{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/ns0ks6jx6z/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Moyer, H. Wayne, A Seminar on World Hunger and Poverty"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203359 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["A Seminar on World Hunger and Poverty is a February 1, 1984 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Wayne Moyer. Wayne Moyer asserts that while the world will act during famines, there is no attempt to ensure that people can afford food on an ongoing basis.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203359"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["A Seminar on World Hunger and Poverty. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w91g0j05g"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1984-02-01"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Moyer, H. Wayne (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Food supply","World Food Conference","Food relief","Poverty"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["A Seminar on World Hunger and Poverty is a February 1, 1984 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Wayne Moyer. Wayne Moyer asserts that while the world will act during famines, there is no attempt to ensure that people can afford food on an ongoing basis.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only.","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/118/488/small/lecture.png?1624894933","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e My name's Craig Davis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=6.485,8.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm the coordinator of environmental studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=8.32,10.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here at Iowa State.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=10.56,12.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I'd like to welcome all of you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=12.02,13.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a very nice turnout tonight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=13.88,14.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this seminar entitled,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=14.88,17.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"The Changing Face of World Hunger.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=17.797,19.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The seminar tonight is being presented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=20.67,23.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a part of a development education project sponsored","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=23.11,26.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the Quad Cities World Affairs Council","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=26.77,29.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Peoria Area World Affairs Council in cooperation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=29.097,33.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the World Food Institute here at Iowa State.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=33.44,37.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The funding for this project came from US A-I-D.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=37.11,41.407"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna ask Terry Iverson, who is responsible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=43.75,48.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for getting this project off the ground,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=48.23,50.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to tell you a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=50.0,51.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what the overall goals of the project are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=51.58,55.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they'll break directly into our two speakers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=55.01,59.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Terry, if you wanna do paperwork.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=59.08,63.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I'll be very brief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=63.143,64.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, one piece of housekeeping.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=64.6,65.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to pass around an assignment sheet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=65.817,68.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ask each of you, if you would put your name,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=68.58,70.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"address, your affiliation, or company, or place of business,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=70.9,75.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that I have it as a matter of record","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=76.179,77.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we can notify you about future meetings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=77.447,80.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or seminars of this kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=80.69,82.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As Craig said, this is development education project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=83.995,86.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a rather new enterprise undertaken","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=86.38,88.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the U.S. Agency for International Development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=88.32,91.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a program that has several goals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=91.3,95.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, is to increase the public's awareness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=95.67,97.983"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of some of these problems related","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=97.983,99.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to growth, hunger, and poverty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=99.76,102.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And secondly, in the case with this particular project,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=102.1,105.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to give to those of us in the Midwest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=105.33,107.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an opportunity to look at some of the data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=107.18,110.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it is complicating hunger and poverty worldwide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=110.2,113.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then later on to develop a strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=113.32,116.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for combating world hunger and poverty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=116.79,118.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or various aspects of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=118.48,121.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this evening is the first effort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=121.01,124.012"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get some of the information that we feel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=124.012,126.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we need in order to proceed with the project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=126.263,130.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would like to mention that there are two other communities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=130.37,133.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Iowa that are involved, Waterloo and Cedar Rapids,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=133.07,136.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and three in Illinois, the Quad Cities Area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=136.74,139.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peoria and Decatur.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=139.95,141.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they have similar sessions going on there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=141.7,144.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the evening by focusing on different 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annually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=751.89,754.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but rather it is a problem of chronic malnutrition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=755.7,759.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where somewhere between 400 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=760.4,763.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and over 1 billion people, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=763.68,765.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the most unfortunate things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=765.51,767.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's going to really be a difficult thing, really,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=767.35,769.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to determine accurately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=769.52,770.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't really know how many people are hungry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=770.57,773.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Part of that is that many of the hungry people are 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Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=835.67,839.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rest are spread around in Latin America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=839.73,842.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"North America, and the Middle 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countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=941.8,944.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are, of course, usually the poorest countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=944.44,947.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At an even more basic level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=948.18,949.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is estimated by the World Bank","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=949.74,951.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that malnutrition is directly 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submarines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1114.51,1117.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we could end hunger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1120.237,1121.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we could take the appropriate measures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1122.992,1125.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of healthcare,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1125.01,1126.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of nutrition, diet supplements,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1126.07,1129.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1129.61,1130.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I am gonna argue that these 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wrong,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1135.48,1137.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both in the developing and the developed countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1138.7,1140.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I will argue that this is 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rapidly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1165.32,1168.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think about $4 billion, what it was at the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1168.65,1171.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to well over $8 billion 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3%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1220.87,1222.969"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thailand, at one stage, was going over 6% a year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1222.969,1227.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have Asia on one 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1970s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1363.62,1367.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the trend in terms of food imports","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1370.761,1374.011"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think could generally be regarded as 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production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1391.2,1394.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have already shown.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1396.4,1397.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I said a few minutes ago, I think that it's 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Belt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1429.33,1432.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps something comparable to the famous crop failure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1433.92,1438.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 1936 will be sufficient in the absence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1438.67,1443.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of sufficient international reserves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1443.71,1446.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to really send thousands of people around the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1446.98,1449.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a situation of starvation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1451.07,1455.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, what went 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produced,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1472.11,1474.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's through some kind of trickle down effect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1474.57,1476.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would become available to all of the hungry people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1476.72,1480.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we have seen, of course, that that assumption was wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1482.27,1487.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Where a surplus was created,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1487.47,1490.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it generally was not distributed to the poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1490.01,1493.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in general, it improved the 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armies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1499.33,1501.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in any country that are not very well fed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1501.03,1504.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, there was another argument that was 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agriculture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1512.02,1514.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would probably mostly be spent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1514.72,1516.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the rural areas where crops were produced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1517.98,1521.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and where most of the poor live.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1521.86,1523.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And since most of the increased 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market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1547.95,1550.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hence are not in a position to benefit directly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1551.1,1555.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from food production 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expected?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1562.13,1564.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I say, the food production strategy worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1564.52,1567.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in increasing food yields, but probably didn't work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1567.2,1569.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as effectively as has had been hoped.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1569.92,1572.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What made it fail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1574.74,1577.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what in fact caused the program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1577.41,1581.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to increase the income very effectively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1581.3,1584.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of poor farmers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1584.37,1587.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think it's fair to 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countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1601.55,1605.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come from backgrounds, very, very remote to agriculture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1605.08,1609.689"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the leaders have come from agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1609.689,1611.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're quite anxious to get away from it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1611.35,1613.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And agriculture has not been a particularly high 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agriculture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1620.21,1623.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not specially concerned until very, very recently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1625.44,1628.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think even 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stations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1644.96,1649.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not really able to adapt new technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1650.99,1654.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the particular problems of these countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1654.44,1657.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the governments didn't give agriculture enough priority.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1657.88,1660.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The emphasis was on industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1660.51,1661.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they could start working on these things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1661.94,1665.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the years immediately after the World Food Conference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1665.63,1668.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of what expertise existed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1671.09,1673.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was of course inherited from colonial days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1674.8,1677.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And much of it was linked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1677.54,1678.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to producing cash crops for export.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1678.7,1682.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Talk more about this later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1682.59,1684.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In many third world 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field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1687.64,1690.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I mentioned a minute ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1692.21,1693.595"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the real emphasis was on industrialization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1693.595,1696.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So most of these countries were very slow to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1697.99,1699.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the ball and took a long time to get things going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1699.83,1703.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there've been many mistakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1703.04,1704.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the food production increases have not been as 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publicity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1721.24,1724.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for very insecure political leaders,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1724.73,1727.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make a lot of news,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1727.69,1729.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but grandiose projects have a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1729.28,1732.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of requirements in terms of administrative personnel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1732.34,1736.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And most third world countries have a shortage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1736.94,1740.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of administrative 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administer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1746.06,1748.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was also a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1751.68,1752.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that many of the projects were too 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themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1778.08,1780.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had no stake in the projects, their motivation was low","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1780.93,1785.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they perhaps did not work as hard as they 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village,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1886.21,1888.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he's much more comfortable dealing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1890.0,1891.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the rural elites than he is with the poor rural 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fertilizer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1908.75,1911.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in good part because of their status in the community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1913.08,1915.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then again, some of the 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malnourished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1933.83,1935.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then that also contributed to the urban migration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1935.56,1939.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then another general problem in the third 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share.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1956.96,1958.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the tragedy that as a result, production suffered,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=1960.23,1964.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and while it's 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countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2224.31,2227.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least, agriculture is not well enough developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2227.0,2229.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have a domestic constituency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2229.96,2232.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it hasn't gotten very much political power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2232.62,2234.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Traditional landlords have not 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storage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2309.03,2310.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They get some of these things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2310.64,2311.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they didn't do all of these 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2331.0,2333.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they run something like 10 to 20% of the crop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2334.814,2337.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if you could get that 10 to 20% of the crop 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food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2343.69,2348.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which the world really needs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2349.39,2350.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of providing for adequate nourishment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2350.85,2354.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a very serious problem in many countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2356.32,2359.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of bureaucracies or agencies within the bureaucracy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2359.57,2364.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operating in very serious rivalries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2365.98,2370.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Different inputs are commanded by different bureaucracies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2371.11,2374.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ministry that controls transport","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2374.91,2376.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't also control 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authority.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2380.77,2381.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many of these agencies are jealous of their authority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2382.96,2385.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and don't coordinate their activities very well 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everywhere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2391.3,2392.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's been a particularly serious obstacle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2393.796,2395.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in trying to increase agricultural production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2395.94,2398.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At least as far as the infrastructure is concerned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2399.96,2402.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"governments have sometimes been 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countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2442.15,2444.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"governments have destroyed traditional marketing systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2444.48,2447.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which worked reasonably well and impose government controls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2447.31,2452.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what often happens if the government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2453.38,2455.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't like the price signals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2455.54,2457.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are sent, it takes over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2457.17,2459.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The prices are set by bureaucratic whim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2459.42,2461.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or worse because of political pressures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2461.85,2465.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which sends out all of the wrong production signals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2465.07,2468.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then there's the additional problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2468.95,2470.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when the government takes over the marketing 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bureaucracy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2475.58,2477.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in many of these instances","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2477.38,2478.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Africa here again is particularly serious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2478.8,2481.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The marketing system has broken down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2481.48,2483.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and with a marketing system broken down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2484.86,2487.093"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are no incentives for the farmers to produce.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2488.5,2491.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As far as prices are concerned, farmers are not 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to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2498.86,2501.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's always been hard for farmers to set their prices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2501.52,2504.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The urban consumers of course threaten violence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2505.35,2507.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a very serious political threat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2507.8,2509.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to many, many governments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2509.71,2512.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they establish unstoppable pressures to keep prices low","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2512.04,2516.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which of course creates very serious disincentives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2516.1,2518.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for food production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2518.35,2520.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you have a situation where in many countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2520.24,2522.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and again, I will point out to Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2522.95,2524.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you do is you tax the farmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2524.56,2527.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and subsidize the consumer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2527.25,2528.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the differential political 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are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2534.88,2536.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which acts as a disincentive to agricultural production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2536.04,2538.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which of course hinders the effort to provide adequate food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2538.63,2543.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Needless to say, the West has contributed to this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2548.43,2553.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less so I think in the present than in the 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aid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2559.33,2562.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our surplus, which we were disposing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2563.61,2565.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a good part of it was given for political reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2565.38,2569.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And often it was used to keep food prices down,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2569.83,2572.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support the government, keep the government in power,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2575.349,2577.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but of course provides all the wrong sorts of incentives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2577.39,2581.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for food production in third world countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2581.34,2585.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, what happens when prices are low","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2586.14,2588.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that very promising agricultural production projects,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2590.58,2593.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new projects, because now you can't really make a profit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2593.63,2596.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off of them often are abandoned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2596.89,2599.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So sometimes we were working at cross purposes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2599.45,2602.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're giving food aid on one hand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2602.96,2604.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you're working with agricultural development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2604.53,2606.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if the food aid is depressing agricultural prices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2606.88,2609.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it undercuts your efforts, direct efforts,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2609.67,2613.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of agricultural development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2613.21,2615.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we're getting more sophisticated about this now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2615.54,2618.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there has been a problem in the past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2618.12,2622.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's fairly clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2626.11,2627.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's more than fairly clear that economic incentives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2627.37,2631.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of profits to farmers are enormously powerful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2631.3,2635.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in virtually every country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2637.5,2639.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And where farmers to be provided with these incentives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2640.39,2643.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly the poor farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2645.51,2647.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the agriculture production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2650.116,2651.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think here I would emphasize Africa again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2651.67,2655.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could be very significantly increased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2655.61,2658.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there's another problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2660.33,2662.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Americans are less guilty of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2662.83,2664.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the Europeans are quite guilty of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2664.35,2666.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that most of the developed countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2668.02,2670.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tend to export their price instabilities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2672.21,2675.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They maintain price stability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2677.31,2678.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at home in terms of food prices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2678.61,2680.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they export their instabilities abroad,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2680.22,2682.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which leads to rapidly fluctuating food prices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2682.53,2685.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the less developed countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2687.61,2690.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, what happens is in bad years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2690.04,2691.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farmers are driven out and of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2691.75,2693.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can't get back in good years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2693.92,2696.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there's been a failure to adopt appropriate technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2698.16,2703.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's another problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2703.53,2704.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Part of it has to do with the technology that's available.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2707.77,2710.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the technology that's available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2710.19,2712.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course has been developed in the more advanced countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2712.24,2715.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it of course usually implies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2715.11,2717.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capital intensive technology, tractors, this sort of thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2719.41,2722.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Banks and aid organizations have often encouraged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2723.97,2727.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this capital intensive technology, comes from the Western.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=2727.46,2730.393"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29858/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/858/original/AV203359_A_Seminar_on_World_Hunger_and_Poverty_a.vtt?1624894935","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/858/original/AV203359_A_Seminar_on_World_Hunger_and_Poverty_a.vtt?1624894935"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29859","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203359_A_Seminar_on_World_Hunger_and_Poverty_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488/transcript/29859/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- My name's Craig Davis, and I'm the coordinator of environmental studies here at Iowa State. And I'd like to welcome all of you, and a very nice turnout tonight, to this seminar entitled, \"The Changing Face of World Hunger.\" The seminar tonight is being presented as a part of a development education project sponsored by the Quad Cities World Affairs Council and the Peoria Area World Affairs Council in cooperation with the World Food Institute here at Iowa State. The funding for this project came from US A-I-D. I'm gonna ask Terry Iverson, who is responsible for getting this project off the ground, to tell you a little bit about what the overall goals of the project are. And they'll break directly into our two speakers. So Terry, if you wanna do paperwork.\r\n\r\n- I'll be very brief. First of all, one piece of housekeeping. I'm going to pass around an assignment sheet and ask each of you, if you would put your name, address, your affiliation, or company, or place of business, so that I have it as a matter of record and we can notify you about future meetings or seminars of this kind. As Craig said, this is development education project. It's a rather new enterprise undertaken by the U.S. Agency for International Development. It's a program that has several goals. First of all, is to increase the public's awareness of some of these problems related to growth, hunger, and poverty. And secondly, in the case with this particular project, to give to those of us in the Midwest an opportunity to look at some of the data that it is complicating hunger and poverty worldwide, and then later on to develop a strategy for combating world hunger and poverty or various aspects of it. So this evening is the first effort to get some of the information that we feel that we need in order to proceed with the project. I would like to mention that there are two other communities in Iowa that are involved, Waterloo and Cedar Rapids, and three in Illinois, the Quad Cities Area, Peoria and Decatur. And they have similar sessions going on there in the evening by focusing on different issues and using different speakers, although there may be some overlap as we proceed with the project. But I too am very glad that you are here tonight. And I hope that during the discussion period following each of the presentations by our speakers that you'll feel free to engage in a free and open discussion. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- The overall objectives of this project are four. Number one, we wanna provide an overview of world hunger as it exists today. Number two, we wanted to disseminate information about multilateral and bilateral efforts initiated since World War II to deal with world hunger problems. And three, we wanna provide a format so that participants in the work sessions will be actively involved during the project in developing strategies for combating world hunger and poverty. And finally, near the end of the project this summer we're going to convene a world hunger conference probably in the Quad Cities. This will probably be held in May or June, in which the six working groups will participate. In October and November of last year, the various working groups met and set objectives for themselves. And I might just give you a list of a few of these objectives selected from the list of the six groups. One of the objectives stated, one of the questions that was stated was, what is the relationship between international trade and world hunger and poverty? Another, what role can education play in coping with world hunger and poverty? What are the principal causes of malnutrition? What are the rules of science and technology in increasing food production and consumption? How are infant malnutrition and prenatal care for mothers related? How did women's roles affect fertility, food production, nutrition, and other related issues? What are the relationships between land use and food production? What is the status of food relief programs, and what are the cultural factors that must be taken into account when we promote development, especially in developing countries? The Ames group came up with the following five issues that it wanted to explore as it worked towards developing its strategies for combating the world food problems. Number one, the importance of the world food situation to Iowa and Illinois. Number two, the impact of war on the world food situation. Number three, the relationship between population trends and the world food situation. Number four, the need for education and technical assistance programs for rural development. And number five, the third world debt and world hunger and poverty. Since this is a hands on operation, we hope that you will feel free to become actively involved tonight. Don't think that you're here just to be listeners. We're gonna have two presentations followed by discussion and there'll be a first presentation, and then about 15 minutes of discussion, and the second presentation, and then we'll go until we're all worn out. Those of you who would like to participate in the Ames working group after tonight, will have an opportunity to if you just put your name on the list that Terry is circulating because we will inform you of the next meetings. It is my intention to get the working group together again in about two weeks to decide what we want to do next, who we wanna bring for speakers, what information we wanna explore next, in the hopes that we can set up our next seminar of this type for sometime about six or eight weeks from now. Our first speaker is Professor Wayne Moyer. Professor Moyer received his bachelor's degree from my home state, the wonderful state of Virginia, where he went to the University of Virginia. And then he went on to what some people think is a slightly better school maybe, Yale University up in Connecticut. He received his master's of arts degree there in international relations, a master's of philosophy in political science and a PhD in political science. He joined the faculty at Grinnell in 1971, where he is now located. He's an assistant associate professor and has served as chair of the department for two stints, the first stint '74 to '78, and the most recent stint is still going on. Took over the chair in '82 and is still holding that chair now. Professor Moyer has done extensive research on the politics of food, has as written extensively and has been involved actively in this issue for some time. And he's going to talk to us tonight on food, politics, and hunger. Mr. Moyer.\r\n\r\n- Now I'm certain that most of you remember the November 1974 United Nations World Food Conference, which was held in Rome, which of course was called in response to the world food crisis, which had shaken governments and people in the '70s in both the developed and developing countries. Of course, galvanized by the famine in the Sahel where thousands were dying daily of starvation. Period where world food stocks were at record lows. Food prices seemed to be climbing nearly everywhere. And there were fears then that we were facing a continuing food shortage and that the world would never be able to feed its population again. There was, surrounding the conference, an atmosphere of great drama and gravity under the spotlight of international publicity as 5,000 delegates and observers from over 130 countries sat down to discuss reform of the international agricultural order. And of course, among the delegates were foreign ministers from various countries, including of course, the US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and ministers of agriculture, of course, including our own Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz. There were politicians. There were farmers. There were businessmen. There were clergymen and there were nutritionists. Quite a group. Now as might've been expected with such a large and diverse group, there was the appearance, if not the reality of chaos, but after 12 days where international bombast alternated with serious discussion and bargaining, consensus was reached on a series of resolutions designed to transform the international agricultural system, calling for such things as massively increased investment for agricultural production in developing countries; a world system of food reserves; the creation of a global early warning network, so we could predict future famines; increased food aid; the establishment of a new international fund for agricultural development; and the establishment of a World Food Council to coordinate all the international food production efforts; and finally, of course, the resolution to end world hunger in 10 years. In the crisis atmosphere which prevailed, nations made great haste in implementing the conference resolutions with the exception, of course, of the creation of a system of international food reserves, which was never implemented. And the start of the war against hunger was a very promising one indeed. Then the crisis passed. The famine in the Sahel ended. And I guess, although we're not quite sure, but somewhere between 150 and 250,000 starved but we had expected more. United States, of course, had a number of bumper harvests. Stocks were up, food prices stabilized, and everyone forgot about the World Food Conference and the problem of hunger. That is, they forgot about hunger until the starvation of about a million Cambodians appeared eminent five years ago. But again, the international community rallied and we could take comfort that once again we had warded off international starvation. Now there really is no room for complexity because I think it's fair to say the problem of world hunger remains. And if anything, it's at least a serious maybe more serious than it was in 1974 at the time of the World Food Conference. The problem of world hunger of course is not primarily a starvation problem because comparatively few people starve annually but rather it is a problem of chronic malnutrition where somewhere between 400 million and over 1 billion people, I think, one of the most unfortunate things, and it's going to really be a difficult thing, really, to determine accurately. We don't really know how many people are hungry. Part of that is that many of the hungry people are refugees. They're very hard to get a hold of. Part of the problem is that there are all sorts of different definitions as to what constitutes hunger. And so there's no agreement on how many people are hungry. The only thing that there is agreement on is that there are very, very many up in the order of at least 500 million people. Okay, the problem then is these people who are hungry they don't really get enough to eat. There's a problem with protein, that their protein calorie intake is substantially below the body's minimum energy needs. Now the malnourished of course, or undernourished, are by no means evenly distributed around the world. Half of them are in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. One sixth of them are in other areas in East and Southeast Asia. One sixth of them live in Sub-Sahara Africa. The rest are spread around in Latin America, North America, and the Middle East. One half of them are children under five, usually from large families. There are more women than men. Three fourths of them live in rural areas, and most could be classified as rural poor. The under-nourished attract little attention internationally, and I think this is different from the case with starvation because there often are no easily discernible outward symptoms. A child appears small for his age. He seems listless, or he's pale in color. This is not the sort of thing that television camera crews on locations are likely to home in on. And I would venture to say that as a result that most people in the developed countries never having been malnourished themselves are really still completely unaware of the problem. Now, even though the symptoms of undernutrition are not obvious, the effects of course are severe. Extensive research by the World Health Organization and others clearly reveals that malnutrition seriously hampers motivation, concentration, physical stamina, the ability to work, and of course, the ability to learn. The net impact has been and still is an enormous loss to the human potential and in terms of productivity and the development efforts of the effected countries, which are, of course, usually the poorest countries. At an even more basic level, it is estimated by the World Bank that malnutrition is directly responsible for more than 12 million deaths annually among children each year, although the cause, the parent cause, is usually pneumonia, measles, or some other disease. Now I'm going to argue this evening that the world has not dealt very effectively with the malnutrition problem because of a number of things. First, that the main thrust strategy emerging from the World Food Conference, which was a massive commitment to increase agricultural production though it has had considerable success in increasing yields. It's a considerable success everywhere except in Africa, and we'll talk more about Africa later, is alone inherently unable to solve the world hunger problem because it does not adequately take into account that people are usually malnourished, not because of the lack of available food, but because of a lack of resources which they can use to buy food. And then secondly, I will argue that the political and bureaucratic factors in developing countries, and I should add parenthetically here in the developed countries as well, have biased the implementation of the agriculture production strategy. So as to limit its potential, both for increasing food production and for increasing the incomes of the rural poor who are generally the ones malnourished. And then three, that even though there is strong evidence that programs to increase the ability of the poor to buy food and to provide them with nutrition education can when combined with agriculture with the agricultural production strategy, healthcare, birth control and work that these programs can end world hunger in the foreseeable future. And I should stress here that if we could ensure that if that food gets to the poor, that a mere 32 million tons of grain or something like 2% of the world's production, that's how close we are to having enough food. The problem is not a shortage of food, but getting the food to the people that need it. It's much more of a distribution problem than a production problem. But if we could merely get an additional 2% in terms of food production, which would cost something like $8 billion about the cost of three trident submarines, then we could end hunger, if we could take the appropriate measures in terms of healthcare, in terms of nutrition, diet supplements, and so on and so forth. But I am gonna argue that these programs probably will not be adopted because the political matrix is all wrong, both in the developing and the developed countries. And I will argue that this is true because the hungry have little political power or even voice in the national or international affairs of the countries where they live. Now I'd like to look first at the food production strategy that developed after the World Food Conference. After the World Food Conference, of course, investment in agriculture increased very rapidly. I think about $4 billion, what it was at the time to well over $8 billion today, although this is still somewhat less than the amount that the Food and Agriculture Organization estimates is necessary to stimulate the targeted 4% annual increase in agricultural production. There has in fact been a significant increase in world food production, which has run about 2.7% annually throughout the developing countries. There has been, however, great differential in the production record, where on one hand you have Asia, where the green revolution and hybrid seeds and technology has generally been adapted and where production increases have run in many instances, over 3%. Thailand, at one stage, was going over 6% a year. You have Asia on one extreme. And then on the other extreme, you have Africa, where the green revolution has not taken hold and where food production is only slightly increasing and per capita food production is actually declining. So the situation in Africa is in fact getting worse. Now, however, at the same time as food production in the developing countries has been increasing at 2.7%, demand there has been increasing at about 3% a year, mostly because of population growth, but not only because of that, but also because of increased incomes and better diet on the part of the upper classes. So you're having a situation where a good part of the food production increase is not going to the poorest people, but the people who are higher up on the social ladder who have the ability to pay. And so, that they are in fact improving their diets before some of the very poor are able to improve their diets. Now, the result with the increased demand on food that existed in the late 1970s was of course vastly increased food imports from the United States. And of course, one of the consequences of that was ever increasing dependence on food imports. And the situation developed by the end of the 1970s, where it appeared that the third world had become extremely dependent on the United States, which would not be able, although this appears to have changed more recently to keep up with the demands that were placed upon it. I don't think in the long run, even though we're in a surplus period now, the United States can still keep up with the food needs of third world countries. And it is still important that they develop even more and even more effective agriculture production strategy than they had in the late 1970s. Now, the trend in terms of food imports I think could generally be regarded as unhealthy. The huge sums that the LDCs have spent in our spending on food imports is money that should be spent for other development purposes. The strains on developed country food production have already shown. And as I said a few minutes ago, I think that it's something that for the future we have to think very seriously about. And that I don't think that we're going to be able to keep up in the longterm with all of the potential demands which could exist from the third world countries. We are approaching a point where the situation will become so precarious that a major crop failure in for instance, such an area as the Corn Belt, perhaps something comparable to the famous crop failure of 1936 will be sufficient in the absence of sufficient international reserves to really send thousands of people around the world into a situation of starvation. Now, what went wrong with the agricultural production strategy? One school of thought was that if enough produced, if enough food was produced, that's through some kind of trickle down effect, it would become available to all of the hungry people. And we have seen, of course, that that assumption was wrong. Where a surplus was created, it generally was not distributed to the poor. And in general, it improved the diets of those who could pay or those who had power. For instance, there are very few armies in any country that are not very well fed. Now, there was another argument that was made at the time of the World Food Conference that since investment in agriculture would probably mostly be spent in the rural areas where crops were produced and where most of the poor live. And since most of the increased profits from production would also be spent in the same area that enough income would be generated to allow the poor to buy food. And this argument ignored the reality that most of the rural poor do not own land. And in fact, live outside the market and hence are not in a position to benefit directly from food production increases. Now, what about the failure to increase yields as much as expected? As I say, the food production strategy worked in increasing food yields, but probably didn't work as effectively as has had been hoped. What made it fail and what in fact caused the program not to increase the income very effectively in terms of poor farmers? And I think it's fair to say that there's been a very serious problem with political leadership in many third world countries. And I think Africa has suffered some of the most serious failures. Most of the leaders in third world countries come from backgrounds, very, very remote to agriculture. If the leaders have come from agriculture, they're quite anxious to get away from it. And agriculture has not been a particularly high priority. Doctors, lawyers, soldiers, economists. Very little experience in general with agriculture. Not specially concerned until very, very recently, and I think even substantially after the 1974 World Food Conference with agricultural production. Most of these countries, and again, I think the African case is particularly serious, had little expertise in terms of agriculture. No land grant colleges, no experiment stations, not really able to adapt new technology to the particular problems of these countries and the governments didn't give agriculture enough priority. The emphasis was on industry, so that they could start working on these things in the years immediately after the World Food Conference Most of what expertise existed, was of course inherited from colonial days. And much of it was linked to producing cash crops for export. Talk more about this later. In many third world countries, agriculture was not seen as a particularly prestigious field. And as I mentioned a minute ago, the real emphasis was on industrialization. So most of these countries were very slow to get on the ball and took a long time to get things going. And there've been many mistakes. So the food production increases have not been as great as might have been expected. Now, one of the first mistakes that was made was that there was a bias in favor of grandiose projects. Grandiose projects make very good publicity for very insecure political leaders, make a lot of news, but grandiose projects have a lot of requirements in terms of administrative personnel. And most third world countries have a shortage of administrative personnel. And many of the projects were too complex for the bureaucracy to administer. There was also a problem that many of the projects were too expensive and too capital intensive, and they wasted resources. Many of them had insufficient research support. In many instances, farmers were put out to work or were put out of work, I should say. In many instances, since you're talking about large projects where the workers themselves had no stake in the projects, their motivation was low and they perhaps did not work as hard as they could. And indeed many of the projects both by putting workers out of work, farm workers out of work, and by not giving them any kind of incentives contributed to the migration to the cities, which of course is I think you all know, is one of the most serious problems in the third world where I think it's estimated that by the year 2000, there will be more than 40 cities in the third world with population over 5 million people as opposed to simply 12 cities in the developed countries. Now there was also a tendency for large farmers to dominate the agricultural production projects at the expense of the small farmers. Large farmers could afford to take larger risks. Small farmers, knowing if they made mistakes, they lost everything, were rationally more risk averse. It's not that small farmers were not innovative. It's simply they couldn't afford to take the risks. So when you found a situation where it was the large farmers who took the risks who got the benefits and they've profited disproportionately from the revolution in food production technology. Now on this point also, agricultural extension agents in third world countries have in general tended to be much more responsive to the needs of the large farmer rather than to the needs of the small farmer. Part of that's a class phenomenon that when an agricultural extension agent from the city himself goes into a rural village, he's much more comfortable dealing with the rural elites than he is with the poor rural farmer. Larger farmers, and this is true anywhere in the world and even in developed countries, naturally command the necessary inputs in terms of credit, in terms of seeds, in terms of fertilizer, and in good part because of their status in the community. Then again, some of the technology, certain types of irrigation systems for instance, was more applicable for larger farmers. Larger farmers, of course, often converted to capital intensive methods, partly because they had a sickly workforce, which was malnourished. And then that also contributed to the urban migration. And then another general problem in the third world is that small farmers historically have been divided. The politics in these countries is generally the politics of patronage. They'd not been conscious of any class identity. They haven't been able to organize to get their fair share. Now, the tragedy that as a result, production suffered, and while it's well-established that yields per acre are greater on smaller farms, and that's of course if you own your own land and you probably will work harder. And even though small farms don't have the same kind of management problems as large farms, unfortunately, in most third world countries the production increases on small farms have been somewhat disappointing. Now there was an inability and unwillingness I think in general, and I think that's still true. It was an unwillingness on the part of developing country leaders to seriously implement land reform. This problem varies in seriousness in different countries. In Latin America, in general, 10% of the farmers own 90% of the farmland. That's probably where the problem's most serious. In Asia, it's the less serious. 20% of the farmers own 65% of the land. Worldwide, something like 100 million farm workers own no land at all, which is a lot. Now I think it's important to consider both for the income-generating effects and because of the the effects on productivity to note the tenant farmers who are asked to assume all of the risk of production on get part of the profits, and who only get part of the profits, tend in general to be less innovative. Now land reform is, of course, the most difficult political decision. One of the most difficult political decisions that a country can make. It generally pits the urban-based government, which is often weak in rural areas against rural elites. And very few governments have been strong enough to carry land reform out. Where it has happened, significant productivity increases have resulted. The countries that are normally mentioned in this regard, of course, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and China. The developed countries and particularly the United States have not pushed very hard for land reform. And they have, in general, not wished to stay destabilized the various regimes, many of which are very weak, on grounds, of course, that they don't want to allow communists to get a foothold in these areas. Okay, so there's a problem with land reform. There has been another problem in terms of the failure of governments to invest adequately for research and training of agricultural workers. Local research is very important for most agricultural products, worked on in US universities, while it's helpful, is not always appropriate for areas where the climate and geography is vastly different. It's also important that the people who are going to be carrying out agriculture development in third world countries are appropriately trained. They sometimes can be over-trained. And sometimes the training they get in this country is not adequate for the particular problems which they face back home. One of the problems in third world countries, and it gets back to the point I was making a few minutes ago about the political leadership is most of these countries are extremely poor. They had many calls for very limited funds, on very limited funds, because agriculture hasn't been the highest priority. It has not gotten very much of the available pie, which in itself is very small. And that's complicated by a difficulty that in most the poorest countries, at least, agriculture is not well enough developed to have a domestic constituency. So it hasn't gotten very much political power. Traditional landlords have not been particularly enthusiastic about local research. Conceivably, they don't particularly want it, and I think this is pretty self-evident to change the established order. Now this problem, I think is much more serious in Sub-Sahara Africa, where the problem is the most serious than it is in Asia. Now there's been another problem that much of the success in Asia where hybrid seeds and all have been and where much of the agriculture is irrigated agriculture, much of the technology that was developed with regard to the green revolution at least has not been easily transferable to the different climate of Africa. Now another problem. Governments have often failed to recognize that you must not only provide the seeds and technology in terms of agriculture for agriculture production, but also the inputs. And you've got to get water there. You've got to get fertilizer there and you've got to have the appropriate infrastructure, transportation, and storage. They get some of these things, but they didn't do all of these things. And if you really wanted to increase agriculture production you should do all of these things together. And so there have been problems there. In terms of storage, at least, there have been and still are very serious crop losses around the world. The best estimates I can find is that they run something like 10 to 20% of the crop. And if you could get that 10 to 20% of the crop back or if you could save a good part of it that would go a long way to providing the food, which the world really needs in terms of providing for adequate nourishment. There's a very serious problem in many countries in terms of bureaucracies or agencies within the bureaucracy operating in very serious rivalries. Different inputs are commanded by different bureaucracies. The ministry that controls transport doesn't also control water. And many of these bureaucracies are very jealous of their authority. Many of these agencies are jealous of their authority and don't coordinate their activities very well together. Of course, that isn't just a third world problem. That's a problem everywhere, but it's been a particularly serious obstacle in trying to increase agricultural production. At least as far as the infrastructure is concerned, governments have sometimes been unwilling to make the necessary investments because infrastructure's expensive and it takes you some time to see the benefits after the fact. Now governments have often been unable to establish an effective marketing system for their crops and of course have failed, and I think this is particularly serious, to provide farmers with adequate production incentives. A farmer of course has no incentive to produce if he can't market what he produces. And in quite a number of countries, governments have destroyed traditional marketing systems, which worked reasonably well and impose government controls. And what often happens if the government doesn't like the price signals which are sent, it takes over. The prices are set by bureaucratic whim or worse because of political pressures, which sends out all of the wrong production signals. And then there's the additional problem that when the government takes over the marketing itself it becomes too great a demand for the capabilities of the bureaucracy. So in many of these instances and Africa here again is particularly serious. The marketing system has broken down and with a marketing system broken down, there are no incentives for the farmers to produce. As far as prices are concerned, farmers are not organized. Urban consumers are. In this country, it's a problem I think you can relate to. It's always been hard for farmers to set their prices. The urban consumers of course threaten violence, which is a very serious political threat to many, many governments. And they establish unstoppable pressures to keep prices low which of course creates very serious disincentives for food production. So you have a situation where in many countries, and again, I will point out to Africa. What you do is you tax the farmer and subsidize the consumer because of the differential political power where the consumers are much more powerful politically than the farmers are, which acts as a disincentive to agricultural production, which of course hinders the effort to provide adequate food. Needless to say, the West has contributed to this, less so I think in the present than in the past with our own food aid, that much of food aid given in the past was surplus disposal aid, our surplus, which we were disposing. And a good part of it was given for political reasons. And often it was used to keep food prices down, support the government, keep the government in power, but of course provides all the wrong sorts of incentives for food production in third world countries. And of course, what happens when prices are low is that very promising agricultural production projects, new projects, because now you can't really make a profit off of them often are abandoned. So sometimes we were working at cross purposes. You're giving food aid on one hand and you're working with agricultural development. But if the food aid is depressing agricultural prices, it undercuts your efforts, direct efforts, in terms of agricultural development. I think we're getting more sophisticated about this now, but there has been a problem in the past. I think it's fairly clear. I think it's more than fairly clear that economic incentives in terms of profits to farmers are enormously powerful in virtually every country. And where farmers to be provided with these incentives, particularly the poor farmers, the agriculture production, and I think here I would emphasize Africa again could be very significantly increased. Now there's another problem. The Americans are less guilty of it, but the Europeans are quite guilty of it, is that most of the developed countries tend to export their price instabilities. They maintain price stability at home in terms of food prices. And they export their instabilities abroad, which leads to rapidly fluctuating food prices in the less developed countries. And of course, what happens is in bad years, farmers are driven out and of course, they can't get back in good years. Now there's been a failure to adopt appropriate technology. It's another problem. Part of it has to do with the technology that's available. Most of the technology that's available of course has been developed in the more advanced countries. And it of course usually implies capital intensive technology, tractors, this sort of thing. Banks and aid organizations have often encouraged this capital intensive technology, comes from the Western.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118488#t=0.0,2735.22939"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e It also, it tends to be energy intensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=5.09,8.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and oil prices have been quite high.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=8.86,12.183"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Doesn't help to create income","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=13.41,14.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among the poor who are the hungry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=14.84,16.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what happens is, it's often done,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=19.53,23.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often what happens is there's a cop-out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=23.26,25.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of your agriculture production, you-.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=25.26,28.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's much easier to take the advanced technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=28.16,30.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get dramatic production increases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=30.85,32.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if you put people out of work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=32.86,34.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You get more dramatic results that way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=34.81,36.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than if you take a slower route","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=36.61,38.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with less capital intense technology,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=38.09,41.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where what you have to do, in addition then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=41.5,44.884"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is to deal with malnourished workers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=44.884,47.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are not very energetic and trying to get them so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=47.17,49.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they can work effectively in producing a larger output.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=49.88,54.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's easier to bring new machines in that will do the job","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=55.73,60.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than to get the current workforce up to snuff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=60.47,64.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of maximum productivity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=64.19,66.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, there is in general, I think, in third-world countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=68.47,72.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an insistence, and I think this is another problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=74.36,77.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the agriculture production strategy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=77.43,79.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that agriculture development projects be 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whitewashes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=223.79,227.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to justify the continuation of certain projects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=227.1,231.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so that there are lessons that could have been 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funding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=277.88,279.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The foreign fact, that foreign aid is just not going up,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=281.466,285.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"staying just about constant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=285.36,287.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The World Bank of course has done much better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=289.655,292.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, unless you got the funding,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=292.77,295.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would have been hard to really expect a great deal more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=295.13,299.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of production increases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=300.55,303.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, moving from food production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=304.64,306.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the problem with consumption,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=306.25,307.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to get food to the rural poor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=307.44,309.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is of course where your hunger problem really is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=309.03,311.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's pretty well-established","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=313.29,315.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that even if more effective agricultural production programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=315.74,319.298"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do a better job of reaching the small farmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=319.298,323.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that there is vastly increased production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=324.87,326.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that many will still be malnourished","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=326.83,328.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of their poverty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=328.47,329.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Back to this question, and there-.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=329.42,331.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, you've got to increase agricultural production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=331.06,334.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's not going to be enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=334.02,335.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you have to work with the rural farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=335.46,336.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that's still not gonna be enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=336.89,338.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you really got to do is get behind all of that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=338.27,340.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've got to get the rural poverty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=340.4,342.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, rural interests, as we've mentioned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=343.31,346.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are not very important nationally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=346.57,348.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=350.07,351.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the rural poor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=351.66,353.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rurally even, are not very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=353.89,355.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that the rural poor politically are really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=355.75,358.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of it, in most third world countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=358.14,361.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's a very serious problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=361.48,363.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of getting those countries to do anything for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=363.0,366.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, what do we mean by rural poverty?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=367.71,369.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's an important question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=369.48,371.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The way the World Bank describes rural poverty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=371.62,374.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that it's a condition of life so characterized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=374.03,377.132"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by malnutrition, illiteracy, and disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=377.132,382.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human decency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=382.09,385.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In it's 1980 World Development Report,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=387.68,390.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the World Bank gives us some sense","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=390.8,392.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the plight of the rural poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=392.79,394.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Poor people are often the most difficult to reach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=396.24,399.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many live at the edge of villages far from main 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work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=407.89,410.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're refugees and squatters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=410.64,412.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They may even try to hide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=412.99,415.185"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be invisible to the official lie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=415.185,418.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Out of sight, they hope to be out of mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=420.123,422.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a group we barely got to deal with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=423.438,425.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is not an easy group to deal with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=425.73,427.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This group itself is outside the political process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=427.94,430.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and can not do very much to help itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=432.2,435.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in most third-world countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=435.06,438.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, national elites, with so 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poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=444.61,447.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rural elites are afraid of the rural poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=448.977,451.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they don't want to do 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themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=615.21,617.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There has been a problem with some of these in the past","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=619.84,621.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the elites tended to dominate them as 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women,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=746.04,749.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been tried and with success","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=751.05,753.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on such things as the use of food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=753.79,756.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the importance of breastfeeding, for instance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=756.12,759.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Things which have very high payoffs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=759.24,761.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Money can be spent for such things as food fortification,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=763.27,767.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can provide certain nutrients and things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=767.06,769.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"iodine in salt, sugar, flour, for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=769.56,772.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking care of some nutritional deficiencies at low cost.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=772.27,776.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It doesn't anywhere deal with the whole problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=777.43,780.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it will deal with part of the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=780.14,782.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=782.39,783.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very most defacto use I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=785.25,786.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can be made of funds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=786.98,788.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is of course supplemental diets for pregnant women,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=788.1,790.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nursing mothers, and young children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=790.463,792.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is where the malnutrition problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=792.67,794.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is really concentrated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=794.56,795.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, now what needs to be done in the future?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=797.73,801.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that there needs to be more emphasis of course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=803.74,806.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on an improved agricultural development strategy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=806.99,810.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is more labor intensive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=810.17,812.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more small projects, more land reform.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=812.15,814.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Has to take into account availability of inputs better,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=816.7,819.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has to provide better incentives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=819.83,822.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there have to be more programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=824.89,826.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to transfer income to the poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=826.26,827.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have to be more jobs for the poor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=829.8,831.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there have to be more effective integrated 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strategy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1008.03,1011.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more labor intensive, more emphasis on smaller farms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1011.23,1015.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may in fact hinder the migration to the cities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1015.48,1018.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may help deal with the population problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1018.76,1021.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and may even help reduce violence in these countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1021.14,1024.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or at least keep the violence from increasing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1024.37,1026.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, of course, we have a humanitarian interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1028.55,1031.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in seeing the end of malnutrition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1031.05,1032.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we have an interest in providing income","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1034.74,1036.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the rural poor and nutrition services.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1036.83,1039.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these are humanitarian 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growth,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1046.05,1050.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and contribute to a more efficient development effort,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1050.13,1053.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think is in our 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low,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1061.06,1063.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we are 12th in terms of the percentage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1065.41,1068.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our gross national product","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1068.2,1069.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we still give more in dollar terms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1069.58,1072.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we give something like a 0.27%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1072.26,1075.595"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our GNP to development aid.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1075.595,1079.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was as opposed to 2.7%,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1079.22,1081.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we gave to the Marshall Plan in Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1082.337,1084.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right after World War II.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1084.73,1086.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then we give only 0.04%, practically nothing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1087.16,1091.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the low income countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1091.27,1092.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then about, only about we spend,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1095.47,1097.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for development aid, only about 1/20","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1097.07,1099.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what we spend on defense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1099.24,1100.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is not very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1101.78,1103.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"US development assistance, it seems to me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1104.53,1106.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still is shaped by a narrow concept of national 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poor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1144.069,1147.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than half of our bilateral development assistance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1147.35,1150.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goes for economic support to political allies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1150.53,1153.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1153.41,1154.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's the continued 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program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1160.32,1162.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aggravated by the dispersal of development related agencies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1162.34,1166.757"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout the government, they're all over the place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1166.757,1169.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bilateral development assistance is planned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1171.65,1173.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and carried out by the Agency for International Development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1173.7,1177.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Treasury Department has primary authority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1177.13,1178.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for multilateral development banks, trades,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1178.96,1181.592"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Office of Responsibility of Commerce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1181.592,1184.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the present Special Trade Representative,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1184.48,1186.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"State Department has some responsibilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1186.42,1188.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Treasury has got others, divided authority.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1188.16,1190.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The end result is that there is no voice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1191.73,1193.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it seems to me, within the United States government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1193.91,1196.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is either independent enough, or powerful enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1196.33,1199.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to defend longterm economic development goals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1200.29,1203.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against competing short-term political","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1203.62,1206.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or military objectives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1206.86,1209.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To the extent that we do focus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1209.89,1211.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on long range development goals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1211.58,1214.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're fixated, for the moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1214.37,1217.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the agricultural development strategy for instance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1217.99,1220.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is not much interest yet, that I can see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1222.14,1224.329"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in programs to increase the income of the poor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1224.329,1228.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or for that matter in nutrition, healthcare, and education,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1228.13,1230.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although this may be shifting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1230.41,1231.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food aid, it seems to me, could still be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1233.84,1236.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's getting better,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1236.32,1237.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it could still be used more purposefully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1237.27,1239.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to ensure that the malnourished people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1240.301,1242.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get the maximum benefits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1245.85,1247.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, some suggestions for the future of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1247.55,1249.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we ought to double development assistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1249.56,1252.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we ought to give more support","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1252.16,1254.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for consumer oriented food programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1254.48,1256.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food subsidies perhaps,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1257.82,1259.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greater aid for agriculture development programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1260.66,1263.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those countries that support land reform,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1263.69,1266.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greater involvement of small farmers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1266.38,1267.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and local participation in decision-making.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1267.93,1270.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we ought to promote production of products","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1271.13,1273.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are disproportionately consumed by the poor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1273.12,1277.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such things as cassava, yams, and millet,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1278.39,1281.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that the rich will not gobble up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1281.41,1283.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the production increases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1283.24,1285.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think we should give very significantly increased aid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1285.33,1288.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for more efficient nutrition programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1288.69,1291.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coordinated with education, healthcare, and birth control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1291.0,1295.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It seems to me a very strong case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1295.1,1296.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can be made for all of these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1296.45,1297.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we have tremendous,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1297.637,1299.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States has tremendous leverage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1299.07,1301.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and influence on the food issue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1301.59,1305.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it seems to me, it would be very nice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1305.18,1306.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we would use this in a positive way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1306.83,1309.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If we would use it to backstop,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1310.52,1312.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than to undermine, progressive leaders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1312.82,1316.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in third-world countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1317.12,1318.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we used it for the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1319.65,1321.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to backstop the progressive leaders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1321.21,1322.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than the repressive ones,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1322.81,1324.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we have done many times in the past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1325.62,1328.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1329.94,1330.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think many people are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1333.56,1335.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this agreement is coming as to what we should do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1335.16,1338.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the real problem is how to get the funding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1338.99,1341.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it seems to me we have some good opportunities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1342.184,1344.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that it's, the case can be made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1344.96,1346.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's a very good investment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1346.48,1348.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's the kind of case that I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1348.58,1350.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that needs to be made much more effectively in Congress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1350.34,1354.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, just finally, just a very brief note","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1354.04,1358.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the political problems in Washington,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1358.1,1361.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of food and in terms of foreign policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1361.08,1363.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It seems to me that there are really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1363.6,1366.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four important constituencies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1366.04,1369.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is first of all, a foreign policy constituency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1369.07,1372.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"represented by the Department of State.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1373.66,1375.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that usually, the State Department is usually thinking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1377.01,1379.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of food as a weapon of diplomacy, or a tool of diplomacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1379.59,1384.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Usually used to keep the communists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1384.13,1386.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of something, or some place, or somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1386.38,1389.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or used to prop up friendly leaders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1389.66,1392.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, there's an agriculture constituency most,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1393.13,1396.558"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"best represented by the Department of Agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1396.558,1400.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's mainly trying to support US farmers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1400.02,1403.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Generally support higher commodity prices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1403.42,1405.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generally support food sales.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1405.33,1407.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a Domestic Economic Constituency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1408.57,1413.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess represented by the Council of Economic 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Budget,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1419.8,1421.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is concerned with price stability,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1421.44,1423.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bringing down inflation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1424.37,1426.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of course concerned with unemployment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1426.04,1430.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the fourth 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so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1440.76,1444.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that there's, from moment to moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1444.22,1446.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's shifting power between these constituencies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1446.1,1450.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But unfortunately the other three,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1451.62,1454.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all except the International Development Constituency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1454.61,1458.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have very strong domestic power basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1458.693,1462.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that as a result when International Development 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base,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1468.3,1470.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it always loses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1470.33,1471.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The one exception was in 1975, when a graphic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1472.72,1477.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a pictorial, or a graphic pictorial reports","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1478.12,1482.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of starvation in the Sahel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1482.34,1484.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"galvanized a hunger lobby in Congress","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1484.32,1487.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and for that matter in the public,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1487.85,1489.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to force increase in the food available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1490.504,1494.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for disaster relief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1495.68,1497.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I guess I would argue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1497.97,1499.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the malnutrition problem together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1499.44,1501.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the overall malnutrition problem in the world today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1501.53,1504.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is probably more serious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1504.84,1506.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than the problem of the Sahel famine was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1506.11,1509.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's less visible, but I think it's more serious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1509.95,1511.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'cause there's more people involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1511.74,1514.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it seems to me that there is a very real question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1514.09,1518.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to whether people can be galvanized by this problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1519.85,1524.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they can put pressure on the leaders in Washington","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1524.7,1528.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to respond to this problem like they responded so well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1528.27,1532.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the problem of starvation in the Sahel,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1533.38,1537.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it seems to me this is the real challenge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1537.83,1540.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is where we ought to devote our efforts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1540.36,1543.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And simply, we know what to do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1543.9,1547.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we know how to get good results,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1547.1,1549.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a good investment of money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1549.01,1550.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simply getting the message to people in Washington","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1550.85,1553.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this is what the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1554.68,1557.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States want to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1557.27,1559.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1560.16,1561.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students clap)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1563.546,1566.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Professor:\u003c/strong\u003e Don't go away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1570.223,1572.041"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we could take 10 or 15 minutes for questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1572.041,1574.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm just gonna, if you want to come right back up here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1574.62,1577.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you can field your own question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1577.44,1578.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and save a little bit of energy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1578.81,1580.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Any questions, yes sir?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1584.05,1585.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you catalog the problems and failures","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1587.15,1590.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the world hunger problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1590.84,1594.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the chronic malnutrition problems?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1594.01,1596.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I kept thinking if I want to make a generalization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1598.61,1601.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what you're saying to me now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1601.61,1603.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell me if I got it right or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1603.2,1605.967"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not a problem of absence of agricultural sciences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1606.903,1610.274"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's not really basically an economic problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1610.274,1613.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but rather a sociological political problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1613.283,1616.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So if it's sociopolitical problems, that sounds strange","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1618.346,1621.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's the generalization I got from all you said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1621.01,1623.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then when you came out to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1624.69,1626.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well what we ought to do about it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1626.31,1627.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you went back to say that we need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1627.81,1632.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to emphasize the agricultural production failures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1632.05,1635.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't understand your reasoning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1636.66,1638.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, all right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1638.47,1639.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't understand that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1639.303,1640.388"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, I think that you've misunderstood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1640.388,1642.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit of what I was saying in the first part.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1642.09,1644.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I'm saying is there was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1644.47,1646.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the overall hunger problem is tied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1646.51,1648.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a number of different things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1648.25,1651.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is not exclusively tied to agriculture production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1651.22,1654.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it was once thought.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1654.923,1656.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Agriculture production is necessary, but not sufficient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1656.82,1660.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is not been, particularly in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1660.09,1662.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as successful as it ought to have been,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1662.13,1664.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we still need to do more there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1664.42,1666.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, there was also a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1667.54,1669.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of just plain old poverty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1669.89,1672.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"giving people the money to buy food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1672.77,1674.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even if the food is available,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1676.98,1678.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even if we increase production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1678.26,1679.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we don't deal with poverty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1679.85,1682.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we still haven't dealt with the hunger problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1682.33,1684.734"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1684.734,1685.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Then there's the third thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1685.567,1686.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of direct nutrition support,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1686.4,1687.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and education, and healthcare,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1687.79,1689.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and birth control, things of that sort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1689.19,1691.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of these things put together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1691.5,1693.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will deal with the hunger problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1693.94,1695.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"None of them individually will.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1695.49,1697.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the message that I was trying to get across","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1697.58,1699.311"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that we have to do better on all scores.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1699.311,1701.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've concentrated too much on agriculture development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1701.5,1705.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not enough on some of the other things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1705.22,1707.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we can't give up on agriculture development either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1707.363,1709.972"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student:\u003c/strong\u003e So what you are saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1709.972,1710.805"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get there from here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1710.805,1711.728"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is largely a social political problem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1711.728,1714.895"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, social political is involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1715.76,1717.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all of those things, most of the decisions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1717.9,1721.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That, the problem is not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1722.17,1723.087"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the economists on any of those scores.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1723.087,1726.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think people know what to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1726.17,1727.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we know what will work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1727.79,1729.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem is getting the politicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1729.56,1732.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to take the appropriate, and I agree with you on that point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1732.04,1735.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take the appropriate actions in all of these areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1735.75,1739.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The politicians have been the ones who have messed up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1739.04,1742.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the programs up to now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1742.46,1744.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, that's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1744.3,1745.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's not only been people in third-world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1745.81,1747.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we haven't always contributed in a positive way either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1747.88,1751.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So yes, it is a sociopolitical problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1751.23,1753.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's not a one dimension sociopolitical problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1753.83,1756.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's what governments do with regard to production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1756.86,1759.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with regard to nutrition, with regard to poverty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1759.36,1762.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of those things together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1762.61,1763.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it seems to me are very closely linked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1763.91,1766.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was what I was trying to get across.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1766.45,1768.331"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That there's more to it than food production, per se.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1768.331,1770.981"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you for your question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1772.05,1774.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1774.46,1775.746"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #2:\u003c/strong\u003e Have you ever seen a hunger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1775.746,1777.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or maybe I shouldn't say hunger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1780.69,1781.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but a lack of food, shortfall of food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1781.73,1783.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the farmers were receiving a price","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1783.55,1786.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they could make money at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1786.46,1787.878"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they're selling their product?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1787.878,1790.795"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Have I ever seen a what of food when--?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1792.283,1794.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #2:\u003c/strong\u003e A shortfall of food?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1794.643,1795.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, farmers didn't produce the food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1795.67,1798.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Are you saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1801.24,1802.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the farmers have the incentive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1802.37,1805.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'll produce the food invariably, whatever is needed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1805.07,1808.471"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #2:\u003c/strong\u003e Sure, well except","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1808.471,1809.304"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in extreme drought situations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1809.304,1810.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1810.48,1811.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many third-world countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1811.98,1813.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we really don't know, that's not tested,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1813.39,1815.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because farmers don't usually have a price","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1815.21,1819.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which creates a positive incentive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1819.5,1821.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We do know that where there is a positive incentive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1821.49,1823.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that food production does go up rather dramatically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1823.72,1826.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in third-world countries, no question about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1826.12,1828.236"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Whether it'll do enough, you know, what the limits are,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1828.236,1831.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't, I don't really know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1831.54,1833.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We know that incentives work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1833.08,1835.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I think was the thrust of your point,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1835.03,1837.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1837.56,1838.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #2:\u003c/strong\u003e So generally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1840.918,1841.834"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"farmers will produce food to produce money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1841.834,1844.578"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they're given, if they're making money at it they'd-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1844.578,1846.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e They'll produce a lot more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1846.9,1848.036"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #2:\u003c/strong\u003e They'll produce all you need.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1848.036,1849.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know whether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1849.33,1850.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they will produce all you need,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1850.163,1851.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they certainly will produce a lot more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1851.02,1853.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have a question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1853.333,1854.166"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #3:\u003c/strong\u003e Back in China there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1854.166,1855.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're having a very good exercise in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1855.37,1857.566"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in fact, if farmers can make money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1857.566,1859.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they will have overproduction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1859.66,1861.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They got overproduction in practically everything now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1861.53,1864.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In crops, and pigs, they got pork running out of their ears.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1864.75,1869.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e China's provided a lot of incentives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1871.31,1872.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think with some considerable success","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1872.52,1875.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's interesting to hear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1875.39,1876.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes sir?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1878.077,1878.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #4:\u003c/strong\u003e I can't cite any examples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1878.91,1880.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right at the moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1880.81,1881.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there are some examples in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1881.643,1884.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the demand for the crop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1884.2,1885.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has come from outside of the society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1885.8,1888.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, there's been the incentive to produce.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1888.15,1890.402"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And black bean is a good example of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1890.402,1893.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are places in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1893.48,1894.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where farmers are producing plenty of black beans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1894.98,1898.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the culture is such that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1898.18,1901.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people won't eat black beans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1901.3,1902.745"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they ship the black beans to Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1902.745,1905.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the people will go without protein source.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1905.02,1907.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it depends somewhat on where the demand is coming from.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1908.35,1911.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #5:\u003c/strong\u003e What's black yeast?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1911.38,1912.599"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #4:\u003c/strong\u003e Black beans, black beans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1912.599,1913.767"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #5:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh black beans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1913.767,1914.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #4:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1914.6,1917.625"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1917.625,1918.737"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are other problems in Africa too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1918.737,1920.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a great deal of governments rigging prices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1920.89,1924.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and grain going across borders that's not kept track of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1924.24,1927.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And even though an area produces enough for itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1927.65,1930.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the price is higher someplace else,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1930.01,1931.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the grain ends up in another country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1931.78,1934.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it's really not needed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1934.09,1935.297"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it isn't where it really is needed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1935.297,1937.247"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's very hard for governments really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1938.313,1939.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to keep much control of, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1939.95,1941.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes, sir?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1943.72,1944.555"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #6:\u003c/strong\u003e So we need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1944.555,1945.388"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get more sociologists and agriculturists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1945.388,1947.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the 81st Airborne.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1948.992,1950.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then when we send these training cadres","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1951.525,1953.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to these poor countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1953.35,1954.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we could help the people more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1954.82,1956.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e I think you need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1956.273,1957.106"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get more agriculturalists into politics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1957.106,1959.256"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in third-world countries for sure, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1961.22,1963.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #7:\u003c/strong\u003e Besides that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1964.95,1966.346"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are you suggesting that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1966.346,1967.951"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the food's good and they're more used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1967.951,1972.028"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the poorer class of people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1972.028,1974.144"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what other ways do you have to redistribute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1974.144,1977.197"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consolidate the redistribution problem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1977.197,1980.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I was thinking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1981.784,1983.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of subsidies, food subsidies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1983.19,1985.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which in a way is redistributing income to the poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1985.68,1989.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food stamp programs, or food subsidy programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1990.68,1993.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in effect is making food available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1993.08,1994.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to them at lower prices,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1994.86,1996.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is transferring wealth to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1996.26,1998.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what I was thinking of primarily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=1998.59,2001.162"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #7:\u003c/strong\u003e That's the program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2001.162,2001.995"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you would think of, is food stamps?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2001.995,2004.038"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, what do you-.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2004.038,2004.871"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean there are a number of ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2004.871,2005.704"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of having food subsidies, food stamps would be one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2005.704,2008.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but those I consider would be transferring wealth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2008.54,2012.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Land reform will help.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2012.12,2013.573"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those were the two that I had in mind, most specifically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2014.459,2017.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, you'll never transfer all of it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2020.46,2021.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll never create total equality, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2021.93,2024.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the key thing is to get these people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2024.04,2026.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the dire poverty they're in so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2026.51,2028.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they at least can get an adequate diet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2028.36,2030.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they can get their physical strength up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2030.52,2033.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that they can work for themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2033.09,2034.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and can really effectively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2034.8,2035.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"join the societies in these countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2035.92,2038.748"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you sir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2038.748,2039.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #8:\u003c/strong\u003e I think you alluded pretty good","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2039.81,2041.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the competition and production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2041.83,2043.649"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of food crops, and of course other non-food products","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2043.649,2046.837"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to export, what is a way to flesh a little bit more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2046.837,2050.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and help them become a little more political","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2050.134,2052.145"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and self-sufficient?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2052.145,2053.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the one thing that becomes clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2053.24,2054.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is it varies very much from country to country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2054.55,2056.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so you can't really make any generalizations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2056.78,2059.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for some countries, it probably makes no sen-,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2059.99,2064.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it makes, it makes sense to grow export crops,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2064.02,2067.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they can probably buy more food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2067.02,2070.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only question then is will they use the money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2070.29,2072.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they earn from the export crops to buy food?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2072.79,2075.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that depends, it seems to me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2075.11,2076.819"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then on who's controlling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2076.819,2079.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the production of the export crops.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2079.37,2082.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in some instances the people who are controlling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2082.24,2084.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the production of export crops","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2084.52,2085.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then take the money that they earned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2085.88,2087.241"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isn't used to buy food, but is used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2087.241,2089.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to enhance their own wealth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2089.4,2090.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in that case, you've got a pretty serious problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2090.54,2093.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think there's a strong argument","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2093.04,2094.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a certain amount of self-sufficiency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2094.43,2096.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not total self-sufficiency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2096.62,2099.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply because it it creates a certain amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2099.07,2101.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of independence for you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2101.05,2103.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it gives you a certain flexibility in terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2103.18,2106.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of your other policy decisions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2106.52,2107.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you're not relying on somebody else's food imports","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2107.86,2110.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could suddenly be cut off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2110.41,2112.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of food security,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2112.38,2113.963"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a major world food crisis for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2116.828,2119.259"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where if you're growing a good part of your own food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2119.259,2123.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you don't have to worry about being cut off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2123.51,2125.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it does give you a certain amount of flexibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2125.62,2127.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not saying total self-sufficiency,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2127.68,2129.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think an argument can be made just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2129.69,2132.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the Europeans have made.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2132.03,2133.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It may be not as strongly as the European's have made,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2133.24,2135.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's dangerous to be in a situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2139.063,2140.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where all of your food is coming in from the outside,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2140.58,2142.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is worth paying a price","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2142.93,2144.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a certain amount food self-sufficiency.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2144.41,2146.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Male Student #9:\u003c/strong\u003e I think part of the key there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2146.96,2148.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is recognizing that it's not just a country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2148.153,2149.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that produces export products and sells them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2149.933,2152.664"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know it's individuals who are cruising across,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2152.664,2154.562"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and those individuals typically are not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2154.562,2157.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same people who are in poverty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2157.12,2159.868"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e And you have to, you have to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2159.868,2160.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what it is, you can't look at it as a simple problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2160.92,2163.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to look at the specific situations in each country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2163.69,2166.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who's producing them, who's getting the income,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2166.24,2168.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how is that income being used?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2168.68,2170.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then what could be grown there and food crops too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2172.31,2175.776"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's a factor as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2175.776,2177.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for some countries, you could argue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2179.29,2181.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there should be much more domestic food grown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2181.81,2183.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cut back on export crops,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2183.79,2185.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conceivably in other countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2185.59,2188.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would be a different story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2188.0,2189.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah, sir?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2189.47,2190.303"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #10] You have alluded to the problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2191.139,2194.391"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes the assistance for the people is not right,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2194.391,2199.391"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the government, and elitists, and stuff like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2202.352,2207.352"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd like to comment on another type of assistance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2207.721,2211.167"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's possible there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2211.167,2212.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes my impression is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2213.96,2218.122"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you have lack programs for people in these countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2218.122,2222.789"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slowly you could add one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2224.349,2226.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not necessarily for a serious one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2226.96,2231.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you have to have assistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2232.184,2233.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's a big problem, how do you get that there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2233.6,2236.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And sometimes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2236.843,2239.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this can lead to lack of competition,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2239.127,2242.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because, as you said, just because something works","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2243.651,2248.645"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in one place, it's not necessarily true","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2248.645,2251.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's going to work there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2251.073,2253.156"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How is it possible to get one of these types of programs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2255.673,2260.352"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People go there because they want more,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2260.352,2263.182"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they want to go out where there's help,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2263.182,2267.029"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then there's not programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2267.029,2269.125"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Particularly in places where there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2269.125,2270.779"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is problems in this type of department.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2270.779,2273.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, now are you thinking more in terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2273.12,2274.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of US programs for this, or more in terms of-?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2274.69,2277.195"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #10] No, I'm thinking, you know, one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2277.195,2279.954"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even national positions, agricultural, you know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2279.954,2283.798"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Things for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2283.798,2284.631"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the food and agricultural organization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2284.631,2285.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that sort of thing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2285.86,2287.387"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #10] Yes.\nUS included.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2287.387,2290.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sure, my guess is you'd be able to get enough people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2290.24,2294.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you could get the programs going,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2294.9,2296.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would be my guess.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2296.76,2297.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Question is funding the programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2298.96,2300.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'd think would be your main obstacle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2300.76,2302.326"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who would pay for it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2302.326,2304.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's just a guess.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2304.09,2305.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes sir?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2307.075,2308.475"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #11] Sir, I see two problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2308.475,2311.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why there is hunger in third-world countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2312.72,2316.664"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One is traditional politics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2316.664,2318.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and where they have been there a long time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2318.71,2321.478"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they go on in power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2321.478,2323.645"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What you have now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2325.4,2326.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have people, uneducated people congregating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2326.56,2329.642"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in several spots and the land outside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2329.642,2332.725"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is owned by only a few people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2334.446,2337.009"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now one thing I see very strongly is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2337.009,2339.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this country here is not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2339.157,2341.724"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's contributing to that collection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2341.724,2344.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by helping the congregate of people out there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2344.93,2348.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have the ability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2349.823,2351.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to send their kids out here to get an education,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2351.073,2354.084"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go back out there to South America","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2354.084,2355.996"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and say you ran to the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2355.996,2359.079"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you use the power itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2361.915,2364.654"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Look, you have power over others that stayed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2364.654,2368.446"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you must educate the people, you must have a plan to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2368.446,2373.446"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a need to get the people together,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2373.973,2377.601"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States and other countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2377.601,2380.546"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to sit down and do those things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2380.546,2383.965"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so nobody can cheat the United States or other nations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2383.965,2388.548"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That is a cost, but honestly, it's one of the only ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2389.615,2393.434"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this world to know the science,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2393.434,2396.331"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with all these inventions, good inventions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2396.331,2399.246"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they can find a problem and a solution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2399.246,2402.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In some places they do work, they cannot stay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2404.068,2407.901"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because they're using the Mexicans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2409.674,2411.187"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for labor down in California and Mexico.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2411.187,2414.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You see this, some of the people with good intent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2415.784,2419.031"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and want to get the best out of America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2419.031,2423.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think, maybe there's a better way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2423.1,2426.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to put this in words, I'm no expert, I was just thinking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2426.05,2428.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you want to stay in the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2431.951,2433.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to contribute to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2433.2,2435.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah they, I mean, the one thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2438.93,2442.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that comes across to me is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2442.28,2443.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the sources of the problem are many.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2443.6,2446.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, some of the, some of the, some of the problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2446.32,2448.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come from the United States and some of our policies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2448.55,2451.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some are from the Soviet union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2451.73,2453.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of them though are local,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2453.29,2454.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of them are colonial induced,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2455.78,2457.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of them are not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2457.23,2458.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2460.89,2461.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean we have to work on all of them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2463.41,2464.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to deal on any single one of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2464.9,2466.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"isn't going to be enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2466.66,2467.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it's going to take cooperative effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2467.73,2471.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And unfortunately what's been absent, it seems to me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2471.0,2473.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is everybody else is saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2473.28,2474.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody else is the main part of the problem,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2474.55,2476.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not much at fault.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2476.29,2478.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so if everybody else corrects their part of the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2478.35,2482.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then I won't have to do anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2482.03,2483.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that's all wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2483.56,2484.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think we have to change,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2484.72,2486.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the third-world regimes have to change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2487.98,2491.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There has to be some general changes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2491.12,2492.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of overall philosophies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2492.87,2495.657"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #12] I see more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2495.657,2497.021"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you use the word incentive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2497.021,2498.674"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that you don't have incentive under socialism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2498.674,2501.874"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to call it socialism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2501.874,2503.441"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't want to call it capitalism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2503.441,2505.698"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I think it's democracy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2505.698,2507.295"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And people love to see talks about people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2507.295,2510.001"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, China certainly has incentives,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2510.001,2511.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the way I was using incentives was not in terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2511.883,2514.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of any kind of particular political economic system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2514.93,2518.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But something that, where the farmer knows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2518.02,2520.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he gets something for producing more,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2520.09,2522.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one form or another, that works in increasing production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2522.4,2525.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes sir?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2527.326,2528.159"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #13] With a developing nation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2530.035,2531.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as opposed to many problems that you've pointed out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2532.91,2535.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which brings up options,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2536.89,2538.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have to choose between their options.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2538.05,2540.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The United States may come to their assistance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2540.74,2543.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they may come to our door asking for assistance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2543.06,2546.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes the historical links already determined that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2546.16,2550.608"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, do you think there's,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2550.608,2553.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what difference puts yourself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2553.96,2557.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the situation of being a leader in a smaller nation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2557.19,2560.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you think for you and your people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2562.12,2563.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a difference between you saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2563.95,2566.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm going to take aid from the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2566.03,2568.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from, I'm gonna take aid from the Soviet Union?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2569.86,2574.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you think there's any real differences between the two?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2575.03,2577.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I would be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2580.057,2581.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would want aid from both, and I would be worried","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2581.31,2583.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about getting dependent on both, I'd guess.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2583.61,2587.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I need aid to develop, I need aid to develop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2587.063,2590.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I would be worried in the process of taking aid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2590.93,2593.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I was tying my hands and losing my own future autonomy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2593.22,2597.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #13] Yeah, I would be too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2598.745,2599.578"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but some of your options seem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2599.578,2602.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be encouraging, you know assistance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2602.45,2606.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increase the foreign assistance, things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2606.55,2610.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Besides the probl-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2611.985,2612.818"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e But hopefully not for political reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2612.818,2614.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was trying to, you know, create on sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2614.65,2618.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more of the grounds of long-term enlightened self-interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2618.333,2621.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or for agricultural development per se,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2621.26,2624.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worrying less about political change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2624.43,2626.008"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #13] Oh sure, sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2626.008,2627.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e And, I would hope","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2627.953,2629.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Soviet Union would do the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2629.7,2631.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would think it'd be in third-world nation's interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2631.49,2633.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the US did more and Soviet's did more in both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2633.67,2636.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #13] It seems that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2638.136,2639.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Ethiopia and Nicaragua, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2641.197,2644.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philippines, or some of these Southeast Asian countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2644.49,2647.944"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they're posed with having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2647.944,2649.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make a choice between the two, and that we know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2649.67,2653.067"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that if it's going to the one that we may not jump in, and-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2653.067,2657.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, my personal feeling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2657.29,2658.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is often we push people too hard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2658.42,2660.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on making a choice and push them into it the other camp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2660.05,2662.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, we have thought there were political stakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2664.32,2667.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far out of proportion to what there's actually been.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2667.57,2671.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But that's my, my own due.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2671.13,2673.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've been, I, the problem is it seems to me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2673.1,2675.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people who are making a policy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2675.64,2677.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are usually concerned exclusively, almost exclusively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2679.04,2682.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the political in a short-term sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2682.4,2684.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether communists are getting in someplace","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2685.74,2687.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whether they're not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2687.56,2689.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And often exaggerating fears,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2689.17,2691.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not enough emphasis has been placed on the long-term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2691.55,2694.582"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that there are other things in the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2694.582,2697.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"besides simply a communist threat that have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2697.07,2699.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be dealt with.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2699.06,2700.184"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think that's unfortunate in general.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2700.184,2702.284"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sir?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2703.81,2704.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #14] The more you have advances,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2704.75,2705.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you haven't got the energy required,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2705.583,2708.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I mean the human energy to produce food to 1/10,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2708.26,2713.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could this be of any value?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2713.463,2715.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e Lecturer:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2720.49,2721.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the third-world is jobs for people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2721.323,2723.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #14] Are you-\nI mean that-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2725.398,2726.707"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e [Male Student #14] There's no concentration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=2726.707,2727.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they couldn't do 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29860/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/860/original/AV203359_A_Seminar_on_World_Hunger_and_Poverty_b.vtt?1624894940","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/029/860/original/AV203359_A_Seminar_on_World_Hunger_and_Poverty_b.vtt?1624894940"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29861","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203359_A_Seminar_on_World_Hunger_and_Poverty_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489/transcript/29861/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Lecturer] It also, it tends to be energy intensive and oil prices have been quite high. Doesn't help to create income among the poor who are the hungry. And what happens is, it's often done, often what happens is there's a cop-out in terms of your agriculture production, you-. It's much easier to take the advanced technology, get dramatic production increases, even if you put people out of work. You get more dramatic results that way than if you take a slower route with less capital intense technology, where what you have to do, in addition then, is to deal with malnourished workers who are not very energetic and trying to get them so that they can work effectively in producing a larger output. It's easier to bring new machines in that will do the job than to get the current workforce up to snuff in terms of maximum productivity. Now, there is in general, I think, in third-world countries an insistence, and I think this is another problem for the agriculture production strategy, that agriculture development projects be controlled from the national capital, centralized administration. And this case created all sorts of problems. One is there's, first of all, there's very limited, there's very limited expertise, that's one of the reasons you can account for it. There aren't very many people who are really expert and they're probably all likely to be in the national capital. And so that accounts for why you centralize control. And then also there's scarce resources. You can't afford to allow too much local autonomy because there's just not enough flexibility financially. But of course, what centralized administration does is stifle local initiatives. And it also creates inflexibility and unresponsiveness. And it also complicates the problem in getting to the poor. There's a strong link between local elites and the central bureaucracy. There are usually very weak links between the rural poor and the central bureaucracy. Your hunger problem is with the very, the rural poor. And it's not clear that central bureaucracies are often able to reach the rural poor. Now, there's also been a major problem with discrimination against women, of course provide 50% of the farm labor in terms of planning, cultivation, harvesting, and processing. Agricultural extension agents have generally ignored women. Women are discriminated against in the landholding, and indeed their situation reflects their lack of political power. And then finally, sort of the last reason there've been some problems with the agriculture production strategy is there's been really an inability to learn from the experience of the past. Very few governments, and it's not just true for developing countries, but very few governments have the courage to look at past mistakes. And then even fewer are willing to share their experiences with other countries. And international organizations are reluctant to criticize countries because of fears of offending the government. And some of the evaluations which have taken place are sheer whitewashes to justify the continuation of certain projects. And so that there are lessons that could have been learned in specific countries that have not been learned, and sometimes the same mistakes have been made over and over again in different context. Now, I've been talking up until now about deficiencies in the agricultural production strategy caused primarily by political and bureaucratic factors in the less developed countries. But the interesting thing is, of course, that the developed countries, for their own political and bureaucratic reasons, have of course tended to reinforce these deficiencies when they could have been a factor in eliminating them. Equally important, they've been reluctant to provide the necessary funding. The foreign fact, that foreign aid is just not going up, staying just about constant. The World Bank of course has done much better. But, unless you got the funding, it would have been hard to really expect a great deal more in terms of production increases. Now, moving from food production to the problem with consumption, how to get food to the rural poor, which is of course where your hunger problem really is. I think it's pretty well-established that even if more effective agricultural production programs do a better job of reaching the small farmer and that there is vastly increased production, that many will still be malnourished because of their poverty. Back to this question, and there-. Okay, you've got to increase agricultural production, but that's not going to be enough. And you have to work with the rural farmers, but that's still not gonna be enough. What you really got to do is get behind all of that, you've got to get the rural poverty. Now, rural interests, as we've mentioned, are not very important nationally. And, the rural poor, rurally even, are not very important. So that the rural poor politically are really out of it, in most third world countries. And that's a very serious problem in terms of getting those countries to do anything for them. Okay, what do we mean by rural poverty? That's an important question. The way the World Bank describes rural poverty is that it's a condition of life so characterized by malnutrition, illiteracy, and disease, as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human decency. In it's 1980 World Development Report, the World Bank gives us some sense of the plight of the rural poor. Poor people are often the most difficult to reach. Many live at the edge of villages far from main roads. They are illiterate and know little about events beyond their neighborhood. They rarely go to public meetings and travel little except in search of work, they're refugees and squatters. They may even try to hide, to be invisible to the official lie. Out of sight, they hope to be out of mind. This is a group we barely got to deal with. It is not an easy group to deal with. This group itself is outside the political process, and can not do very much to help itself in most third-world countries. Now, national elites, with so much to worry about from urban masses, can and do easily ignore the rural poor. Rural elites are afraid of the rural poor and they don't want to do anything to disturb the status quo and their bureaucrats just don't communicate. So there's your problem. How has, what progress has been made, in terms of dealing with rural poverty and malnutrition? Well there have been, there have been some limited progress from certain kinds of programs. First sorts of programs have been to try to get income to the rural poor, in terms usually of food subsidies, food for work, third-world equivalents to food stamp programs. They've been very effective in limiting malnutrition in such places as Kerala in India, in Sri Lanka, in Egypt, and in Korea. Their disadvantages is that they're very expensive. There's a calculation that something like 20% of the budget in Egypt goes to food subsidies, and that for a while 19% in Korea. And of course the cost of these food subsidy programs can hinder other development programs. These food subsidies of course have bureaucratic problems. And sometimes they end up feeding the not-so-poor as well as the poor. The cost of them is normally not acceptable at home in the countries which have launched them. In Sri Lanka, the new regime has ended them, given the other priorities that leaders in these countries have. And food subsidies are not a particularly popular, in fact, they're quite unpopular in terms of foreign aid programs. That's hard to get foreign aid, which will be used, it's hard to get it through Congress, foreign aid through Congress, which will be used in terms of food subsidies to people in third-world countries. Second effort, which has been tried with some success is to sort of beef up, not industries in central cities, but peripheral industries, cottage industries, areas where the rural poor are likely to work, hired workers some of them artisans, vendors, some manufacturing and processing, usually labor intensive. Quite frankly, we make this quite difficult with all our input restrictions. Even if they can produce things, it's very hard to export them to the developed nations. There have been some indirect transfers, progress has been made, healthcare programs, education programs, nutrition programs. Things that help these people to help themselves. There has been a problem with some of these in the past because the elites tended to dominate them as well. The elites are there, the programs that get developed there tend to come under the control not of the poor. And I think this will be true everywhere in the world, but of the people who have usually a higher status. Now, the problems with sort of these direct efforts to help the rural poor, is of course I'd mentioned the funding problem. There has also been a problem when you're talking about nutrition programs and healthcare problems you run into this, you run into bureaucracy problems again, in many instances in countries that don't have very sophisticated bureaucracies, don't have the qualified personnel yet that can administer the programs. Their problems, the problems, serious problems with coordination. There's a major problem in the international community, itself is chaotic. Responsibilities are divided between the World Health Organization, UNICEF, Food and Agriculture Organization on Nutrition, for instance. And so it's never, it's not always quite clear who's working together, and whether everybody's working for the same purposes or working at cross purposes. Often these local programs have not had enough local involvement. The people themselves in the area have not gotten involved, been gotten involved. It's sometimes a hard thing to generate, but their long-term success, of course, demands and depends on local involvement. Now, to speak more specifically about nutrition, there a number of things which have been tried, all of them together are no substitute for raising income, but of course they can be helpful in addition to raising income. Okay, education specifically of women, has been tried and with success on such things as the use of food, on the importance of breastfeeding, for instance. Things which have very high payoffs. Money can be spent for such things as food fortification, you can provide certain nutrients and things, iodine in salt, sugar, flour, for instance, taking care of some nutritional deficiencies at low cost. It doesn't anywhere deal with the whole problem, but it will deal with part of the problem. And then of course, very most defacto use I think, that can be made of funds, is of course supplemental diets for pregnant women, nursing mothers, and young children, which is where the malnutrition problem is really concentrated. Okay, now what needs to be done in the future? I think that there needs to be more emphasis of course on an improved agricultural development strategy, which is more labor intensive, more small projects, more land reform. Has to take into account availability of inputs better, it has to provide better incentives, and there have to be more programs to transfer income to the poor. Have to be more jobs for the poor, there have to be more effective integrated healthcare, nutrition, and education programs. Now of course, all of these things together, will also, besides dealing with the food problem, help to reduce fertility and help to, as well as improve, productivity. And of course, what this means is an increased commitment to official development assistance or foreign aid, which is still running less than $30 billion, probably should be doubled. And even if it's doubled, it'll still be less than 1/10 of what the world's spends on weapons. So that, to think we can still do the things that need to be done and still spend a lot less in terms of development than we'd be spending on defense. In terms of what the United States should do, the US has, it seems to me, some very clear national interests in a larger and more effective agricultural production strategy. It seems to me that even though we currently have a surplus in this country, at least in some respects, that we still have a long-term interest in seeing food production increase in third-world countries. We, even though it looks like we can now, down the road 10, 20 years, we will not be able, and I don't think there's any question about it, to keep up with the food demands of the third-world countries given their populations. And with the population increases as they appear at this stage of the game. I think the reason we really have a stake in third-world food production, another reason we have a stake, is that that will help buffer out food prices. And in, if third-world agriculture production increases, we are less likely to see inflated and rapidly fluctuating food prices. Now, at another level, it seems to me, we have a strong humanitarian interest in seeing enough food produced to meet increasing world demand. If agriculture development, in the last developed countries proceeds to the point where it becomes the engine driving the entire development process, I think one can actually even make a case that America's overall export picture will be improved. If these countries develop, they're gonna have more money, they'll actually be able then to buy more goods from the United States than they do now. Increased agriculture production may be part of the key to that development effort. A better agriculture production strategy, more labor intensive, more emphasis on smaller farms, may in fact hinder the migration to the cities, may help deal with the population problem, and may even help reduce violence in these countries, or at least keep the violence from increasing. Now, of course, we have a humanitarian interest in seeing the end of malnutrition. I think we have an interest in providing income to the rural poor and nutrition services. And these are humanitarian reasons. And that these things would help contribute to the decline of the world population growth, and contribute to a more efficient development effort, which I think is in our interests. Now, of course, what is the United States doing now? Of course, our development assistance is woefully low, where we are 12th in terms of the percentage of our gross national product that we still give more in dollar terms. I think we give something like a 0.27% of our GNP to development aid. This was as opposed to 2.7%, which we gave to the Marshall Plan in Europe, right after World War II. And then we give only 0.04%, practically nothing, to the low income countries. Then about, only about we spend, for development aid, only about 1/20 of what we spend on defense, which is not very much. US development assistance, it seems to me, still is shaped by a narrow concept of national security, which frequently conflicts with long range development goals. Development assistance has never been permitted to focus single-mindedly on raising living standards in third-world societies, which seldom poses a direct military threat to US security. Hence some of the neediest countries receive last claim to America's political attention and economic resources. Despite the rhetorical flourish of aid to the poorest of the poor, more than half of our bilateral development assistance goes for economic support to political allies of the United States. There's the continued predominance of foreign policy national security objectives in our aid program, aggravated by the dispersal of development related agencies throughout the government, they're all over the place. Bilateral development assistance is planned and carried out by the Agency for International Development. The Treasury Department has primary authority for multilateral development banks, trades, the Office of Responsibility of Commerce and the present Special Trade Representative, State Department has some responsibilities, Treasury has got others, divided authority. The end result is that there is no voice, it seems to me, within the United States government that is either independent enough, or powerful enough, to defend longterm economic development goals against competing short-term political or military objectives. To the extent that we do focus on long range development goals, we're fixated, for the moment, on the agricultural development strategy for instance. There is not much interest yet, that I can see, in programs to increase the income of the poor, or for that matter in nutrition, healthcare, and education, although this may be shifting. Food aid, it seems to me, could still be, I think it's getting better, but it could still be used more purposefully to ensure that the malnourished people get the maximum benefits. Now, some suggestions for the future of course, I think we ought to double development assistance. I think we ought to give more support for consumer oriented food programs, food subsidies perhaps, greater aid for agriculture development programs of those countries that support land reform, greater involvement of small farmers and local participation in decision-making. I think we ought to promote production of products which are disproportionately consumed by the poor, such things as cassava, yams, and millet, so that the rich will not gobble up the production increases. And I think we should give very significantly increased aid for more efficient nutrition programs coordinated with education, healthcare, and birth control. It seems to me a very strong case can be made for all of these things. And we have tremendous, the United States has tremendous leverage and influence on the food issue. And it seems to me, it would be very nice if we would use this in a positive way. If we would use it to backstop, rather than to undermine, progressive leaders in third-world countries. And if we used it for the, to backstop the progressive leaders rather than the repressive ones, as we have done many times in the past. Now, I think many people are, this agreement is coming as to what we should do, the real problem is how to get the funding. And it seems to me we have some good opportunities, and that it's, the case can be made that it's a very good investment. And that's the kind of case that I think that needs to be made much more effectively in Congress. Now, just finally, just a very brief note about the political problems in Washington, in terms of food and in terms of foreign policy. It seems to me that there are really four important constituencies. There is first of all, a foreign policy constituency represented by the Department of State. And that usually, the State Department is usually thinking of food as a weapon of diplomacy, or a tool of diplomacy. Usually used to keep the communists out of something, or some place, or somewhere. Or used to prop up friendly leaders. Okay, there's an agriculture constituency most, best represented by the Department of Agriculture, who's mainly trying to support US farmers. Generally support higher commodity prices, generally support food sales. There's a Domestic Economic Constituency, I guess represented by the Council of Economic Advisors and the Treasury Department, maybe the Office of Management and Budget, which is concerned with price stability, bringing down inflation, and of course concerned with unemployment. And then the fourth constituency is the International Development Constituency, which is best represented by the Agency for International Development. Now, what we've seen in the last 15 years or so is that there's, from moment to moment, there's shifting power between these constituencies. But unfortunately the other three, all except the International Development Constituency, have very strong domestic power basis. And that as a result when International Development comes in conflict with any of the other constituencies, since it doesn't have a very strong power base, it always loses. The one exception was in 1975, when a graphic, a pictorial, or a graphic pictorial reports of starvation in the Sahel, galvanized a hunger lobby in Congress and for that matter in the public, to force increase in the food available for disaster relief. Now, I guess I would argue that the malnutrition problem together, the overall malnutrition problem in the world today, is probably more serious than the problem of the Sahel famine was. It's less visible, but I think it's more serious 'cause there's more people involved. And it seems to me that there is a very real question as to whether people can be galvanized by this problem so that they can put pressure on the leaders in Washington to respond to this problem like they responded so well to the problem of starvation in the Sahel, and it seems to me this is the real challenge, and this is where we ought to devote our efforts. And simply, we know what to do, we know how to get good results, it's a good investment of money. Simply getting the message to people in Washington that this is what the people in the United States want to do. Thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- [Professor] Don't go away. I think we could take 10 or 15 minutes for questions, and I'm just gonna, if you want to come right back up here and you can field your own question and save a little bit of energy.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Any questions, yes sir?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student] Can you catalog the problems and failures of the world hunger problem or the chronic malnutrition problems? I kept thinking if I want to make a generalization about what you're saying to me now tell me if I got it right or not, it's not a problem of absence of agricultural sciences, it's not really basically an economic problem, but rather a sociological political problem. So if it's sociopolitical problems, that sounds strange and that's the generalization I got from all you said. Then when you came out to say well what we ought to do about it, you went back to say that we need to emphasize the agricultural production failures. I don't understand your reasoning.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Well, all right.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student] I don't understand that.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Yeah, I think that you've misunderstood a little bit of what I was saying in the first part. What I'm saying is there was, the overall hunger problem is tied to a number of different things. It is not exclusively tied to agriculture production, as it was once thought. Agriculture production is necessary, but not sufficient. It is not been, particularly in Africa, as successful as it ought to have been, and we still need to do more there. Okay, there was also a problem in terms of just plain old poverty, giving people the money to buy food. Even if the food is available, even if we increase production and we don't deal with poverty, we still haven't dealt with the hunger problem.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student] Yes.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Then there's the third thing of direct nutrition support, and education, and healthcare, and birth control, things of that sort. All of these things put together will deal with the hunger problem. None of them individually will. And the message that I was trying to get across is that we have to do better on all scores. We've concentrated too much on agriculture development, not enough on some of the other things. But we can't give up on agriculture development either.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student] So what you are saying, to get there from here is largely a social political problem?\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Well, social political is involved in all of those things, most of the decisions. That, the problem is not with the economists on any of those scores. I think people know what to do and we know what will work. The problem is getting the politicians to take the appropriate, and I agree with you on that point, take the appropriate actions in all of these areas. The politicians have been the ones who have messed up most of the programs up to now. Yes, that's right. And it's not only been people in third-world, we haven't always contributed in a positive way either. So yes, it is a sociopolitical problem, but it's not a one dimension sociopolitical problem. It's what governments do with regard to production, with regard to nutrition, with regard to poverty, all of those things together it seems to me are very closely linked. That was what I was trying to get across. That there's more to it than food production, per se. Thank you for your question. Yeah?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #2] Have you ever seen a hunger or maybe I shouldn't say hunger, but a lack of food, shortfall of food, where the farmers were receiving a price that they could make money at when they're selling their product?\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Have I ever seen a what of food when--?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #2] A shortfall of food? In other words, farmers didn't produce the food.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Are you saying, if the farmers have the incentive, they'll produce the food invariably, whatever is needed?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #2] Sure, well except in extreme drought situations.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Yeah, the problem in many third-world countries, we really don't know, that's not tested, because farmers don't usually have a price which creates a positive incentive. We do know that where there is a positive incentive that food production does go up rather dramatically in third-world countries, no question about it. Whether it'll do enough, you know, what the limits are, I don't, I don't really know. We know that incentives work, which I think was the thrust of your point, sure.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #2] So generally, farmers will produce food to produce money. If they're given, if they're making money at it they'd-\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] They'll produce a lot more.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #2] They'll produce all you need.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] I don't know whether they will produce all you need, but they certainly will produce a lot more. Do you have a question?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #3] Back in China there, they're having a very good exercise in, in fact, if farmers can make money they will have overproduction. They got overproduction in practically everything now. In crops, and pigs, they got pork running out of their ears.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] China's provided a lot of incentives, and I think with some considerable success and that's interesting to hear. Yes sir?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #4] I can't cite any examples right at the moment, but there are some examples in Africa where the demand for the crop has come from outside of the society. So, there's been the incentive to produce. And black bean is a good example of this. There are places in Africa where farmers are producing plenty of black beans but the culture is such that the people won't eat black beans. And so they ship the black beans to Europe and the people will go without protein source. So it depends somewhat on where the demand is coming from.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #5] What's black yeast?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #4] Black beans, black beans.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #5] Oh black beans?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #4] Yeah.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Yeah, and there are other problems in Africa too. There's a great deal of governments rigging prices and grain going across borders that's not kept track of. And even though an area produces enough for itself, because the price is higher someplace else, the grain ends up in another country where it's really not needed and it isn't where it really is needed. And it's very hard for governments really to keep much control of, yeah. Yes, sir?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #6] So we need to get more sociologists and agriculturists in the 81st Airborne. Then when we send these training cadres to these poor countries, then we could help the people more.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] I think you need to get more agriculturalists into politics, in third-world countries for sure, yeah.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #7] Besides that, are you suggesting that when the food's good and they're more used by the poorer class of people, what other ways do you have to redistribute, consolidate the redistribution problem?\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Well, I was thinking in terms of subsidies, food subsidies, which in a way is redistributing income to the poor. Food stamp programs, or food subsidy programs, in effect is making food available to them at lower prices, which is transferring wealth to them. That's what I was thinking of primarily.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #7] That's the program you would think of, is food stamps?\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Well, what do you-. I mean there are a number of ways of having food subsidies, food stamps would be one, but those I consider would be transferring wealth. Land reform will help. Those were the two that I had in mind, most specifically. I mean, you'll never transfer all of it, you'll never create total equality, you know. I think the key thing is to get these people out of the dire poverty they're in so that they at least can get an adequate diet so they can get their physical strength up so that they can work for themselves and can really effectively join the societies in these countries. Thank you sir.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #8] I think you alluded pretty good to the competition and production of food crops, and of course other non-food products to export, what is a way to flesh a little bit more and help them become a little more political and self-sufficient?\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Well, the one thing that becomes clear is it varies very much from country to country, and so you can't really make any generalizations. And for some countries, it probably makes no sen-, it makes, it makes sense to grow export crops, because they can probably buy more food. The only question then is will they use the money that they earn from the export crops to buy food? And that depends, it seems to me, then on who's controlling the production of the export crops. And in some instances the people who are controlling the production of export crops then take the money that they earned, isn't used to buy food, but is used to enhance their own wealth. And in that case, you've got a pretty serious problem. I think there's a strong argument for a certain amount of self-sufficiency, not total self-sufficiency, simply because it it creates a certain amount of independence for you, and it gives you a certain flexibility in terms of your other policy decisions. If you're not relying on somebody else's food imports that could suddenly be cut off, in terms of food security, a major world food crisis for instance, where if you're growing a good part of your own food, then you don't have to worry about being cut off, and it does give you a certain amount of flexibility. I'm not saying total self-sufficiency, but I think an argument can be made just as the Europeans have made. It may be not as strongly as the European's have made, that it's dangerous to be in a situation where all of your food is coming in from the outside, and that is worth paying a price for a certain amount food self-sufficiency.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #9] I think part of the key there is recognizing that it's not just a country that produces export products and sells them, you know it's individuals who are cruising across, and those individuals typically are not the same people who are in poverty.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] And you have to, you have to, what it is, you can't look at it as a simple problem, you have to look at the specific situations in each country. Who's producing them, who's getting the income, how is that income being used? And then what could be grown there and food crops too. And that's a factor as well. And for some countries, you could argue there should be much more domestic food grown and cut back on export crops, conceivably in other countries, it would be a different story. Yeah, sir?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #10] You have alluded to the problem, sometimes the assistance for the people is not right, with the government, and elitists, and stuff like that. I'd like to comment on another type of assistance that's possible there. Sometimes my impression is, if you have lack programs for people in these countries, slowly you could add one, not necessarily for a serious one, but you have to have assistance. That's a big problem, how do you get that there? And sometimes, this can lead to lack of competition, because, as you said, just because something works in one place, it's not necessarily true it's going to work there. How is it possible to get one of these types of programs? People go there because they want more, because they want to go out where there's help, but then there's not programs. Particularly in places where there is problems in this type of department.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Yeah, now are you thinking more in terms of US programs for this, or more in terms of-?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #10] No, I'm thinking, you know, one, even national positions, agricultural, you know?\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Things for the food and agricultural organization, that sort of thing?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #10] Yes.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] US included. Sure, my guess is you'd be able to get enough people if you could get the programs going, that would be my guess. Question is funding the programs, I'd think would be your main obstacle. Who would pay for it? But that's just a guess. Yes sir?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #11] Sir, I see two problems why there is hunger in third-world countries. One is traditional politics, and where they have been there a long time, where they go on in power. What you have now, you have people, uneducated people congregating in several spots and the land outside is owned by only a few people. Now one thing I see very strongly is that this country here is not. It's contributing to that collection by helping the congregate of people out there, who have the ability to send their kids out here to get an education, go back out there to South America and say you ran to the United States, you use the power itself. Look, you have power over others that stayed, you must educate the people, you must have a plan to do it. There's a need to get the people together, in the United States and other countries to sit down and do those things, so nobody can cheat the United States or other nations. That is a cost, but honestly, it's one of the only ways in this world to know the science, with all these inventions, good inventions, then they can find a problem and a solution. In some places they do work, they cannot stay. Because they're using the Mexicans for labor down in California and Mexico. You see this, some of the people with good intent, and want to get the best out of America. I don't think, maybe there's a better way to put this in words, I'm no expert, I was just thinking, if you want to stay in the United States you have to contribute to that.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Yeah they, I mean, the one thing that comes across to me is that the sources of the problem are many. I mean, some of the, some of the, some of the problems come from the United States and some of our policies, some are from the Soviet union. Some of them though are local, some of them are colonial induced, some of them are not. And, I mean we have to work on all of them, just to deal on any single one of them isn't going to be enough. And it's going to take cooperative effort. And unfortunately what's been absent, it seems to me, is everybody else is saying, somebody else is the main part of the problem, I'm not much at fault. And so if everybody else corrects their part of the problem then I won't have to do anything. And I think that's all wrong. I think we have to change, some of the third-world regimes have to change. There has to be some general changes in terms of overall philosophies.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #12] I see more when you use the word incentive, and that you don't have incentive under socialism. I don't want to call it socialism, and I don't want to call it capitalism, but I think it's democracy. And people love to see talks about people.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Yeah, China certainly has incentives, and the way I was using incentives was not in terms of any kind of particular political economic system. But something that, where the farmer knows that he gets something for producing more, one form or another, that works in increasing production. Yes sir?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #13] With a developing nation, as opposed to many problems that you've pointed out, which brings up options, they have to choose between their options. The United States may come to their assistance, they may come to our door asking for assistance, sometimes the historical links already determined that. But, do you think there's, what difference puts yourself in the situation of being a leader in a smaller nation? Do you think for you and your people, there's a difference between you saying, I'm going to take aid from the United States, from, I'm gonna take aid from the Soviet Union? Do you think there's any real differences between the two?\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] No, I would be, I would want aid from both, and I would be worried about getting dependent on both, I'd guess. If I need aid to develop, I need aid to develop. But I would be worried in the process of taking aid that I was tying my hands and losing my own future autonomy.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #13] Yeah, I would be too, but some of your options seem to be encouraging, you know assistance, increase the foreign assistance, things like that. Besides the probl-\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] But hopefully not for political reasons. I was trying to, you know, create on sort of more of the grounds of long-term enlightened self-interest or for agricultural development per se, worrying less about political change.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #13] Oh sure, sure.\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] And, I would hope the Soviet Union would do the same thing. I would think it'd be in third-world nation's interest if the US did more and Soviet's did more in both.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #13] It seems that, in Ethiopia and Nicaragua, you know, Philippines, or some of these Southeast Asian countries, that they're posed with having to make a choice between the two, and that we know that if it's going to the one that we may not jump in, and-\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Well, my personal feeling is often we push people too hard on making a choice and push them into it the other camp. And, we have thought there were political stakes far out of proportion to what there's actually been. But that's my, my own due. We've been, I, the problem is it seems to me, the people who are making a policy are usually concerned exclusively, almost exclusively with the political in a short-term sense, whether communists are getting in someplace or whether they're not. And often exaggerating fears, and not enough emphasis has been placed on the long-term and that there are other things in the country besides simply a communist threat that have to be dealt with. And I think that's unfortunate in general. Sir?\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #14] The more you have advances, if you haven't got the energy required, and I mean the human energy to produce food to 1/10, could this be of any value?\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] Well, the problem in the third-world is jobs for people.\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #14] Are you-\r\n\r\n- [Lecturer] I mean that-\r\n\r\n- [Male Student #14] There's no concentration, so they couldn't do any-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/45524/file/118489#t=0.0,2733.79265"}]}]}]}