{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/q52f766x8w/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Austin, Reginald, Zimbabwe Africa"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203863 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203863"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=16.66,19.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I say people, I mean anybody from anywhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=19.94,23.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=23.03,24.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africans Americans, anybody for that matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=24.49,28.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Africans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=28.92,30.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and non-Africans who are interested in going to Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=30.69,35.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or who are just for that matter interested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=35.99,37.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in African issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=37.89,39.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We will gather together in a room here during the lunch hour","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=39.72,44.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on Tuesdays.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=44.42,46.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To discuss issues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=46.34,48.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are related to Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=50.34,52.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Speakers could be faculty members or graduate students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=52.58,56.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or any student for that matter on this campus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=56.45,58.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We hope that this is going to be a medium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=59.82,61.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's going to be very interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=61.45,64.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's going to be very 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name,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=70.3,72.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your address and your phone number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=72.56,74.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll get in contact with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=74.33,76.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=77.27,78.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=80.33,81.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clears throat)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=82.69,83.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, well, first of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=83.97,85.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's nice to see so many people here tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=85.26,87.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think you know this will be a very interesting topic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=89.264,92.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have the pleasure to introduce our speaker for tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=92.23,95.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is professor Reginald Austin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=95.12,97.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who's the Dean of the faculty of law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=97.37,99.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at University of Zimbabwe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=99.09,101.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'll just comment briefly on his background.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=101.15,103.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was born in South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=103.69,105.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and with his family moved to Zimbabwe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=105.44,107.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he was very young.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=107.69,109.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so was raised in Zimbabwe and left about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=109.45,113.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1961.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=115.56,116.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And spent most of the next 20 years operating out of 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ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=180.29,182.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we're planning some other research as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=183.05,186.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he is also involved in regularly consulted 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Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=197.03,199.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he'll talk to us and with us this evening,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=199.95,203.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking about Namibia's 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today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=223.31,227.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know what it is about aims,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=227.0,229.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apart from the fact that I discovered in the last 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outfit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=250.78,253.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is perhaps typically Zimbabwean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=253.13,257.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I apologize for that but it does feel 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opening,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=269.44,272.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is to greet you as comrades and friends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=272.26,275.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because there are so many of us here who are 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independence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=287.14,289.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and South Africa's liberation struggle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=289.567,292.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I would like before going any 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speak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=300.46,303.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to have the opportunity to speak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=303.44,305.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this very important subject at this very critical 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you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=323.25,326.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the possible lessons that can be learnt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=327.18,330.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from this particular stage when Namibia 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apartheid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=354.27,357.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Namibia and still takes in Namibia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=358.13,361.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And indeed in my own country in 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region","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=395.58,397.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is absolutely fundamental to our liberation as a whole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=397.71,402.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Zimbabwe we have reached a certain 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are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=417.88,418.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stress not not merely in terms of economic duress,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=418.84,422.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is very great because of our historic 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Zimbabwe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=435.26,436.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With the occasional assassination or bombing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=436.093,439.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or disturbance by way of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=439.88,442.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influencing local units or groups,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=443.69,446.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which might be inclined to be dissident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=446.48,449.409"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in that sense, there is no doubt whatsoever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=449.409,452.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in anyone's mind who lives in Southern 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Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=459.23,461.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been settled in its initial stage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=461.33,464.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With the total abolition of apartheid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=464.33,466.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we are hoping might come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=468.1,470.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the way in which we've seen it come in first of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=470.86,475.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Portuguese colonies that are in Zimbabwe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=475.56,478.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now perhaps in Namibia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=478.42,480.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and eventually in South Africa itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=480.35,482.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those of you who have been reading about Namibia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=484.9,488.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last few months,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=488.33,490.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I'm sure many of you have been doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=490.05,492.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given its significant position in current news.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=493.57,498.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"May have come across","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=498.14,499.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Namibian proverb,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=500.99,502.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think underlies the concern of many 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reads,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=511.48,512.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"To kill the bull, you must first bring it into the crawl.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=512.827,517.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the concern which many of us 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crawl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=532.11,535.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which is the present territory of Namibia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=535.84,539.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to kill it in a way which is not dissimilar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=539.4,543.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the attempts to kill the dream of liberation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=543.9,548.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which emerged in Mozambique and Angola","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=548.57,552.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after their successful overthrow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=552.96,555.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Portuguese colonialism in 1975.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=555.27,557.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=560.09,561.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"underlies a very particularly 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ZANU.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=675.35,678.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In a series of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=680.34,682.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slurs and 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it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=707.6,710.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and perhaps pamper and flatter it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=710.69,713.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into changing its 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independence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=743.49,744.857"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and South Africa's liberation struggle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=744.857,747.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The words are independence and 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colonialists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=1087.3,1092.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But replaced them with what turned out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=1092.23,1093.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be the rather 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became,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=1303.3,1307.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tanzania or Tanganyika as it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=1307.03,1310.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These people are not yet ready for self 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Namibia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2102.26,2107.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it did it on the terms or in terms of the framework","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2108.33,2111.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Resolution 435, which as I've already 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aspects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2124.38,2128.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the problem of South Africa's search for independence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2128.11,2132.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the removal of apartheid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2132.127,2133.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the problem of the territorial integrity of South Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2133.82,2137.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Africa has deliberately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2137.53,2139.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the apartheid government of South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2139.62,2141.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has deliberately and over a long period of 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technique","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2145.95,2148.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a physical balkanization technique.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2148.46,2151.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I would say actual 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Bantustans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2155.1,2158.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this division of this African state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2158.48,2161.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe an enormous problem for the people of South Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2162.6,2165.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a principle which the United Nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2166.34,2168.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has resisted for for many, many years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2168.23,2170.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the process of self determination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2170.8,2172.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which the Organization of African Unity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2172.78,2174.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has resisted for many years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2174.71,2176.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This potential for creating division.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2176.72,2179.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here we see in the case of Namibia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2180.97,2183.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first and perhaps most violent breach of that principle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2183.7,2188.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The granting of part of the territory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2189.17,2192.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Namibia to South Africa in the context of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2193.78,2197.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Walvis Bay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2199.11,2199.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, the territorial integrity of South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2204.12,2208.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is something which we now have to watch very carefully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2208.04,2210.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the process of South Africa's liberation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2210.2,2212.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because the principal has been very definitely breached,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2213.7,2217.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it is something upon which I'm quite sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2217.0,2220.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the South African government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2220.95,2221.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether under Botha or the de Klerk will build upon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2221.92,2224.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Especially with the kind of resistance that is provided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2225.74,2228.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Willem Botha and the Conservative Party,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2228.47,2231.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Africans previous had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2231.24,2232.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second principle, which I think has been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2235.13,2238.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"legitimized in a way which has not before happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2240.55,2243.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Namibia's struggle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2243.93,2245.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the legitimization, as I say, of the colonizer itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2245.74,2250.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well of course in South Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2250.25,2251.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've always had that problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2251.26,2252.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The debate over South Africa's legitimacy as a government,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2252.71,2255.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given that it is an apartheid government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2255.9,2257.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one which is ongoing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2257.88,2259.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in the context of Namibia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2259.77,2261.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one can see now that there's very little hope for arguing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2261.1,2265.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that South Africa and the apartheid government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2265.02,2268.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is somehow illegitimate and should be set aside.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2268.01,2270.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's always been a difficult problem in practical terms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2270.94,2273.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite apart from the legal difficulties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2273.42,2275.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the other aspect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2275.8,2277.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which again is important in the Namibian context is the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2277.37,2281.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reaffirmation and 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Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2320.62,2323.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Nazi regimes in those years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2323.22,2326.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not a parallel with many Europeans or for that 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grant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2350.1,2353.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and create peace in the synagogue in Namibia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2353.08,2357.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A little inappropriate master of the process of liberation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2357.72,2362.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I cannot possibly imagine given the record that we've seen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2362.43,2365.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in both in South Africa and in Namibia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2365.85,2368.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the other thing I come back to then is the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2368.12,2370.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"promotion of the legitimacy of the quisling 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development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2674.35,2675.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the sense that people know now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2675.57,2677.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they must find their own solutions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2677.4,2680.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That there is no possibility anymore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2682.17,2685.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of saying to United Kingdom, Mrs. Thatcher","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2685.78,2688.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whoever the current president of the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2688.7,2691.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happens to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2691.93,2692.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you don't be nice to us,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2693.73,2696.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've got friends in the Kremlin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2696.64,2698.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reality is that that no longer is the case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2698.95,2700.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have no friends in the Kremlin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2700.74,2702.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we have no friends very much elsewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2702.07,2704.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we have to think about finding our own solutions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2704.61,2707.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think this is perhaps one of the most important lessons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2707.18,2710.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We probably have friends, I believe we have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2710.01,2713.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it is perhaps at a very different level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2713.2,2715.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the level of solidarity amongst peoples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2715.86,2719.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that may also be a historical change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2719.21,2722.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which may be very good for us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2722.21,2724.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, I want to draw just for a minute or two on...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=2731.62,2735.26"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25520/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/520/original/AV203863_Zimbabwe_Africa_a.vtt?1620308392","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/520/original/AV203863_Zimbabwe_Africa_a.vtt?1620308392"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25521","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203863_Zimbabwe_Africa_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387/transcript/25521/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The African Students Association on this campus, is planning to start what we call the African Forum. It's going to be a medium, in which people are wog in Africa. When I say people, I mean anybody from anywhere in the world. Africans Americans, anybody for that matter. And Africans and non-Africans who are interested in going to Africa. Or who are just for that matter interested in African issues. We will gather together in a room here during the lunch hour on Tuesdays. To discuss issues, that are related to Africa. Speakers could be faculty members or graduate students or any student for that matter on this campus. We hope that this is going to be a medium that's going to be very interesting and it's going to be very informative. So what I'm going to pass out is a sheet of paper. If you're interested just leave your name, your address and your phone number and we'll get in contact with you. Thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- Okay. Sure. Okay, well, first of all, it's nice to see so many people here tonight. I think you know this will be a very interesting topic. I have the pleasure to introduce our speaker for tonight is professor Reginald Austin. Who's the Dean of the faculty of law at University of Zimbabwe. And I'll just comment briefly on his background. He was born in South Africa and with his family moved to Zimbabwe when he was very young. And so was raised in Zimbabwe and left about, 1961. And spent most of the next 20 years operating out of London, the University College of London, Faculty of Law. Did his earlier studies at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. And throughout Zimbabwe's war of liberation worked with one of the elements of the patriotic front, The Zimbabwe African People's Union. And was involved up until it had been going back and forth and was involved in the negotiations, which eventually brought about Zimbabwe's independence. And when he returned after independence, has been the chair or the head of what was then the Department of Law and what has now become the faculty or our equivalent of the College of Law at the University of Zimbabwe in the capital city. And so he's been the Dean for the last couple of years. And he's on sabbatical this year, has been doing his research mostly in France. And has come here for a few weeks so that we can finish up some research that we began almost five or six years ago. And we're planning some other research as well. And he is also involved in regularly consulted by two of the importance liberation movements in Southern Africa today. SWAPO, the South West Africa People's Organization and the African National Congress of South Africa. And he'll talk to us and with us this evening, talking about Namibia's independence and about South Africa's liberation struggle, Reg.\r\n\r\n- First of all, I must say I'm very delighted to see so many of my countrymen here today. I don't know what it is about aims, apart from the fact that I discovered in the last week that it's a very pleasant city or that can be very cold. But I gather that I've seen nothing as yet. And it also perhaps helps me to explain why I've reached the code of dress and gone into the sort of formal outfit, which is perhaps typically Zimbabwean. And I apologize for that but it does feel warmer than I thought I would have to be tonight without it. In fact, it's a wonderful evening. It also gives me the opportunity to open my address with traditionals involved when opening, which is to greet you as comrades and friends. Because there are so many of us here who are comrades in the Zimbabwean sense of that word, I'm going to talk this evening on the subject of Namibia's independence and South Africa's liberation struggle. And I would like before going any further to thank the sponsors of this evening's lecture for having invited me to speak. And to have the opportunity to speak on this very important subject at this very critical stage in the attempt by the people of Namibia to gain independence. And from there, to continue their struggle towards liberation. And, in particular to consider with you the possible lessons that can be learnt from this particular stage when Namibia struggle for the most vital and final stage of African, in particular Southern Africa struggle against the historic imposition of colonialism. And in particular, it's rather nasty form of racism in the form of apartheid, which it takes in South Africa. And which it took, well that was never called apartheid in Namibia and still takes in Namibia. And indeed in my own country in Zimbabwe. I think the other point that one would want to make it to be answered is that, the ultimate liberation South Africa, is of the greatest importance to the people of South Africa. But it is of almost equal importance to the people of Southern Africa as a whole. Because, the ultimate influence of South Africa and apartheid upon our whole region is absolutely fundamental to our liberation as a whole. In Zimbabwe we have reached a certain point in the process of liberation. We have gained independence, independence at the political level. But we are still subject to enormous stress from South Africa as all the other countries in our region are. Stress not not merely in terms of economic duress, which is very great because of our historic links through the colonial system with South Africa. But even more so, links in the form of military oppression. Which from time to time actually takes a physical form in Zimbabwe. With the occasional assassination or bombing or disturbance by way of, influencing local units or groups, which might be inclined to be dissident. And in that sense, there is no doubt whatsoever. I think in anyone's mind who lives in Southern Africa, that peace and liberation cannot really come to us until the problem of South Africa has been settled in its initial stage. With the total abolition of apartheid, which we are hoping might come in the way in which we've seen it come in first of all, the Portuguese colonies that are in Zimbabwe. Now perhaps in Namibia and eventually in South Africa itself. Those of you who have been reading about Namibia in the last few months, which I'm sure many of you have been doing given its significant position in current news. May have come across a Namibian proverb, which I think underlies the concern of many people in Namibia and for Namibia. The proverb reads, \"To kill the bull, you must first bring it into the crawl.\" And the concern which many of us feel and have felt for some time about the Namibian situation is that what we are observing is the process of bringing the bull, namely the forces of liberation into the crawl. Which is the present territory of Namibia, in order to kill it in a way which is not dissimilar from the attempts to kill the dream of liberation. Which emerged in Mozambique and Angola after their successful overthrow of Portuguese colonialism in 1975. And it, underlies a very particularly important and very obvious fact of life, which I've heard you referred to. And that is the fact that the process of maintaining the structures of colonialism and in particular the racial structure of colonialism in South Africa. Is associated and has always been associated with violence, very considerable violence. In May of this year, I went back to Zimbabwe for an important meeting with, members of SWAPO and some members of the Zimbabwean government. In order to discuss the difficulties, which might face them when they returned to Namibia in order to try and conduct the election. And, the minister, the now Minister of Justice in Zimbabwe was able to give a long and very detailed exposition of the many attempts made during the Zimbabwean election in 1980. To use violence effectively to kill the bull as it were in the Zimbabwean context. I mean, that included, as you probably know many of you an attempt to assassinate the now president of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe. There were also attempt to use other forms of violence, not in the sense of physical violence. One which is particularly important also in Namibia. And that is the violence of untruth. The violence of the manipulation of the media. Robert Mugabe in particular, was subjected to this during the election period as was the party of which he lead, ZANU. In a series of slurs and defamation, which were quite an unbelievable. And of course the most remarkable thing about that was that the press, and I'm afraid as you probably know the press which I'm talking about is the Western Press. Did an extraordinary somersault on the day after his victory. Because then the game was a different game. The game was to deal with the bull and to try and persuade it and cajole it and perhaps pamper and flatter it into changing its ways in a different form. And so one of the things which at the moment we see happening and it's been happening for some months now in the case of Namibia. Is an extraordinary media campaign to discredit SWAPO, which has been going on and continues to go on. So I think the other point which by way of a preliminary, I want to stress, is that two words have been used in the title of this speech. Namibia's independence and South Africa's liberation struggle. The words are independence and liberation. And I think we need to remind ourselves that these two words are somewhat different although they are connected. Independence in the sense in which it's normally used in the, colonial and colonial dialogue. Is concerned essentially with the transfer of political power from colonial or settler regimes, minority regimes to popularly elected regimes. And granting in association therewith, of sovereignty to the new state or what is called a new state. Although very often it is in many sentences, although not in the form of state, of political community which has existed for some time. And has been in the process of formation for some time. An important part of which process, a vital part of which process has been the level of conflict between settler or colonial regime and the popular forces in those countries. And particularly where that has reached the level of armed struggle and what we call, war of national liberation. The process of the war of national liberation is extremely important and has been extremely important in very often the most rapid co-regulation of a national identity. Which provides a foundation upon which the new state, which has spent most of its colonial period, being subjected to various forms of attempt to dismember its common purpose to create differences, to divide and rule. And in that sense, the liberation struggle is a very important part of the process. But independence is by no means enough as so many countries in Africa have found and are finding, as indeed we in Zimbabwe are finding independence is only very much the first steps. The process of liberation is much broader and in particular, it creates the enormous challenge of seeking to obtain control. Not only over the political tools and leavers of the state, but also control over the economic system that the state is seeking to run. And that is a very different and perhaps much more difficult task. But the process of political independence is never totally unconnected with that economic struggle. Particularly on the side of those who are anxious to maintain in the first place colonial or racial minority rule. But in the long run, are really anxious to maintain control of the economies of these peripheral states in the world system. And in particular, the possibility of continued exploitation of their resources. And that of course is connected with the whole process, a whole series of problems. Perhaps the most currently, widely battered of which of course is that relating to third-world debt. But we can't go into that here. But the problem is that, that liberation is, as I say, very closely connected with the way in which the struggle for independence takes place. And it's particularly clear I think, it has been particularly clear both in the case of Zimbabwe and now in the case of Namibia itself. The African continent has subjected or has been subjected to denials of liberty and freedom. Over, a long series of decades and indeed centuries from the imposition of part of slavery upon the large sections of its people, through the imposition of colonialism. Associated with extraordinary alienation of material wealth, land in particular without compensation to the people who lived there. Through to the destruction of people's cultures, the distortion of people's cultures. These are all problems which independence requires new governments to deal with. And they're all problems also, which those forces on the other side are anxious to create obstructions to the attempt to deal with these difficulties. Now coming then to the the question of Namibia and how the process of independence in Namibia may be read. In order to have some sort of idea of the difficulties or the advantages that might exist for the further achievement of South Africa's liberation. I think I would somehow plea, the situation has been the story of a combination as most things are, of good news and very bad news. And here we need to look or just briefly remind ourselves a little bit about the history of Namibia. Namibia is of course in many practical senses, a colony. It was once a German colony. And indeed, it has been liberated once already. It was liberated in 1916 by the forces of Her Majesty or His Majesty, the King. Mainly South African troops, who threw out the rather nasty German colonialists. But replaced them with what turned out to be the rather nastier, South African colonial authorities. So liberation as you can see is a word which can be played with fairly considerably. But it did not remarkably become a colony. It is a unique political phenomenon thus in terms of its national constitutional form and more particularly in terms of its place in the international system. Namibia became a mandate, it became a sacred trust of civilization under the League of Nations. And it was not granted by way of acquisition as colonial territories had been in the previous 20, 30, 40 years. It was granted to be administered to the British Crown, carried out for it by the South African government, which was at that time British colonial government. And it had attached to its certainly important conditions. Conditions which required the government to govern in the interest of the people. And a number of other conditions, which I won't go into in detail here. But the essence of it was that here in 1919, was the conceptualization of what became a very important process much later. Namely, the very idea that colonies were not something to be perpetuated forever and ever. Colonies were something which perhaps, were not to be regarded as being the proper thing as it were in the 20th century. It took another 50 years almost, to reach the point where that conviction in the League of Nations system actually reached any kind of reality in practical terms, as far as the non-defeated colonial powers were concerned. Non-defeated that was in the First World War, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium. But the essence of it is that it was never a colony. And yet after the Second World War, with the demise of the League of Nations, the problem did arise as to what is to happen to this mandated territory. Which was one of a number of different mandated territories. And the solution to this was in most respects, totally consistent with the idealism, if you like which had prevailed in 1990. Which resulted in the, transference of mandated territories into so-called trusteeship territories. Again, territories which were not to be regarded as colonies but which were to be regarded as countries, territories, peoples who would be governed in the interest of the people. And this time was a rather different and important note added namely with a view to their becoming independent. Not merely becoming self-governing, but their becoming independent. In 1919, the world was dominated by, ideas of 19th century imperialism. By ideas of racism, which were in no way questioned. So it was for example, quite acceptable apparently to say this very idealistic gentlemen in 1919. We cannot allow colonialism to continue. But on the other hand, we know that these people in Africa, in this case South West Africa, Namibia as it became, Tanzania or Tanganyika as it was. These people are not yet ready for self government and so we will govern them or we will arrange for their government for a period of time in their own interests of course. But the transference of this idea into the trusteeship resulted in again, a very unique system, a unique to legal concept. Which has protected until 1978, I would add and I'll come to 1978 in a minute. Protected the people of Namibia at the least in form, I beg your pardon, in form that is legal form, not in substance as we know from the harsh realities of being colonized again. Because Namibia remained under international surveillance. And it remained in terms of an obligation, a territory, which had to be governed in the interest of it's people. That I may add is a concept which has consequently become very important in a much wider sense. The very idea that international could penetrate the territorial sovereignty of a state and start preaching to the state, how to deal with its own people. Was of course in a very real sense, the beginning of what we now call modern human rights law. Because prior to that, it was absolutely accepted. That nobody could tell any state as to how to deal with it's own people, that was entirely its own sovereign affair. And so the gem of this idea, of modern human rights law can in a certain sense be traced to the unique phenomenon of South West Africa's mandate and subsequently the Namibian status across the camp. This idea of transferring Namibia as was the case with all the other mandated territories did not of course appeal to South Africa, in the immediate post-war period. All the other mandated territories in fact became trusteeship territories. And most of them proceeded fairly peacefully towards independence, but not South West Africa. Which South Africa insisted on dealing with as it were it's fifth province. Well there's sometimes people used to talk about Southern Rhodesia being its fifth province. But that was only informally for a long time. The protest or the insistence upon South Africa to maintain an official as it were colonial presence was resisted by the international Community. It was resisted most interestingly for me as a lawyer at the legal level. A whole series of advisory opinions were sought from the International Court of Justice. Each one of which in its different way, further substantiated the status of this country, South West Africa as it was called until 1971. As a country which was not a colonial territory. And indeed in 1971, a case was brought which was not an advisory case. The case between two independent African States, members of the League of Nations in South Africa. Which asked the court a very, very difficult question, at least the court found it difficult. \"Is this country being governed in the interest of its people?\" Because South Africa had introduced apartheid formally into Namibia. And the court unfortunately skirted the question and avoided it. And that resulted in a great furor in United Nations, including the Security Council, which proceeded forthwith to terminate the mandate formally. And to declare that South Africa's presence in Namibia was illegal. So we have the extraordinary situation of a country that is governed by an illegal government. Not so extraordinary for us in Zimbabwe, we had that from 1965 to '79 by the government of Ian Smith, but any successors. But it was a most unusual phenomenon. And it is a phenomenon which should have had the effect of hastening the process of Namibia as it then became in 1971 towards independence. Because there was unanimity on that issue. One of the best of the judgments in the 1971 case was actually a judgment of the American judge, Dillard. Who articulated very clearly the idea of self determination and the necessity for that to be respected in regard to this very special territory and its people. But in fact, the South Africans maintained the same attitude and indeed hardened the same attitude after 1971. And that attitude has continued to harden ever since. Until finally in 1975, '76 after the achievement of de-colonization in a significant neighbor of Namibia, namely Angola. South Africa decided that it must secure its position in Namibia by using the kind of violence that it has customarily used in the region ever since. In 1976 they'd invaded Angola, and it continued to occupy the Southern part of Angola for something like 13 years. A remarkable phenomenon by any standards occupying an area of land which would consume all the low countries and Denmark and parts of West Germany. If it had happened in Europe, there might've been some concern about it. But having it happening as it did in Africa and involving only Africans as the victims. It didn't raise the kind of international concern that one might have expected. But it did raise a certain amount of concern. But the concern was not so much to end it or to terminate the kind of violence with South Africa imposed upon the people of Angola. But to seek to find a solution to the problem in Namibia. By at the same time attaching to it the idea that Angola's independence, which was then linked very closely to its its military assistance from Cuba. Must somehow be made part of a deal, which would end Namibia's status or non-status as a colonial territory. This however did not in the first place appeal to South Africa. And so we had this phenomenon, of United Nations passing a Resolution 385 and subsequently Resolution 435 which is now the one that's most talked about. As a basis for the termination of South Africa's colonization, illegal presence and occupation of Namibia. But in circumstances where South Africa could insist constantly upon denying and refusing to do what it was being required to do, it was threatened in 1976, with the possibility of economic sanctions for failure to comply with Resolution 385. And indeed it came to a very serious turn in the Security Council. But the solution to that crisis was the establishment of the so-called Western Contact Group, the group of five. Whose entire effort was then concentrated upon finding a solution, which would really get South Africa off the hook. Or which would provide something which the South Africans could put accept. And that meant the insistent watering down of 385. 385 was based essentially, it's a very complicated story, but it required two particular things to happen. One was that South Africa should end it's occupation and move out. And it should end the occupation of the whole of the territory of Namibia. Including the disputed, and before that it hardly had been disputed but suddenly became very disputed territory of Walvis Bay, the sole port of Namibia. And by 1978, the negotiating process which had been initiated by the group of five. The pressures which that involved upon SWAPO in particular, which by the end was of course carrying out a rather insistent although not very large scale, a guerrilla war in Namibia. Resulted in them being cajoled into accepting a new regime, namely the regime of the Resolution 435 under which maybe it would be led to it's independence. But what was the difference? And this is very, very important. The difference was that 435, recognized for the first time since 1919, that South Africa was legally present in Namibia. And subjected the process of achieving transformation from colony to independent state in the hands of the South Africans itself. And that is indeed what is happening now in Namibia. It is the South Africans who are in control of the process of setting up a free and fair election with the presence of the United Nations, with whatever effectiveness one wonders. And it is the South Africans who at the end of the process, after the setting up of a constitution the same day. The making of the constitution will decide on on the basis which we don't even know, how indeed if they will transfer the territory to the people of Namibia. That was an extraordinary decision to reach in 1978. It was a largely hidden problem. And it's only really emerged in it's full difficulty today. The other thing which the Resolution 435 did was to open the way for South Africa to blackmail Namibia into whatever kind of deals South Africa might eventually offer it in return for the return of Walvis Bay. Because South Africa demanded and claimed Walvis Bay the only port, the only working port of the country. And this claim was in no way protested or objected to by the Western Countries. So at one stroke as it were, the process of de-colonization in Namibia was turned into the kind of chaos which it already is and which may even become worse. And indeed it was the kind of chaos which may never have come at all. Because from 1978, until 1988, South Africa refused to move. Why? Because South Africa had the power to do so. And South Africa continued to exercise the power to do so. It was able to run a system of cease fire occupation in Southern Angola, which kept everyone in opposition to its colonization on their toes and unable to move. Now that is a fairly, as I say bad piece of news in a sense. But then we come to a small item of good news. Why is it that in 1988, South Africa decided that it was time to start talking about the liberation or at least the independence of Namibia? The answer is very important again. Because I think one of the most significant possibilities in Africa, is the achievement of solutions which are in a sense dependent upon the people of Africa themselves. And not upon the intervention of Western Contact Groups or even for that matter more friendly groups, such as the socialist countries have been in the context of the liberation wars. They have provided the one instrument which the South Africans and before them the Rhodesians understood, firepower. It was that which changed the situation from Zimbabwe and it was that which changed the situation in Angola. Last year, there was a very important historical event in Angola, the battle of \"Cuito Cuanavale.\" It's not a historically noted event, but in a way for Southern Africa, it was sort of the Leonid Brezhnev, of our war against fascism. It was the occasion upon which the South Africans discovered that they were not invincible. It was the occasion upon which the South Africans had to face the possibility of heavy casualties or negotiate. And it was that therefore, which led them to the process of negotiating with Angola, with the mediation of the United States and with Cuba. To end the war in Angola and to link it to the granting of independence to Namibia. But it did it on the terms or in terms of the framework of Resolution 435, which as I've already indicated is basically a bad system. It's particularly bad in the long run for the people of South Africa. Why? Because one of the most important aspects, of the problem of South Africa's search for independence and the removal of apartheid, is the problem of the territorial integrity of South Africa. South Africa has deliberately, the apartheid government of South Africa has deliberately and over a long period of time sought to take the policy of divide and rule from a mere governmental technique into a physical balkanization technique. And I would say actual balkanization of the country of South Africa into so-called homelands or Bantustans. And this division of this African state, maybe an enormous problem for the people of South Africa. It is a principle which the United Nations has resisted for for many, many years in the process of self determination. Which the Organization of African Unity has resisted for many years. This potential for creating division. And here we see in the case of Namibia, the first and perhaps most violent breach of that principle. The granting of part of the territory of Namibia to South Africa in the context of, Walvis Bay. So, the territorial integrity of South Africa is something which we now have to watch very carefully in the process of South Africa's liberation. Because the principal has been very definitely breached, and it is something upon which I'm quite sure the South African government, whether under Botha or the de Klerk will build upon. Especially with the kind of resistance that is provided by Willem Botha and the Conservative Party, the Africans previous had. The second principle, which I think has been legitimized in a way which has not before happened in Namibia's struggle, was the legitimization, as I say, of the colonizer itself. Well of course in South Africa we've always had that problem. The debate over South Africa's legitimacy as a government, given that it is an apartheid government is one which is ongoing. But in the context of Namibia, one can see now that there's very little hope for arguing that South Africa and the apartheid government is somehow illegitimate and should be set aside. It's always been a difficult problem in practical terms, quite apart from the legal difficulties. But the other aspect, which again is important in the Namibian context is the, reaffirmation and the legitimization or the technique of the colonial system. Which is the creation of what I would term, quisling governments. I tend to use a lot of parallels when I discuss Southern Africa with the situation which prevailed in Europe, between 1939 and '45. And I don't think it's an entirely wrong one. The elements of racism, the elements of fascism. The extraordinary degree of violence is not entirely dissimilar in my mind as an African to the violence which was imposed upon Europe by Nazi regimes in those years. It's not a parallel with many Europeans or for that matter, North Americans find very appetizing. But I think that it is one which is not entirely wrong. And in that context, I may say that one of the most remarkable things about the Namibian solution, is that they are as it were, appointing in the South African administrative general, a member of the SS to clean up and grant and create peace in the synagogue in Namibia. A little inappropriate master of the process of liberation. I cannot possibly imagine given the record that we've seen in both in South Africa and in Namibia. But the other thing I come back to then is the, promotion of the legitimacy of the quisling government. In this case, the DTA or the multi-party conferences as it's now called the NPC. Namely the alliance of internal, anti-liberation elements inside Namibia together with the white colonial parties. In Zimbabwe that was tried as well. It was a painful and difficult process. It was one in which a great deal of confusion and to my way of thinking some terrible mistakes were made in those years, 1972 to 1979. But the attempt to displace the liberation movement from the process of liberation itself. To take out of the hands of the people in that sense, their own liberation was not entirely successful. And ultimately the negotiations of Lancaster House did involve the liberation movement as central parties. Indeed they were the other party, the other party with the United Kingdom playing the role that the United Nations is attempting to play now. And yeah, we see a very important distinction in the Namibian case. The peace settlement for Namibia was negotiated without any participation by the liberation movement. This liberation movement which had been over the period of many, many years by the OAU, given the status of the authentic representation of the people. A process, which was not arrived at in a day, but over a very long time, after very serious deliberations. An organization which had achieved recognition in the non-technical sense in the United Nations. A phenomenon where the establishment of a United Nations government of Namibia, as it were as a parallel to SWAPO namely, the United Nations Council for Namibia was set up, another unique phenomenon. In 1978, 435, began the process of dispensing with the liberation movement almost entirely in the Namibian case. And we now see partly or part of the things that we're seeing now, in particular what we saw in April 1st this year was the result of this total, non-connection with the liberation movement itself. And again, this is of great significance for South Africa. A process has been going on and is going on in which the liberation movement in South Africa has consistently been pushed away from its self-reliant process. That is the taking up of arms, the confronting of apartheid by its own people, into a situation of trying to turn it into a civil rights movement. As if one would have thought in 1943 of setting up a civil rights movement in Germany to oppose the Nazis, a rather silly idea. But an idea which has appealed to the Western countries in the case of South Africa and appealed to them in the case of Namibia. With the kind of consequences, which we don't entirely know yet. So there again is one of the lessons which we have to learn from the process of Namibia's independence at this stage. And which attempts must be made to guard against. How one can guard against it is another question, it's extremely difficult. Because in practical terms, of course history has also moved on. The fact is that this time, the support it may not have been always terribly helpful. And it was certainly on the diplomatic level sometimes not at all helpful. But nevertheless, the help which was important to the socialist countries has clearly been undermined or at least amended by the process of Perestroika. The Soviet union for the last five years has consistently moved into a position of not being prepared when it comes to the crunch to choose world war for the sake of Africa. It was prepared to do that for the sake of mother Russia but mother Africa is another thing. So we have seen this process of moving away from that alliance, even before Perestroika started. But now with Perestroika in full bloom, as it were, the fact is that Africa has to face the fact that it is on its own in confronting the problem of apartheid. On its own in terms of super power politics. Now that perhaps this maybe a very healthy development, I'm not sure. It may be a healthy development in the sense that people know now that they must find their own solutions. That there is no possibility anymore of saying to United Kingdom, Mrs. Thatcher or whoever the current president of the United States happens to be. If you don't be nice to us, we've got friends in the Kremlin. The reality is that that no longer is the case. We have no friends in the Kremlin and we have no friends very much elsewhere. So we have to think about finding our own solutions. I think this is perhaps one of the most important lessons. We probably have friends, I believe we have. But it is perhaps at a very different level, the level of solidarity amongst peoples and that may also be a historical change, which may be very good for us. Finally, I want to draw just for a minute or two on...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112387#t=0.0,2740.0098"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203863_Zimbabwe_Africa_b.mp3"]},"duration":535.66694,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/112/388/small/lecture.png?1620308396","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/112/388/original/AV203863_Zimbabwe_Africa_b.mp3?1620308396","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":535.66694,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203863_Zimbabwe_Africa_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e As you may know, about two weeks ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=5.34,7.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was assassinated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=7.17,8.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were discussing with him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=8.25,9.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've worked with him in many situations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=9.39,12.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and as a lawyer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=12.68,14.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were discussing precisely the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=14.09,17.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has, in fact, overtaken him personally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=17.26,19.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's also overtaken many other Namibians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=19.66,21.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, April the 1st,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=22.65,24.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it overtook a very large number.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=24.49,26.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do you get security in that situation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=26.73,29.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do you achieve a free and fair election","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=29.47,31.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that situation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=31.95,33.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So far,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=33.85,35.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the model of United Nations mediation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=35.4,39.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has proved something of a disaster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=39.91,42.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not entirely the United Nation's fault.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=42.33,44.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The great powers decided to reduce the presence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=44.82,47.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United Nations in Namibia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=47.41,49.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a point where it is critically incapable of dealing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=49.45,52.495"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the real problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=52.495,54.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think, again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=54.61,55.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of the difficulty here is the real problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=55.54,58.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are dealing with the South Africans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=58.48,60.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are dealing with the Boers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=60.01,61.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are not the British.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=62.53,65.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not even the Rhodesians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=65.01,66.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was relatively an easier problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=66.34,68.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They are a people who are extremely tough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=68.86,72.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they have a record of brutality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=72.0,74.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is there for anybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=74.46,77.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who reads history to see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=77.14,78.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have a particular record of being brutal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=78.77,81.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and being very easy about being brutal, to blacks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=81.19,84.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that that is a lesson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=85.36,87.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which the United Nations Forces","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=87.3,90.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably have not sufficiently been taught before they went.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=90.37,93.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in addition to that, the problem of security,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=95.23,97.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are, of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=98.95,100.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps I might just mention the extraordinary phenomenon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=100.54,103.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the policing of the election","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=103.87,106.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being left in the hands of the Namibian police,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=106.95,110.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an important element","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=110.41,111.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of which now is the so-called Koevoet Crowbar 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Namibia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=177.87,180.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they know very much what they're going to do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=180.77,182.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how they're going to do 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resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=372.51,375.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at the moment, those resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=375.83,378.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is true of Namibia, it's true of South 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you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=384.63,386.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the British, and other people outside of Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=386.23,389.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And until we get control of those 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people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=444.25,445.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of South Africa, it includes the whites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=445.95,448.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they too have learnt a great deal in the last decade,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=448.41,452.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and particularly perhaps in the last two years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=452.41,455.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not saying that there's any possibility,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=455.02,457.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my mind at least,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=457.6,459.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the Apartheid government is gonna vote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=459.02,461.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"itself out of government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=461.42,463.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the way that the Hungarian Communist Party","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=463.32,465.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has just apparently done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=465.45,467.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see that as being a very small possibility,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=467.22,470.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I do see that there are people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=470.18,472.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in South Africa, black and white,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=472.53,474.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who do want democracy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=474.89,476.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who don't want the kind of authoritarianism","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=476.27,478.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and oppression that besets them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=478.71,480.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether they are white or black,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=480.54,481.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but particularly if they're black.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=481.81,483.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And within that circumstance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=483.703,485.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it may very well be that in association","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=485.86,488.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with those persons who have a sense of solidarity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=488.66,492.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it's in the United States, or United Kingdom,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=492.46,494.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Western Europe, or even in Eastern Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=494.67,497.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the possibility of a solution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=497.67,500.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this problem is still there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=500.48,501.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's gonna be very difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=501.81,503.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It never has been easy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=503.43,505.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I still believe that at the end of the day,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=505.27,507.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the spirit of Cuito Cuanavale","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=507.9,509.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will reassert itself in the context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=509.7,513.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of South Africa itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=513.81,515.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that some of the lessons of Namibia's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=515.45,517.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"independence will, in fact, have been learned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=517.36,520.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some of the deaths that have happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=520.48,522.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will not have happened in vain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=522.27,523.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=523.87,525.292"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=525.292,528.459"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25522/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/522/original/AV203863_Zimbabwe_Africa_b.vtt?1620308397","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/522/original/AV203863_Zimbabwe_Africa_b.vtt?1620308397"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25523","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203863_Zimbabwe_Africa_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388/transcript/25523/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- As you may know, about two weeks ago, he was assassinated. We were discussing with him, I've worked with him in many situations, and as a lawyer, and we were discussing precisely the problem which has, in fact, overtaken him personally. It's also overtaken many other Namibians. And of course, April the 1st, it overtook a very large number. How do you get security in that situation? How do you achieve a free and fair election in that situation? So far, the model of United Nations mediation has proved something of a disaster. It's not entirely the United Nation's fault. The great powers decided to reduce the presence of the United Nations in Namibia to a point where it is critically incapable of dealing with the real problem. And I think, again, part of the difficulty here is the real problem. We are dealing with the South Africans. We are dealing with the Boers. They are not the British. They're not even the Rhodesians, which was relatively an easier problem. They are a people who are extremely tough and they have a record of brutality which is there for anybody who reads history to see. They have a particular record of being brutal, and being very easy about being brutal, to blacks. And I think that that is a lesson which the United Nations Forces probably have not sufficiently been taught before they went. But in addition to that, the problem of security, and there are, of course, perhaps I might just mention the extraordinary phenomenon of the policing of the election being left in the hands of the Namibian police, an important element of which now is the so-called Koevoet Crowbar Unit. The Crowbar Unit was set up by the South Africans, consist largely of extradition Selous Scouts who was the elite killer group in the Rhodesian army, and who did exactly that in Namibia. They are now part of the security provided for the people of Namibia, in particular, SWAPOL, to conduct free and fair elections in. And no attempt, or no measure of persuasion, cajoling, has lead this African administrator to remove them from the field. That's just one small, but significant in the illustration. In addition to that, we have the registration laws made at the last minute, changed, totally inadequate, totally dangerous. We have the election laws, which as far as I know, have still not been finalized, weeks before the election is to take place. To not know the base rules of running an election is a disaster. It's a particular disaster for SWAPOL because the South Africans have run two elections already in Namibia. And they know very much what they're going to do, and how they're going to do it. So we have, in that sense, a loaded dice. And again, this is a lesson for South Africa. Whatever final arrangement might be arrived at in South Africa for the process of transferring power from the whites to the blacks, from the minority to the majority, which is effectively what that is, it's gonna have to be a lot more carefully designed than this one because this one is very, very dangerous indeed. And the possibilities of manipulation, of assassination, and all the dangers that we had foreseen earlier are very much with us there. One might think then that the picture I've painted is one of total bleakness. I said at the beginning, \"There's good news and bad news.\" And I think that the good news is that there are lessons to be learned. And perhaps one of the best pieces of news in relation to South Africa is that in spite of the important role which the liberation movement has played in the past 12, 15 years, and particularly in the last 5 or 6, there's also been a parallel upgrading of internal opposition, non-military opposition, but strong opposition, determined opposition, in the form of the Popular Democratic Movement in South Africa, in the form of the trade unions in South Africa. And so that perhaps if the struggle for South Africa's independence is, as it may well have to be, returned to the internal level, then the readiness of the South African people to take up that struggle is much greater than ever was the case in any of the other countries which we've talked about by way of parallels this evening. At the international level, well, it's much more difficult to say. As I've said, Perestroika, for those of us in Africa who were still involved in the liberation struggle, is a disaster. But maybe there are good things that can come out of difficulties. And that perhaps the excuse, which the polarization, the political, ideological polarization, of the struggles in Southern Africa which provided a phenomenally good excuse, particularly for countries such as this one, to condemn liberation of the African people, not as a liberation process or struggle which in any way paralleled theirs against the British, but purely as some kind of invention of the Communists in Moscow, that excuse, perhaps now, becomes much less credible. And perhaps the people of the United States and other countries may be able to see more clearly what is actually at stake and what is the real struggle. Of course, there is not, by any means, a non-ideological problem here, because at the end of the day, the problem for liberation includes the problem of achieving control over our own resources. And at the moment, those resources, and this is true of Namibia, it's true of South Africa, it's true of Zimbabwe, don't belong to us. They belong to you, and the British, and other people outside of Africa. And until we get control of those things, which is gonna be a different struggle, obviously ideology is not going to, ideology as some people see it. I would still call it, \"Self determination,\" in an attempt to rid it off of its ideological context, but I know that that's not possible. But that is still there of course, in the background. But in the foreground, the possibility of the people of South Africa, and particularly now through the mass Democratic Movement, and particularly as the world situation perhaps becomes clearer, and is the real nature of this stage of our struggle in Southern Africa, can no longer be loaded with all sorts of rubbish, such as it was in the previous period. The possibility perhaps exists for the people of South Africa, in particular, to find a solution for themselves. And that doesn't only mean the black people of South Africa, it includes the whites. And they too have learnt a great deal in the last decade, and particularly perhaps in the last two years. I'm not saying that there's any possibility, in my mind at least, that the Apartheid government is gonna vote itself out of government in the way that the Hungarian Communist Party has just apparently done. I see that as being a very small possibility, but I do see that there are people in South Africa, black and white, who do want democracy, who don't want the kind of authoritarianism and oppression that besets them, whether they are white or black, but particularly if they're black. And within that circumstance, it may very well be that in association with those persons who have a sense of solidarity, whether it's in the United States, or United Kingdom, or Western Europe, or even in Eastern Europe, that the possibility of a solution to this problem is still there. It's gonna be very difficult. It never has been easy, but I still believe that at the end of the day, the spirit of Cuito Cuanavale will reassert itself in the context of South Africa itself. And that some of the lessons of Namibia's independence will, in fact, have been learned. And some of the deaths that have happened will not have happened in vain. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40682/file/112388#t=0.0,535.66694"}]}]}]}