{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/pn8x92258v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Burks, Arthur W., Atanasoff and the ENIAC"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203313 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Atanasoff and the ENIAC is an April 20, 1983 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Arthur W. Burks. Arthur Burks talks about the development of the ENIAC computer.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w97w67b3j"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1983-04-20"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Burks, Arthur W. (Arthur Walter), 1915-2008 (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Atanasoff, John V. (John Vincent)","ENIAC (Computer)","Electronic digital computers"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Atanasoff and the ENIAC is an April 20, 1983 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Arthur W. Burks. 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For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/701/small/lecture.png?1613498326","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - AV203313_Atanasoff_and_the_ENIAC_a.mp3"]},"duration":2721.20163,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/105/701/small/lecture.png?1613498326","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/105/701/original/AV203313_Atanasoff_and_the_ENIAC_a.mp3?1613498326","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2721.20163,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203313_Atanasoff_and_the_ENIAC_a.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Dan:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=5.32,6.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, Arthur W. Burks was a young person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=6.5,9.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was born up in Duluth, Minnesota,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=9.61,12.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that Mark Twain had a comment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=12.63,14.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or two about Duluth really.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=14.73,17.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had spent his coldest summer ever in Duluth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=17.96,22.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are other remarks that are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=23.33,25.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think appropriate about 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graduated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=30.22,34.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Batavia Illinois High School","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=34.07,37.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was an excellent student there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=37.13,39.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and therefore went on to DePauw,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=39.05,41.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in 1936, he graduated from DePauw in mathematics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=41.44,46.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then went on to the University of Michigan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=46.2,48.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I, as one had had a great deal of respect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=48.58,52.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the educational opportunities there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=52.66,55.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and received his PhD in philosophy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=55.7,59.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, a PhD in philosophy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=59.35,62.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want you to note it wasn't a PhD in 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English,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=68.127,70.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but a PhD in philosophy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=70.08,72.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=72.17,73.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After he had graduated in 1941,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=74.35,77.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he found it desirable to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=77.61,79.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the University of Pennsylvania","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=79.72,81.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Moore School for electrical engineering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=81.81,85.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and began as an instructor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=85.34,87.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a research person there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=87.67,90.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was involved deeply in the design of ENIAC there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=90.19,95.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Mauchly and Eckert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=95.75,98.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While he was there incidentally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=98.763,101.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he met his computer friend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=101.48,104.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if you want to read his article on ENIAC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=104.6,107.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's one of the best that I have seen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=109.16,111.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ENIAC, the first computer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=111.25,116.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"electronic in nature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=116.7,118.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=118.48,119.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And digital in nature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=119.37,121.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I have a copy of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=121.49,122.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if any of you would like a copy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=122.67,124.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well let me know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=124.38,125.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I happen to be Dan Griffin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=125.53,127.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the research foundation here on the campus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=127.04,130.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we reside in 315 Berkshire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=130.06,132.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'll be glad to supply a reprint of the article.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=132.96,137.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in there we find that he was introduced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=138.03,141.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a computer friend,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=141.12,142.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had also gotten a degree in mathematics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=142.65,146.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I believe was from Oberlin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=146.84,148.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she had seen fit in that time to then spend some 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articles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=344.0,347.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The one which I mentioned is the one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=347.03,349.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I really believe is 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ENIAC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=353.39,357.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=359.313,362.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Arthur:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much Dan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=368.368,370.118"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ladies and gentlemen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=372.05,373.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alice and I, as you know 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Atanasoff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=645.18,649.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the developers of ENIAC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=649.06,650.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had produced the first electronic computer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=650.73,653.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some purported experts referred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=654.08,656.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the machine you are now going to 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technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=662.73,664.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is Atanasoff lecturing on quantum mechanics here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=667.53,671.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Iowa State in the late thirties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=671.09,673.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is Clifford Berry, a graduate student","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=676.04,678.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who did much of the 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cards,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=711.25,714.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by means of electrical sparks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=714.74,716.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to record the information very 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on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2215.89,2217.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because Atanasoff's suggestion to Mauchly was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2217.85,2221.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see how to use my electronic digital 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units","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2458.45,2461.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and program signals between the trunks and the units.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2461.07,2464.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is the master programmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2467.46,2468.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's too dark when enlarged this much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2468.91,2472.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll pass 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here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2476.84,2479.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one could set it up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2479.76,2481.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do a sub-routine some pre-set number of times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2481.65,2486.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as set on these switches or until a sign changed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2488.37,2491.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So looping could done for an index","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2491.82,2494.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was read-only essentially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2494.99,2496.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or it could be done until the sign of a number changed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2496.87,2500.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a logical diagram of that master programmer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2504.09,2507.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give you some idea of the rooting of numbers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2507.61,2509.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I'm going to show you next,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2514.07,2516.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are some slides of the differential analyzer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2516.49,2519.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I want you to pay attention to certain similarities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2519.47,2524.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're gonna be many computing units","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2524.21,2526.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all of these units are interconnected,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2527.13,2531.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to a switching network,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2531.64,2535.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which can be reconfigured,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2535.08,2537.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to the problem that's to be solved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2538.33,2540.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The differences are also significant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2541.85,2543.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the differences between the 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shafts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2548.5,2550.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ENIAC electronic wires and tubes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2550.96,2553.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The analyzer was analog, running all the time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2554.64,2558.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ENIAC was digital,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2558.96,2560.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the different units running intermittently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2560.8,2563.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under program control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2563.45,2565.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that in ENIAC we find two 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direction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2609.97,2614.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cross shafts running in this direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2614.35,2617.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The computing units 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later","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2621.21,2623.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here input output tables along the other side,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2623.48,2627.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the basic idea 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book,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2663.38,2666.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showing how to solve a particular set of equations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2666.12,2669.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Each of the integrators is represented there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2669.04,2672.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is an add-subtract mechanism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2673.49,2678.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So integration done there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2678.45,2681.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"addition and subtraction done there and there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2681.06,2683.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here are shafts rotating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2683.56,2685.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and here are shafts rotating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2685.87,2687.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and these are right angled gears","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2687.66,2689.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that connect shafts rotating,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2689.43,2691.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the two shafts are perpendicular to one another.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2691.7,2694.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I might say that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2697.77,2698.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the easiest way perhaps","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2700.13,2701.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to understand the computational method","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2701.55,2704.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the differential analyzer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2704.04,2706.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to think of your automobile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2706.3,2707.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The integrator, as we'll see in a moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2710.73,2712.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is an analogous to your gear shift.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=2712.94,2715.083"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22668/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/668/original/AV203313_Atanasoff_and_the_ENIAC_a.vtt?1613498328","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/668/original/AV203313_Atanasoff_and_the_ENIAC_a.vtt?1613498328"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22669","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203313_Atanasoff_and_the_ENIAC_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701/transcript/22669/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Dan] Okay. Well, Arthur W. Burks was a young person who was born up in Duluth, Minnesota, and I think that Mark Twain had a comment or two about Duluth really. He had spent his coldest summer ever in Duluth. There are other remarks that are, I think appropriate about Duluth, as a kid though, I enjoyed it very very much. From there, he went on and graduated from Batavia Illinois High School and was an excellent student there, and therefore went on to DePauw, and in 1936, he graduated from DePauw in mathematics, and then went on to the University of Michigan, where I, as one had had a great deal of respect for the educational opportunities there and received his PhD in philosophy. Now, a PhD in philosophy, I want you to note it wasn't a PhD in mathematics, it wasn't a PhD in engineering, it wasn't a PhD in English, but a PhD in philosophy. All right? After he had graduated in 1941, he found it desirable to go to the University of Pennsylvania to the Moore School for electrical engineering and began as an instructor and a research person there, and was involved deeply in the design of ENIAC there with Mauchly and Eckert. While he was there incidentally, he met his computer friend. Now, if you want to read his article on ENIAC, it's one of the best that I have seen, ENIAC, the first computer, electronic in nature, all right? And digital in nature, and I have a copy of it, if any of you would like a copy, well let me know. I happen to be Dan Griffin with the research foundation here on the campus, and we reside in 315 Berkshire and we'll be glad to supply a reprint of the article. But in there we find that he was introduced to a computer friend, who had also gotten a degree in mathematics, I believe was from Oberlin, and she had seen fit in that time to then spend some time, in the military effort during that period. Well, we move along from 1943 to 46 and in 46, Arthur decided that perhaps he could go back to the alma mater, so he took a position there, and also then he was a consultant with Ben Newman and also with Golstein in the design of a computer, and this has then gone on for some period of years and was part of the recognition that he received at a little later date. All right. So from 1946 to date he's been on the faculty at the University of Michigan and I believe that the highest honor that he has received, according to his own comments, has been the Russel Lecture Award there and therefore his recognition in the academic world, the University of Michigan has been high from his own colleagues. In addition to that, he's a member of Phi Beta Sigma, which I recognized from my freshmen days I think and Phi Beta Kappa, which we recognize here at the university, not when I was first here but it finally found a sway here, Arthur and then Phi Kappa Phi and Delta Sigma Rho and Eta Kappa Nu and the society of Sigma Xi. Those all give us a good idea who Arthur is, in the academic world, but in the computer world, he's known as one of the pioneers, and therefore when they get the pioneers together, as they did in Anaheim, California in 1975 at the National Computer Conference, he was honored along with John Newman and others. Also in 1976, he was honored with those who developed the ENIAC. In addition to that year's pioneer lecture, at the digital museum in 1982 and then just recently the IEEE computer society or what gave him the computer science award. I find that Arthur has had, not only a distinguished educational career, as a professor of philosophy, now watch, professor of philosophy and computer science, all right? That's a nice broad from my viewpoint, a nice kind of broad background but not only that, he's been able to cooperate with his spouse and several articles, and he is the author of five books. His good wife has a book coming out, in I don't know, soon anyway and some 55 articles. The one which I mentioned is the one that I really believe is applicable to this evening's lecture and with that Atanasoff and ENIAC.\r\n\r\n- [Arthur] Thank you very much Dan. Ladies and gentlemen, Alice and I, as you know now, are involved in the history of computers and we're both happy to be here where the electronic computer was born. I personally am happy to be here for another reason. In 1936, I was offered a fellowship at your university and a college in your statistics department. I had already decided on philosophy, so I went to Michigan, as Dan has explained. One of the most interesting facts about the origin of the modern electronic computer, is that it started here at Iowa, a land grant college and not at other places that one would think, as more natural sources of the electronic computer. It did not begin at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which was the leading technical institution in the United States, the institution where the differential analyzer had been built. That was the most advanced computer of the time, and MIT had actually considered electronic digital technology but chose for its second large computer to make a new and more powerful differential analyzer, nor did the electronic computer originated IBM, which was the wealthiest computer company in the world, and which was investing scads of money, in an advanced relay computer built by IBM for Harvard. As our story began in the cornfields of Iowa, where you grow tall corn. My emphasis on corn is not irrelevant because Iowa State did agricultural research, it had developed a strong statistics department which had several IBM machines. Atanasoff was a mathematical physicist, who had done calculations for his doctoral thesis on quantum mechanics, and he approached physics computationally. His first attempt at mechanization was to develop a small auxiliary computing module and to wire it in to an IBM punch card machine in the statistics laboratory here. But he soon realized that IBM machines, were mainly card handlers and that even if their arithmetic capabilities were extended they would not be adequate, as computing tools for the scientist. In a moment I'm going to describe the first electronic computer, Atanasoff's machine and later the next machine in the causal chain, the University of Pennsylvania's ENIAC, which in turn led to the stored program computer. The ENIAC is relevant at this point because a patent on it was applied for in 1947, issued in 1964 and became the subject of a $60 million lawsuit soon afterwards. You will have to stay to the end of my lecture if you want to learn who what. But one story is relevant here, IBM was involved in the ENIAC patent trial peripherally and had to open its files to the court. Some IBM memos of the mid 1930s were found which referred to Atanasoff's modification of an IBM machine at Iowa State College. One memo concluded with the injunction, keep Atanasoff's hands off all IBM machines. Let's now have the lights off and see the first sequence of slides. I'm going to show you some slides of Atanasoff's machine, they've been made from pictures that are not terribly sharp. I want you to keep in mind that there was an article in the New York Times recently, about the controversy as to whether Atanasoff or the developers of ENIAC, had produced the first electronic computer and some purported experts referred to the machine you are now going to see, as a heap of tubes and as a machine that didn't have the technology. This is Atanasoff lecturing on quantum mechanics here at Iowa State in the late thirties. This is Clifford Berry, a graduate student who did much of the wiring and detailed design of this machine, and the machine has sometimes been called the Atanasoff-Berry computer. You can see a little bit the places where cards were put for putting information into the machine and taking information out of the machine. Here are banks of electronic tubes that constitute the arithmetic unit. This is a bank of gas tubes, which is used for punching holes in cards, by means of electrical sparks, in order to record the information very rapidly. Here's a slightly different view of the same machine. The arithmetic unit, electronic tubes, the gas punching tubes and the places where cards were put. Here it is the control panel, where one entered the instructions by turning switches and sometimes by plugging cables. Here is a better view of the card readers and writers. This is where an IBM punch card was put, in order to take into the machine a number in decimal form. Here is where a card was read in binary form. Here is where a card was punched electrically, in binary form. Back here, you can see one of the two drums where information was stored, the other drum being covered up by the cover of the machine and here you can barely see another drum. These pegs represent the coding of the conversion from decimal numbers to binary numbers. The basic operation of the machine was to... The purpose of the machine was to take a set of simultaneous algebraic equations, up to 29 equations of 29 unknowns and by repeated use of the machine to solve those equations by basically a Gaussian method, eliminating coefficient after coefficient, until you got down to the values of the variable. The process was begun by punching the equations on IBM cards, reading those cards in this reader here, making the decimal binary conversion by means of the pegs on this rotating drum that held the conversion table and then punching out binary cards with this device here. After all of the equations were on binary cards, one binary card per equation, then a pair of cards would be put in sequence, in this reader. The machine would put one number on this drum, another number on the other drum. In about a minute, the machine would eliminate one of those coefficients, and in one second, punch out the resultant equation, by this spark method of punching, in this punching device here. Here is a closeup of one of the two drums. Each drum was capable of storing 30 binary coefficients of 50 bits including sine. The storage was around the drum inner ring, so the numbers came off in bit sequence, least significant bit first, most significant bit and then sine last. From each of these pegs to the center shaft, there was a capacitor which could be charged with either of two polarities, one polarity representing the bit one, the other polarity representing the bit zero. Here are the two drums on the same shaft. The drums rotated at once per second, so that numbers could be taken off and put into the arithmetic unit and processed and put back in one revolution or 50 bits per second. Alice and I have been working out a sequence of steps that led Atanasoff to his invention. We have frequent consultations with J.V. as he's called by his acquaintances, J.V. Atanasoff, John Vincent Atanasoff, and what I want to do next is to give you, a somewhat simplified view for this purpose of the steps that he took in arriving at his final conception and design of this machine. We can now see the next group of slides and turn the lights down. The first step he took, was to decide on an important class of problems or scientific computing, and he recognized that the problem of solving simultaneous linear equations, was a basic problem throughout physics and throughout engineering. The next decision he had to make, was to get a reasonable size computer to contribute to the solution of that problem. He didn't have the resources of MIT that spent $500,000 on its new differential analyzer or the resources of IBM that probably spent $1,000,000 on its general purpose electromagnetic relay calculator, he began with a budget of a few hundred dollars. So he decided on a special purpose machine which would do the operation that I described. It is after the initial conversion from decimal to binary, would take in a pair of equations from two cards, process those equations to eliminate one variable and punch out a card that would have the resultant equation. In modern terminology, Atanasoff's machine was a vector processor. The next decision he made was what should the base of the system be? And he calculated and found out that the binary base, was the most efficient base for arithmetic processing of numbers and therefore adopted the binary base. The next step was the input output. I've described the binary decimal conversion, in terms of this diagram, which represents the architecture of the machine. Up here is a drum. All these drums are on the same shaft, rotating once per second, and therefore handling 50 bit numbers, coming sequentially 150 bit number per second. Here is the read-only conversion drum. Here is the base 10 card reader. The information from the drum went to the card reader, where it was selected according to the holes in the card, and then through this plug board, it went into the arithmetic unit. Decimal binary conversion is of course a matter of repeated addition with the conversion numbers. The basic phasing of the machine then was after the information was in binary form to read one of these cards that had been punched by electrical sparks, holding up to 30 coefficients of 50 bits each, in other words 1,500 bits or 1,500 potential holes on a card, to read the card in a second, in one rotation of these drums, loaded on a drum, read two cards, then load two drums, process the information on those two drums, and that could be done in about a minute by a methodology scribd and then to put out the answer on this base two card punch by this sparking method. The drums as I described them, held the information in these capacitors, but capacitors, as you know, gradually leak off their charge. To solve this problem, Atanasoff conceived of the idea of every time a drum rotated, the information would be taken off the drum, it would be processed in these restore shift mechanisms and then be put back on the drum. In other words, it would be read off, build up to the desired standard voltages and then rerecorded on the machine. This was the process he described as jogging the memory, by analogy with a human remembering something, by constant repetition of the same information. This basic idea, we'll see later, as an important idea in the origin of the stored program computer because it was used in the first memory, the mercury delay line memory, which had sufficient capacity to store instructions for a computer. The next step that he took, was to simplify the Gaussian algorithm. For those of you that know it, you want to eliminate a coefficient from two equations you take the corresponding coefficients and divide them and then you take that result and multiply through by a whole equation. All applied through the whole equation. He conceived of the idea of repeatedly subtracting one equation from the other until there was an overdraft and then shifting the equation that was being subtracted over and going at it from the other direction. So by repeated subtraction and addition, approximately one bit was eliminated per drum rotation, and therefore a coefficient was eliminated, in about 60 seconds. For this, he designed the add-subtract mechanisms which are represented in this diagram here. This was a parallel processor. All of the 30 numbers from this drum had to flow into this unit in parallel, all the 30 numbers from this drum, flowed into the unit in parallel. So all of the additions and subtractions of these up to 30 numbers were done simultaneously, and then the information flowed back out and was put on that drum for the next round. This is dynamic processing. He first considered using the standard technology of doing addition and subtraction by means of counters, and while it had always been done before, on mechanical counters and desk calculators, he knew of the existence of electronic counters and experimented with them, but then he conceived the brilliant idea of not storing the sum in the arithmetic processor proper but taking the numbers off of one drum, flowing them into the arithmetic unit, taking the others off of the other drum, flowing them into the arithmetic unit and then flowing the answer out. And for this, he made the first application of Boolean algebra or truth function theory to electronics and the fundamental circuit that he had here, the add-subtract mechanism, as he called it, was the basis of the fundamental arithmetic circuit of the first stored program computer. Finally, he had to design the controls, which are shown here and there and then manual controls there, and while his original intention was to make them exclusively electronic, for reasons of economy, a vacuum tube, cost him $4 and electromagnetic relay $2, he made them electromechanical for the most part, though he planned in the next generation of computers to make the controls completely electronic. Okay, we can turn these lights up now. This machine was finished in 1942. It had been tested at various stages, and when finished it worked well, except for one minor defect. Remember his method of punching holes, was to create a spark. If he wanted to record a one and this spark would actually not punch a hole, it would carbonize the area, under the spark generating devices. He would then put the card back in the other reader and have contacts which could, gain an electrical signal and differentiate between the electricity passing through a charred area or not passing through an uncharred area. This method worked well, except for once in about 10,000 times. That's not much of an error rate but if you calculate the number of operations that you have to perform, in order to take 29 equations of 29 unknowns of 50 bits each, you'll see that there is an appreciable probability of error. This was not an unsurmountable problem, he could have gone at it engineering wise, increased the recording voltage for example, found better materials for which he could differentiate between a written spot and an unwritten spot more easily, or he could easily even have used the machine as it was. In this connection, one of the most powerful computing systems in operation during World War One, was at Los Alamos, where they had to make all kinds of calculations, in the design of the atom bomb, and for this purpose, they assembled a large group of IBM machines, but the Los Alamos environment was very dusty environment and the dust would get on the contacts of the relays, and these machines made constant errors. They solved this problem by running it through every machine twice, and similarly Atanasoff, could have used such a redundancy device. But at this time he went off to Washington to head up a large section of the Naval laboratory to do work for the war, which was regarded as more important as this computer. There is a certain irony there in this of course because the ENIAC that I'm going to describe for you, was built for the war. Now, the transition into the ENIAC, involves an accident which had large implications. Sometimes small events can have big effects. You're acquainted with the old poem, for want of a nail, a horseshoe was lost. For want of a horseshoe, a horse was lost. For want of a horse, the rider was lost. A computer scientists will note that this is a recursive poem. For one of a writer, the battle was lost. For one of a battle, the war was lost. For one of the war, the country was lost. For one of the country, the civilization was lost. In 1940, Atanasoff went to Philadelphia to attend the meeting of the AAAS, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and he attended a session where John Mauchly presented a paper on his work, trying to prove that there was a correlation, a statistical correlation, between the sunspot cycle and weather cycles, and for this purpose, John had built a small 48 analysis machine, using resistors and analog machine. After this, Atanasoff went up, introduced himself, said that he was working on computers too and invited Mauchly out to see him. This was in December of 1940. In June of 1941, Mauchly came out to Iowa and spent several days with Atanasoff and his machine, and with Berry. It was a big issue in the ENIAC trial, of the late sixties and early seventies, what Mauchly got from Atanasoff. Atanasoff says that he fully explained the machine that Mauchly worked on the machine, that Mauchly took notes on the machine. At the ENIAC trial in Minneapolis, Mauchly claimed that the flow of information went in the opposite way. That Mauchly had a better idea and was trying to persuade Atanasoff of this better idea. The correspondence between Atanasoff and Mauchly, both proceeding the visit and after the visit still remains, and about the time of the visit, Atanasoff wrote a letter to Mauchly, in which he said, I suddenly got the idea of how I could take my machine and convert it to do the work of the differential analyzer. This concept, though it wasn't described in those terms, was that of a general purpose digital computer. What I want to give you next, I'll give you a description, some slides of the ENIAC, but then an architectural argument to show that the design of the ENIAC architecturally, derived from the structure of the differential analyzer, and that this is an argument that Atanasoff is correct, when he says that the ENIAC was influenced by his work and that Mauchly is incorrect when he denies that influence. This is an argument which was not used at the trial because architectural arguments, are not the kind of arguments that one normally uses in a court. And now we can have the lights off and see the ENIAC's slides or shift mechanism and a carry-borrow drum. The basic idea is that a number, as this drum rotates, will be picked up by a brush and will go in here and come down here. A number will be picked up from this Abacus, Atanasoff called each ring an Abacus because it stored a 50 bit number and fed into this add-subtract mechanism, and then the answer would go back out and be rerecorded on the drum. These are switches where the controls, controlled the flow of numbers and this is a capacitor on a more rapidly rotating drum, which will store the carry bit from one poles time to the next poles time. Now I can go on full and show you an actual picture of a single add-subtract mechanism. This logical mechanism, composed of seven double triodes. They were actually 14 triodes of which 13 were used and this is the wiring side, and this is a dynamic add-subtract mechanism, which can take in two numbers serially and put out the sum or difference serially. Now we can go on to the ENIAC. This is a picture of the whole ENIAC, a machine 80 feet long, shaped in a U. This is a table where numbers can be entered by turning switches and to other tables back here. The fundamental input was a punch card reader and the fundamental output was a punch that would punch cards. This is a side view. There's your present speaker, many years back. You can see the trays that are carrying program signals and up there we'll see them better in another context, the trays that were carrying numbers. Here I am again, in front of the high speed multiplier, three panels, the trays that are carrying numbers, the trays that are carrying program signals and the front panels where numbers were... Where instructions were set by turning switches. Here's another view of a function table, as we called it, were 100 different entries to a function, could be stored and read electronically. So this was a large read-only electronic store. The fundamental motivation for the machine, was to calculate firing tables rapidly. In order to make a firing table, something like 3,000 trajectories have to be calculated. Each trajectory is the path of the shell from the time it leaves the gun until it reaches the target, and then all of these 3,000 trajectories, have to be processed. But it took a human computer something like eight hours to calculate a single trajectory, so there were 300 woman days you might say, in calculating the trajectories for a table. The ENIAC when it was dedicated early in 1946, calculated the path of a shell. The shell took 30 seconds to reach its target, and the ENIAC was able to calculate the trajectory in 20 seconds or faster than the shell itself could fly. Here's the ENIAC layout showing 40 different panels, each two feet wide, eight feet high and about four feet deep, constituting the basis for 30 different units, 20 accumulators, multiplier, divider square router, three function table units an output unit, an input unit, a master programmer, a clock and a starting mechanism. Here are the function table matrices and here out of the card reader and card punch. Now, the analogy that you want to see, is between the structure of this whole machine and the structure of the differential analyzer that I'll show you later on because Atanasoff's suggestion to Mauchly was, I see how to use my electronic digital technology to make a computer that will do the work of a differential analyzer, but whereas the differential analyzer is analog or continuous, my machine, Atanasoff said, will be digital, and whereas the differential analyzer is mechanical, my machine will be electronic. So there are all these units and they are all interconnected flexibly by a digit trunk that runs all the way around the machine and a program trunk that runs all the way, around the machine. Here is a typical front ray of front panels, of the machine. You can see the digit trays, the trunk system that carried numbers along the top there, and by means of plugs one could connect between any one of these trays and corresponding points on the units itself, and then down below program trays carrying program signals and by means of plugs one could connect up to any of those panels. Each unit had its own calculation equipment and each unit had its own programming equipment. So one could set instructions on the machine by setting the switches in these banks. One in sequenced instructions to make what we now call sub-routines by running plugs from these trays up to those inputs and back down and making a sequence of connections, throughout the whole machine. Here's the divider-square root of front panel to give you a closer up idea of what the switches were like. This switch, for example, determined the number of places that you wanted to have in your division. Here is an accumulator front panel with the middle cut out. These drawings are from the ENIAC patent, but you can see for example, that this unit could add out or subtract out its number, it could receive in number on any one of its input parts, and it's so set that it will do that operation six times, so one can add a number six times to multiply by the constant six. Here are the places where the program come in and go out. Here is a programming diagram that was drawn up, been about 1944, showing how one would connect the machine to solve a particular problem, actually a trajectory. These are representations of all of the units. These are representations of all of the wires carrying numbers, and here are representations of all of the wires carrying program signals. So you had to indicate what the switch settings were and you had to indicate where the plugs went between the trays and the front panels themselves. To work out a diagram like that with several days work, to set up a problem on the machine was at least one day and then probably another day to check it out. So to do a sub routine that one can do a few minutes now on a computer, was an operation of several people, over perhaps a whole week. This is a closeup connection of how the plugging was done. Here are the number trays, the switch, the data channels, as we might call them today, here are the program channels, and here you can see the cables carrying numbers between the trunks and the units and program signals between the trunks and the units. Here is the master programmer. It's too dark when enlarged this much. We'll pass on. Here is a closeup of the master programmer. All sub routines were managed from here and one could set it up to do a sub-routine some pre-set number of times as set on these switches or until a sign changed. So looping could done for an index that was read-only essentially or it could be done until the sign of a number changed. This is a logical diagram of that master programmer, give you some idea of the rooting of numbers. What I'm going to show you next, are some slides of the differential analyzer, and I want you to pay attention to certain similarities. They're gonna be many computing units and all of these units are interconnected, according to a switching network, which can be reconfigured, according to the problem that's to be solved. The differences are also significant, the differences between the ENIAC and the differential analyzer. The analyzer used mechanical shafts, the ENIAC electronic wires and tubes. The analyzer was analog, running all the time, the ENIAC was digital, the different units running intermittently, under program control. So that in ENIAC we find two structures, though they'll be fairly isomorphic, as you might've seen from that last diagram. One for the flow of numbers, the other for the flow of instruction signals. This is the differential analyzer at the Moore School, invented by Bush at MIT, and as I've indicated, Bush and his collaborators decided, though they had played around with the idea of electronic digital technology to make their next machine, a more elaborate and automatic form of the differential analyzer, and for this, they had a budget of about 1/2 a million dollars, provided by the Rockefeller Foundation. Here is a bay of shafts running in this direction and cross shafts running in this direction. The computing units are for the most part along here, integrators, I'll show them in detail later and here input output tables along the other side, and the basic idea was that for any set of differential equations, you want to solve, you convert them to integral form, and then you reconfigure this bay by connecting cross shafts through gears, so that you've got paths between all of these units and these units as you needed, appropriate to the particular problem, and that is analogous to the ENIAC method of plugging up a problem, on those numerical channels that I showed you above. This is a setup diagram from a book, showing how to solve a particular set of equations. Each of the integrators is represented there. This is an add-subtract mechanism. So integration done there, addition and subtraction done there and there, and here are shafts rotating, and here are shafts rotating, and these are right angled gears that connect shafts rotating, and the two shafts are perpendicular to one another. I might say that, the easiest way perhaps to understand the computational method of the differential analyzer, is to think of your automobile. The integrator, as we'll see in a moment, is an analogous to your gear shift.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105701#t=0.0,2721.20163"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The differential gear,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=5.2,8.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is used here is an add subtract mechanism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=8.29,11.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Every time you drive around a corner,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=12.78,15.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your differential gear is busy computing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=15.06,17.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to keep the rear wheels from slipping.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=17.73,19.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And another element of your car","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=22.73,24.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the torque amplifier or power steering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=24.47,27.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was used in connection with the 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It sits on this table,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=129.01,132.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which can be moved forward and backward,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=132.22,134.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"according to the function that's being 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wheel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=169.18,172.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"determines the ratio of rotation speed of this disc,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=172.75,177.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To rotation speed of that 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to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=183.28,188.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wheel driving 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analyzer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=219.07,221.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of differential equations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=224.08,226.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DY equals ZDT,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=227.62,229.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Y equals the integral of ZDT.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=229.84,232.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these E equal minus 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time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=414.02,416.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these units have to operate intermittently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=416.95,420.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in the proper order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=420.64,422.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=422.28,424.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this one will be instructed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=424.01,426.449"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=426.449,428.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"receive first,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=428.3,430.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when this one adds and then this one will subtract,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=430.43,434.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when this one is to receive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=434.16,436.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So here is a representation of the program loop,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=436.13,440.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will cause these to add and subtract back and forth in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=440.75,444.059"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the car, responding in proper order.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=444.059,447.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we can have the lights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=455.735,457.985"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I I've mentioned that at the Nassau,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=460.42,462.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've suggested to markely,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=462.463,465.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the basic idea of acting as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=465.44,467.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an office machine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=467.95,469.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could be converted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=469.56,471.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So is to make it a machine that could do the work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=471.4,475.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what was then the most powerful computer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=475.81,478.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The differential analyzer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=478.65,480.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only it would do the work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=480.44,482.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of small steps working with numbers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=483.02,487.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than as a continuous mode of operation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=487.38,491.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me give you the exact quotation. And then in conclusion,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=492.81,497.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indicate briefly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=497.17,498.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how add to Nassau, might've worked out his idea,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=499.7,502.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The quotation of the letter that ad to Nassau sent to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=504.18,507.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Markley.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=507.39,508.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The key part is this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=509.3,510.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I suddenly obtained an idea, at the Nassau says,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=510.87,514.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to how the computing machine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=514.48,516.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we are building can be converted into an intel graph.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=516.32,520.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Intel graph was another name for the differential analyzer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=520.9,524.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the differential analyzer really integrates it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=524.21,526.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't differentiate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=526.59,527.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Its action would be analogous to numerical integration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=529.89,533.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not like that or the Bush intel graph,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=533.58,535.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is of course an analog machine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=535.71,538.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that Nassau was the first to make the distinction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=538.26,540.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between an analog and digital computer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=540.81,543.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it would be very rapid in the steps in the numerical,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=543.77,546.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integration could be made arbitrarily small.,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=546.7,549.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by making the Delta's arbitrarily small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=549.63,552.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It should therefore equal a Bush machine and speed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=552.89,556.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Excel it inaccuracy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=556.08,557.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what I've shown you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=559.61,560.766"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indicates that Markley took at the Nassau on conversion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=560.766,565.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very literally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=565.61,567.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"replacing each of the integrators,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=567.21,569.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the differential analyzer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=569.74,571.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=571.75,573.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An Accumulator.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=573.02,574.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's how the architecture of the Aniak came about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=574.58,577.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think, add to Nassau,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=578.92,581.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"met his suggestion more imaginatively.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=581.21,584.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let me just speculate briefly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=584.05,586.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on what he might have done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=586.23,589.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you'd go back and look at the architecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=589.1,592.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do I have another slide that shows that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=592.31,595.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can we have the lights out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=595.57,597.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You'll see that as Nassau office architecture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=597.25,599.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a highly centralized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=599.93,603.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Architecture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=603.16,604.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is the main memory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=604.37,606.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here is the input,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=607.94,609.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intermediate input and 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I thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=915.62,918.028"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=918.028,920.278"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Arthur's agreed to answer any 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-:\u003c/strong\u003e I guess I should add as a postscript that in this conflict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=947.23,952.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what happened here at Iowa state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=952.82,955.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when Mark Lee visited Iowa 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We knew of course of the binary system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1009.43,1013.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we knew of at the Nassau should work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1013.27,1015.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he used the binary 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main,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1400.72,1404.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"source of business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1404.14,1405.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The suit was finally...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1405.6,1407.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are two basic issues then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1408.73,1410.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The linearity of the patent of an antitrust,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1410.97,1413.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the judge decided the patent was invalid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1413.42,1416.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partly for derivation for Matt Nassau,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1416.6,1419.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there were other reasons as well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1419.18,1420.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such as public use and on sale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1420.59,1423.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He did not decide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1424.34,1426.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there was any antitrust violation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1426.75,1430.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in that sense, it was a standoff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1430.06,1432.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But Sperry ran paid several million dollars to Honeywell,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1432.17,1437.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in return for which Honeywell agreed not to appeal,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1437.05,1439.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the antitrust decision. So in that sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1439.95,1442.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Honeywell won the suit and got back more or less,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1442.85,1445.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of the money that it had put into the suit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1445.7,1448.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at the Nassau received no benefits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1448.91,1452.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He did try to intervene in that suit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1452.73,1455.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He did try to intervene in a suit in Baltimore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1455.2,1458.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which involved the regeneration principle I referred to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1458.05,1461.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But in the end, this intervention wasn't allowed well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1463.42,1468.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the judge didn't allow it in Minneapolis because it was too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1469.24,1472.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"late,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1472.44,1473.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Baltimore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1473.37,1475.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the end, I think in the Baltimore suit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1476.33,1479.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNIVAC was trying to collect on the mercury delay line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1479.77,1483.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patent and they dropped the case so that nothing happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1483.45,1487.025"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1487.025,1487.858"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Back there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1490.65,1491.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1494.482,1496.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e He went out to California and worked during the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1496.52,1501.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He went West while at Nassau Wendy's,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1501.29,1503.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he then came back to Iowa state,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1503.7,1505.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and finished his PhD in physics here in the late forties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1505.47,1510.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I guess he went back to California,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1510.72,1512.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and worked a while.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1512.74,1513.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then he went to New York and worked in computer work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1513.59,1518.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a consultant, for example on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1518.39,1521.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the large computer that IBM made right after the war,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1521.0,1525.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was the kind of clues you have electronic computing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1525.61,1528.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and punch card computing and relay computing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1528.69,1531.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then he died around 1960, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1531.48,1535.142"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1535.142,1537.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1537.92,1538.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1538.753,1541.144"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That is interesting. And what town?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1546.41,1548.596"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1548.596,1550.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1550.11,1550.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any other questions or comments?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1556.62,1558.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1561.92,1563.992"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1563.992,1566.242"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, informal con conversation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1572.9,1574.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alison Arthur will be out in four years...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=1574.74,1577.807"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22670/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/670/original/AV203313_Atanasoff_and_the_ENIAC_b.vtt?1613498333","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/022/670/original/AV203313_Atanasoff_and_the_ENIAC_b.vtt?1613498333"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22671","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203313_Atanasoff_and_the_ENIAC_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702/transcript/22671/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The differential gear, which is used here is an add subtract mechanism. Every time you drive around a corner, your differential gear is busy computing how to keep the rear wheels from slipping. And another element of your car the torque amplifier or power steering was used in connection with the integrators in a way that's better explained on this diagram. Here is an integrator with a torque amplifier or power steering. The basic idea of the integrator can be shown best I'll go forward and then later come back in this diagram. And the integrator has two inputs. The function to be integrated and, the, delta x, or variable of integration. The delta x controls the rotation of this glass disc. The function to be integrated, controls the distance from the center of the glass disc, to, this metal disc, by moving this whole flash disc on a table back and forth. The output, the integral of YDX is given by the rotations of this metal wheel, which is riding on that glass disc. Now of course, that, little metal wheel riding on the glass disc, has to drive all of these metal shafts and heavy shafts and gears. And if you didn't do something to ease its slowed, the metal disc would just slip all over, the place and you'd have no accuracy. You solve that problem by putting power steering or torque amplifier here, so that a very small, small rotation force our tart, at this point will drive the heavy load that follows. Let's go back to the preceding slide, where you can see the integrator now, here is the glass disc. It sits on this table, which can be moved forward and backward, according to the function that's being integrated. And the rotation of the disc is controlled by this shaft. And that represents the variable of integration the DX, and here is the metal disc, which is driving this torque amplifier, which then drives into that Bay. A, integrator is a gear shift in, the following sense that the position, Of this table with respect to that wheel, determines the ratio of rotation speed of this disc, To rotation speed of that disc. And of course, when you shift gears manually, you're changing the rotation ratio of the motor shaft to, the wheel driving shaft. Okay. What I want to show next is a comparison of how the same, problem put on the end yak. Looked when put on the differential analyzer in terms of differential equations, DY equals ZDT, or Y equals the integral of ZDT. And these E equal minus YDT, or Z equals minus the integral of YDT. These are basically the forms of solving these second, YDT, second, equals a constant. And the solution of that differential equation, is a sign, or co-sign. That's a nice off suggested, that whereas the differential analyzer, was, analog or continuous, his machine would work with small differences. Delta T. Delta Y. Delta Z. And these are the same equation written, in the form of small differences. The solution is that this will give you the sign of D, and this will give you the co-sign of D. And what I'll show you next, is the patent of interconnection. of these two different machines, for solving basically the same thing, the analyzer doing it continuously, the... Aniak doing it, discretely in terms of small steps. This is the analyzer. Basically you, take time, as the variable, which rotates the glass disk in both cases, then you take the output, of one integrator, reverse its signs through gears, and make it the input of the other integrator. And then you just reverse that coming back without a reversal, without reversing the sign. So you'll have a, a loop like this that goes completely around in terms of Babbage if you've heard of him and his idea of his difference engine eating its tail, that's essentially what you have is we'll see it in the next slide, on the Aniak. And this solution will be, that here, the sign will come out and here the co-sign will come up. Now, keeping that picture in mind, we go next to a diagram showing how the Aniak was set up. And look here first at the top part, that this accumulator, will subtract out its number into this accumulator, and then this accumulator will add out it's numbered into this accumulator. As we take the number from one accumulator to the other, we transpose the wires. So as to get a Delta T of perhaps 0.01, moving the decimal wires over two positions, and likewise going back. So this accumulator will calculate sign this accumulator with calculate co-sign. This structure is analogous, to what you saw on the differential analyzer. But whereas all of the units of the differential analyzer, operated simultaneously in a digital computer, a unit can't send and receive at the same time. So these units have to operate intermittently, and in the proper order. So that, this one will be instructed, to, receive first, when this one adds and then this one will subtract, when this one is to receive. So here is a representation of the program loop, which will cause these to add and subtract back and forth in the car, responding in proper order. Now we can have the lights. So I I've mentioned that at the Nassau, I've suggested to markely, that the basic idea of acting as an office machine, could be converted. So is to make it a machine that could do the work, of what was then the most powerful computer, The differential analyzer, only it would do the work, in terms of small steps working with numbers, rather than as a continuous mode of operation. Let me give you the exact quotation. And then in conclusion, indicate briefly, how add to Nassau, might've worked out his idea, The quotation of the letter that ad to Nassau sent to Markley. The key part is this. I suddenly obtained an idea, at the Nassau says, as to how the computing machine, which we are building can be converted into an intel graph. Intel graph was another name for the differential analyzer, because the differential analyzer really integrates it doesn't differentiate. Its action would be analogous to numerical integration, and not like that or the Bush intel graph, which is of course an analog machine. And that Nassau was the first to make the distinction between an analog and digital computer. But it would be very rapid in the steps in the numerical, integration could be made arbitrarily small., by making the Delta's arbitrarily small. It should therefore equal a Bush machine and speed, and Excel it inaccuracy. Now what I've shown you, indicates that Markley took at the Nassau on conversion. Very literally, replacing each of the integrators, of the differential analyzer, by, An Accumulator. And that's how the architecture of the Aniak came about. I think, add to Nassau, met his suggestion more imaginatively. And let me just speculate briefly, on what he might have done. If you'd go back and look at the architecture. Do I have another slide that shows that, can we have the lights out? You'll see that as Nassau office architecture, is a highly centralized, Architecture. Here is the main memory. Here is the input, intermediate input and output. There is the final, output on some read on the dials. Here is the, arithmetic, unit. This arithmetic unit, is a serial error. Is a vector adder, which takes, up to 30 numbers. And, in parallel subtracts or adds them, from another 30 numbers until the co-efficient is eliminated. One mic convert, this parallel, arithmetic unit into a serial, arithmetic unit. As was the case, in the ed back the first stored program computer. In other words, taking, a number from this, a single number from this dumb drama, single number from this drams, selecting those numbers, adding, subtracting, multiplying them, and then putting a number back on a drum or taking, two numbers simultaneously off of this drum and putting, the number, which resulted from addition, subtraction, multiplication, whatever, back on a different channel of that drum. One might put all of the numbers on this drum and put the program sequence, for the operations on the other. Dram. And then what one would need to do is convert, this control equipment, into a controlled in the more modern sense, which could interpret instructions coming off of that drum. In other words, the basic architecture of at Nassau machine, which is highly centralized in contrast to the very, decentralized architecture of any act, is very much like, the centralized architecture of the, first door program, computers. And thus at Nassau the machine, it was not far from his machine, do a stored program computer, with drum memory. Let me now assess at nassau offs overall contributions, to electronic computing, The idea of general purpose electronic digital computing, was considered independently, in the late 1930s, in three places. First by at the Nassau at Iowa state. Second by Bush and his coworkers at MIT. And third something I haven't mentioned before by Schrier and Zeus zeusain in Berlin. But only the first the work of add to Nassau led to our modern computer revolution. There was a causal chain, the main sequence of developments each leading to the next that produced in rapid succession. The first electronic computer, built by at an Nassau off here. The vers general purpose electronic computer, the Aniak it's the university of Pennsylvania and the first door program computers. The ad vac and the AIS variety. And conclusion. Let me repeat, at the Nassau's off contribution, to this causal chain, because of their great importance. Since this causal chain introduced our modern computer revolution. At the Nassau created the first electronic computer. It included also the idea of drum storage, and sickly regeneration. And it included the concept of a bullion serial ladder, at the Nassau suggested the second step. And his suggestion led directly to the Aniak the first general purpose programmable, electronic digital computer. And any act itself led directly, to the first stored program computer. To which add to Nassau also contributed, with the cyclic regeneration. of the first large memory storage, and the bullion serial adder, which was the basis of the unit, of the first stored program computer. So in conclusion concerning the causal chain, which produced our modern computer revolution, at the Nassau off created the first step, he suggested the second step, and he made key contributions to the third step. Iowa state can be very proud that it was the home of these accomplishments. I thank you.\r\n\r\n- Arthur's agreed to answer any questions, or field, any comments, and any of you would like to make at this point,\r\n\r\n- I guess I should add as a postscript that in this conflict of what happened here at Iowa state, when Mark Lee visited Iowa state, he agreed that he had visited active Nassau off. He agreed he was here for three or four days, that the judge ruled. That, at the Nassau story was essentially correct. And that because of this, that the ENAC had been derived from, at the Nassau office machine, and that this derivation was a sufficient reason for invalidating the ENAC patent. Or other reasons as well, but this was a sufficient reason.\r\n\r\n- Are there any questions or comments?\r\n\r\n- The question is with the NAI decimal, or a binary, it was decimal. We knew of course of the binary system, because we knew of at the Nassau should work, and he used the binary system. But the Aniak was based on decimal counters. Each of the accumulators had 10 decimal counters, so that the 10 digits could be stored and it processed these digits. But within a digit, it was a sequence of pulses, from zero to 9 pulses or 10 pulses, sometimes when you complimented, but all sequences of pulses float at the same time. So one of those trays you saw was actually about this wide and had, 11 wires in it, 10 for decimal digits and one wire for the sign. This was done, in order to avoid the conversion, that was, required, in the ad to Nassau off machine. What was not realized at the time was, that well of course, you could always program this conversion, and it might've been a better design, to design any act binary and then program the conversion.\r\n\r\n- At Nassau off? At Nassau off, took his PhD at Wisconsin. He came here as a graduate student, I think originally in mathematics, is that right Elvis? And then gradually shifted over. He was, I believe professor of both math and physics, at least at one time. And then he took off not very long time, something like a year and went to Wisconsin, but one year and took his courses. He actually entered in the middle of a quarter, but nevertheless took the courses, and passed them and wrote his thesis there. He wrote his thesis under van Fleck, who not long after, after Nassau got his degree around 1931. Van black went to Harvard university and later won the Nobel prize there, and actually went out to Nassau, went to the digital computer museum to give his pioneer lecture two or three years ago. He was going to invite van black to come to hear him. The van black died just a few months before , at Nassau gave of his lecture. Yes, Definitely patentable. And indeed his, description of the machine, the description that Mark Lee, read, and took notes on, and was allowed to take the notes away, though at Nassau off would not let him, take a copy of the memorandum. because at a Nassau was trying then to get it bad. I think that description and the diagrams is with it, would in themselves have been adequate far a patent, the one has to add the claims, but hadn't SRF had lots of other diagrams as well. And other descriptions very wrote a description for example, which supplements the information in that original 19... And of course it was immensely more valuable then, than at the time it was applied for, because the computer industry had expanded, maybe a thousand fold. It's very ran began to ask for royalties on this patent and they asked for a half percent royalties. And so they asked the Honeywell for $20 million. Well, one doesn't pay $20 million royalties without doing, a little historical research. So Honeywell did look into the matter, and they got ahold of Richard's book. Richards had been a student here and knew of the machine and his book on computers. One of the first of the late 18... 1950's. Mentions at Nashville's machine give a brief description. And so they located at Nassau off at one stage, the, UNIVAC, it's very ran lawyers. One of the lawyers and Lee went down to visit after Nassau of at his present home in Frederick, to talk with him about it. And at Nass Markley had given the lawyer, the impression that after Nassau would support Markley's story, that he had not derived from adenitis off. And they spent the whole better part of the whole day there. At Nassau made very clear at the beginning, that he could not support Mark Lee's story. But after the lawyer left in the afternoon, my mockery stayed around, I think through dinner. So yes, they were on speaking terms.\r\n\r\n- Yes,\r\n\r\n- No.\r\n\r\n- The basic situation was this, that on the same day, that you unit that UNIVAC per Sperry Rand, or actually they set up a dummy corporation in Chicago called scientific development company to collect, on this any act patent. The same day that Barry ran sued Honeywell for $20 million royalty in Washington. Honeywell sued Sperry Rand, for anti-trust $20 million damages, claiming triple damages or 60 million. That's why I mentioned the figure 60 million. Actually the Washington suit came before the court of judge John Sirica better known for his, participation in judicial matters involving politics. And he decided to send the suit out to, Minneapolis combine it with the other suit. I used to say, when he saw the thick Aniakk patent, this thick, he wanted to get rid of the work, but he actually told that to Nassau. that he felt it more appropriate to be in Minnesota because, in Washington, neither Honeywell, nor UNIVAC had its main, source of business. The suit was finally... There are two basic issues then, The linearity of the patent of an antitrust, and the judge decided the patent was invalid. partly for derivation for Matt Nassau, but there were other reasons as well, such as public use and on sale. He did not decide, that there was any antitrust violation. So in that sense, it was a standoff. But Sperry ran paid several million dollars to Honeywell, in return for which Honeywell agreed not to appeal, the antitrust decision. So in that sense. Honeywell won the suit and got back more or less, all of the money that it had put into the suit, but at the Nassau received no benefits. He did try to intervene in that suit. He did try to intervene in a suit in Baltimore, which involved the regeneration principle I referred to. But in the end, this intervention wasn't allowed well, the judge didn't allow it in Minneapolis because it was too late, in Baltimore. In the end, I think in the Baltimore suit, UNIVAC was trying to collect on the mercury delay line patent and they dropped the case so that nothing happened there. Back there.\r\n\r\n- He went out to California and worked during the war. He went West while at Nassau Wendy's, he then came back to Iowa state, and finished his PhD in physics here in the late forties. And then I guess he went back to California, and worked a while. And then he went to New York and worked in computer work. He was a consultant, for example on, the large computer that IBM made right after the war, which was the kind of clues you have electronic computing and punch card computing and relay computing. And then he died around 1960, I think.\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- That is interesting. And what town? I see. Any other questions or comments?\r\n\r\n- Well, thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- Well, informal con conversation. Alison Arthur will be out in four years...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/36605/file/105702#t=0.0,1592.92082"}]}]}]}