Germany, the release of Nelson Mandela, and the gradual dismantling of Apartheid, the emergence of the United States as the sole superpower in the world, the proposed enlargement of the European community, the ratification of the treaty establishing the Canada-Mexico-US free trade area, as well as major economic developments in the Pacific Rim, Africa cannot continue to hide under the usual traditional excuses of foreign domination, foreign exploitation, declining terms of trade, declining foreign support, and so on. Essentially, these are not new complaints. It should be clear to African governments by now that the region is not taken too seriously anymore, but investors have found an alternative markets in Eastern Europe. That the World Bank after ruining African economics with orthodox structural adjustment programs has also shifted its interest to Eastern Europe. That the new feud among donors is to complain of, quote, \"aid and fatigue, compassion fatigue.\" And that without stress internal restructuring and transformation of socioeconomic and political relations the 1990s were very disastrous for the region. As economic condition for Africa notes in his African alternative program, the emerging trends in the patterns of world production and trade makes it important for Africa to break the apple strings of structural and relational dependence on producing a limited number of increasingly cheap primary commodities for exports. The growing disinterest in Africa clearly evidenced in Western responses to the crisis in Somalia, Ethiopia, Liberia, and in Sudan as compared to responses to the crisis in Kuwait, Yugoslavia and the republics of the former Soviet Union is giving expression in the view of one Charles Lucet who is a French diplomats, that, and I'm quoting, \"economically speaking, if the entire black Africa \"with the exception of South Africa \"were to disappeared in a flood, \"the global cataclysm would be approximately non-existent.\" End quote. Which means if Africa were to disappear nobody would really bother. Such judgments, one likely ill-informed demonstrate clearly the growing disinterest and disrespect for Africa in the emerging global order. John Kufuor who is a leading Ghanaian political theorist, has certainly noted that the current conditions of declining support for the marginalization and deepening crisis means that Africa already at the bottom of the international Totem pole it's been pushed yet further down, while the secretary-general of the OAU, Salim Salim, has lamented the fundamental difference in the approach of the West Europeans, Americans, and the Japanese to the East European construction, reconstruction as compared to Africa. He knows that while Europe and America quickly moved to set up the necessary of institutions to channel funds to the countries of Eastern Europe, they have repeatedly refused to countenance request for a Marshall plan for Africa. We only need to take a look at the massive foreign assistance, the United States, the World Bank, Japan the European community, and the OECD, have collectively and individually extended to the restructuring process in Eastern Europe and the very lukewarm response to similar efforts in Africa to reach the conclusion that global interests in Africa is at the very best stagnant. In fact, Russia alone in its few years of existence as an independent nation, has received more aid from the West and Japan than all the countries in Africa since 1960. Well that tells you clearly where the interest lies. And I'll have someone debate that with me here in case someone is interested. It is in response to the debilitating conditions of the region, is further marginalization and international division of labor, the closure of credit lines and opportunities for external support, and the increasing protectionism in the global economy, as well as the emergence of regional trading blocs in Europe and North America among other places, that compelled African heads of state and government to meet in Abuja, Nigeria, following several other meetings to adopt the African Economic treaty on June 3rd, 1991. This new move has elicited conflicting responses from within and outside of the region. On the one hand, those who held the initiative has declared demonstration of Africa's resolve to reverse its marginalization and confront existing conditions of dependence, domination, and impoverishment. On the other hand, there are those who contended the Abuja Initiative is one more example of diversion, political posturing, waste of scarce resources, and an opportunity for political leaders to sign documents which as usual they have no intention of implementing. This latter position points at the existence of scholars of integration and corporation schemes in the region. Mostly duplicating one another in competition with each other for foreign aid and technical assistance and in most cases, more rebound, inefficient, and irrelevant to the objective conditions of the continent. It is further argued that experimentation with such mostly functionalists and at best hybrid regionalist schemes since in 1960s, have not improved relations among African states, reversed the unidirectional of nature of trade with former colonizers, improved the level of trade among African states, or led development in any form. But the ECA, that is the Economic Commission for Africa, is part of the Lagos Plan of Action, which are aimed at creating the common market in Africa by A.D. 2,000. Declared the 1980s, quote, \"to be Africa's last decade,\" end quote, shows a failure of existing integration schemes. The questions then are, can a neo-colonial, dependent, and underdeveloped, no, I take that again. Can neo-colonial, dependent, and underdeveloped economies successfully integrate without reversing existing conditions? Can nations dominated and exploited by Tyrans successfully establish a viable corporation scheme? It's like, can 10 mad people actually cooperate in a room? What are the specific and broad obstacles within African economies, which militate against successful and productive integration? Given Africa's historical experience, on the contradictions of underdevelopment and marginalization in the global system, can a common market be built as anticipated by the OAU? What external constraints arising from the balance of forces in the global system make it realistic for Africa to think of a common market by A.D. 2025? That is when the African common market is supposed to come into existence, so the leaders are not in a hurry. Given the general failure of Africans states to remain good on previous declarations, and given the witnesses of generally less ambitious efforts in the past, is there any reason to expect any achievements from the current initiative? Finally, given the generalist solid states of the African economy today, plagued with debts, debt servicing, widespread corruption, political cynicism and withdrawal, as well as general economic, social and political decay and instability, can a common market be built and expected to survive in Africa? Of course, there's not enough time to answer these questions, but I will try as much as possible to touch on some of them. But before then, let me move from the general discussion of Africa condition, to specifics of the African situation which will lay background as to my comments on regionalism. It is sufficient to note that on all indicators of development, the African region has experienced precipitous declines in the last decade or so. The regions foreign debt stands at $300 billion, making it the most debt-distressed region in the world in per capita terms. Of course between Mexico and Brazil, they can cover what Africa owes. But the African economy is not as strong as that of Mexico or Brazil's. So basically it is the most debt-distressed. Some of the countries like Zambia, pay in 125% of their foreign exchange earnings to service their debts. So which means everything they get goes into debt servicing and they take more loans to service, not to pay what they owe. The figure is two and a half times the 1980 figure, and for Sub-Saharan Africa it is three times the 1980 figure. Increasing from 56 billion in 1980, to 161 billion in 1991. This is 122% of Sub-Saharan Africa is GNP. In 1990 alone, Africa spent 30% of its export earnings, about 25 billion on debt servicing alone. Just servicing the debt, 25 billion in 1990. Incidentally, the total value of foreign aid and investment in the region in 1989 was 21 billion. So more money went out that come into the region in that year. The Economic Commission for Africa knows that in 1986 45 Sub-Saharan African nations paid out $895 million more to the IMF than they took in. The net outflow in 1989 was 657 million. So African countries are just borrowing to pay out, a situation that is obviously unsustainable. Ibrahim Babangida himself laments, that, and I'm quoting him. \"Africa's indebtedness is the single major obstacle \"to development in the continent. \"The debt problem is a central element \"of Africa's critical economic situation. \"Africa's debt is crippling, the realities are startling, \"as they are depressing.\" End quote. The number of least developed countries in Africa increased from 17 in 1980, to 28 in 1990, and 32 in 1992. There are 47 least developed countries in the world, 32 of them are in Africa. And of course there are more countries like Ghana on the queue to join that club. 37 million Africans are starving, and in Liberia over 35,000 lost their lives in a civil war, complicated by Nigeria's intervention through Yakubu Gowon and the refusal of the United Nations and the United States to give any assistance. Instability generated by this intervention in Liberia easily spread to Sierra Leone culminating a coup d'état recently. Over 300,000 Sudanese, mostly women, children and youth died mostly from hunger during the 1988, 89 period. It wasn't in CNN, it wasn't concerned with anybody, because it was not Bosnia, it was not Herzegovina, it was not Europe, and they were not white, simple. Half of the world's refugees are Africans, and most of them are fleeing droughts, or civil war, or both. The African region has also become a dumping ground for toxic waste from the West, hence countries like Nigeria, Guinea and Benin have been victims of this dangerous development with far reaching implications for the environment. Countries like Nigeria and Ghana have lost their middle income classifications, and are not classified as low income countries. You look at the World Bank documents you'll see Nigeria and Ghana have moved from middle income to low income. Crime, prostitution, corruption, with the displacement of the poor, environmental degradation, mismanagement, and the harassment of non-visual forces and the organizations have all raised new proportions. According to President Museveni of Uganda, I'm quoting him. \"This record the country's population \"which is not 17 million to 20, \"instead of 37 million by the year 2015. \"It is now consider the number one \"killer of adults in Uganda. \"While unemployment in Africa has risen fourfold, \"institutions and social services are deteriorated \"to an unprecedented level. \"Hundreds of thousands of professionals \"and intellectuals are practically the region \"to the Middle East, Europe, and North America for political \"but mostly economic reasons. \"Academic institutions like Aberdeen in Nigeria, \"Legon in Ghana, and Makerere in Uganda, \"once famous worldwide are now more or less shadows \"of what they once represented. The Economic Commission for Africa noted that commodity prices for Africa exports have declined by 3.1% since 1980, forcing governments to borrow and cut down expenditures on social services. Foreign aid to the region declined generally while foreign investments dropped from $2.3 billion in 1982 to a mere $900 million in 1989. In fact, the British withdrew 31% of their investments from Sub-Saharan Africa, between 1979 and 1989. While Israel alone received 3.5 billion from the Bush administration in fiscal year 2008, Panama and Nicaragua received $720 million, not to mention the billions that have gone to Eastern Europe, the 47 countries of Sub-Africa had received a mere 616 million for that same year. 47 countries, 616 million, Israel alone 3.5 billion, Panama and Nicaragua 720 million. Of the $171 million disbursed by the US aid, in its funding for democracy, Africa has received only about half a million dollars compared to some of the 3,000,000 for Latin America, and the Caribbean. Of course again, we can go on into the recently announced Marshall plan for Eastern Europe. Promises on the G7, the OECD for Eastern Europe, and the complete silence on restructuring that is going on in Africa. Mass poverty, coups and counter coups, ethnic religious and regional wars, human rights abuses and the general suffocation of civil society, continue to characterize the region in the 1980s. The structural adjustment program in place in about 46 countries in the region, increased delegitimization of the states, proselytized the middle classes, impoverished the working classes, dislocated social services, accentuated political tensions and conflicts, increased corruption and uncertainty, and further exposed Africa's weak economies to the vagaries of the global system. As Omar Ali Juma, the honorable the chief minister of Zanzibar, noted at the conference on alternative developments strategies for Africa, organized by the Institute for African Alternatives in 1989, and I want to use his own words. \"30 years of independence have not benefited \"the peoples of Africa. \"Leaders have become pawns of extra continental powers, \"economies remain mere appendages of the metropolis, \"and cultural values and beliefs have been discarded. \"Although Africa has 7.3% of the world's population, \"it can cater for only 1.2% of global GMP. \"A 1.6% of what exports earnings \"and only 1.1% of the total world \"public expenditure on health. \"30 years of independence had also brought dictatorship \"and Tyranical regimes in some countries. \"Basic human rights recognized by all civilized mankind \"were denied to millions.\" End quote. In a very incisive report in Time Magazine Lance Moore, noted that, quote, \"investors from Europe, America, and Japan \"are withdrawing from Sub-Saharan Africa \"and looking elsewhere.\" This was probably just last month. Africans too are pulling out. Moore knows that Sub-Saharan Africa's growth rate of 1.5% is the lowest in the world. It's less than $150 billion GMP, it's roughly the same as that of Belgium, which has just 10 million people. And Africa has 600 million people. Which means the whole of Africa its GMP is above that of Belgium, a small country where they just sell diamonds and used cars. Its food production level is 20% lower than it was in 1970, when its population was about half its current size. There is one doctor for every 24,000 people, and only 34% of the population have clean drinking water. Its population growth rate is 3.2%, the highest in the world, 2.1% for Latin America, and 1.8% for Asia. And capital and operating costs for businesses are 50 to 100% higher than the South Asia. He then gives a piteous, but factual conclusion. \"Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, at least has begun to look \"like an immense illustration of chaos throughout, \"although some hope is forming on the margins. \"Much of the continent has turned into the battle ground \"of contending domes, AIDS and overpopulation, poverty, \"starvation, illiteracy, corruption, social breakdown, \"vanishing resources, overcrowded cities, \"drought, war and a homelessness of war refugees. \"Africa has become the basket case of the planet, \"the third world of the third world, \"the vast continent in free fall.\" End quote. Is regionalism the ideal and adequate response to the African predicament? And what are the results of previous attempts? I would now like to look at regionalism in the context of development in Africa. And I have titled it here, regionalism and development in Africa, seeking unity in disunity. Africa has the largest number of regional cooperation schemes in the world. If you count them in terms of how many they are, there are more in Africa, than in any other part of the world. Since the 1960s, African leaders realized that given the distractions, disarticulations, and deformities caused by the colonial experience, the small sizes of their markets, existing conditions of science and technology backwardness, and low levels of industrialization, there was no alternative to cooperation in economic and political matters. Unfortunately, Africa also has the largest number of inefficient, ineffective, dormant and more rebound coorporation schemes. There has been a huge gap between the enthusiasm for setting up new cooperation schemes on one hand, and other implementation of corporation agreements on the other. Yet commitment to cooperation has never won. In fact, what is interesting is that in the 1960s when Oklahoma was advocating a political union of Africa, he was harassed, he was criticized by a group of countries led by Nigeria. It is interesting that in 1991 some of these countries have now come together, to advocate what Oklahoma advocated that in 1960. Talk of being blind for 30 good years. In 1980 Lagos Plan of Action was devoted to the hope that policies and programmes, and I'm using the words of the programme, will lead to the creation of the national sub-regional and regional levels of a dynamic and interdependent African economy, and we thereby pave the way for the eventual establishment of an African common market, leading to an African economic community. That was in 1980. At that time, OAU leaders were fully convinced that African economic integration will be pursued with renewed determination in order to create a continentwide framework for the much needed economic cooperation and development based on collective self-reliance. In spite of these, I know that declarations, African leaders third to, as usual, implement the protocols of the Plan of Action. In fact, the document is hardly available in Africa. This is a document which the OAU said is the basis for the socioeconomic revolution in Africa. I can assure you you can find that document to buy in any African country. In fact, it is printed in Geneva, in the Institute for Liberal Studies. That is where the Lagos Plan of Action for the transformation of Africa, 1982 to A.D. 2000 is printed and distributed. In the 1986 African Priority Program for Economic Recovery African leaders presented the long list of the afflictions and predicaments of the region. Taking some responsibilities for the regions deepening crisis for the first time. They reaffirmed their commitment to regional cooperation, when they declared that, and I'm quoting the document, \"the current economic crisis \"and the deteriorating international economic relations \"make it imperative for the members of our organization \"to strengthen cooperation among themselves, \"in order to speed up economic integration \"and enhance Africa's negotiating ability \"in international forums. \"We undertake to give highest priority \"to inter-African cooperation. \"We recognized that the collective effort \"of member states is the most important weapon \"for tackling the current economic crisis.\" End quote. Again, this was just another declaration of hopes and expectations. There was very minimal change in the general content and context of public policies and African states. The commitment to cooperation has been repeated again and again at the regional and subregional levels. Unfortunately, regional cooperation on integration as a response to the African crisis has not helped much. As mentioned earlier, most of the functional schemes exist in name, remaining just an affair of ministers, top democrats, and political leaders. Over the decades, African leaders have been unable to use integration as a scheme to fight dependence underdevelopment, foreign domination, and gross inequality in the region's relations with the outside world. As well, and this is even more serious, African leaders have been unable to sell regional integration schemes to their peoples. The schools hardly study them, the press hardly cover them, and the masses of the people hardly understand what they are intended to achieve. In fact, integration evidence in the case of the Economic Community of West Africa States, ECOWAS, have tended to deepen contradictions and conflicts within and between nations rather than serve as a tool for mobilization and self-reliance group. Though the World Bank and the ECA and the OAU have not come to endorse regionalism, as a real viable continental response to the deepening crisis, the reality of the crisis highlighted earlier, show that we need to be cautious as to the sort of reforms or the structure audience required to make integration feasible. In the various regional schemes in Africa, and here I list a lot of them, as well as in other smaller groupings the story has been the same. Dependence on foreign aid, poor political support, non-adherence to the charter and protocols, poor financial contributions, over bureaucratization, inefficiency and corruption, and the absence of a radical program to use integration to reverse conditions of subservience, domination, dependence and exploitation. As Victor Omwabwa has argued in the case of ECOWAS, the community seems to mean very little beyond the wildly orchestrated abbreviation, ECOWAS. To the average Nigerian, Ghanaian, Togolese, or Senegalese, it is just a name. Omwabwa then argues that 16 years since its reception citizens of member countries of the body are yet to enjoy such privileges, as free movement within ECOWAS states. At the borders of ECOWAS countries, citizens as this subjected to tedious immigration formalities. The existence of ECOWAS has not necessarily boosted trade within the West African subregion. Tariffs are still slammed are member countries, and most imports from your fellow member countries. Many ECOWAS states still owe their primary royalty to their colonial masters, and hold sub-regional interests as secondary. Indeed, member states have never spoken with one voice on any issue affecting the subregion. I think the most recent is Liberia, where Nigeria led an intervention, partly because of Babangida's personal friendship with Doe. And Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire say, we're not part of ECOMOG, we're not going to intervene, it's an internal affair, and we've no business going in there. It is on record that the ECOWAS is a deeply divided organization particularly since the Liberian crisis. The existence or the West Africa Economic Community which is made up of the Francophone countries continues to divide the region between Anglophone and Francophone interests. Both organizations compete for the loyalty and use of member states, and compete for foreign assistance. They both exist in the same region. One made up of all the national's 16 countries in West Africa, and one made of only the Francophone countries. Though the ECOWAS has set up its original bank, what they call the Ecobank, and encourage the creation of the West African Chambers of Commerce, the Federation of West African Manufacturers Associations, the regional insurance scheme, and since January has succeeded, January 1990 has succeeded in getting unprocessed goods, and handicrafts traded due to free region trade, it is yet to address the critical issues of low inter-regional trade, political conflicts, foreign domination, and the duplication of foreign investments. Ibrahim Babangida as chairman of ECOWAS was addressing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116382#t=0.0,2793.96"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Members ideas we dedicate themselves to the ideas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=5.872,7.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the founding fathers of ECOWAS as the Vigo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=7.587,11.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the political and economic integration of West Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=11.56,14.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet ECOWAS is regarded as one of the few strong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=14.82,18.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and potentially valuable integration schemes in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=18.24,21.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is part of the proliferation of integration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=22.9,24.762"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cooperation schemes and the continent trade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=24.762,27.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is the main purpose of integration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=27.4,29.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among other state has remained low if not stagnant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=29.53,33.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or on the decline in most cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=33.19,35.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, as africa recovery reports","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=35.81,38.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the clear's reflections of Africa's economic weakness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=38.61,42.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the small size of most domestic markets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=42.153,44.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the low volume of trade among them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=44.86,47.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The division of Africa into some 50 States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=47.75,51.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost half of them with less than 5 million people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=51.1,53.542"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"means that the continent's economy is fragmented.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=53.542,56.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This has intensified Africa dependence on external markets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=56.92,60.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our suppliers will fall into the equivalent to more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=60.56,63.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than half of the continents, total gross domestic budgets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=63.89,66.448"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Latin America, which is just a quarter of the GDP.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=66.448,70.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"About 85% of Africa's total exports are marketed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=70.47,73.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the industrialized countries of the North compared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=73.69,75.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to 75% for Latin America and 68% for South East Asia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=75.67,80.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A very small fraction of officially recorded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=81.36,83.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African exports ranging from 3 and 6% goes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=83.49,87.476"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to other African countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=87.476,88.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is indeed a very poor showing for all the 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[Indistinct]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=103.63,108.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was 10.5% now what is interesting here is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=108.18,113.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you find a situation in which everybody 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African-Americans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=173.04,175.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Africans in the continent that is hardly (murmurs)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=175.803,179.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not aware of any university in 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document","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=703.636,705.597"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which told African countries you don't need universities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=705.597,708.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your problem is that you're not liberal 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bureaucracy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=712.49,716.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lay off workers and you will develop,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=716.45,718.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you will grow that's how we did it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=718.297,720.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And many African leaders in their ignorance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=720.3,722.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or in their inability to see beyond the fact that free 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strategies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=757.35,760.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and policy frameworks and therefore should resist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=760.483,763.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the temptation to draft new 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.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=1073.677,1076.015"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Countries like Nigeria, Republic Congo Guinea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=1076.015,1079.301"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Guinea-Bissau have become 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orders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=1866.67,1868.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then it will be possible to transform the continent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=1868.84,1871.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through a continent wide integration 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to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=1878.88,1881.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the usual political rigmaroles, defensive radicalism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=1881.23,1885.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"propaganda, political posturing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=1885.48,1888.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and movement in the badass chill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=1888.25,1891.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28395/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A lot of motion but no 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383/transcript/28396/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Members ideas we dedicate themselves to the ideas of the founding fathers of ECOWAS as the Vigo for the political and economic integration of West Africa. Yet ECOWAS is regarded as one of the few strong and potentially valuable integration schemes in Africa. Is part of the proliferation of integration and cooperation schemes and the continent trade which is the main purpose of integration among other state has remained low if not stagnant or on the decline in most cases. In fact, as africa recovery reports one of the clear's reflections of Africa's economic weakness is the small size of most domestic markets and the low volume of trade among them. The division of Africa into some 50 States almost half of them with less than 5 million people means that the continent's economy is fragmented. This has intensified Africa dependence on external markets, our suppliers will fall into the equivalent to more than half of the continents, total gross domestic budgets in Latin America, which is just a quarter of the GDP. About 85% of Africa's total exports are marketed in the industrialized countries of the North compared to 75% for Latin America and 68% for South East Asia. A very small fraction of officially recorded African exports ranging from 3 and 6% goes to other African countries. This is indeed a very poor showing for all the rhetoric about continental unity all the declarations and chatters and all the concussion schemes without the continent. In 1998 for instance intra-community trade in ECOWAS was a mere 4.9% and [Indistinct] it was 10.5% now what is interesting here is that you find a situation in which everybody talks about regional integration, about economic unity, about development and African's unity, but African's don't even know themselves. I'm not aware of more than three or four colleagues of mine while I was in Nigeria, whoever dreams of going to any other African country to spend their sabbaticals Nigerian's don't travel to Ghana as they want to travel to America. They don't know the next door neighborhood, there is no contact amongst them you can't even travel from Nigeria by road. so you are going to Cameroon or Benin or to wherever. So you'll find that not to let the level of trip but the level of cultural exchanges intellectual exchanges, cooperation, et cetera it is at very lowest ever. When you talk of Africans knowing what happens to African Americans here that's even worse. Because the best they know is Michael Jackson, Michael Jordan the big stars in the movies and in the music windows, fast eddies but it doesn't objective political struggles on how is strong and formidable unity can forge between the struggles of African-Americans and Africans in the continent that is hardly I'm not aware of any university in Nigeria that has a course on African American studies there's none and yet Nigeria has more universities than any other African country, it has more university than all the countries in West Africa put together and with his population of 120 million. Certainly it's not the country you can just wish away, but let me look briefly at what the Africa economic community is all about because this is critical in this era where we're talking about Europe 92, the NAFTA, and other developments in the Pacific grid. It is very important to see what the Africa has themselves thinking about. And I titled this the African economic community treaty new wine in a cracked old bottle. The signing of the treaty establishing the African economic community, and a 27 summit of the OAU in Abuja Nigeria on June 3rd 1991 has been described as marking a major milestone in the continent squares for economic integration. Attended by 35 heads of states and governments, it was the largest attendance since the founding of OAU in 1963. Of course the bind by banquet of Nigeria spent an estimated 1 billion naira to host that meeting. This is garden of wretched 12 countries unable to pay workers with schools closed because teachers cannot be paid, and squander 1 billion naira to host a meeting. They imported 50 custom made Mercedes-Benz cars but this wretched leaders gathering in Abuja to sign this treaty. The unprecedented attendance reflected at the level the renewed commitment of African leaders to finding a viable solution to a religious deepening crisis in the face of further marginalization in world affairs both geo-politically and economically. As the economic commission for Africa has argued integration is the only viable option for recovery in Africa, given the rapidly changing nature of the global economy hence Africa urgently needs to integrate as economies. The goal it's the loan approach that does characterize Africa's development effort since independence has proved a total failure. The treaty which contains 106 articles outlined a timetable quotes from the treaty for the phase removal of barriers to intra-African trade, the struggling of the existing regional economic groupings and other staffs towards African economic cooperation which are expected to ultimately lead to the formation of an Africa wide monetary union and economic community by the year 2025. Article three of the AAC treaty reaffirmed the adherence of the contracting parties among other things to equality and interdependence, self reliance you draw these you will find in a regular chatter. In article four the treaty pass out the objectives of the organization and I won't waste your time by going through all that. And to achieve these objectives the treaty goes through stages trapping quotes \"existing regional economic communities inputs\" and to establish other communities where they do not exist. And of course, it goes on to talk about liberalization of trade, deaminization of central trade, the promotion of community activities in agriculture industry transportation. No problem, nobody can accuse Africana leaders of not being excellent when it comes to drafting treaties, the best development plans are found in Africa. Even you go to countries like Ethiopia, and take the national development plan they are usually well-written, they show empathy and understanding for the poor, they show a clear understanding of the dynamics of the global system. They know the sources of the.... If you look at the treaty on the surface value it covers the regular things and it talks about establishing a community solidarity development and compensation fund to grant special treatment to least developed members and adopt such special measures to favor landlocked, semi-landlocked and Island countries, harmonize and rationalize the activities of existing Africa multinational institutions and correct the flow of information, trade, contacts among trading of decisions, export promotion and harmonize and coordinate environmental protection policies. The treaty also costs our members to refrain from any unilateral action as stipulates that members who failed to honor this general undertakings under the treaty or fail to abide by the decisions or regulations of the community may be subject to sanctions. It then lists six stages of implementation which are expected to quote unfold over a period of 34 years on quote and any year are also list the six stages. It is clear that African leaders have come to terms with the reality of backwardness and marginalization in the international division of labor. As I did by notes, there is a realization on the part of this government that is something that must not be allowed to fail, if it fails the crisis in Africa will deepen. The real question therefore is whether African governments and leaders are prepared for the very challenging tasks and costs of setting up an economic community. This is not a first time that African leaders are setting up a region wide opposition, right from the establishment of the OAU in 1963 African leaders show that they are incapable of setting up a strong organization viable, financially stable, militant and progressive with capabilities to challenge the internal and external forces and interest which militate against Africa stability and development. The OAU has become a spectator in this struggle against the IMF and the world bank. If it were not for the ECA and for [Indistinct] the alternative programs developed to total adjustment will not have come out. In addition, if it were not for the ECA the world bank would not have altered this wrong and misplaced and misguided autodesk adjustment programs which have been imposed of four to six countries in Africa and which has paved doom for country after country, after country. The ECA has come to play the leading role in the struggle against structural adjustment autodesk circular adjustment and organizing workshops, conferences and research on the debt dimensions and implications of the African crisis and ongoing disaster in Somalia. The OAU has remained almost irrelevant observer joining the chorus of quarrels of the UN and the United States to intervene to save the people of Somalia. Somalia is a member of OAU, but Baghdad spend 1 billion naira to host his fellow friends and become chairman of the OAU. But we've not heard him say things about Somalia, he has not gone to Somalia in fact. Rather than calling on the United Nations and the UN I see African countries are wretched, the leaders are busy buying new weapons, new Mercedes-Benz cars, squandering money on parties, looting the treasures to Switzerland and to Europe and America but they are watching Somalia waiting for United Nations and United States. United States obviously is not interested in Somalia, Somalia has no nuclear weapons, it is not sitting on oil. The UN has been taken over by the United States and great powers and its not interested it has no capability, it can't do much. When the State sent 500 troops initially to Somalia there are 6,500 soldiers in Bosnian but Somalian crisis predates the Bosnian crisis, so the OAU cannot pretend to be on our way of the place Africa occupies and the current geo-political and economic balance of the global system. Yet many African leaders are busy buying new sophisticated weapons, new custom made jets and the looting their treasuries when other Africans are dying of hunger, disease and war. When in 1980, the OAU adopted that the Lagos plan of action it could now follow up on the protocols and moved to abandon the nationalistic even if defensively radical plan by adopting the conservative African priority program for economic recovery in 1986 which incorporated ideas from the bad reports. The bad report is the world bank document which told African countries you don't need universities your problem is that you're not liberal enough. Open up your economies, devalue your currency impose new taxes, impose new tolls, cut the bureaucracy, lay off workers and you will develop, you will grow that's how we did it. And many African leaders in their ignorance or in their inability to see beyond the fact that free trade have tickled down economies is all hogwash, it has never worked and will never work because there is nothing like free trade and we can come to debate this later on. Third demonstration of lack of commitment and a frequent rush to draft new treaties and declarations have led to poor policy coordination waste, confusion and the dispersion of energy on irrelevant programs. It doesn't know that African ministers meeting in Addis Ababa under the auspices of DCA in mid 1991 argued that and am quoting Africa does not lack strategies and policy frameworks and therefore should resist the temptation to draft new ones. What Africa needs to do is implement the existing plans and translate them into operational programs from quote. This tendency to rush into drafting new treaties and protocols without reviewing or implementing existing ones has led to waste deep duplication and conflicts and made a huge joke of Africa's commitment to regionalism. Between 1980 and 1991 the OAU has presented three major documents on regionalism to the world. The African economic treaty itself shows very clearly the unseriousness of African leaders. For a region which houses the largest number of cooperation and integration schemes in the world and which has had experienced integration at all levels. It is ridiculous that it has mapped out 34 years to achieve an economic community. When we recognize the need to be gradual, the reality of the African condition dictates an urgent and serious response to deepening crisis and impoverishment The world is not going to wait for Africa to take its time in a rapidly changing and increasingly complex global system. Africa is not Europe and the OAU has no business helping the European community in addressing if percular conditions of backwardness, dependence, vulnerability and poverty. Given that none of the connerd leaders will be in office by AD 2025 in fact, both of them would be dead. The current decision to finalize arrangements for a regional community in 34 years appears to be an attempt to buy time. I get the impression that something was being done as a response to the crisis. The other treaty talks about accountability and this are words from the treaty, accountability, economic justice, popular participation, potential of human rights in accordance with the provisions of the Africa chatter on human on people's rights and of resin \"standard of living of African peoples\". There is no evidence in the vast majority of African countries that the leaders who ratified the treaty take this declarations seriously. The suffocation of civil society continues, students, able leaders, intellectuals and their organizations are still harassed. In Nigeria several students on social critters are still languishing in detention including some of my former students. You find the president of the students union university of Patoka Ejike Asiegu is still in jail in Nigeria for daring to challenge the corrupt and reporting practices of the military gender. This situation [Indistinct] is no difference as well many African leaders are still playing games with opposition parties and put democracy movements in the hope of dividing the opposition and remaining in power and I think Kenya is a typical situation. No African country has shown any respect for the African charter of human and people's rights since it was drawn up in 1981. At the middle of 1991 Quodra, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Namibia the Sechoes and Swaziland had not ratified the chatter. So when they talk of African chatter they didn't even sign it. When they're increasing the legitimization of the states declining resources and direct challenges to the custodians of state power in Africa. There is no reason to expect the leaders to take the adoption of provisions, which address issues of human rights and social justice seriously as well. Though the treaty talks of self reliance cultural development, environmental protection economic stability, mobilization and development. The situation in the majority of Africa states leaves much to be desired as to the commitment of the respective governments in these areas. Self-reliance detects the initiation, adoption and implementation of policies and programs which would promote growth, development, accumulation reduce dependents and challenge for in-domination and exploitation. Africa regimes are generally not moving into this direction, if anything, economic policies are adopted in the last decade have tended to deepen the regions dependence of vulnerability to stand up in nutrition and manipulation. In a country like Nigeria all the economic gains of the '60s and '70s through the indigenization decrease have been eliminated for an open door policy which does not increase the inflow of foreign investors and have succeeded in marginalizing indigenous producers. In fact, world people say that Nigeria has a cleptocratic regime, government of the thief by the thief. They talk about cultural development is equality suspects OAU member forgets or have forgotten that in July 1976 they adopted a cultural chatter for Africa in Port Louis Mauritius where the place to \"liberate African peoples \"from social cultural conditions, \"which impede their development in order to recreate \"and maintain the sense and will for progress, \"the sense and will for development\". What has happened is that just as someone says is therefore all to see . Countries like Nigeria, Republic Congo Guinea and Guinea-Bissau have become dumping site toxic waste from the West. Yet the same leaders who have been unable to come up with any credible environmental policies have adopted the treaty which calls for environmental protection. The truth is that corruption in-efficiency, ignorance, poverty and poor leadership have made it impossible for the vast majority of African states to develop credible governmental policies since political independence. In Nigeria actually coniped with an Italian DeoFrank Raphael to import 30,000 tons of dangerous toxic waste into the country into it. So am not just looking at dangerous statements here it is widely known that one of the major problems of integration in Africa is a proliferation of integration schemes. As mentioned earlier, there not only test the loyalties and resources or the poverty-stricken nations but they also compete for foreign resources and impose trade restrictions on one another. The competition between ECOWAS and the West African economic community is typical industry Frank African leaders do not attend ECOWAS meetings or pay their dues regularly. They attend, the meeting of the CEAO dutifully and pay their dues regularly yet the OAU in the treaty plans to strengthen existence keens, create new ones and in tune with all discredited trickle down theory build a region wide community through existing organizations that I personally do not understand. Because one of the basic problem they have is that there are too many organizations and too many divided loyalties. Yet the treaty says they are going to strengthen those divided organizations, to me this is just like putting the whole case on his head. The only way to demonstrate a new dawn and the seriousness of purpose is to dismantle the existing powerful organizations and mobilized total support and resources to the new initiative. That is a clear contradiction in talking about Pan-Africanism unity and regional growth and development, on the one hand why stagnate divisible organizations and tendencies on the other. Without that the whole pan Africa parliament, this is one of the institutions to result in the AD 2025 there will be Pan-African parliament according to the treaty, the whole Africa parliament and the courts election of members by continental universal suffrage is welcome. And reflect some concessions to the ongoing struggles on democracy virtually all African leaders have been enabled to open up political processes to accommodate freedom of opinions, tolerate differences, accept consensus on issues as well as ensure effective participation on the people and the organizations and associations. Is it possible for repressive and democratic desperate political artists structures at the national levels to create and nurture the continent wide democratic culture and tradition. Africa regions are currently trying to perform an unprecedented miracle of using the very structures of exploitation, repression, marginalization, brutalization and human rights abuses. The various structures which were employed in the brutal imposition of Autodesk adjustment programs to establish a nurture in democratic culture. It's like us expecting Hitler and his Nazi party to put in place a democratic and liberal system. I think there's a contradiction there. Of course, the treaty is silent on internal deficiencies and contradictions which are militated against various efforts and which make it impossible to generate and extract a require surpluses we take to finance and operate regional schemes. Finally as has been the tradition in Africa since political independence the whole affair is simply alien to the people. It is an affair of donors, international organizations, ministers, presidents, and bureaucrats. Yet the policy's about to affect the lives of the people, the treaty is not available to the public and no public education programs have been mounted to mobilize support for the initiative. Such patterns of marginalizing the vast majority makes it impossible to build a body of opinion, they require support and to get the masses prepared for the inevitable shorts and setbacks which follow the implementation of the program. We saw what is happening to the muscular treaty is being debated, people are voting for it in their countries, but in Africa nobody knows anything of Africa economic treaty all they know was that Kaunda and others visited Nigeria, they road in Mercedes Benz cars there was a big party and they all went home. This was exactly the way in which the IMF world bank autodesk adjustment programs were imposed on the people commenting in political opposition riots and a lot of instability. I will now like to quickly conclude this presentation so that we can go into some discussion of the issue. I want to conclude by looking at integration in the context of the new global order. The emerging global order is still in a state of flux. Yet some patterns of where it is going can easily be discerned. We are seeing one every direction of eight investment and interest to Eastern Europe that's confirmed. Two rapid divestment from Africa especially by European corporations. Three, the creation of nutrient blocks in Europe, North America and the Pacific rhyme. Four, the net total disinterest in Africa by the major powers. Five, massive declines in foreign aid to Africa. Six discriminatory responses to African problems evidence in Western responses to the September, 1992 massacre in the Sesco and the crisis in Somalia as compared to those in Eastern Europe and in Kuwait. Seven, the direct and indirect control and manipulation of the United Nations by the sort super power in the world, the United States and it includes a discrimination against Africans around the world. And of course the activities of the new nixes Germany is typical. Or if you are from Nigeria try to getting into US visa and you see what they require you to provide the in the favor of these and other developments Africa cannot afford to be complacent in responding to its marginalization and relegation to the backwaters of global political and economic systems. It is clear that African leaders never get tired of adopting and rectifying lot new charters and treaties. The record on implementation has been dismal just like the performance of African economies since independence. Though the OAU is convinced that African economies have not witnessed any significant change for the better am quoting OAU in the last decade and that's from all economic indicators, the African continent appears to be by-passed again in world system, the worse and the major international finance institutions do not subscribe to such interpretations. Ironically, the current conditions of poverty, instability, uncertainty, political tensions and conflicts and general impoverishment hold out positive possibilities for survival in Africa. So the leaders have spent all possible options of diversion, repression, intimidation, bribery ideological containment and defensive radicalism. So there is no more East West game to play as there is no more foreign aid to squander on prestige projects they must now face off to harsh realities. African peoples and the organization are asking new questions on demanding the democratization of society, increase popular participation, accountability and social justice. They are increasingly organizing beyond ethnic regional and religious lines and they're making it be for state power through their respective organizations. The new reality is that the outside world can not be relied upon to lead Africa out of his current predicament. If this is the way to recovery and the productivity for successful integration must be to mobilize internal resources and support then there's still a long way to go. Other than the limitations arising from the global system which are not new, they include the gap between African governments and their peoples means their mobilizing the required sources internally will virtually impossible. In any case, there is so much you can expect from an impoverished disillusioned and hungry population. The structural adjustment program has made this worse and increased political tensions. Yet the solutions to Africans problems already outlined in the African charter for popular participation which calls on all Africans to strongly support and participate in efforts to promote effective sub regional and regional economic cooperation and integration and inter-african trade. The governments have made this impossible by dominating the integration processes and suffocating civil society. Babacar Ndiaye the president of the African development bank believes that the successful regional integration scheme would improve not just inter-regional trade but market oriented economic development. The truth of the matter is that the continent rebuild with corruption cannot make progress. A region neck deep in mismanagement, waste and debts cannot make any economic or political progress. A region where the best scholars, youths and professionals constantly fleet to other parts of the world has almost no hope of progress. A continent where civil liberties are cartel, civil society is suppressed and human rights are highly respected has no hopes of confronting nature and manmade progress. A region where the rule of law does not prevail taxes are hardly collected, where the military uniform is a license to loot and live above the law and where there is no accountability mobilization growth and development cannot take place. In a region where the people really do not know much about themselves where they know more about Europe the streets of Chicago and following musicians that they know of their next door neighbors. The hope are unity, cooperation and collective development would remain a distance dream. In a region where the content and context of education remains neo-colonial, where the progress is over bloated and inefficient, where leaders lack the courage to take fire reaching and independent political decisions, where the economy and society are other foreign control and domination and where the elites accumulate on corruption, politics and other unproductive activities. The hopes of emerging from the conditions of under development and dependence will never materialize to be sure, and I want to wind up. Many African leaders are essentially not sober Nigeria, Zaire, Kudova, Kenya are typical examples of where corrupt, repressive and confused leaderships continue to prevent the growth of democratic institutions and pattens of politics. Yet in all of Africa, there must be a new will, a new desire to survive, a new energy and courage to confront the free fall and the new revolution. The brain and brain drown must be halted, sound economic policies must be put in place in line with the ECS alternative proposals for structural adjustment and transformation. The institutions and structures of States and the role of the agents and the agencies of the technology completely and radical destructured to reduce possibilities of manipulation, intimidation, harassment and violence against the people. There will be no alternative to the empowerment of the people democracy and democratization. Sound environmental policies are urgently required the educational system needs to be decolonized amid more relevant to the needs and aspirations of the people, corruption, mismanagement the illegal seizure of power. The ambulatory coups waste and mismanagement must be punished according to lay down laws, and we can discuss many ideas about that. Military expenditures must be caught drastically, sound fiscal policies are put in place and African governments must learn to collect taxes, they does collect taxes in Africa only public servants pay because its taken from the salaries. And of those public servants 80% are not paying what they're supposed to pay because they have gone to the tax office to declare they have 10 children, 11 wives and how many grandchildren so as to pay the very least amount. A country that does not collect taxes cannot survive. It is only under these conditions that Africa can confront its only economic crisis and create a viable business for regional cooperation in the context of a highly exploitative on equal and quotations is global order. It is clear therefore that African needs first a credible viable and fundamental transformation of the national orders. Then it will be possible to transform the continent through a continent wide integration scheme before they can talk of a new world order. Any other approach will amount to the usual political rigmaroles, defensive radicalism, propaganda, political posturing and movement in the badass chill. A lot of motion but no progress. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43453/file/116383#t=0.0,1907.376"}]}]}]}