{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/nz80k2741v/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Belk, Russell W., Decoding American Consumption--Holidays, Christmas and Halloween"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203884 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Decoding American Consumption--Holidays, Christmas and Halloween is a November 30, 1989 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Russell Belk. Russell Belk discusses the symbolism of holiday celebrations.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w9sq8qp2b"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1989-11-30"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Belk, Russell W. 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Textiles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=7.91,10.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Clothing and Marketing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=10.46,12.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with support from a number of other places,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=12.26,14.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including the Textiles and Clothing Graduate Student Club,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=14.36,18.045"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anthropology, Family Environment, Sociology 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Lectures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=25.57,28.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is funded by GSB.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=28.34,31.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pretty exhaustive list, but I wanted to make sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=31.01,32.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that everyone got mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=32.73,34.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Belk is our speaker this evening,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=34.44,37.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he is the N. Elden Tanner Professor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=37.17,40.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Business Administration at the University of Utah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=40.42,43.864"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He is a widely published and recognized scholar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=43.864,47.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the area of consumer behavior research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=47.34,50.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His presentations often extend 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Association,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=55.53,59.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Winterthur Museum Conference on Material Culture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=59.84,64.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=64.72,69.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Society for Economic Anthropology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=69.95,73.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to name a few.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=73.43,74.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"His books include \"Advances in Nonprofit Marketing\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=74.93,79.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and \"Highways and Buyways,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=79.37,81.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's B-U-Y in buyways,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=81.26,84.207"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Naturalistic Research from the Consumer Behavior Odyssey.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=84.207,88.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I just like to also mention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=88.81,91.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we will have a reception following this evening's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=91.21,94.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lecture, and it is in room 398 of this building,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=94.4,98.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and everyone is welcome to join.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=98.77,100.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at this time, would you please join me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=100.84,103.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in welcoming Dr. Russell Belk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=103.14,105.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=105.233,108.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Dr. Belk:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Vicky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=110.34,111.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the risk of losing a few of you in a little bit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=111.49,113.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I'll turn down the lights a little bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=113.78,116.804"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what I'd like to talk about tonight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=116.804,119.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are two holidays that we're right between","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=119.93,122.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Halloween and Christmas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=122.46,124.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said, I think I'll take that in the reverse order","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=124.31,126.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and begin looking at Christmas first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=126.45,128.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both of these are based on ongoing studies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=128.86,131.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I probably put more years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=131.92,133.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in looking at Christmas at this point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=133.65,135.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than have spent two or three years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=135.49,136.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at Halloween so far.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=136.84,138.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In doing research on a holiday, an annual holiday,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=138.82,142.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not something that you can go 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Christmas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=156.69,159.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and its predominant myth, Santa Claus in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=159.06,162.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And let me show you just this and another view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=162.98,165.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Santa Claus that are perhaps a little less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=165.6,167.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the traditional way that we think about 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=177.67,180.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or to get you thinking in different ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=180.31,181.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a Hawaiian Santa Claus in a hula skirt and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=181.81,186.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a pineapple in one hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=186.16,188.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of combining again a non-traditional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=188.69,191.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aspect of Christmas, at least,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=191.33,193.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the way that we normally think about Santa Claus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=193.22,196.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a Santa Claus myth that's alive and well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=196.3,199.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I 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this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=202.98,204.732"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if you were born in this country and,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=204.732,207.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and brought up regardless of 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children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=222.83,224.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just children of a particular country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=224.03,225.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but all the world 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horse,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=308.36,313.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so Santa Lucia, St. Nicholas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=315.09,317.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christkindl, and the Three 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all??","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=826.3,830.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well I think for a clue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=830.03,831.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we might consider the notion of 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There's then a trial and persecution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=870.62,874.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that figure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=874.06,875.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a last scene, sort of a dying 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advertising,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1191.69,1194.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which have featured Coke consistently every year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1194.33,1197.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now Santa Claus is showing up on Coke cans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1197.65,1200.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but has been used primarily in magazine advertising","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1200.13,1202.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a period of almost 50 years now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1202.71,1205.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, just over 50 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1205.62,1207.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They also come from Thomas Nast's portrayals of Santa 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rotund.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1233.73,1237.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is no longer a little elephant figure at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1237.06,1240.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He's filled with toys, he's smoking a 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holiday,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1609.41,1611.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one which has, over time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1611.56,1613.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of evolved into a more and more tolerated 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consumers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1632.62,1635.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that by believing that in things like happiness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1635.85,1639.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or happiness is the next purchase 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symbol,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1703.55,1706.876"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and has changed from the European figures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1706.876,1709.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at the same time, Santa Claus is 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now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1714.5,1717.985"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even though the percentage of Japan that is Christian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1717.985,1722.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a minuscule percent of the population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1722.02,1724.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least the secular figure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1724.98,1726.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but none of the religious aspects of the 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Claus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1736.03,1738.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah. Similar as Santa Claus and Christ may be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1740.64,1744.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in parallels between their stories,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1744.08,1747.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think that either of those 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another.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1755.497,1758.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's another source of tension,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1758.47,1760.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there's another dominant motif for 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okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1773.15,1774.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was I going to show you is just four quick slides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1774.25,1776.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a house in 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on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1781.43,1783.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and look at that other mystery myth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1783.01,1785.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in this case, you can see that, outside of the 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Every inch of it with lights,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1790.02,1792.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she adds new things each year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1792.41,1794.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and inside the house, it's similarly 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show.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1818.89,1821.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She has people who go through her house to tour it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1822.11,1824.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and she opens it up to them, donate 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time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1830.26,1833.007"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the interesting things is if you're able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1833.007,1835.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see this at all closely, it's the number of off-brands,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1835.4,1837.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"private brands, that are a part of these donations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1837.96,1840.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than the name good 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Now, to move to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1849.79,1851.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the final you know, the Christmas-involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=1853.067,1855.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I'd like to 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Thanksgiving.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2341.67,2343.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They must be saying something quite different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2343.46,2345.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here are some of the questions that I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2346.65,2348.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are fascinating about Halloween,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2348.35,2350.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we might begin to consider.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2350.203,2352.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What, why do adults give children Halloween treats?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2352.67,2356.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If these children are threatening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2356.45,2359.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to become handles and do property destruction,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2359.1,2362.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why pay them off with things?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2362.87,2364.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adults are bigger, we don't necessarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2364.36,2366.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to put up with that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2366.37,2368.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, why did children wear costumes to do that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2368.09,2370.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the threat is really property damage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2370.71,2372.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't they do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2372.99,2374.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially if they're going into stranger's houses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2374.12,2375.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not have the masks on, not have the costumes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2375.93,2379.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thirdly, why are certain types of costumes chosen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2379.81,2383.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Both traditional costumes of ghosts and witches","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2383.07,2385.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and skeletons and so forth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2385.7,2387.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and non-traditional costumes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2387.47,2389.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like Jason from \"Friday the 13th\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2389.77,2392.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Michael from \"Halloween,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2392.13,2393.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of course the sequels to all of these.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2393.83,2396.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I, I went to an adult party, not this year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2396.6,2398.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but last year, where one of the more clever costumes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2398.86,2401.516"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think very few people recognized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2401.516,2403.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was William Randolph Hearst, and Marion Davies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2403.72,2407.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adults in particular, getting into costuming as we'll see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2407.01,2410.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increasingly at Halloween as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2410.36,2412.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why those costumes though?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2412.1,2413.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fifth or fourth, I guess,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2414.498,2416.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why do we frighten ourselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2416.71,2417.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly at Halloween by going to scary movies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2417.93,2421.037"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is that all about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2421.037,2422.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we intentionally try to frighten ourselves, apparently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2422.49,2425.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fifth, why the legends of contaminated candy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2426.9,2429.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they are just that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2429.36,2431.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Studies that have followed through the urban folklore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2431.12,2434.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"urban legends of contaminated candy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2434.81,2437.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apples with razorblades in them and pins and needles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2437.82,2440.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that things at the hospitals will x-ray for children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2440.81,2443.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have found one legitimate instance of that happening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2443.51,2446.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that wasn't a hoax or a fraud or something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2446.59,2448.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the child put in just to gain attention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2448.84,2451.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that was within the family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2451.05,2452.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It wasn't a stranger, a mysterious other out there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2452.68,2455.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was a father who poisoned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2455.32,2457.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and killed his child in Texas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2457.09,2459.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by putting I believe strychnine in a tube of candy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2459.32,2462.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the child had already collected for Halloween.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2462.21,2465.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And yet this story of the poison candy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2465.2,2468.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the adult sadist who's injuring children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2468.45,2472.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has changed and is changing our Halloween celebration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2472.07,2475.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why now? What is that all about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2475.83,2477.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Number six, why is adult participation increasing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2479.01,2481.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As children are increasingly reigned in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2481.96,2484.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we'll see at Halloween,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2484.21,2485.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adults are increasingly taking over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2485.63,2487.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of the Halloween celebration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2487.97,2490.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why, what's that about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2490.13,2492.152"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally, as another example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2492.152,2494.534"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how does celebrations of Halloween","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2494.534,2496.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differ between males and females?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2496.83,2498.898"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How do they differ between age 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thoroughly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2506.27,2508.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In trying to ground the research,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2509.53,2511.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've examined the number of fairly diverse literatures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2511.7,2514.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is in fact, a fair amount that has been written","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2514.86,2517.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been done in terms of preliminary research on Halloween","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2517.64,2521.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's really quite scattered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2521.65,2522.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not in a single 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sciences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2527.58,2529.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and literary and film criticisms are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2529.41,2531.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are some of the main sources that have been useful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2531.34,2533.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the topics that have been useful are also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2534.89,2537.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite far flung, and I won't go through all of these,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2537.09,2539.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but maybe a couple that might appear to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2539.91,2542.436"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less readily interpretable than the others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2542.436,2545.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Number eight, Liminality relates to a notion of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2545.67,2548.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Victor Turner, that, at various points in time and space,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2548.61,2553.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are sort of removed from the constraints","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2553.1,2555.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of everyday life, we're betwixt and between,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2555.32,2557.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in his words, various statuses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2557.41,2559.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rites of passage tend to do that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2559.84,2561.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we're passing from one status into another.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2561.84,2564.896"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pilgrimages tend to do 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well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2573.64,2577.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That has something to do with Halloween as we'll 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comparisons","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2584.72,2586.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deserve a word or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2586.56,2588.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are related holidays, as we'll see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2588.01,2589.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some related holidays in Ireland and Scotland,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2589.91,2592.635"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some in Mexico and South America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2592.635,2596.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dia de los Muertos being one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2596.22,2598.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that involves, it's a pre-Colombian holiday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2598.36,2600.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not Christian in its origin at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2600.683,2603.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But has a lot in common with Halloween,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2603.67,2606.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is also not Christian in origin,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2606.31,2608.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but is very different than the way that it came about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2608.31,2611.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially from Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2611.62,2612.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In terms of how to do the analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2613.99,2616.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or what I put together so far,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2616.7,2618.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm relying on both primary data that I've collected,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2618.18,2622.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quantitative and qualitative as well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2622.26,2624.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and secondary data of those same sorts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2624.57,2628.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically, alternating between them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2628.06,2630.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Following up a particular cue, which might lead me to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2630.69,2633.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or clue, which might lead me to another literature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2633.57,2635.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which might lead me to do a little bit further study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2635.59,2638.222"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with people that I'm talking to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2638.222,2640.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically beginning without any a priori dispositions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2640.35,2643.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what the explanation or explanations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2643.56,2646.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Halloween really are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2646.12,2648.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Initially sort of immersing myself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2648.26,2649.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spending some Halloweens observing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2649.96,2651.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going out with children, going to adult parties,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2651.84,2654.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then beginning to talk to people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2654.34,2656.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I gathered some qualitative data,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2656.53,2658.205"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did some questionnaire surveys, and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2658.205,2661.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, an iterative and a continuous process","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2661.46,2664.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of forming an explanation and then testing it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2664.04,2666.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then reformulating it, testing it further and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2666.57,2670.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Primarily qualitative data,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2670.57,2672.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both verbal and interviewing people and visual,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2672.2,2675.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some photography, some videotaping involved,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2675.04,2677.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of some of these activities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2677.83,2679.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as some of the interviews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2679.58,2681.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, to start an explanation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2681.98,2683.674"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the groundwork for an explanation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2683.674,2686.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are some useful things in looking at historically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2686.12,2689.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where Halloween has come from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2689.29,2690.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2692.57,2694.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Celts have a holiday that was celebrated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2695.55,2697.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on November 1st called Samhain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2697.72,2700.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It looks like it's, oh, there's various spellings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2700.3,2702.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spelled Sam-haim,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2702.92,2704.371"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Samhain is the pronunciation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2704.371,2706.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it has a lot to do with some of the contemporary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2706.9,2709.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Christmas practices that we still observe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2709.61,2711.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not only the timing, but also it was a time when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2711.48,2714.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the dead were believed to come back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2714.69,2716.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Samhain, which is variously interpreted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2716.33,2718.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be summers end, also was the Lord of the Dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2718.92,2722.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at this particular time of year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2722.26,2724.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 1st of November,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2724.54,2725.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the spirits of the dead would come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2725.9,2727.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the households where they'd originated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2727.44,2729.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and would seek gifts, would seek food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2729.53,2732.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would revisit the families that they had come from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2732.74,2736.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can see some of the imagery of skeletons and ghosts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2736.11,2738.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and death certainly being present in Christmas today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2738.52,2741.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, in the ninth and 10th centuries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2741.87,2744.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Christian Church realized, the Catholic Church realized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2744.64,2748.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it was foolish to try to fight pagan holidays,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2748.1,2751.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but rather they should try to take advantage of them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2751.71,2754.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to co-op them, to take them over in various ways.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2754.26,2757.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so first, first with All Saints Day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=2757.77,2759.963"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26005/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/005/original/AV203884_Decoding_American_Consumption_Holidays_Christmas_and_Halloween_a.vtt?1620667527","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/005/original/AV203884_Decoding_American_Consumption_Holidays_Christmas_and_Halloween_a.vtt?1620667527"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26006","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203884_Decoding_American_Consumption_Holidays_Christmas_and_Halloween_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717/transcript/26006/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Vicky] The speaker is being sponsored by the Departments of the Textiles and Clothing and Marketing, with support from a number of other places, including the Textiles and Clothing Graduate Student Club, Anthropology, Family Environment, Sociology Management, Hotel Restaurant and Institution Management, Philosophy, Economics and the Committee on Lectures, which is funded by GSB. Pretty exhaustive list, but I wanted to make sure that everyone got mentioned. Dr. Belk is our speaker this evening, and he is the N. Elden Tanner Professor of Business Administration at the University of Utah. He is a widely published and recognized scholar in the area of consumer behavior research. His presentations often extend beyond the discipline of business administration to such groups as the American Studies Association, the Winterthur Museum Conference on Material Culture, the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology and the Society for Economic Anthropology, just to name a few. His books include \"Advances in Nonprofit Marketing\" and \"Highways and Buyways, that's B-U-Y in buyways, \"Naturalistic Research from the Consumer Behavior Odyssey.\" And I just like to also mention that we will have a reception following this evening's lecture, and it is in room 398 of this building, and everyone is welcome to join. And at this time, would you please join me in welcoming Dr. Russell Belk.\r\n\r\n- [Dr. Belk] Thank you, Vicky. At the risk of losing a few of you in a little bit, I think I'll turn down the lights a little bit. And what I'd like to talk about tonight, are two holidays that we're right between Halloween and Christmas. I said, I think I'll take that in the reverse order and begin looking at Christmas first. Both of these are based on ongoing studies. I think I probably put more years in looking at Christmas at this point, than have spent two or three years looking at Halloween so far. In doing research on a holiday, an annual holiday, it's not something that you can go out and gather data on every day. And so it's a very busy time at these two times of year as we go out and find out what's happening. But the rest of the times of the year, it's very difficult to find out too much about them. Let me begin by looking at Christmas, and its predominant myth, Santa Claus in America. And let me show you just this and another view of Santa Claus that are perhaps a little less than the traditional way that we think about them. This was have your pet's picture taken with Santa Claus that the Humane Society is starting to organize in various cities around the country, to maybe loosen your thinking about what Santa Claus is or to get you thinking in different ways. This is a Hawaiian Santa Claus in a hula skirt and with a pineapple in one hand, sort of combining again a non-traditional aspect of Christmas, at least, the way that we normally think about Santa Claus. There's a Santa Claus myth that's alive and well, and I think, this is gonna be impossible to read in the back but I'll, I'll sort of go over this, that if you were born in this country and, and brought up regardless of religion or area of the country, I think you know the myth well, but the elements sort of go like this, or at least at this time they do. Santa Claus lives with Mrs. Santa at the North pole. Secondly, the elves help make toys for the world's children, not just children of a particular country, but all the world over. Santa Claus wears a coat, baggy pants, mittens and a stocking cap all in red with white fur trim, plus a wide black belt and black boots. For, on Christmas Eve, Santa Claus loads his bag of toys and departs in a magical sleigh pulled by flying reindeer. This may seem a little strange as we get into some of these aspects of the myth. Fifth, Santa Claus lands on rooftops and enters via the chimney to leave small treats in the stockings that are hung up by the fireplace mantle, plus gifts beneath the tree addressed separately to each child in the family. Number six, Santa Claus eats the offerings of cookies and milk and, that the children have left, and then ascends up the chimney and continues his work, round the world mission. And number seven, he returns to the North Pole, where he reads children's requests, monitors their behavior to see if they've been bad or good and sees to next year, starts preparing the toys or having his assistants, the elves, prepare them. Now, this is a uniquely American myth. There are obviously European predecessors, and they're not the same as Santa Claus. Compared to Santa Claus, there are these major differences and a couple of others. Santa Claus lacks, lacks the religious associations of some of the European figures, who would have a Bishop's miter and robe and would ride in on a horse, and so Santa Lucia, St. Nicholas, Christkindl, and the Three Kings, all have that more religious connotation to them than our American Santa Claus. Secondly, Santa Claus lacks the spirit of riotous rebelliousness that figures like Saturn from the Roman Saturnalia that was based on an earlier Greek ceremony, and the German [Foreign Language] would have. This is a more jolly sort of figure. It doesn't have the sort of riotousness, however, that the rebelliousness that the earlier predecessor figures did. Thirdly, Santa Claus, as we know him, and as he mostly is enacted to American children, doesn't have the sort of punitive nature that some of the other European figures, like the Dutch Sinterklaas and have, or again Saint Nicholas Santa Claus threatens to punish, but never really does. In this contemporary decade, the Santa Claus does not leave switches or coal, or punish children in any way, but merely rewards them, despite that somewhat hollow threat that he will. Fourthly, Santa Claus is more tangible and real than his earlier European counterparts because he appears frequently in stores, malls, street corners, and of course, the homes of Americans with small children And finally, Santa Claus brings numerous and substantial gifts, in this materialistic age, rather than the simple fruits and nuts again, of predecessor figures. So, Santa Claus has not only made a transition but has made a market jump to a new persona. The myth in America is not like, and is not merely a transposition geographically of the earlier European men. We might also look briefly at some of the prior interpretations of Santa that have been offered in various sorts of literatures. One would be a naturist, a naturist, or a naturalistic explanation that Santa Claus is merely a personification of the winter solstice. That he symbolizes the change in seasons, and that that's why we have Santa Claus. There are a number of psychoanalytic explanations, some of which are progressively, perhaps as we go through this list, more fanciful. One is that Santa Claus is a magical fulfillment of our deepest wishes, including penis envy, is one of the psychoanalytic explanations that's been given. A second is that Santa Claus really serves to reveal the mysteries of birth to children, because the center for the chimney is really the symbolic representation of descending through the birth canal and becoming fully born as he emerges from the fireplace. Another explanation is that Santa is simply a fertility figure, and that's why he's so big, and has a big belly, that this is symbolizing pregnancy. Another explanation is that Santa enacts the aging anxiety of parents, that he acts a little bit like the Father Time figure that we have at at New Year's. And of course, within Freudian circles, Santa is seen as resolving Oedipal complexes, that this is a father figure, somehow. Another explanation within psychoanalytic circles is that parents are really sort of guilty about whether or not they deserve children's love. So rather than give gifts directly to the children, we sort of wash them through, or mediate them through Santa Claus, so that we don't have to feel that we're undeservingly receiving our children's love for giving things, when we're not really that giving in the first place. I'll relate a sort of explanation, psychoanalytically once again, is that Santa Claus helps reduce tensions of parental authority over children. By sort of having one time in the year when those bonds of authority are loosened, and here's another figure coming into the inner family circle. And finally, another psychoanalytic explanation, would be that Santa Claus is a father figure that allows males to get over the sexist male role image of not being particularly loving, nurturing people. That they can do it in this case, by dressing up as Santa Claus and enacting a warm, caring being. Finally, although not quite funny, there's one more slide. Prior explanations have also been moral in nature. One of them says that Santa Claus really represents the triumph of good over evil, or the battle between good and evil, as Santa Claus monitors good and evil behavior in the world. Another would suggest that Santa Claus is a very positive role image for children. He acts as a model of generosity, a model of charity, affection, devotion to children, goodwill, kindness, all of those being very positive virtues in our society. And another moral interpretation would be that Santa helps adults perpetuate the nostalgic myth of a golden age of childhood. We'd all like to imagine that, when we were children everything was wonderful, and we had no obligations. It was a time of delight and joy, and we can recreate that somehow by having this wonderful mythical giver figure, Santa Claus, come in once a year. Just a couple of other categories of explanation. Some sinister explanations and religious interpretations of Santa Claus. Among the sinister explanations, is the suggestion that Santa Claus is a dishonest means of controlling children's behavior. We have this external scapegoat figure who's going to be the threat that's held out, rather than the parents having to tell children during the Fall that they should behave, Santa Claus has made the scapegoat that's monitoring that behavior. Another negative or sinister interpretation would be that Santa Claus is a way of promoting dependency in children. And we'll see that that contrasts with Halloween for example, where children leave, learn to leave the household and go out and be independent. Whereas in this case, they're learning to depend upon this external authority figure for their rewards, which may or may not be negative, but it's been interpreted negatively. Another sort of scapegoat explanation is that, because parents can't give children everything that they want, they have children make those requests to Santa Claus, and then when those things are not forthcoming, well, it's not the parent's fault. Santa Claus must have seen something amiss in your behavior this year, thereby escaping blame, at least until the children learn the, the real story about Santa Claus. And finally, within sinister interpretations, that Santa Claus in our materialistic inquisitive culture, is the predominant symbol of that materialism. Acquisitive materialism being essentially what Santa Claus represents. A final category of religious interpretations have somewhat, even opposing, interpretations within them. One sees Santa Claus as the antichrist figure, a satanic figure who opposes the religious celebration of Christmas, has all of the commercial and somewhat evil associations due to him. Whereas, the good, pure motives associated with Christmas go to Christ, instead of Santa Claus. On the other hand, there's another interpretation that suggests Santa Claus is the one thing that in a, not certainly not completely Christian country, allow us to all celebrate Christmas together as a community because people can still pay attention to Santa Claus without endorsing the religious Christianity aspects of Christmas, a somewhat more positive religious interpretation. And a final religious interpretation would suggest that Santa Claus himself, is a sacred figure, not in a religious sense, but in the sense of commanding extraordinary awe and reverence and respect and having many of, in fact the same characteristics, that sacred religious figures are seen as having. Of these explanations, I think a couple of them are going to work their way into my interpretation of Santa Claus, more than others. That last one of seeing Santa Claus as a sacred figure is one of them. Also the notion that Santa Claus is associated with the acquisitive materialistic aspects of Christmas, is one that I think my interpretation will not hinge upon, but will incorporate as well. Who then is the American Santa Claus? If there are a variety of interpretations, and if Santa Claus is not the same as his European counterparts, what are we to make of this rather elaborate myth that is known by Americans virtually one and all?? Well I think for a clue, we might consider the notion of heroism and, particularly looking at a notion that Lord Raglin suggested in the 30th, and somewhat controversial lists, but not dissimilar to others, a hero in this view, and see if this sounds familiar, should be someone who has a distinguished or divine origin, who has various materials and mysterious portends present at birth, who has perils menacing his infancy, his or her, who engages in an initiation or a revelation of some sort, who goes on a quest, there's a magical contest to see whether the hero will succeed. There's then a trial and persecution of that figure. There's a last scene, sort of a dying scene. There's a violent or mysterious death. And then there's a resurrection or Ascension. And I think you can see that clearly Jesus Christ is the ultimate hero that fulfills essentially all of these criteria, and that may not sound particularly like the Santa Claus myth, as I initially laid it out, and as it's familiar to you, but that myth is an evolving one. It's a changing one. And it's been changing throughout the 20th century in this country. It was started perhaps by Clement Moore's \"The Night Before Christmas,\" and it was continued in, Frank Baum, who also wrote \"Wizard of Oz\", wrote a book of stories about Santa Claus called \"The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus\" in 1904. That began to incorporate a number of these elements, the mysterious portent-set birth, the initiation and revelation, the magical quest and so forth. More recently, movies, films like \"A Miracle on 34th Street,\" which shows the persecution and trial of Santa Claus, or the person who is portraying that he's Khris Kringle in the movie, and claims to be Kris Kringle or Santa Claus. Subsequently, the movie by Walt Disney, Santa Claus, I'm sorry, the Walt Disney movie is called \"One Magic Christmas.\" That too has a scene, or a series of scenes, where Santa Claus's initial transformation into a figure coming out of the world of the living and into this world of immortals, is portrayed where there's a death and a resurrection, where those elements begin to be incorporated. Also, \"Santa Claus: The Movie,\" has similar sorts of themes, embellishing other elements of this myth. In other words, Santa Claus, in being heroic, and increasingly fulfilling some of these criteria, is becoming more and more Christ-like. The two myths are paralleling one another and there's a lot of similarity in the structure of the heroism, or the basis for it. Let's look explicitly, at first some similarities and some differences between Santa Claus and Christ, and I think both of them are sort of striking. In terms of similarities, maybe I can focus that a little better. Santa Claus performs some miracles. He has reindeer that magically fly. He travels around the world in a single evening. He has a bottomless bag of toys that things indefinitely come out of. The elves might be seen as Apostles, the letters to Santa Claus might be seen as secular prayers, And in fact, in examining children's letters to Santa Claus, a number of them are addressed to Heaven, as being the place where Santa Claus is seen as being. Young children have a lot of, in fact confusion, between various holidays. Even in examining Halloween, we'll see Halloween trees and various crossovers, so it's of interpretations. There are also offerings that are made to Santa Claus, and in this case, the offerings are typically cookies and milk on the sacred fireplace mantle. The travels of Santa Claus could be seen as similar to Christ journeys. Christmas carols could be seen as secular hymns. Christ is someone who comes down from Heaven and gives his spiritual bounty to people, and then ascends to Heaven again. Santa Claus comes down the chimney, gives his material bounty to children, and then ascends up the chimney again. Both Santa Claus and Christ are seen as being immortal, omniscient, and judges of whether people are behaving well or not well. There's a persecution and trial, again, \"A Miracle On 34th Street,\" \"Santa Claus: The Movie\" play up those themes. There's sainthood involved, Santa has, retains that sainthood description. And the pure white snow of the North Pole might be seen as being cleansing snow, and a rather heavenly sort of setting for Santa Claus to live in as well. In all of these respects, we can see Santa Claus perhaps as being in some respects, a secular Christ figure, a very parallel figure. Yet there are some important differences. Whereas Santa Claus is old and corpulent, Christ is young and thin. Santa dresses in rich reds and furs, sometimes smokes a pipe, whereas Christ is portrayed as dressing in humble white robes. Santa is jolly, Christ is earnest. Santa lives in cold snow, Christ lived in warm deserts. Santa is married and has a family, Christ was single. Santa brings toys and luxuries to the populace, whereas Christ brought health and necessities. These last two I think are important distinctions, in particular, and finally that Santa brings material riches, whereas those were the material riches that, in many cases, Christ condemned. So, there are some important differences here, and in trying to assess those, we see that well, first of all, we might consider, where do these images of Santa Claus come from? What helps to shape them? And a couple of influences include, since the 1930s, Coca-Cola advertising, which have featured Coke consistently every year. Now Santa Claus is showing up on Coke cans, but has been used primarily in magazine advertising for a period of almost 50 years now, in fact, just over 50 years. They also come from Thomas Nast's portrayals of Santa Claus and I think most Americans are familiar with these. They were initially published for about 30 years in Harper's Magazine, Harper's Bazaar. And were done on an annual basis around Christmas time. Now, pay particular attention to what Nast has done here, because he took the jolly small elephant figure, literally elf size, child size, and made him more adult, made him very rotund. This is no longer a little elephant figure at all. He's filled with toys, he's smoking a pipe. He has jolly puppy red cheeks, a white beard, all of these are conventions that Thomas Nast introduced. A sprig of Holly and his a fur hat, and this is not precisely the same as the Coke ad I just showed you, or even more contemporary versions, but it's still essentially our image of Santa Claus. Well, it's instructive to look at where Nast might've gotten this image, or what he was trying to convey by constructing Santa in this particular way. One of the other things that Nast is famous for is a series of cartoons portraying the Tammany Hall Ring and William \"Boss\" Tweed in particular, who's showing up at the top here, as being very corpulent, as eating a lot, engorging himself at the expense of the poor, thin, starving workers. We can also see much more clearly, in an earlier Thomas Nast version of Boss, and this is King Death's distribution of prizes, \"Boss Takes First Premium,\" is the title here. Even the sprig of Holly in the hair is the same, And here the drunken Boss has the puffy red cheeks. The beard is virtually identical. The builds are essentially the same in these two characters. There's something between Boss and Santa Claus that Nast apparently saw as a common theme. And I would submit that it's a hedonistic sort of a theme. It's a materialistic, self-indulgent sort of a theme. In other words, we might see Santa Claus as a sacred figure, as a God, if you will, of materialism and consumption. In fact, Thomas Nast suggested that he was trying to make Santa Clause's furs look like those of the Asters, the very wealthy New York family that he himself aspired to be a part of, at least that society. And in doing so, he was trying to also emphasize some of the same things that he was emphasizing in the evil figures of William \"Boss\" Tweed, namely the self-indulgence, the exploitation of others. Santa Claus emphasizing then material abundance, rather than that large belly standing for pregnancy in the psychoanalytic interpretation, standing for abundance, sort of like the cornucopia in Thanksgiving symbolism. We might also see Santa then within the God of consumption, based upon a couple of other types of evidence. The letters to Santa Claus, once again, sometimes being addressed to Heaven, but comparing letters that children write expressing wishes to Santa Claus, and we've collected some from schools, to just asking children throughout the year, \"What do you wish for, what would you like?\" The letters to Santa Claus are much more materialistic. That when you ask children, \"What do you want?\" They ask for a lot of things, but they also asked for things for their parents, and for health and wellbeing and peace in the world, and lack of threat of nuclear war and safety, and a number of other things that are much less materialistic than the letters to Santa Claus convey. So, there's something special about the holiday, and about Santa Claus in particular, as a recipient of these requests that brings out some materialism in those letters. There's also a process of sacralization that goes on, and it really goes on anytime we give a gift these days, when we'll normally buy that gift from a commercial retail store. But rather than giving it to someone and say, \"Here,\" we go through a ritual, we systematically remove the price tag or cross out anything that would indicate what the price is. And then we wrap it up and make it more mysterious, and then we exchange it in a ceremony where there have to be some other people present, where people will recognize the gift, will give thanks, will ooh and ah. All of those sorts of things are taking something from the profane world of commerce, and sacralizing it, making it a part of an intimate, sacred ceremony. I think there's something of the same process when parents use Santa Claus, rather than giving children gifts themselves, that having it go through this sacred mythical figure, sacralizes the gift, makes it more special, more extraordinary, more important than giving it directly. We might also consider the question of whether we can profane Santa Claus, whether that's possible. We certainly can profane religious figures like Christ, we don't see very often, although I have seen some, Christ used in advertising for example, endorsing various products. And yet we do see Santa Claus in that role, even though we see him as being, or I'm submitting, that he is a sacred figure. Well, that's not inconsistent if in fact Santa Claus is the God of materialism. There's even one case where Santa Claus is encroaching further on religious aspects, in what's called the Praying Santa Cruz. Where Santa is praying over a Christ child in a manger, and I have some slides about that later on that I'll show you, if you haven't seen it, there's actually a book that develops that part of the evolving myth still further. Finally, if we look at the history of religion in Santa Claus, it's been a somewhat ambivalent one. Churches make at least token recognition of some of the secular aspects of the Christmas holiday, certainly Christmas trees and other such symbols, and oftentimes even on a Christmas Eve service, the minister or priest might dismiss the congregation by assigning that he knows that the little children have to get home for Santa Claus. There's a tolerance, by religion, of this competing secular, sacred figure, if you will. And throughout the history of Christianity in America, there's been sort of an evolution of increasing tolerance towards Santa Claus. When Santa, when Christmas was initially celebrated in Massachusetts Bay Colony, it was forbidden. It was made illegal for anyone not to work, or to do anything extraordinary for Christmas, because it was seen as being a very decadent sort of holiday. Santa Claus being an especially decadent, materialistic aspect of that holiday, is one which has, over time, sort of evolved into a more and more tolerated figure. So, to, thank you. To just make some brief observations about the consequences of viewing Santa as a sacred figure of materialism, the God of materialism if you will. One of the functions that that seems to perform is to help socialize children to become consumers, that by believing that in things like happiness, or happiness is the next purchase away, Santa Claus is a way of institutionalizing and reinforcing, communicating that sort of a view. The gospel of material success as a reward for hard work and success in, in the world is also reinforced this way. If you're good, good things will come to you. And if not, if as adults, we grow up and learn that that isn't always really the case. I can be good and work hard and things don't come to me. Well, you can always fill in for Santa Claus by buying things for yourself. And in fact, I was telling a group today that somewhat surprisingly, personal gifts, buying things for oneself tend to also go up at the Christmas season, that people are in department stores with lots of other things around them. And they said that wasn't at all surprising, cause yeah, they knew that all along and that they did that and wasn't that natural. It seems contrary to the spirit of generosity and giving that we try to emphasize at Christmas, but self gifts are an important part of that sort of rewarding oneself. We've also seen that the Santa Claus then is a uniquely American cultural symbol, and has changed from the European figures, but at the same time, Santa Claus is beginning, the American Santa Claus, to diffuse through other cultures. We can see Santa Claus on street corners in Tokyo now. Even though the percentage of Japan that is Christian is a minuscule percent of the population. At least the secular figure, but none of the religious aspects of the holiday, have been imported to Japan and a number of other countries as well. European Santa Claus figures also appear to be changing in the direction of the American Santa Claus. Yeah. Similar as Santa Claus and Christ may be, in parallels between their stories, I don't think that either of those figures, since they're not really competing, there's an inner penetrating set of values between Santa Claus and the religious Christmas that are not always in opposition to one another. There's another source of tension, and there's another dominant motif for Christmas that doesn't have anything to do with either of them, that may be seen as the a leitmotif for Christmas. And that's not supposed to be there as the next slide. Oh, yes it is, okay. What was I going to show you is just four quick slides of a house in Connecticut, that the woman decorates out of her very materialistic abundant display, before we go on and look at that other mystery myth. And in this case, you can see that, outside of the house, it's loaded. Every inch of it with lights, she adds new things each year, and inside the house, it's similarly loaded, overloaded, filled just as a Christmas tree with many presents beneath it might be, with multiple images of Christmas. Multiple images of Santa Claus. And, the whole house is glittering, her electricity bill sheet goes up from six to seven times the amount that it normally is. During November and December, when she mounts this show. She has people who go through her house to tour it, and she opens it up to them, donate things. And she also piles up those things and then gives them to the needy at Christmas time. One of the interesting things is if you're able to see this at all closely, it's the number of off-brands, private brands, that are a part of these donations, rather than the name good brands that apparently, in this case, a charity doesn't require the very best or doesn't require the brand name good. Okay. Now, to move to, the final you know, the Christmas-involved that I'd like to emphasize, and that's the story of Scrooge. And in looking at this, Charles Dickens has been credited with almost single-handedly reviving Christmas, which in Europe and England at the time was dying out. It was becoming less and less popular each year. That's probably an exaggeration because there were a number of other authors, including some American authors, but of all of those, certainly Dickens' \"Christmas Carol\" involving Scrooge, is the one Ebeneezer Scrooge. The one that we know best. There have been, and these are not performances, but these are merely versions of the Dickens' story of \"A Christmas Carol,\" 357 different scripts that have been copyrighted to enact those plays in such media, and it was initially written of course as a novel, on stage, radio, television, opera, mime, marionettes, and others. In doing those stories, this has been a story that has been passed down to us repeatedly. Newspapers will occasionally say this is sacred Christmas fair. It was performed in music halls in London shortly after it came out, and that was seen as being much too baudy an environment for such sacred fair, as the story of \"A Christmas Carol.\" So I think we might examine that story for what it tells us about Christmas and some oppositions that are present at Christmas. One category of those, And we'll look at five altogether, are the themes relating money, self, and others, and in each case here, what Scrooge represents is on the left-hand side and what his opposite, which is Bob Cratchit in particular but really the whole Cratchit family represents, is on the right-hand side. So Scrooge, for example, can be seen to be miserly, selfish, have a love of money, and be avaricious. On the other hand, the Cratchits represent generosity, brotherly love, love of people and altruism. All of those being the very socially desirable goodwill part of Christmas, that is very positively-viewed by virtually everyone in society. We, we hear at least a hollow sentiment that wouldn't it be wonderful if people had the Christmas spirit all year long, is primarily this set of values that people refer to, I think in using that expression. On the other hand, the second set is very different from that. Scrooge, in terms of money and spending, emphasizes saving, this is at least the pre-transformation Scrooge, saving, austerity and utilitarianism, in the things that he acquires. Whereas the Cratchits, even though they're much poorer, underpaid, emphasize spending, lavishness and hedonism. If you think about \"A Christmas Carol,\" the Cratchits spent far more than they can afford on a big goose, on a plum pudding, things that they can ill-afford but feel that are an essential part of Christmas that they must have. Similarly, even the post-transformation Scrooge, after the Ghost of Christmas Future has left, and he awakens to realize he has a new chance in life, begins throwing away money to everyone that he meets on the street and buying things, emphasizing once again that he has seen the light, and is going to now spend. Is going to be hedonistic, is going to emphasize lavish use of money, rather than husbanding, saving that money, engaging in a super program of austerity. There's several other categories of differences. Work, home and family with Scrooge emphasizing the individual and individualism, work and the workplace, and the Cratchits emphasizing family and home and leisure, non-work time. Status differences as well. Scrooge is old and rich, the Cratchits, and particularly Tiny Tim, are young and poor, and these in fact are elements that are switched around at Christmas time. Normally, although to a decreasing degree perhaps, the old are revered over the young and have control and power over them, and the rich have control and power over the poor. But at Christmas time, the old give to the young, the children become the focus of attention, and the rich give to the poor, at least are supposed to in, in terms of charity. Finally, there's a difference in the emotions that are emphasized or represented in Scrooge versus the Cratchits. Scrooge has a lack of feelings, and is very pragmatic in his present orientation. Whereas the Cratchits have both pity and joy in the family that they evoke on the part of the viewer or reader. And also a nostalgic emphasis on past and future, rather than emphasizing strictly the here and now. Because of some combination of these characteristics, for example, the emphasis on family, the emphasis on youth, and emphasis on poor, the, the ultimate charity to give to at Christmas time is one that is for poor, orphaned, crippled children, who are as far removed from home and health and warmth and family as possible, with the family being an important part of this. It's important to remember that Christmas time, as we celebrate it today, was forged primarily in the Victorian era, when the retreat within the home or back to the home, was very much a cultural trend. And we still have a lot of those elements that are present in it. Okay, so that's a quick look at Christmas. What I'd like to do now is to contrast it to the the holiday that, besides Thanksgiving, we we last experienced, which is Halloween, and in some senses, Halloween and Christmas opposed one another. They're, they're very different from one another. I forgot a couple of slides again. Let me do three real quickly because I said I would show that, the Praying Santa Cruz. This was one that seemed anomalous at first, because it does bring together the religious elements of Christmas with the nonreligious Santa Claus elements. And this is the cover of a book by Nicholas Bakewell, who developed this particular praying Santa Cruz showing the Santa praying over the Christ child. The premise of this story, as he flushed it out, is that Santa Claus gets injured one year and a mysterious child shows up at the North Pole to help fill in and help the elves prepare presents and prepare the sleigh. And they prepare the sleigh specially for Santa Claus, who, despite being injured, is able to sit in it and enjoy the ride. At the end of the ride, the child insists on taking Santa Claus to show him where he was born, and it becomes clear that this was in fact, or is in fact, the Christ child and Santa Claus kneels over him. I would suggest that this may be a bellwether. Seeing the tolerance or acceptance of this story may be a bellwether of the amount of inner penetration of the religious and the non-religious aspects of of Christmas. So, be watching and see if you see this crutch around which is sold commercially, or see other representations of this story, because I think it's going to tell the tale of how much interpenetration of the secular and the religious Christmas, that there are in the future. Now to go to Halloween, and to emphasize some of the differences between the two, just very quickly. At Christmas time, parents dress up as Santa Claus and give gifts to children in a way that is celebrated within the family. Each gift is individually labeled and people are individually thanked for those gifts, with the exception of Santa Claus who isn't present to receive those things. Parents also at Christmas time use the threat of Santa Claus to in a way extort good behavior from children. You better behave or Santa Claus isn't going to bring you anything this year. On the other hand at Halloween, it's celebrated outside the house. Outside of the family, children extort gifts from adults by dressing up themselves, by going to various neighbors and various strangers, and they get gifts, receive gifts anonymously or at least ostensibly they do. In all of those respects, Halloween is a very different, almost opposite, holiday from Thanksgiving. They must be saying something quite different. Here are some of the questions that I think are fascinating about Halloween, that we might begin to consider. What, why do adults give children Halloween treats? If these children are threatening to become handles and do property destruction, why pay them off with things? Adults are bigger, we don't necessarily have to put up with that. Secondly, why did children wear costumes to do that? If the threat is really property damage, couldn't they do that, especially if they're going into stranger's houses, and not have the masks on, not have the costumes? Thirdly, why are certain types of costumes chosen? Both traditional costumes of ghosts and witches and skeletons and so forth, and non-traditional costumes like Jason from \"Friday the 13th\" and Michael from \"Halloween,\" and of course the sequels to all of these. And I, I went to an adult party, not this year but last year, where one of the more clever costumes that I think very few people recognized was William Randolph Hearst, and Marion Davies. Adults in particular, getting into costuming as we'll see, increasingly at Halloween as well. Why those costumes though? Fifth or fourth, I guess, why do we frighten ourselves, particularly at Halloween by going to scary movies? What is that all about, when we intentionally try to frighten ourselves, apparently. Fifth, why the legends of contaminated candy, and they are just that. Studies that have followed through the urban folklore, urban legends of contaminated candy, apples with razorblades in them and pins and needles that things at the hospitals will x-ray for children, have found one legitimate instance of that happening that wasn't a hoax or a fraud or something that the child put in just to gain attention. And that was within the family. It wasn't a stranger, a mysterious other out there, but it was a father who poisoned and killed his child in Texas, by putting I believe strychnine in a tube of candy that the child had already collected for Halloween. And yet this story of the poison candy, of the adult sadist who's injuring children, has changed and is changing our Halloween celebration. Why now? What is that all about? Number six, why is adult participation increasing? As children are increasingly reigned in, as we'll see at Halloween, adults are increasingly taking over a lot of the Halloween celebration. Why, what's that about? And finally, as another example, how does celebrations of Halloween differ between males and females? How do they differ between age groups as another part of that? And we might also consider social classes. But the male female distinction is one that I've begun to look at a little bit more thoroughly. In trying to ground the research, I've examined the number of fairly diverse literatures. There is in fact, a fair amount that has been written has been done in terms of preliminary research on Halloween but it's really quite scattered. It's not in a single discipline. So history, folklore, legends, myths, various social sciences, and literary and film criticisms are, are some of the main sources that have been useful. Some of the topics that have been useful are also quite far flung, and I won't go through all of these, but maybe a couple that might appear to be less readily interpretable than the others. Number eight, Liminality relates to a notion of Victor Turner, that, at various points in time and space, we are sort of removed from the constraints of everyday life, we're betwixt and between, in his words, various statuses. Rites of passage tend to do that, when we're passing from one status into another. Pilgrimages tend to do that, when we're not at the home or not at the sacred place but around the, the journey in between. Marginal groups, like the hippies, tend to have that liminal status in Turner's view as well. That has something to do with Halloween as we'll see. Also, maybe the cross-cultural comparisons deserve a word or so. There are related holidays, as we'll see, some related holidays in Ireland and Scotland, some in Mexico and South America, Dia de los Muertos being one, that involves, it's a pre-Colombian holiday. It's not Christian in its origin at all. But has a lot in common with Halloween, which is also not Christian in origin, but is very different than the way that it came about, essentially from Europe. In terms of how to do the analysis, or what I put together so far, I'm relying on both primary data that I've collected, quantitative and qualitative as well, and secondary data of those same sorts. Basically, alternating between them. Following up a particular cue, which might lead me to, or clue, which might lead me to another literature, which might lead me to do a little bit further study with people that I'm talking to. Basically beginning without any a priori dispositions about what the explanation or explanations for Halloween really are. Initially sort of immersing myself, spending some Halloweens observing, going out with children, going to adult parties, and then beginning to talk to people, and I gathered some qualitative data, did some questionnaire surveys, and so forth. In other words, an iterative and a continuous process of forming an explanation and then testing it and then reformulating it, testing it further and so forth. Primarily qualitative data, both verbal and interviewing people and visual, some photography, some videotaping involved, of some of these activities, as well as some of the interviews. Well, to start an explanation, or the groundwork for an explanation, there are some useful things in looking at historically, where Halloween has come from. First of all, the the Celts have a holiday that was celebrated on November 1st called Samhain. It looks like it's, oh, there's various spellings, spelled Sam-haim, but Samhain is the pronunciation, and it has a lot to do with some of the contemporary Christmas practices that we still observe. Not only the timing, but also it was a time when the dead were believed to come back. Samhain, which is variously interpreted to be summers end, also was the Lord of the Dead. And at this particular time of year, the 1st of November, the spirits of the dead would come back to the households where they'd originated, and would seek gifts, would seek food, would revisit the families that they had come from. And you can see some of the imagery of skeletons and ghosts and death certainly being present in Christmas today. Well, in the ninth and 10th centuries, the Christian Church realized, the Catholic Church realized that it was foolish to try to fight pagan holidays, but rather they should try to take advantage of them, to co-op them, to take them over in various ways. And so first, first with All Saints Day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112717#t=0.0,2764.776"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Speaker:\u003c/strong\u003e Sacred celebration of the same holiday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=5.16,7.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Celts also give us the particularly in 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streets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=218.12,220.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and people we'll just mill around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=220.75,222.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and go from bar to bar in costumes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=222.19,224.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In San Francisco and also other areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=224.88,227.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's increasing gay participation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=227.84,230.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a couple of areas that have Halloween parades","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=230.29,233.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and big Halloween 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to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=237.76,239.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be new and emerging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=239.92,241.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this really is a continually changing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=241.49,245.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and emerging holiday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=245.08,247.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, to begin to understand it a bit better, some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=247.0,249.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the primary data collection included observation, both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=249.28,253.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of children and adults, a survey that I've done of students.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=253.03,256.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I show you some results in a minute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=256.28,258.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the observations incidents,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=258.08,259.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were a fairly wide scattered trick","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=259.26,261.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and treating parades, school carnivals, parties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=261.97,265.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of various sorts among adults watching them at clubs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=265.85,269.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at private parties at various sorts of public places,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=269.88,273.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watching them hand out treats, also watching what happens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=273.69,278.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in costume shops as a adults and children come in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=278.46,282.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking for costumes that they can wear at Halloween","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=282.33,286.231"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a variety of other institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=286.231,288.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are increasingly involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=288.44,290.728"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I'll show you in a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=290.728,292.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We also did some depth interviews with both adults","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=292.18,294.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and children and with the parents of children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=294.9,297.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting their impressions as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=297.16,299.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And some content analysis of Halloween 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groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=305.53,309.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's that last set of data involving costumes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=309.36,312.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as the earlier survey of students that I 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students","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=319.02,322.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a business school, how they spent Halloween","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=322.91,326.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they were 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teenagers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=329.525,332.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then how they spend it now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=332.46,334.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can see that they reported both males and 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adults.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=498.36,500.442"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we'll come back and examine that in a moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=500.442,502.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I'd like to do first is present a little 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pizzas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=539.19,542.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a variety of thing, objects, stereotypical female roles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=542.6,547.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we'll see some 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monsters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=560.293,564.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stereotypical male role figures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=564.23,566.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with very little crossover of males dressing as females","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=566.24,568.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more the reverse and either scary animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=568.9,572.215"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or about equally between male and female friendly animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=572.215,575.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me give you some quotes and then show you some costumes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=576.94,579.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are the abbreviation for 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magic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=589.13,591.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like make bats and they're on their own castles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=591.18,593.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A five-year-old girl says on the other 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one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=598.3,600.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a pumpkin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=600.35,601.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then adamant object, all stuff with towels","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=602.672,604.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not comfy, three-year old boy said a bumblebee","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=605.597,608.375"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the penguin is too big for me to 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almost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=612.83,615.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as if they were pets with the parents dressing them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=615.76,617.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in cute sorts of 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locks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=623.415,624.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's this girl who has pixie tails in her hair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=624.32,626.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"She's really 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to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=630.498,633.159"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well because I like him and he's scary and cool.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=633.159,636.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I like scary 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costume.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=648.56,649.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Halloween is going to be fun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=649.61,652.358"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A boy, three years 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witch,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=822.6,825.835"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wizard sort of character","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=825.835,827.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Minnie Mouse sort of character.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=829.89,832.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, you know, all of these cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=832.33,834.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhat wider of a range.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=834.84,836.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll see some more adult figures coming up later on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=836.6,839.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Among the males a superhero figure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=839.75,841.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a Yogi Bear sort of figure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=841.38,845.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll also see that this was in a shopping 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malls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=850.7,853.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are increasingly figuring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=853.134,854.535"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the Halloween celebration as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=854.535,856.688"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I think some consistent patterns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=856.688,859.365"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across age groups and between genders in terms of costuming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=859.365,864.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me begin with some rejected interpretations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=864.18,866.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I don't think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=866.56,867.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least completely explain what Halloween is about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=868.592,871.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One that has been offered previously 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dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=876.24,879.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We send our children out as a sacrifice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=879.49,882.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there are some weaknesses in that 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tend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=899.27,900.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to choose cute costumes instead,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=901.778,903.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the second interpretation is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=903.67,904.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Halloween is really a harvest festival","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=904.94,907.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or a Fraser would say a hurting festival rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=907.51,911.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than a harvest festival and non-sedentary nomadic peoples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=911.0,916.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or new years, or winters ritual of change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=916.442,921.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, unlike solid, which was in fact, the Celtic new years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=921.23,924.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've now split off right new years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=924.7,926.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being a separate ceremony.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=927.917,929.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And well, Halloween has something to do with harvest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=929.895,931.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Soda's a Thanksgiving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=931.27,933.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's not purely sort of a harvest festival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=933.07,935.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There seems to be more than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=935.87,937.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another sum of, more Freudian interpretation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=937.89,940.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or purely Freudian is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=941.255,942.614"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Halloween is the reenactment of the killing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=942.614,943.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and eating of the father by the brother horde.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=943.97,946.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And secondly that there's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=946.94,948.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a voyeuristic fetishistic explanation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=948.86,950.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the door, the children come up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=950.94,952.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and knock to represents a symbolic vagina.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=952.66,954.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The windows of the house represent eyes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=954.96,957.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for voyeurism and the pumpkin that we associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=957.28,960.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Halloween represents a pregnant belly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=960.803,962.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, perhaps but I think there are some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=963.235,964.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more compelling explanations than those.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=964.62,967.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here are a couple of additional thematic explanations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=968.68,971.378"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or observations about Halloween","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=971.378,974.031"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that have been offered,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=974.031,975.639"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theater capital and studying Middletown, Muncie Indiana,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=975.639,978.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observed that Halloween is unlikely almost any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=978.74,981.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our other American holidays","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=981.7,983.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that it doesn't celebrate home and family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=983.35,985.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a warmth and nurturance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=985.67,987.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but rather it's anti-neighborhood, anti-home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=987.81,990.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anti-family anti nourishment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=990.22,993.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a sweet candy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=993.133,993.966"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and anti-religious and theme, being very opposite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=993.966,997.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of other ceremonies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=997.2,998.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The one part of that, that I might take objection to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=998.26,1000.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that it's anti-neighborhood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1000.61,1002.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in 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doing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1006.72,1009.002"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sending children out to strangers houses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1009.002,1011.262"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the neighborhood is really emphasized the sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1011.262,1013.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of community that's present.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1013.177,1014.013"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can go off the scary 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away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1019.26,1022.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll give you good things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1022.07,1023.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It really emphasizes that neighbors are friendly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1023.56,1026.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the community is all right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1026.08,1027.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the community will take us in and welcome us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1027.56,1030.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that a cartoon that you're not gonna be able to read,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1030.4,1033.002"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like this one seems inappropriate and the male is talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1033.002,1036.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the telephone and says, that's 1201 spruce street.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1036.61,1040.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Got it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1040.01,1040.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1040.843,1041.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the girl asks, what are you doing, Brad?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1042.832,1044.658"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He says, trick or treating by phone, hello, trick or treat,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1044.658,1046.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"please mail my candy to 1201 spruce street.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1046.78,1049.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We see this as playing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1049.55,1051.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the notion that an impersonal Halloween is wrong somehow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1051.55,1055.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you got to actually go out and make contact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1055.06,1057.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even if with the help of a costume here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1057.47,1060.114"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dissolving some of your fears in doing that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1060.114,1063.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, let me look at three categories of people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1063.8,1066.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"young children, adolescents and adults in coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1066.45,1069.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up with sort of my temporary explanation of Halloween","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1069.87,1074.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think it's different in those age groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1074.04,1076.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we begin looking at young children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1076.17,1078.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and maybe let me start at the bottom here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1078.74,1081.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the things that young children are able to work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1081.04,1083.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through in Halloween is a series","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1083.69,1086.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fears and particularly fears of death","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1086.03,1089.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and darkness and going out at night,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1089.49,1092.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than during the daytime,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1092.0,1093.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confronting the unknown uncertainty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1093.64,1095.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and particularly confronting those fears","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1095.78,1098.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by enacting them, rather than trying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1098.14,1101.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to just ignore things that were frightened of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1101.913,1105.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to work through them in dreams or in this case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1105.09,1107.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Halloween costuming and it seems to be a part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1107.41,1109.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what's going on here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1109.52,1111.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whereas children well cry when they sit on Santa's lap","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1111.14,1114.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this imposing bearded, strange figure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1114.22,1116.658"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll dress up in ways to ostensibly frighten themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1116.658,1120.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Halloween something very different is going on there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1120.47,1123.668"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also going to scary movies, although that's more a part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1123.668,1126.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the adolescent Halloween, as we saw,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1126.64,1129.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"secondly the notion of liminality, again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1129.9,1131.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think comes in here that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1131.86,1134.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, something is happening to reverse roles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1134.35,1137.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The weak become powerful, children are able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1137.65,1139.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"command respect and goods from the old, in this case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1139.82,1144.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a form of role reversal where the tensions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1144.34,1147.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between parents and children are temporarily dissolved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1147.4,1150.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you think about it, children are one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1150.65,1152.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our least empowered disadvantaged minority groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1152.54,1157.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there still hasn't been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1157.572,1159.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a big children's rights movement to have the same rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1159.69,1162.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as other citizens in our society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1162.51,1165.298"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's a certain tension that exists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1165.298,1168.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the two generations of parents and children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1168.07,1171.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Halloween helps dissolve that at least temporarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1171.15,1173.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's also some sexual socialization that goes on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1173.78,1176.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some other things that are going on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1176.34,1178.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that liminal period as well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1178.84,1180.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but more so again at adolescence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1180.58,1182.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whoops, I didn't mean to quite go there yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1183.332,1185.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's one more here, pilgrimage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1185.52,1187.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children banding together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1187.5,1189.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children very seldom go trick or 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on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1667.133,1668.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and making it something that seems controllable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1668.93,1670.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's at least an apparent, if not 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beginning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1680.87,1682.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I love Halloween Hamlet and he says, me too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1682.01,1684.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I love the candy and I love dressing 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hand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1693.196,1695.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We're seeing this increasingly happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1695.92,1698.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Here are also some mildly licentious adult greeting 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Halloween","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1716.374,1717.756"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we could run through the neighborhood playing pranks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=1717.756,1719.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or we could stay home and soap each other, this 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And some children will begin here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2014.934,2016.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then go out into the neighborhood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2016.93,2019.057"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But for many, this is all there is to 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employees,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2129.98,2131.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but most encouraged it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2131.39,2132.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"employers were told you must wear a costume tomorrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2133.79,2136.796"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the number resisted that in some cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2136.796,2138.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but for the most part, they went along with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2138.57,2141.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this was a chance to do something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2141.47,2142.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a bit of a role reversal at work too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2142.81,2144.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You don't have to appear very straight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2144.81,2146.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you come to work any longer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2146.88,2148.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in conclusion, at this point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2149.37,2152.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we can draw several tentative conclusions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2152.45,2154.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although this research and neither","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2154.63,2156.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these cases is complete,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2156.54,2157.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but with regard to Halloween by itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2159.137,2160.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it tends to be a multivocal holiday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2160.81,2163.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't just mean one thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2163.09,2164.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":".but rather differs in meaning across age categories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2164.997,2168.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and perhaps across genders and social classes as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2168.11,2171.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A broad approach I think is beginning to pay off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2171.64,2173.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of helping us understand what Halloween is about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2173.98,2177.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the historical precedents only I think go part way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2177.27,2180.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toward explaining what Halloween is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2180.98,2182.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They tell us something about the origins of pumpkins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2182.76,2186.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of the Halloween trick or treating customs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2186.22,2189.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so forth but they don't explain many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2189.53,2191.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of its current meanings and its current evolution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2191.43,2193.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Halloween continues to change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2194.93,2196.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as our fears in societies change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2196.76,2200.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the contamination fears, the adult appropriation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2200.34,2202.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the holidays tend to go up at various points in time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2202.74,2205.172"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The two times in history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2205.172,2207.388"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the contamination periods were most rampant were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2207.388,2210.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the height of the Vietnam War","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2210.8,2212.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when there was a lot of societal anxiety","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2212.13,2215.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and just after the Tylenol poisonings in the Chicago area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2215.27,2218.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which of course increased consciousness as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2218.72,2222.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, it looks like as we get older","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2222.19,2224.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a very young children through adults","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2224.66,2228.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the emphasis that Halloween changes from one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2228.134,2229.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of being socialized into a sex role among other things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2229.93,2234.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to working on our own identity and trying to gain some sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2234.06,2237.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of mastery over our fears and anxieties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2237.07,2239.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to finally as adults, to feeling more of license","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2239.93,2242.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and release of having an opportunity to let it all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2242.66,2245.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out with Halloween being an increasingly important holiday","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2245.94,2249.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we as adults do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2249.25,2251.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=2251.58,2252.413"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26007/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/007/original/AV203884_Decoding_American_Consumption_Holidays_Christmas_and_Halloween_b.vtt?1620667532","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/026/007/original/AV203884_Decoding_American_Consumption_Holidays_Christmas_and_Halloween_b.vtt?1620667532"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26008","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203884_Decoding_American_Consumption_Holidays_Christmas_and_Halloween_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718/transcript/26008/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Speaker] Sacred celebration of the same holiday. The Celts also give us the particularly in Ireland, give us the jack-o-lantern legend. Jack was a blacksmith who was also a trickster figure and also a drunkard. And he was able to trick the devil twice. The first time the devil came to take his soul and Jack said, well, can I have just one more drink first? And the devil was anxious to demonstrate his transformation power. So he turned himself into coins to give Jack, to spend to get the drink, Jack promptly, pocketed the coins and wouldn't let him out until he promised not to take his soul for 10 years, 10 years later the devil came back and Jack said, well if you could just give me an apple up in that tree I'm happy to go along peacefully. And so the devil climbed up and Jack carved across in the tree and the devil couldn't get back down past the cross and because of its power. And so Jack promise, well, if you never take my soul I'll take the cross off the bark of the tree. So the devil said, okay and years later, Jack died, went down. And went up to heaven initially and was not allowed entrance and then went down in our imagery to hell. And I told the devil that he would come after all. And the devil said, I can do right. You can't come. I promised I would never take you. And as it happened at the time Jack was eating a turnip. And as he turned to go away, and walk among the undead of the world forever the devil tossed him a coal, a hot glowing coal which landed and turn up and became the first jack-o-lantern, in Ireland and in Europe in general, jack-o-lanterns were turnips rutabagas potatoes. There were never pumpkin. Pumpkin park is an American edition apparently to the legend. I've already mentioned that the witches and ghosts and skeletons are associated with the dead coming back at sovereign also at the particular time of the year between the seasons, in the crack between the seasons, if you like the dead are allowed to come up within that scene. And it's a very in-between marginal liminal time of year. Once again, the door to door begging was also something that was done because Halloween or Solomon initially was celebrated at harvest time. People began to know that houses were stocked with their pantries were full and so indigent would come around to houses begging for food. So there's a precedent there as well for the trick or treating tradition in some ways, also related to soling which is more associated with Christmas time. And with some mumming, that's also done at St Martins day and the Netherlands and Denmark and some other related sorts of ceremonies. Finally, the movement of Solomon and ultimately Halloween's North America really occurred with the, it wasn't celebrated, particularly at America until the Irish began to come over in force from the great potato famine in 1840 in Ireland or starting in 1840 and brought these legends and traditions with them. These historical explanations or partial explanations I think, give us some hints about Halloween and the origins of some of the icons, some of the costuming, some of the practices that we still engage in but they don't explain, especially some of the more recent changes in the North American celebration of the holiday. For instance, the razor blade in the apple, urban legends don't follow from historical explanations, nor did the increasing takeover by adults. And we see, for example, in Greenwich village hundreds of thousands of people turn out for the Halloween celebration. The parade in Greenwich village at Georgetown in the DC area closes off the streets and people we'll just mill around and go from bar to bar in costumes. In San Francisco and also other areas, there's increasing gay participation with a couple of areas that have Halloween parades and big Halloween celebrations, that too doesn't seem to fit or from any of the other historic trends that appears to be new and emerging. And this really is a continually changing and emerging holiday. Well, to begin to understand it a bit better, some of the primary data collection included observation, both of children and adults, a survey that I've done of students. I show you some results in a minute, the observations incidents, they were a fairly wide scattered trick and treating parades, school carnivals, parties of various sorts among adults watching them at clubs at private parties at various sorts of public places, watching them hand out treats, also watching what happens in costume shops as a adults and children come in, looking for costumes that they can wear at Halloween and a variety of other institutions that are increasingly involved. As I'll show you in a minute. We also did some depth interviews with both adults and children and with the parents of children, getting their impressions as well. And some content analysis of Halloween stories, comics, movies, looking particularly at Halloween costumes as well among various age groups. And it's that last set of data involving costumes, as well as the earlier survey of students that I wanna show you first and making some interpretations. In looking at, this was asking college students in a business school, how they spent Halloween when they were preteens. Actually we said, when you were in grade school and then when they were teenagers and then how they spend it now and you can see that they reported both males and females not much sex difference fairly clearly that trick and treating was the predominant activity before they were teenagers. So a little bit a party going and a very few who said they didn't do as their primary activity, anything at all or they just stayed home or did something else. That's not in those three, as teenagers that changed quite dramatically trick or treating goes down substantially and partying and drinking was usually mentioned. It became the predominant activity more than any others both males and females engaged in pranks. So male somewhat more but not strongly more than ended females. There began to be some people but not very many who didn't do anything as teenagers on the aide and are six and 8% respectively, nine and 8%. And going to scary movies is something that began is as teenagers as well. We can also see that as adults there's further change. Now, there is about a fourth to a third of males and females that don't do anything at all. There's actually an increase in the percentage that wear costumes at Halloween over teenage years. And there's still a sizable number who engaged in partying and drinking. Usually again both together, there are some that of course began to take their children out trick or treating, and some that give out candy at the door as well. Some of these trends are fairly dramatic, costume shops that I've talked to, especially in the West emphasize that adult costumes, both ready-made and custom made rental costumes are not accounting for more than half of the revenues in Halloween, more than they get from children. Even in New Orleans, the shops were reporting that Halloween was quickly overtaking Mardi Gras as their biggest season of the year. Popularity is growing and the amount of money spent in Halloween and not costumes in particular tends to be growing. If we just look at those last two years, last two periods as teenagers versus now as college students there's several changes that are evident here for one thing partying and drinking goes down a bit trick or treating goes down quite a bit to virtually nothing as adults, unless you're taking children. Being costumed goes up as I mentioned, doing nothing goes up as well, pranks go down to virtually nothing and taking children out increases as well. So there's some fields for some fairly distinct activity patterns and maybe different functions being served for children that is grade school children, teenagers and adults. And we'll come back and examine that in a moment. What I'd like to do first is present a little bit of additional evidence, looking at a summary of the costumes, that people of various ages where these are both children and adults. Although we've looked separately as various age categories where, and this is putting them into a, I don't know, eight or nine categories here. And again, there are some strong sex differences more so even than the activities, we see that the categories and this is not going to bode well for the female gender. The categories that females are more likely to be dressed as are witches, inanimate objects such as stars and pumpkins and pizzas, a variety of thing, objects, stereotypical female roles. And we'll see some examples. We'll show you some photos in a moment, ethnic roles like Chinese, coolies gypsies, various sorts of often derogatory ethnic stereotypes. Whereas males are more likely to be heroes or monsters, stereotypical male role figures with very little crossover of males dressing as females more the reverse and either scary animals or about equally between male and female friendly animals. Let me give you some quotes and then show you some costumes. So these are the abbreviation for instances the first one saying that's a white male, six years old is saying with regard to what are you going to be for Halloween? I wanna be a wizard because they can do magic like make bats and they're on their own castles. A five-year-old girl says on the other hand, a fairy princess, because I didn't like the costume. My mom gave me, she ordered another one. It was a pumpkin. And then adamant object, all stuff with towels and not comfy, three-year old boy said a bumblebee because the penguin is too big for me to wear, the cute sort of costumes coming through here. Children being treated in parts though almost as if they were pets with the parents dressing them in cute sorts of costumes. A seven year old girl. I want to be lady lovely locks. It's this girl who has pixie tails in her hair. She's really beautiful. And just a couple more, boy six years old Dracula, because I want to, well because I like him and he's scary and cool. I like scary things. I didn't get it yet. I make it well, actually I don't make it. My grandma makes the cape and my dad makes the makeup. I guess the makeup and things. A five-year-old girl says a bride because it makes me happy. We bought my costume. Halloween is going to be fun. A boy, three years old, a dinosaur because it's on TV, a big dinosaur Rex. It has sharp teeth. I think you can see the gender differences coming through here. And finally, an eight year old girl I'm going to be a skeleton, I like them, in looking at some of the characters that represent these costumes here. Here first of all, a young preschool child in an inanimate object, costume as how this one would be categorized to pumpkin. If we look at some children again, it's clear that the parents are addressing these children in cute ways, almost for their own amusement. The children probably can't appreciate it too much at this age. This is one of the California raisins. His brothers and sisters were dressed as other raisins to go along with him, little dragons. Now this would not be categorized as being scary animal. It's hard to imagine that this would scare us but rather a friendly animal, despite the dragon motif to it and a bumblebee, which is a fairly popular costume among children as well. If we look and finally a female as a witch, which all through the age categories tends to be a fairly consistent female outfit. If we look a little bit older at the grade school kids gender roles begin to becoming through a little bit more clearly with the boy with his Rambo, look, gun and camouflage clothing. And the girl, once again, as a witch and we can see it, the which costume this girl described herself as a butterfly. This one, the label I put on it was bimbet but she said she was a can-can dancer. These are some three male roles in grade school age and male occupations are chef men, railroad engineer and I suppose, fat person smoking a cigar with a big nose. The males as we get a little bit older tend to get into frightening costumes as well. The Dracula vampire motif being a common one, Jason was particularly popular for the last couple of years, Batman of course came out a bit this year. This is one with males and females together. And it's telling because the two males in the center are a monster and a hero figure Superman. Whereas the girls are a spider and the heroin girl and that was reasonably typical at these age categories, among adults there's a wider range and there's also some irreverence, a religious figure the monk acting in a fairly non-religious way here the a sultry sort of made serving. And again, we see a which consistent throughout all of the age categories. Here's the Vampire sort of figure. This was a running race that was done with a Halloween theme where you needed to dress up in costume, another witch, wizard sort of character a Minnie Mouse sort of character. And, you know, all of these cases, somewhat wider of a range. We'll see some more adult figures coming up later on. Among the males a superhero figure and a Yogi Bear sort of figure. We'll also see that this was in a shopping mall. Actually, this was a sort of specialty mini mall, but we'll see some other shopping malls that are increasingly figuring into the Halloween celebration as well. So I think some consistent patterns across age groups and between genders in terms of costuming. Let me begin with some rejected interpretations that I don't think at least completely explain what Halloween is about. One that has been offered previously is that Halloween represents a symbolic sacrifice of our children in order to mollify the dead. We send our children out as a sacrifice. I think there are some weaknesses in that interpretation, not part of it has to do with the fact that most people don't know the origin of Halloween or have confusing sorts of interpretations. Also when parents have choices of their children's costumes, they don't usually choose theme symbolizing the dead, but for very young children tend to choose cute costumes instead, the second interpretation is that Halloween is really a harvest festival or a Fraser would say a hurting festival rather than a harvest festival and non-sedentary nomadic peoples or new years, or winters ritual of change. Well, unlike solid, which was in fact, the Celtic new years, we've now split off right new years as being a separate ceremony. And well, Halloween has something to do with harvest. Soda's a Thanksgiving and it's not purely sort of a harvest festival. There seems to be more than that. Another sum of, more Freudian interpretation or purely Freudian is that Halloween is the reenactment of the killing and eating of the father by the brother horde. And secondly that there's a voyeuristic fetishistic explanation that the door, the children come up and knock to represents a symbolic vagina. The windows of the house represent eyes for voyeurism and the pumpkin that we associated with Halloween represents a pregnant belly, well, perhaps but I think there are some more compelling explanations than those. Here are a couple of additional thematic explanations or observations about Halloween that have been offered, theater capital and studying Middletown, Muncie Indiana, observed that Halloween is unlikely almost any of our other American holidays and that it doesn't celebrate home and family and a warmth and nurturance but rather it's anti-neighborhood, anti-home. Anti-family anti nourishment. That's a sweet candy and anti-religious and theme, being very opposite of other ceremonies. The one part of that, that I might take objection to is that it's anti-neighborhood. And in fact Brian Sutton Smith should be hyphen in there, has emphasized that what we're you doing, sending children out to strangers houses in the neighborhood is really emphasized the sense of community that's present. You can go off the scary house to the scary strangers house dressed in a scary costume. And rather than having them turn you away they'll give you good things. It really emphasizes that neighbors are friendly that the community is all right that the community will take us in and welcome us. So that a cartoon that you're not gonna be able to read, like this one seems inappropriate and the male is talking on the telephone and says, that's 1201 spruce street. Got it? Okay thank you. And the girl asks, what are you doing, Brad? He says, trick or treating by phone, hello, trick or treat, please mail my candy to 1201 spruce street. We see this as playing on the notion that an impersonal Halloween is wrong somehow that you got to actually go out and make contact. Even if with the help of a costume here, dissolving some of your fears in doing that. Well, let me look at three categories of people, young children, adolescents and adults in coming up with sort of my temporary explanation of Halloween because I think it's different in those age groups. If we begin looking at young children and maybe let me start at the bottom here. One of the things that young children are able to work through in Halloween is a series of fears and particularly fears of death and darkness and going out at night, rather than during the daytime, confronting the unknown uncertainty and particularly confronting those fears by enacting them, rather than trying to just ignore things that were frightened of, trying to work through them in dreams or in this case in Halloween costuming and it seems to be a part of what's going on here, whereas children well cry when they sit on Santa's lap this imposing bearded, strange figure, they'll dress up in ways to ostensibly frighten themselves at Halloween something very different is going on there. Also going to scary movies, although that's more a part of the adolescent Halloween, as we saw, secondly the notion of liminality, again, I think comes in here that, here, something is happening to reverse roles. The weak become powerful, children are able to command respect and goods from the old, in this case, it's a form of role reversal where the tensions between parents and children are temporarily dissolved. If you think about it, children are one of our least empowered disadvantaged minority groups that there still hasn't been a big children's rights movement to have the same rights as other citizens in our society. And there's a certain tension that exists between the two generations of parents and children. Halloween helps dissolve that at least temporarily there's also some sexual socialization that goes on and some other things that are going on in that liminal period as well, but more so again at adolescence, whoops, I didn't mean to quite go there yet. There's one more here, pilgrimage, children banding together, children very seldom go trick or treating. Let me show you that next one now, alone but rather come with a group of other children, making a pilgrimage from door to door, doing that perhaps with a series of roles, trick or treating, I've got one quote that isn't from my research. It's actually from another one and going to spook houses which is another way to dissolve. Fear is also something that's usually done on us with other children. And it gets into some older age groups as well. This is a quote from a woman who is now 40, recalling her childhood trick or treating in Canada. She says group members were allowed to examine treats between stops and they went a particular route but it was frowned upon to sample them. And this is sort of the notion of asceticism that we find in pilgrimages in liminality in general, members were allowed to remove their masks while in transport because of the difficulties of breathing through them. But we're not allowed to remove the essential costume, requiring that there be uniform clothing, all wearing costumes that is, facial disguises had to be replaced before entering a householder's property, which has to do with transition at the boundary line and preparation for a ritual, under no circumstances were members allowed to reveal their true identity to the householder when in his presence. So there was anonymity and obedience, which are also found in the pilgrimage and other liminal context. And members had the travel as a unit, that is the male members were not allowed to move ahead of the females, equality, absence of rank unselfishness were all emphasized here, and again other liminal aspects. And finally, all of the rules served. She notes to reform group solid reaffirm group solidarity and ensure orderly progression through the itinerary. Interestingly, the further involvement, evolvement rather in Halloween, this woman has gotten together the same children that she used to go trick or treating with when she moved back into her small community and the women will now go trick or treating door to door in costume with cups, begging for alcohol which then they would give them before they move on to the next the household. And they still follow the same pathway. Here's finally having to do with some of the theaters that children confront the [indistinct] that reminded me of Halloween. And children's fear mastery, it's saying, come now my child, if we were really planning to harm you, do you think we'd be lurking here beside the path in the darkest part of the forest? the children are trying to give themselves the benefit of the doubt and going through all of these scary things and spook houses much the same way without necessarily really having fear. They know that they're gonna come out at the other end of that spook house. And they're pretty sure they're gonna come back intact from the Halloween pilgrimage, for adolescents the functions of Halloween are somewhat different. And again, let me start at the bottom and go to the top perhaps, this first one runs out, this is supposed to say expression of collective adolescent anxieties. I didn't notice that until I printed this up. Those anxieties include things like once again, a fear of death, also sexuality begins to become a fear of concern for adolescents and it's worked through, especially we'll see in the next one and explorations of sexuality also by twining under these identities, you can become anything you want or anything you're clever enough to design a costume for it at Halloween, the explorations of sexuality, especially during puberty in men are things that increasingly concerned adolescents. And it's been suggested that horror movies work through a lot of these fears for us. And if you think of some of the traditional horror movies of Wolfman, and Frankenstein, they begin to look at bodies that contort and grow hair on accountably and with the dracula myths and the blood involved once a month symbolizing menstruation for girls and women that symbolism of sexual problems, anxiety is being worked through via Halloween symbolism tends to be, at least I think a reasonable partial explanation of some of the popularity of traditional monsters. Finally, there seems to be a socialization to very materialistic values. Acquisitiveness, possessiveness, gluttony. The fact that children are sometimes given shopping bags to carry their goodies in is one symbol of that. Let me just give you a quote from one of the 12 year old males explaining what Halloween is all about as he sees it. This is, these are the rules. Get all the candy you can when trick or treating, take the candy home and dump it onto the table or floor separate the good candy bars, Snickers, Mars, 3 Musketeers into separate piles from the rest. Also separate the other candies and the suckers count, et cetera, examine everyone's candy and the one with the most good candy has won, eat the good candy first and protect your stash from the others. Here's here's a candy cartoon. This was actually from a greeting card, emphasizing something of the same theme. She said, have a happy Halloween. And inside the card, it says both the doors and eat all the candy yourself. Here's a, this is actually a pre-adolescent but this is a girl coming back from her Halloween emptying her treats out on the floor before she takes her stocking hat off. Going through them with wide eyes and then beginning to stuff her face to the extent that her mother will allow. And in doing that, she usually takes one bite of each piece of candy, puts it down on the table and tries the next one. She just can't wait to, to get all of these things. If we look finally at adults, there are somewhat different set of functions that appear to be taking place. There's a carnival and carnival spirit that overtakes a lot of Halloween. And we also see it in Mardi Gras in the medieval Feast of Fools in new year celebrations, new year's office parties, stereotypically where there's appears to be some need for the various things that carnival provides, release reversal in license. The reversal has to do with changing roles where the boss and the employee and the office party are equal where the child and the adult by virtue of costuming have somewhat reversed roles. Secondly, there's a release that at Halloween, it's a special time when you don't have to behave normally, if a child does mildly malicious property damage, soaping a window although pranks appear to be declining in popularity. That's tolerated. But children eat candy and eat sweets that they normally were not be allowed to eat, well it's a special time. It's Halloween, it's once a year. Also for adults, there's a special feeling of license that not only includes indulgence in foods but a feeling of sexual license, a feeling of debauchery in a sense. And we'll see that in some costumes in a minute in particular, gays are able to come out and very openly in Halloween and gay Halloween parties tend to be very rock sorts of affairs and very public. So it's a fair street parades and so forth. Unlike most of the rest of the year one intern protection would be that one of the reasons that adults are increasingly taking over Halloween is that with AIDS and with the rise of religious fundamentalism and conservatism and political conservatism in the US and many other places in the world, there's an increasingly repressive atmosphere. And Halloween accesses a cathartic release for us. Finally, with regards to two adults taking over the aspects of children's formerly controlling Halloween. One thing that in a very uncertain era we can do to master our fears is to try to, first of all, make them not, inside the home, that the child molesters are out there. The Halloween Setas two comes out once a year. Secondly, we concentrate that at one point during the year so that the parent has some feeling of control, I can go with my child for treating. I can impose rules. And for this one day a year I can do that and I can control the real threat here. And so in pushing that fear off onto strangers rather than in the family, whereas we know a lot of child abuse, most child abuse really does go on and making it something that seems controllable. There's at least an apparent, if not illusory, feeling that that fear is being mastered. We see some of the adult takeover in Hagar the Horrible cartoon, where the children are beginning. I love Halloween Hamlet and he says, me too. I love the candy and I love dressing up but you know what I like most of all, I love the whole Halloween because it's a holiday just for kids and Hagar comes running by with trick or treat in his bag and hand. We're seeing this increasingly happen. Here are also some mildly licentious adult greeting cards for Halloween. The two ghosts start saying trick or treat, trick or treat, let's dress up as ghost and go trick or treating, anything to get under the sheets with you, happy Halloween is the inside part of the greeting. And in another one, the outside part of the card is saying this Halloween we could run through the neighborhood playing pranks or we could stay home and soap each other, this sort of Christmas card, a Christmas card, Halloween card for adults becoming increasingly popular. Here are some scenes from, this is a bar but in salt like city, where I live they're actually all private clubs. And so you have to buy a membership for 20 or $25 a year on Halloween. And like a lot of other employees will see that the bartendress hails on a costume here. And most of the employees do as well. These are guests and fairly elaborate sorts of costume. The band itself had various sorts of costumes on, this was out in a tent outside, a number of the costumes are mildly risque. Some of them are engaging in a spirit of carnival revelry. And I think we'll have just a momentary change of slide trays here. And the next one that should be up is showing you as we did earlier in ad that had a monk in it that there tends to be whoops, come back. It didn't really show you that quite yet, irreverence for religious figures. This is a nun that was going around in a very sedate pose with a granny glasses on, until she periodically lifted her habit that started first getting away and then let the, have it drop back down. There were also a Christ carrying a cross and a number of pregnant nuns, a number of very licentious priests, flashers and dirty old men with big [indistinct] typically that would be under their raincoats, a very different sort of a spirit of openness, kitting sexuality of pig with multiple nipples at this point, in looking at these themes another thing that we can see in Christmas, switch holidays, Halloween is that increasingly as adults begin to take it over it's also becoming more and more institutionalized, more and more made a commercial celebration. One of the areas where that fight is being played out is in schools. I don't know if anything has happened locally here but school districts are beginning to, in some cases ban Halloween as being a religious ceremony that as long as other religious ceremonies are being banned from schools so should the Halloween but this was a grade school. And you can see that Halloween decorations are up. I also got some very good stories that children were telling or writing actually at Christmas time about Christmas, Halloween time about what Halloween meant to them and incorporating many horror motifs and the fears that they had, especially at grade school. There are a number of spook houses, haunted houses that are done commercially by the March of Dimes by American Cancer Society, commercially sponsored by various retailers in the areas. This was nightmare on state street rather than Elm street which is the main street in Salt Lake City. Also, this was inside of one of them. And this is actually up on a big Stonewall where this person has chained up, or this thing has chained up. Costume shops are growing. A growing percentage of their business comes from Halloween. It's overtaking Christmases to major costume holiday. And this one is talking about mommy's and daddy's shopping here for Gulls and Buoys for Halloween. And inside are a number of fairly elaborate costumes. Some of these rent for $90 a day and they sell out of a stock of hundreds of these. They also have a makeup department and special makeup artists. It's becoming more elaborate in the amount of money spent is also becoming more, a greater amount. There are a number of new age stores selling sort of mystical, magical things that sponsor things in conjunction with Halloween. This one had a psychic fair October 27th, 28th and 29th emphasizing and capitalizing on the mysticism of Halloween. Scarecrow festivals tying into the fall harvest scene. These all being sort of instant variations. This is Boo at the Zoo, bring your children to the zoo and they'll receive a series of traits in the implement the zoo. We'll all be in costume. This is take your children to this particular mall. And it was one of a number of malls in town that did exactly the same thing. And they can go around to the stores and get treats. I don't know if that again, happens names. Yeah, no?\r\n\r\n- [Female Speaker] Yes, yes.\r\n\r\n- [Speaker] Yes. Again, an increasing institutionalization plus a chance to see that retailers in this case rather than the strange neighbor have the good people, they give us good things and you can, I think so the materialistic message there. So these are some of the costume children coming around to stores in the mall and receiving treats at each one and passing on very quickly. It's a very quick way, rather than going up to doors and knocking on them. And some children will begin here and then go out into the neighborhood. But for many, this is all there is to it. And parents will come along. And this is obviously under a closer scrutiny and supervision and then going out into that mysterious neighborhood where the presumed poison apples and razorblades in the apples and poison candy might be. We also find that employees in stores are increasingly dressing up. This was at our university bookstore where I started this Halloween and making some rounds. This was, I guess this was also in the same bookstore. This was in the cafeteria where another employee is beginning to put things out. This was just walking across campus. And I don't know if this is typical at Iowa state or not, but yeah, at Utah an increasing percentage of the students and the faculty and the administration do dress up for Halloween for the full day on campus. It's bigger I think on some college campuses than others. And this was, I went to my barber or a hairdresser that day and they were all in costume. Next I went to my bank and they were very sensitive because you can't take pictures of things in banks for security reasons, but they let me take a picture of this part of the display. There was also a witch serving punch and all of the employees were elaborately decked out. In fact, they were having a costume for a contest for the best costume with the vacation trip being the prize, there was also a sign on the door, if you entered the bank because a lot of the people that came into the bank also had costumes on, no masks allowed to be worn in the bank. So there was a different sort of security risk that was apparently posed there as well. And finally, this was a supermarket. And again, no, all the employees in the supermarket were decked out in costume as well, in fact it was difficult to find a store that not only tolerated, didn't tolerate that is costumes on the part of its employees, but most encouraged it, employers were told you must wear a costume tomorrow. And the number resisted that in some cases but for the most part, they went along with it. And this was a chance to do something. That's a bit of a role reversal at work too. You don't have to appear very straight when you come to work any longer. So in conclusion, at this point, I think we can draw several tentative conclusions. Although this research and neither of these cases is complete, but with regard to Halloween by itself, it tends to be a multivocal holiday. It doesn't just mean one thing .but rather differs in meaning across age categories and perhaps across genders and social classes as well. A broad approach I think is beginning to pay off in terms of helping us understand what Halloween is about, the historical precedents only I think go part way toward explaining what Halloween is. They tell us something about the origins of pumpkins and some of the Halloween trick or treating customs and so forth but they don't explain many of its current meanings and its current evolution. Halloween continues to change as our fears in societies change, the contamination fears, the adult appropriation of the holidays tend to go up at various points in time. The two times in history when the contamination periods were most rampant were at the height of the Vietnam War when there was a lot of societal anxiety and just after the Tylenol poisonings in the Chicago area which of course increased consciousness as well. Finally, it looks like as we get older from a very young children through adults that the emphasis that Halloween changes from one of being socialized into a sex role among other things to working on our own identity and trying to gain some sense of mastery over our fears and anxieties to finally as adults, to feeling more of license and release of having an opportunity to let it all out with Halloween being an increasingly important holiday which we as adults do that. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40892/file/112718#t=0.0,2260.776"}]}]}]}