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proper,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=10.007,12.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have a couple of announcements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=13.34,15.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After listening to our speaker tonight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=16.53,19.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going to have a reception at Hundred UV,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=19.14,21.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and everybody's welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=22.89,24.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We want to show the traditional African hospitality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=27.7,30.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a guest speaker and to all those who have been able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=31.52,35.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make it to this event.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=35.39,37.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm now going to proceed to introduce our speaker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=39.15,43.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The person who will be introducing to tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=46.29,49.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a man that is able to communicate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=49.02,52.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with both terrestrial as celestial elements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=52.77,57.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So be ready to hear a lot of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=57.23,60.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He knows the language of humans and he knows the language","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=60.32,64.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those who inhabit the celestial realm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=64.43,66.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Kofi Opoku comes to us tonight from Ghana,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=68.6,73.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is currently a visiting 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Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=91.31,95.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He has traveled extensively both in the Americas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=97.56,101.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in different parts of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=101.287,103.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A number of times he has been a visiting scholar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=104.48,107.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to reputable universities in the US","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=108.27,112.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and indeed all over the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=112.55,115.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there's no doubt that he carries that experience,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=115.0,118.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he brings that experience with him here tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=118.36,121.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm pretty sure that we're going to have a real full,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=121.09,125.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know basket of food for thoughts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=126.82,128.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not going to waste your time too much,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=130.4,133.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"please welcome Dr. Kofi Opoku.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=133.23,135.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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wife","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=232.65,235.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he asked her,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=235.61,237.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Did I say anything to offend your husband?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=237.637,240.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the lady said, \"Oh no, you didn't.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=241.65,244.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My husband has a habit of walking in his sleep.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=244.43,248.027"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=248.027,250.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I do hope that what I have to say tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=250.61,253.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does not put you to sleep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=253.28,255.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And secondly that, I do not give the sleep walkers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=255.89,259.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"among you the opportunity to identify themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=259.61,262.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=262.953,265.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I usually begin my presentations with four African proverbs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=267.87,272.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I like to do the same tonight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=276.42,278.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we say proverbs are the daughters of experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=280.6,283.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a proverb is the horse which can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=283.94,286.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very quickly carry you to the discovery of ideas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=286.2,289.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the four problems are as follows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=291.22,292.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One, one must come out of one's house to begin learning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=292.98,297.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Two, if you have not been outside of your home,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=301.46,306.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you do not say your mother's soup is the best.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=306.38,310.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are many people who have never left their 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truth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=318.07,322.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes it has to do with wisdom or knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=323.93,327.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the proverbs says is truth is like a Baobab tree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=328.33,332.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one person's arms cannot embrace it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=333.54,337.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, every culture, every person's 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there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=354.0,358.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is wisdom and good hunting in all of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=359.71,362.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This proverb admonishes openness, or espouses openness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=363.89,368.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at every culture because there's wisdom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=371.27,374.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and good learning in every single cultural tradition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=374.76,378.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Knowledge about Africa, which we have at the moment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=381.48,386.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a large extent has come from the 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hunter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=418.31,420.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And until African people themselves,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=424.53,428.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begin to interpret themselves and their culture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=428.13,432.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their traditions all the scales","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=432.72,437.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will glorify their non-African 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beliefs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=462.065,467.065"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"customs, values systems, sociopolitical systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=469.08,474.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and practices of various African societies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=476.07,480.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And from such studies as have been already made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=481.56,485.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the religious beliefs, practices and rights","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=487.16,492.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of various African communities, it is possible to discern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=492.58,497.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"common religious ideas and assumptions about the universe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=498.01,502.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are held throughout Africa and which provide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=503.77,508.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a worldview, which may be described as 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fishing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2615.72,2618.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"raising of animals and other economic activities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2618.95,2622.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example, knowledge of natural 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essences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2637.13,2642.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which lie behind the visible substance of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2643.04,2647.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An African writer writing about nature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2648.57,2652.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the concept of nature had the following words to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2652.09,2656.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"When an African offers an egg to a tree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2657.417,2661.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or food to a dead ancestor, he is not expressing ignorance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2661.29,2666.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of material substances or natural causes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2666.76,2671.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but he is expressing in conduct a theory of reality, namely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2671.34,2676.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that behind the visible substance of things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2677.45,2680.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lie essences or the powers which constitutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2680.65,2684.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their true nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2684.5,2685.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those who have read western philosophy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2686.81,2689.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are familiar with such formulations, but because the African","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2689.79,2694.226"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"does not formulate his problems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2694.226,2697.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms familiar to the Europeans,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2697.13,2700.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or may not even be able to express his awareness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2700.43,2703.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in words, this conduct is often grossly misinterpreted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2703.76,2708.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Western metaphysics, the known world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2710.16,2713.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is divided into two, mind and matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2713.05,2716.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the human being into soul and body.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2716.01,2718.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some have said that matter alone is 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more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2726.52,2730.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primitive stuff which is neither mental nor material.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2730.52,2734.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The African has not offered learned and divergent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2735.858,2739.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disputations to the world in writing, but in his expression","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2739.017,2744.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in conduct of all and reverence for nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2744.13,2747.643"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No less than in his use of natural resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2748.5,2752.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he demonstrates his own epistemology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2752.6,2755.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not aware of an agreed Christian view of nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2756.25,2760.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I submit that the reason African view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2760.24,2762.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of there is an African one, which is that nature has power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2762.71,2767.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which may be revered as well as used for man's benefit.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2767.63,2771.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"End of quote.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2771.92,2774.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All the power in nature,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2774.04,2776.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is subordinate to the Supreme Being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2776.43,2779.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from whom it ultimately derived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2779.26,2781.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Animals and plants are believed to have spirits or essences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2782.88,2787.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And those whose spirits are powerful enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2788.888,2793.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to cause harm to human beings needs, to be propitiated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=2793.11,2798.11"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27980/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/980/original/AV203923_African_World_View_a.vtt?1622564898","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/980/original/AV203923_African_World_View_a.vtt?1622564898"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27981","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203923_African_World_View_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086/transcript/27981/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The events of this evening, before we go into the program proper, I have a couple of announcements. After listening to our speaker tonight, we're going to have a reception at Hundred UV, and everybody's welcome. We want to show the traditional African hospitality to a guest speaker and to all those who have been able to make it to this event. I'm now going to proceed to introduce our speaker. The person who will be introducing to tonight is a man that is able to communicate with both terrestrial as celestial elements. So be ready to hear a lot of things. He knows the language of humans and he knows the language of those who inhabit the celestial realm. Dr. Kofi Opoku comes to us tonight from Ghana, is currently a visiting professor at university of Northern Iowa in the department of religion. He had his education at the University of Ghana, at Yale University and University of Bonn in West Germany. He has traveled extensively both in the Americas and in different parts of the world. A number of times he has been a visiting scholar to reputable universities in the US and indeed all over the world. And there's no doubt that he carries that experience, he brings that experience with him here tonight. So I'm pretty sure that we're going to have a real full, you know basket of food for thoughts. I'm not going to waste your time too much, please welcome Dr. Kofi Opoku.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much Delly. Ladies and gentlemen it's a pleasure to be here this evening. And I would like to first of all to thank all those who made it possible for me to be here. It's a long list of names that I could mention but for the sake of time, I'll just mention a few and say thank you to Mike Warren for being instrumental in getting me here and Delly and the African students. I also want to say thank you to my friend Lee for driving me all the way from Cedar Falls to this place. I am reminded on this occasion of a story about a preacher and I'm not a preacher. So don't be anxious, who prepared what he thought was a very good sermon and mounted the pulpit to preach. And in the course of his sermon, one of his most prominent parishioners walked out of the sanctuary. He was very upset, but he managed to stumble through his sermon to the end, after the service he went to the parishioners wife and he asked her, \"Did I say anything to offend your husband?\" And the lady said, \"Oh no, you didn't. My husband has a habit of walking in his sleep.\" I do hope that what I have to say tonight does not put you to sleep. And secondly that, I do not give the sleep walkers among you the opportunity to identify themselves. I usually begin my presentations with four African proverbs. And I like to do the same tonight, as we say proverbs are the daughters of experience. And a proverb is the horse which can very quickly carry you to the discovery of ideas. And the four problems are as follows. One, one must come out of one's house to begin learning. Two, if you have not been outside of your home, you do not say your mother's soup is the best. There are many people who have never left their homes and still claim that the mothers soup is the best. The third proverb has to do with truth. Sometimes it has to do with wisdom or knowledge but the proverbs says is truth is like a Baobab tree and one person's arms cannot embrace it. In other words, every culture, every person's arms are too short to embrace the totality of truth. If we have to come anywhere near an understanding of truth we virtually have to hold hands with each other. And the last one hunt in every forest for there is wisdom and good hunting in all of them. This proverb admonishes openness, or espouses openness looking at every culture because there's wisdom and good learning in every single cultural tradition. Knowledge about Africa, which we have at the moment, to a large extent has come from the pens and writings of non African people. And so there has developed an age old tendency to look at Africa through the eyes of non-Africans. An African proverb says until the lions have their historians, tales of hunting will always glorify the hunter. And until African people themselves, begin to interpret themselves and their culture and their traditions all the scales will glorify their non-African writers. Despite the undoubted cultural diversity, which you find in Africa, a very painstaking comparative study of African cultures reveals an underlying affinity which runs through the beliefs, customs, values systems, sociopolitical systems and practices of various African societies. And from such studies as have been already made of the religious beliefs, practices and rights of various African communities, it is possible to discern common religious ideas and assumptions about the universe which are held throughout Africa and which provide a worldview, which may be described as African. This worldview comes through the myths, legends proverbs, rituals, symbols and believes. The African worldview or view of the universe or all existing things, including the earth, the heavens the galaxies, and all wherein regarded as a whole is the result of centuries of experience and mature reflection upon these experiences and the world at large. Since no human society can exist without some form of specific perception or interpretation of the world in which it lives, African people too generated their own ideas concerning their understanding of the world as they went through life's experiences and reflected upon the meaning of these experiences, not only those related to the changes in individual lives, but also those related to the seasons characterized by certain occupations, festivities or crops, and also changes in the environment. All these ideas became crystallized into a system of thought, which was not static and was passed down from generation to generation not only orally, but also symbolically and ritually. And even when it was passed on orally, our ancestors left the proverb which says 'When a person dies, his or her tongue does not rot.\" It is in the worldview of African people that one finds the key to the understanding of how Africans evaluate life, both in its temporal and non temporary dimensions. And it is this system of thought made up of the concept of the supernatural, the human person and society, nature and of the way in which these concepts form a system that gives meaning and significance to human lives and action. According to African thought, the supernatural and the natural, the human person and society and in fact, all things exist in dynamic correspondence, whether they are visible or not. The universe, which consists of visible and invisible realities did not come into existence on its own volition, but was brought into being all created by a Creator who goes by very many names throughout the continent. The Creator is the great Weaver or Mwari in Zimbabwe. He is Namakungwe Zambia. In Zaire the same Creator is Ebangala, which means the Beginner and in Ghana, the Creator is called Borebore or Hewer or Excavator or originator. And from these names and Appellations, it is clear that the universe had its beginning and origin from a creator. That everything which exists was created by the Creator is the most fundamental assumption in African cosmology and to African people it is a statement which is accepted to be true and which does not require proof or demonstration. Although the universe had a clear beginning, there is no indication of an end to it in African cosmological thought. This is because the universe is sustained by the Creator, also known as the one who bears the world, Mebe in the Bulu language of the Cameroon or the Supreme Protector Igbesu in the Igbo language, or the, in the Ijo language I'm sorry or Osebulua in the Igbo language. The Creator, Bearer, Protector and Upholder is eternal. And the act of upholding the universe is also an unending eternal activity of the Creator. Since the Creator sustains the universe, there's no thought that it will end. And the Bambuti of the Congo say if God should die, the world would collapse. And the Igbo add that if the Creator removes His hands, the world will end. There is a widespread view that the Creator continues to create, and thus creation is going on all the time and did not stop with the original creation at the beginning of time in the dim past. It is not only creation which is unending, time itself is also unending. And in terms of space also, the universe has no ending for there's no part of the universe which may be called it's boundary or edge. In terms of therefore a both time and space, the universe has no ending. This idea of an unending universe, is no mere theoretical assertion for African people. For in the African cultural tradition, there are many rituals which depict or reflect this belief. Festivals, rituals, and ceremonies, re-enact the unending nature of the universe. And life itself is a cycle of birth, death and rebirth a rhythm which is in conformity with the reality of the universe. John Mbiti express this idea in the following words, \"The idea that the universe has no ending is also depicted in rituals and art forms by African peoples. For example, the drawing of snakes with a tails in their mouth symbolize the unending universe. There are many rituals all over Africa, which enact and celebrate the rhythm of birth, death and rebirth. Thus in African views, the universe is permanent, unending and eternal, the Creator sustain it. There is no sustains it. There is no reason to imagine that it will ever end let alone how such an ending would come about as the universe is sustained by God who Himself is everlasting,\" end of quote. The universe is characterized by order not chaos. And there are audits which under guard it and which have the source in the Creator. Nature has it's own order which regulates events in the world of nature and is fairly predictable. The seasons follow each other in an orderly fashion. After the dry season comes the rain and the farmers prepare the land by clearing the forest and burning the trees in anticipation of the farming season. Night follows day and the sun rises and sets each day. In the life of human beings, one is born a child, grows into puberty and adulthood, marries, gives birth to children, grows old and dies and returns to the land of spirits and is reborn to begin a new cycle of life which is to say that the life cycle is renewable. The existence of this order, enables African people to plan their lives; when to hold their festivals, when to farm and when to perform certain ceremonies. The existence of this order also, helps to give a sense of security and certainty. There is a moral order which is believed to have been instituted by the creator who is believed to be against evil. And it is this moral order, which regulates the life of human beings in society and is the source of the prohibitions, the taboos, customs regulations and laws, notions of right and wrong truth and falsehood as well as what is beautiful and what is ugly, all of which goes to make life in society livable and tolerable. It is this moral order, which is the basis of the notion of obligation which is fundamental to the structure of African society. African values are also formulated on the basis of the moral order. And there are a number of proverbs which express values in African societies all of which come from this moral order. If your parents take care of you up to the time you cut your teeth, you take care of them when they lose theirs. And to reflect the value of truth, the proverbs says truth washes the hands cleaner than soap. All the detergents from Johnson and Johnson cannot clean your hands better than truth can. Or if you travel with fraud, you may reach your destination but we'll be unable to return. The upkeep of the moral order is not the responsibility of human beings alone, spiritual beings such as the Supreme Being and the ancestors, as well as the divinities are also keenly interested in morality, and offenses which escape human detection are believed to be punished by spiritual beings. There is an Akan name for the Supreme being, which when translated into English means the one who sees all, even that which is behind, refers to the Creator as a judge who sees everything, even that which is behind. And the East African name, the great I also conveys the same idea. There is also a religious order in the universe which is clearly indicated by the belief that the universe was in fact created, and that the Supreme Being and other spirits are actively engaged in the life of human beings and in nature as well. Since everything was created by the Creator, the Creator controls everything in the universe or sometimes some of the Creators' agents act on His behalf. There is also a mystical order, an order of mysterious or hidden power, which is at work in this universe. And this power is tapped for both good and evil purposes. Herbalists, rainmakers, diviners, and all those who do good for society are believed to tap this power for the good they do for society. But witches and sorcerers and the others who inflict injury and harm on society also tap this source for what they are able to do. But all these orders take their source from the Creator who is the originator and ruler of the universe. African ontology distinguishes five categories of being. These are the Supreme Being, the spirits which include ancestral spirits and spirits in nature, divinities and so on. Then there are human beings, followed by the physical world of natural objects and phenomena. And lastly, a power, or an energy to which reference has already been made which permeates the whole universe. The distinctive feature of this ontology, is that it is hierarchical and all the four categories are contingent upon the first which is the absolute ground of being. Furthermore, implicit in this hierarchical character of the ontology is that a higher entity has the power to control a lower one. The ontology is essentially spiritualist. What is, is essentially, or in the first place spirit although this does not imply a denial of the reality of the non-physical, non-spiritual empirical world. Now, according to what most westerners are used to thinking, perception alone shapes reality but the African cultural tradition shows clearly that perception is only one type of reality. There is a reality beyond the sun, the human senses. And if we want to examine this from a purely scientific perspective, it is obvious that what you and I perceive with the senses is merely a small segment of what actually exists. The question of the origin of the Supreme Being in the ontology. The first category in the ontological structure is not raised for not only does such an inquiry amounts to a lack of courteous regard, but it is also futile. The Supreme Being is the beginner, uncreated and has been there now as from ancient times as some of the translation of the name show and it indicates that the Supreme being is the one beyond whom there is nothing. All other powers take their sauce from the Supreme Being and the Supreme Being remains the explanation of the origin of the universe and the powers within it which human beings recognize. The Supreme Being is essentially a spirit and there are no visual representations. The unique position of the Supreme Being in African thought is evidenced by the equally unique names, always in the singular. And there are attributes given to the Supreme Being which are not shared by other spiritual beings. The Supreme Being also does not have a generic name such as the gods who may be call for Orisha or divinities. Knowledge of the Supreme Being, is believed to be immediate and self evidence. There is an Akan saying that one does not have to point the Supreme being to a child. Moreover, every person is believed to have a direct access to the Supreme Being without the assistance of priests or priestesses. The ancestors, are the next most important spiritual beings, and they constitute the supernatural or extra human dimension of society. To die does not mean to cease to exist, rather death is the necessary channel through which one must pass in order to join the ancestors who live in the abode of the dead. Death therefore does not end life, it is a transition from one stage to the other. Between life and death there are no breaks. The opposite of life is not, the opposite of death is not life. The opposite of death is death. Because just as death takes away from human society birth makes up for the ravages inflicted upon human society by death. Since death is only a transition, the dead continue their lineage affiliations, human relations therefore remain unbroken and the dead, the living and the yet unborn form an unbroken family. The dead have the obligation to the living and the living have an obligation to the dead. It is the obligation of the dead to protect and guard the living from harm and to oversee the conduct of the family and lineage members, the living for their part venerate the debt and invoke them through libations to participate in the affairs of the community. The living also show the hospitality and kindness to the dead by giving them food and drink and keeping the traditions and naming children after them. The dead are also honored, because after death they enter into a spiritual state of existence, and live very closely to the Supreme Being. And since each person possesses a part of the Supreme Being in him or her, one can understand how the dead can be set to continue to live after that because the part of the Supreme Being in them goes back to live forever. Another way of coming to some understanding, of the continued believe in the existence of the dead arises from mythology or the mythology which explains how human beings were formed. One mythology puts it at the beginning of time, what is now the earth was simply a huge drop of milk, milk contains life and it tells you where the myth originated. And that Creator came and turned the milk into stone and out of the stone came iron and out of the iron came fire, and out of the fire came water, and out of the water came air and the Creator came a second time and put all the five elements together and created a human being. Death therefore is not an annihilation. Death it's simply a re absorption into the existing elements out of which human beings have come or have been made. Death therefore ceases to be an ontological disaster. The gods or Orisha are also essentially spirits, but are credited with personalities like those of human beings, they were created to fulfill specific functions. And as creatures, they are neither independent nor co-eternal with the Supreme being. A divinity is both a mouthpiece or a messenger or an agent of the Supreme Being. A divinity may also be an intermediary between the Supreme Being and human beings. These grads or divinities are included in the pantheon of each community and are clearly distinguishable from the Supreme Being who is outside the pantheon as it's creator. There are many stories, many myths which explain how limited the divinities are. According to one robust story, the god of the sea Olukun one day challenged Olorun to a contest the Supreme Being to see which of the two could out dress the other, when the time for the contest came, Olorun send his messenger, the chameleon to go and summon Olukun, the god of the sea from his subterranean castle. Olukun appeared majestically at his port house dressed as best as he could only to find to his utter shock and total disbelief that the messenger, the chameleon, the messenger of Olorun was dressed exactly as he was. So he went in a second time and put on even finer apparel and had the same baffling experience. He went in the third, fourth, fifth, and at the seventh and last time Olukun put on what nobody not even Hollywood could come up with in terms of finery. Only to behold that the messenger was dressed exactly as he was. And so, Olukun gave up the challenge saying that if the messenger of Olurun could match him in his finery, then there was no creature, no god anywhere who could come anywhere near the Supreme Being. Now some of these divinities or Orisha associated with features of the environment, such as mountains, rivers, rocks, et cetera. But these are only the habitats or the abodes of the gods, and must not be confused with the gods themselves. For as spirits, the gods are, have unlimited mobility and can come and go at will and are not confined to the recognize places of abode. Unlike the Supreme Being who has no priests or priestesses or temples or shrines set aside for His worship, the divinities have trained priests and priestesses who serve as their shrines. These servants understand the language of the gods and interpret them, interpreted to the devotees. The priests and priestesses are also believed to be able to influence the gods, to comply with human wishes on some occasion. The Supreme Being however cannot be controlled or even cajoled and the general lack of ritual specifically directed to the Supreme Being is a sign of the acknowledgement of the powers attributed to that particular being. But on the whole, the gods have more power than human beings and can act to advance or promote the welfare of human beings in accordance with the objectives and desires of the society. The divinities also observe the actions of human beings and uphold the established set of customs which regulates relationships and prescribed modes of behavior, which enhance the survival of society, by rewarding those who keep them and disciplining those who depart from such established rules by inflicting misfortunes, sickness or even death on them. The gods and other spiritual forces, such as witchcraft and magical forces, are held to be accountable for the presence of evil or misfortune and other inexplicable happenings in society. Occupying a position lower than the divinities, are what I call the Asuman, that is man made religious objects, which derive their power from the gods or the spirits of plants and trees. The concept of the human person, continent wide, that one experiences is that a human being is a combination of immaterial or spiritual substances as well as material or biological substances. But a person is not a divided entity. And the unity of human personality is a fundamental assumption in African thought. The material part of a person dies and disintegrates after death, but the spiritual part survives. Let me just give you one example of this concept of the human person from my own tradition, the Akan in Ghana. The most primary and fundamental part of a person, the very source of the person's life is called Okra which comes direct from the creator, and is the part of the creator in every person. The Okra is given to a person before birth, and links each person directly with the creator. What distinguishes human beings from animals is the Okra because animals do not have Okra, only human beings do. The Okra is the bearer of one's destiny and it returns to the creator after death to give an account of its earthly existence. There's also the Sunsum, which is an intangible element in human beings. It is a spiritual substance, if you will, which accounts for the character, disposition an intelligence, genius and temper of a person unlike the Okra, which is constant and unchangeable, the Sunsum is capable of being changed from a position of being weak, to that of being strong. The Sunsum is able to, is believed to be able to leave the body during sleep and may or may not return to its owner, depending on what happens to it on its journey out of the body. The Sunsum also is the main actor in our dreams, for when a person dreams, we explain that it is the Sunsum of the person which goes out of his body to engage in those experiences which the person remembers on waking up. In the case of those who are witches, it is the Sunsum some of the witch which goes out of his or her body, to engage in all the nefarious things attributed to witchcraft. Furthermore, the Sunsum is also, the spiritual cause of illness, but when a person fills his or her head with thoughts or feelings of anger, hatred, and jealousy, these thoughts are believed to press and come back the person's Sunsum and make the person sick. And so therapy at the traditional shrines or the traditional healers always begins with a conversation aimed at alleviating the pressure that is on the Sunsum. Not only individuals posses Sunsum, nations also possess Sunsum. And the good example of this comes from the Ashanti area, where the Sunsum of the Ashanti people is believed to be resident in the golden stool, which was commanded from the skies during the reign of the King Osei Tutu. Beyond the Sunsum, there is also what is called Ntro, which unlike the Okra and the Sunsum is inheritable. It is transmitted by a father to his children and accounts for the inherited characteristics. Then Ntro of a father dies a child, up to the time of puberty, after which the child's own Ntro begins to assert greater and greater control. Nevertheless, the Ntro of the father never completely leaves the child. Then Ntro establishes a spiritual bond, very strong spiritual bond between the father and his child, and this spiritual bond balances the physiological bond that binds the child to its mother. The last component is the Mogya or blood which comes from the mother and is the basis of the child's clan affiliation. The Mogya which a child receives from its mother also provides a religious link and an unbroken continuity with all the child's matrikin. Originally, there were seven clans among the Akans in the course of the ages there are eight. A human being therefore, is a combination of several factors, spiritual and material. The Okra, the undying part of the person comes directly from the Creator and is the bearer of one's destiny. The Sunsum an intangible element in a person accounts for one's character, disposition and intelligence, while the Ntro spiritual gift from the father, helps to account for one's inherited characteristics. The blood, which is transmitted through the mother gives one his or her status and membership within the lineage and clan. All these factors combined to make a person what he or she is, and specify distinctly his or her place in the universe, linking him or her with a spiritual world, as well as the world of nature and of humans. Nature is believed to have its own power, or even spirits, but not all of nature is dealt with as a spirit, for there are natural causes which are recognized to be at work in nature. In such occupations as farming, fishing raising of animals and other economic activities for example, knowledge of natural causes plays an important parts. Nevertheless, there is an African notion of reality, which recognizes or which goes beyond naturalistic explanations and which recognizes essences which lie behind the visible substance of things. An African writer writing about nature, the concept of nature had the following words to say, \"When an African offers an egg to a tree, or food to a dead ancestor, he is not expressing ignorance of material substances or natural causes, but he is expressing in conduct a theory of reality, namely that behind the visible substance of things, lie essences or the powers which constitutes their true nature. Those who have read western philosophy, are familiar with such formulations, but because the African does not formulate his problems, in terms familiar to the Europeans, or may not even be able to express his awareness in words, this conduct is often grossly misinterpreted. In Western metaphysics, the known world is divided into two, mind and matter and the human being into soul and body. Some have said that matter alone is real, and mind is an illusion while some now hold that both mind and matter as structures composed of more primitive stuff which is neither mental nor material. The African has not offered learned and divergent disputations to the world in writing, but in his expression in conduct of all and reverence for nature. No less than in his use of natural resources, he demonstrates his own epistemology. I'm not aware of an agreed Christian view of nature but I submit that the reason African view of there is an African one, which is that nature has power which may be revered as well as used for man's benefit.\" End of quote. All the power in nature, is subordinate to the Supreme Being from whom it ultimately derived. Animals and plants are believed to have spirits or essences. And those whose spirits are powerful enough, to cause harm to human beings needs, to be propitiated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116086#t=0.0,2804.976"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e When they are killed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=6.075,8.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the classification of these animals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=8.61,11.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not based on physical danger,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=11.26,14.245"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but rather on spiritual danger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=14.245,17.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are certain trees also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=18.3,20.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which need to be propitiated before they are felled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=20.53,24.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If one is to fell an Odun tree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=24.8,26.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a very huge tree,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=26.86,29.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one has to perform a ritual by throwing an egg at the tree.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=29.2,34.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The egg contains life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=34.07,36.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So one is exchanging one life for the other,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=36.4,39.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before one can destroy some aspects of nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=39.89,44.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Generally, the Earth is seen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=45.78,49.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and interpreted into 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it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=707.12,708.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So when they found anything,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=708.29,709.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had to sprinkle the Christian 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rasa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=721.97,724.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was nothing there, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=724.14,726.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so many of us also in Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=726.39,728.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have accepted that necessary conflict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=728.58,731.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Christianity and African 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know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=746.77,747.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's not, that is a traditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=747.75,749.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We 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It is true that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1079.45,1082.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the point of view of the West and Western education,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1082.87,1086.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to which most of us were subjected 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somewhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1314.66,1316.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and an American asked me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1316.21,1317.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What can the African teach the American?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1317.927,1320.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, \"Well, however a good at teacher you may be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1320.88,1323.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you cannot teach a student who is not prepared to 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Africans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1538.67,1542.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are many Africans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1542.03,1543.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who do not have any belief in the existence of the gods,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1544.35,1548.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and spirits anymore because they are Christian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1548.773,1552.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, when Western missionaries came ,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1552.36,1554.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they preached that they were nothing like spirits,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1554.19,1558.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or demons or 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Westerners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1642.41,1645.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a very interesting story about Shambhu","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1645.11,1647.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about Eshu the Yoruba god, the trickster god.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1647.99,1651.696"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This happened in Brazil in 1972.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1651.696,1655.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This god is known for playing tricks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1655.37,1658.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And here a man rented a taxi cab at one midnight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1658.23,1661.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and took his goat and was going to crossroads, you 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well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1707.75,1711.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever they do not know does not exists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1712.15,1715.347"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, they also say that everything must 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hammer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1729.43,1731.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you treat everything like an nail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1731.66,1733.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If empirical verification is the only tool you 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Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1919.52,1921.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has contributed immensely in bringing out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1921.77,1926.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The accurate information and knowledge about Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1926.302,1930.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Warren and people like him, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1930.12,1932.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they have helped in clearing the 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is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1940.75,1943.527"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it seems to me that we both from the Western Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1943.527,1948.527"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we both need to pursue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1948.675,1951.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relentlessly knowledge of Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1951.25,1953.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the African past","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1953.35,1954.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it is in the interest of all human beings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1954.71,1958.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, these days they are talking about DNA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1958.01,1960.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all sorts of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1960.49,1961.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I don't even seem to 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Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1967.369,1969.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what it means to us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=1969.53,1971.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(background noise drowns out other 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diversity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2030.812,2033.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I said there is a threat of underlying.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2033.85,2037.033"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I come from Ghana","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2038.429,2040.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and somebody comes from Zimbabwe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2040.31,2042.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now what he thinks about his ancestors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2042.96,2045.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course there may be slight, of course,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2045.44,2047.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every society has its own genius,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2047.7,2050.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at the bottom of it, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2050.64,2052.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that some essential ideas that are common","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2052.67,2056.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so one can wheel the thread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2056.07,2058.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We do acknowledge the multiplicity of 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West.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2073.45,2075.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean they divided up all the continent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2075.24,2078.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into little pockets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2078.07,2079.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghana and Nigeria and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2079.49,2081.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, these are all recent creations since 1885.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2081.5,2084.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2085.422,2086.255"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we have done is to accept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2086.255,2088.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these boundaries as divinely given","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2088.17,2090.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and guard them, you know, with guns and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2090.47,2093.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And passport is more difficult to cross from one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2093.53,2096.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Nigeria to Ghana than it is to go,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2096.09,2099.129"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout the whole of Europe,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2099.129,2102.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but all the same there is this underlying threat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2102.2,2107.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beyond that of course there has always been a Western view","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2107.33,2111.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which thinks that all Africans think alike,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2111.83,2115.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, you know, people think alike,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2116.855,2118.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even in one society you may find differences in 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alike.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2124.48,2126.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember when I came to America, I went somewhere to speak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2126.23,2129.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I was introduced as somebody from Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2129.35,2131.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then a woman said,\" Is this how short all Africans are?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2131.87,2135.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said,\" Madam,\" you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2135.32,2138.357"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but She was ready once she had seen one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2139.707,2141.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she had seen them all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2141.71,2143.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I want to thank the minority students affairs office","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2147.46,2152.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the support.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2152.02,2153.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The department of religious studies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2154.005,2156.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African studies and the campus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2156.16,2158.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the committee on lecturers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2158.67,2160.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually, a lot of the work in getting Dr.Opuku here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2161.627,2165.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was done by Partmila of the committee of lectures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2165.19,2168.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we are very, very grateful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2168.56,2170.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I want to thank all of you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2170.15,2171.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the behalf of all present.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2173.613,2175.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to thank Dr.Opuku for making it to Ayowa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2175.26,2178.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want you to join me to give him a hand of applause.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2180.595,2182.604"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students claps)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2182.604,2185.354"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2191.929,2192.762"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have listened to Dr.Opuku","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2197.78,2200.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have some things waiting for us at Lowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2201.63,2204.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I invite everybody to come and spend some time there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2204.04,2207.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I hope you can all make it there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2208.12,2210.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So why don't we go there now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2210.58,2212.524"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2212.524,2213.606"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=2213.606,2214.439"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27982/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/982/original/AV203923_African_World_View_b.vtt?1622564903","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/027/982/original/AV203923_African_World_View_b.vtt?1622564903"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27983","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203923_African_World_View_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087/transcript/27983/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- When they are killed, the classification of these animals is not based on physical danger, but rather on spiritual danger. There are certain trees also which need to be propitiated before they are felled. If one is to fell an Odun tree, which is a very huge tree, one has to perform a ritual by throwing an egg at the tree. The egg contains life. So one is exchanging one life for the other, before one can destroy some aspects of nature. Generally, the Earth is seen and interpreted into aspects. That is first the material aspect of the Earth as land, which is something on which we farm or something that we cultivate. Something that can be owned, in accordance with the rules of land tenure. But secondly and even more importantly, there is the mystical or ritual aspect of the Earth in which the Earth is regarded as an active principle, a controlling agency in life, the source of prosperity and health, as well as retribution for sin and sacrilege. In the latter sense, the Earth has many names. The Earth, maybe Asase Ya in Ghana. It may be called Ani by the Igbo, or the Mother upon whom all of us depend. The Earth in this second sense, is propitiated as a spirit. Offerings and sacrifices may be made to her so that she may make the crops grow and ward off misfortunes which may befall farmers. Sacrifices may also be offered to Mother Earth before a grave is dug, for all persons are believed to have come from her bowels, and permission must be sought before a grave can be dug, in order to bury one of Mother Earth's children in her womb. The spirit of the Earth also plays a very important role in morality, for certain offenses are believed to be particularly forbidden by her. Included in these are the spilling of human blood, especially suicide and cohabitation in the forest. And whenever human blood is spilled on Mother Earth, a normal sacrifices are performed to appease her in order to avert the untold calamities, that would be for the entire community. Furthermore, the spirit of the Earth or Mother Earth among the Akan people of Ghana for instance, is believed to be a keen upholder of truth and whenever the veracity of a statement is in doubt, the person who made it, will be challenged to touch the tip of his tongue with some soil to prove that he is telling the truth. Now, the cosmology that we find in Africa, which explains how everything came into being, and how all things which exist are related to each other, makes the world intelligible to African people. Related to this, are notions of right and wrong what one ought to do and what one ought to avoid. The primary and fundamental basis of African culture is it's worldview. And one cannot understand African people without reference to this worldview. The distinctiveness and strength of African culture and its persistence into the present era. It's transplantation even in the new world of the Americas, are accounted for by the fact. That the worldview provides African people with notions about what is real and what is not. The encounter between Africa and the outside world, has brought a lot of changes in the traditional African outlook to the world. The introduction of Islam and Christianity, and the thrust of European culture through schooling, have planted other concepts of the universe, nature, human beings and society among African people. And these have resulted in conflict as well as accommodation on both sides. But the African worldview has persisted as it's sewn in conduct, in day-to-day activities, in human rights in rights, I'm sorry, and human relations in avoidance, as well as observances. Particularly in the crucial moments of life such as birth, puberty, marriage and death. Where the interpretation of the universe determines what people do. African people have largely retained their own interpretation of the universe and of the nature of human persons and society. And where the guest religions of Christianity and Islam have been accepted, they have been understood on the basis of underlying concepts of African traditional religion which issues from the worldview. The traditional beliefs and practices have been supplemented , rather than replaced by the new ideas and religions, which have come into Africa. Thank you.\r\n\r\n- I'm sure we have questions for Dr.Opuku So we're going to take just five questions so that we have time for inception. So who is going to find the first choice? Okay. Yeah.Dr Aluzia\r\n\r\n- Well, in the first place, Christianity came to at least ,many parts of Africa South of the Sahara from Europe, Before then Christianity had been established in Egypt and Ethiopia. But the Christianity that is very popular in Africa today came from Europe and it came as part of the European expansion in beyond Europe. And it came with the assumption that there was nothing in Africa. In the 15th century, the boons issued by the Popes made it very clear that it the responsibility of Europeans Christians to go and stamp out paganism in all the heathen lands. And so the missionary was not in any position to even examine what was locally there, because if he had found anything that was of worth or value his presence would not be needed. So it was necessary as part of the transmission of the gospel in non-European parts of the world , to engage in a monologue and sort of stamp out, you know Western man's advice to the missionary was however anxious. A missionary may be to respect and uphold local customs. In the case of religion, he has to be ruthless. He has to prove that the religion he represents, is opposed to the existing one and one had to seed to the other. Therefore this attitude of opposition was there. Of course, the problem that most of us face, is the awareness, or even the recognition that whatever insights Christianity presents are not the only insights in this world. I have a lot of problems with African theologians who want to, you know, engage in enculturation and adaptation as if there's only one message and all that everybody has to do is to simply adapt his or hers. Now I believe that there is an essentially African of course, there may be points of convergence. You know, there maybe find some convergence between some of our traditional attitudes and the ideas that Christianity spread in Africa. In fact, I would say that one of the main reasons why Christianity spread in Africa was that there were points of convergence. Some of the ideas were not all that strange. You know, although the missionaries and many non- Africans who went to Africa and found familiar ideas very quickly, attributed them to expand our sources. You know, when they found ideas about God like Elizee said no These people could not possibly on their own have imagined that there is a Supreme being, you know, It takes a mind that is cultivated to come to this notion. So a lot of things like this took place. And in fact, in many instances, before foreigners could even accept what that some of the truths they found in Africa, they had to either attributed to themselves maybe one of us was here before we came, and such attitudes, remind me always of the python who, before he swallows his prey, you know spews its saliva on the prey before he can swallow it. So when they found anything, they had to sprinkle the Christian saliva or the Western saliva before they could accept it. Now, I think that the basis of the conflict of course arises from the notion that Europe out of Africa as a Tabula rasa. There was nothing there, you know, and so many of us also in Africa have accepted that necessary conflict between Christianity and African religion. Of course, there are some conflicts. I mean, the biblical idea that human beings should dominate nature, or you know and use it for, you know, that's not, that is a traditions. We don't. None of our tradition tells us that we are above nature and we must just exploit it. Of course, the problem has been that the attitude to nature has been one of very a great reverence which has also created some of the problems and conflicts you're talking about because the new ideas says \"well nature is there for the satisfaction of human wants.\" And then of course, this attitude comes into conflict with some of the many taboos and restrictions that regulate our relationship with nature. And these taboos and restrictions are often interpreted as signs of obscurantism. You know, if only these ideas could be done away with you folks will progress. But we are noticing now that everybody seems to begin to at least appreciate the importance of preserving the environment in some way. Interestingly, in recent years in Ghana, a study was made of a number of sacred groves and they discovered that some of the trees species which were thought to be extinct, were in the central groves preserved so that if we wanted to duplicate them or multiply them, you know, we have botanist who know how to do these things. And so definitely there areas of conflict, but also there are sometimes no areas of conflict, but because of the traditional attitudes. And secondly, one of the main reasons for the conflict was that missionaries went to Africa with answers to questions African people have not asked, and they expected us to raise those questions so that they could provide the answers they had. They were not interested in listening to the questions our people were raising, they were not important. It was simply important to give them the Christian answer.\r\n\r\n- Back home I wanna say back home because I'm also a Ghanaian we have the shrine on Akonnedi But recently, the Western people have been going there to do some study. Is it that the western world is becoming more aware of the African religion and therefore they came to study or learn more about it or its just\r\n\r\n- Well, there has always been the element of curiosity involved, but some of us also have been studying Akonnedi in Ghana. It's, a very important shrine, headed by a very powerful woman who wins a lot of influence in the country. And people go there, you know, with problems any kind of matrimonial or otherwise people go there in times of sickness, people go there to seek advice and so on and guidance for their lives. And because of the efficacy of this shrine, and the woman's personality, she has been able to establish shines even here in America and Europe and she goes back and forth. Now of course, the problem is that everybody wants to know what precisely makes the shrine so popular. Whether the services or the claims that they make are actually true and can be verified. And from the studies that we have made, we have come to appreciate the value of these shrines. They do not necessarily lead people as tree. They practice medicine. And there is a center for the study of plant medicine at Mampong where the founder, studied a lot of herbs from these healers. And now he subjecting them to quote to scientific analysis and many cures are being established. You know, all of which have been learned from the lookout herbalists. So these people are a source of knowledge and information about our culture, about our traditions. And for some of us who are interested in African culture, it is these shrines and the policies you know that one can really learn about the culture, learn the language, you know and learn a number of the rituals and their meanings which the modern present generation does not seem to be aware of.\r\n\r\n- Yeah. It is true that from the point of view of the West and Western education, to which most of us were subjected to, African culture is of necessity ,primitive and backward and has to be done away with. But this is only what the Westerner saw. To me our primary and fundamental importance is what we the successors to this heritage think of it. Now, if you remember the proverb I said, you know wisdom or truth is like a baobab tree. There's no single culture, which exhausts all the answers that human beings may ask. And it is important at least for those of us who come from Africa to study our culture from our own perspective, you know. Let the lions tell their story from their viewpoint you know, because otherwise, the continent and it's culture will always be relegated to the backwaters. Of course, what independence brought to most of us was the the pride in the culture and the self assession, you know, and the fact that some of us are studying the culture and writing about it in order that children in school may learn it. You see until we study our culture, One of the problems with colonial education was that we went to school to learn how Europeans live, not how we live. And you can see how most of us who have been to school neither speak the language nor even know the name of a single tree in the environment. what kind of education is this? Whereas the people in the villages, the people who are called primitive, you know are very knowledgeable about their environment and besides everything we have in Africa, which gives us an identity and which makes us justifiably proud, has been made or contributed or created by the very people we would call savages and primitive people. Our philosophies ,our ideas, religious cultural and so on were all created by people who never went to the kind of schools we have been to. And yet those people were not primitive. They were educated. Of course, it suited the Imperialists you know, to describe our culture as primitive but we are the people to judge whether our culture. Otherwise we are sacrificing our heritage to foreigners to tell us who we are. Besides and it's interesting because of the control of information of course, you know, the Western has written about everybody else and they have written about themselves wherever they turn to hear their own voices. And they think people are voiceless. There are no voiceless people, anywhere. We all have voices only they don't hear, but if they don't hear it doesn't mean we doesn't have a voice. And it is important for us to write about our culture and to asset ourselves culturally because no single culture has an answer. And in fact, what the world holds in store for us in the future, it's not a monoculture but rather a multicultural world, in which all cultures will make their contribution to to the world. It is only in this way that the world could become a better place. And besides even if you take the, the worst, of course whatever is the worst is not a unique creation of the West. Anyway, they borrowed from every source available, you know in the world. They borrowed from Egypt and all of all kinds of other places to create their culture. So, although one must consider something like Western culture one must also acknowledge that there is a debt which Western culture owes to its antecedents. Once I went to speak somewhere and an American asked me, \"What can the African teach the American?\" And I said, \"Well, however a good at teacher you may be, you cannot teach a student who is not prepared to learn. So if you are prepared to learn from me you know, that's all, I mean there are a million things that you can learn from me.\" And of course, recent archaeologic al excavations, you know have brought an awful lot of new information about the African past of which we should become aware. And then when we become aware of these recent findings, we will know that Africa hasn't been the Tabula rasa, that it's been pictured to be. And that Africa has been certainly a very important factor in the cultural history of the entire world. I mean, if you, if you go back to Leaky and so on, and the others who have clearly established Africa as the home of Mandela, of course, that most of the things we may take for granted today, have had that beginnings in antiquity and we might simply recognize this. Sometimes when people forget what human civilization and culture are all about, they stand on rooftops and challenge the very people who put up the structure to show them what art they've played in raising that structure. But human culture and civilization are very interdependent. Human beings are very interdependent and every culture has made a contribution to what we have today which is what he needs to recognize.\r\n\r\n- Do you have any evidence\r\n\r\n- Well, there's a sense in which modern science is even confirming some of the African worldview. when Physicists tell us that matter and energy You know, are interchangeable, well, they are expressing a very hidden idea. Now, what is energy? You know, of course we may use different words in Africa to express some of these ideas or furthermore, some of the scientific research is into near death experiences. You know, people who go out and come back and say they saw their relatives and so on. Well, in our traditions, we believe that when you die, you go to your people. Well, now these people in Los Angeles and New York are saying when they saw their grandparents and so they said, well of course these were taken to the backward ideas. Then of course, even in some of our practices, I'm sure Dr. Warren and his people are doing a lot on these indigenous technology and so on. So many things that have the basis here. Of course, also in 1978, there was an article in scientific American where some American scientists went to Tanzania and they did a study among the Heya people H-E-Y-A. And they saw how 2000 years ago those people in Tanzania were smelting iron on the same principle as they do in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Now ,there is a lot of scientific work that has to be done. Of course, there are also glaring instances in which because of the intrusion of the West, the African world view has been abandoned by many Africans. There are many Africans who do not have any belief in the existence of the gods, and spirits anymore because they are Christian. Now, when Western missionaries came , they preached that they were nothing like spirits, or demons or witches. But to deny the existence of witches and demons is simply to the Western but not necessarily biblical because the Bible is full of these things. If there are no demons, why did Jesus cast out the demons? Was the Bible is telling us lies? You know, what is this? And there are so many things in the Bible which links the biblical worldview pretty close to ours. In fact one of the reasons why many Africans express fondness for the old Testament or the Hebrew scriptures is the closeness of that worldview to the African worldview. And in the days of the missionaries, some missionaries went to mission fields only with the New Testament. Because the Old Testament was too close to the world from which they were trying to win the Africans show them the new book and not the old. But certainly of course many Africans also who have been to school have simply accepted everything that was taught in school as the truth, so that when Westerners show disbelieve in something, well they also show disbelieve in it. And that is granting to the West more power than it deserves because people can indeed investigate all these things and then establish the truth or falsity of it on their own without having to be told by Westerners. There's a very interesting story about Shambhu about Eshu the Yoruba god, the trickster god. This happened in Brazil in 1972. This god is known for playing tricks. And here a man rented a taxi cab at one midnight and took his goat and was going to crossroads, you know to sacrifice these goats to this god. And he had his wooden hammer already. They got to the crossroads, got out of the car and the man asked the taxi driver to come and assist him to perform this ritual to this god. And the man lifted the club and swung it thinking he was hitting the goat and he hit the taxi driver and killed him. Now what do you say about this? Shango is known to do this in the Yoruba areas and many centuries later, And as recently as 1972, this happened. Now there's a lot that needs to be investigated. And of course, many Westerners felt, well, whatever they do not know does not exists. And of course, they also say that everything must be empirically verified. If you cannot verify this empirically, then it is not true. But a very wise man said if the only tool you have is a hammer, you treat everything like an nail If empirical verification is the only tool you have. That is what you use. But sometimes you don't require a hammer. Sometimes you require a hoe, an axe, and a catalyst. What do you do with a hammer? So we have to devise different tools. And of course we have been probing of people in the West. Now I've been probing into telepathy and all these things that are claimed to be alive and well in other parts of the world. And increasingly, we are beginning to increase our knowledge of the non-physical world. And I'm sure this knowledge will bring us somewhere. What we need to recognize is simply this, that Africa is a very old continent, which has lived for millions of years. And the things you find there did not just come by a figment of the superstitious imagination. They have come as a result of century experience. And some of these experiences may baffle us. There's an American writer called Carl Sagan or S -A- G -N and the Dogon people in West Africa have an incredible knowledge of astronomy and Sagan went there and concluded that, Oh, no a gallant visitor from France must have gone to teach them about that. Well, these people have a ritual with they celebrate every 60 years. Based on these this knowledge of astronomy You know, and they celebrated one such festival in 1847. And so every 60 years, you know and by the time Europe became aware of the stars, That kind of knowledge became available on an 1844. How could somebody have run from Europe and in three years taught these people these things to the extent that they would incorporate it into the ritual. Which ritual is associated with one of the primeval ancestors? This is simply to suggest that knowledge is knowledge and every people have knowledge. I think the problem for the West is simply to abandon it's idea. There are two different Africas The Africa as a West insist it should be, and the Africa as it is and we both need to be informed. Of course, this type of picture of Africa has also become as a result of our education, part of the Africa that we know. And so we have been influenced to look at Africa through the eyes of the outside world because all the books we read are written by outsiders. But we need for the sake of the world, really, you know to have very accurate information about Africa. Of course, there are many Westerners who have done some incredible work, original work in Africa, which has contributed immensely in bringing out The accurate information and knowledge about Africa, Warren and people like him, you know. And so they have helped in clearing the dust from the eyes of the world, into seeing Africa as it is. But it seems to me that we both from the Western Africa we both need to pursue relentlessly knowledge of Africa and the African past because it is in the interest of all human beings. And of course, these days they are talking about DNA and all sorts of things which I don't even seem to understand. But all these are bringing some new ideas in terms of how we want to look at Africa and what it means to us Well, of course, as I said I began by talking about the diversity, but I said there is a threat of underlying. I come from Ghana and somebody comes from Zimbabwe. Now what he thinks about his ancestors, of course there may be slight, of course, every society has its own genius, but at the bottom of it, you know, that some essential ideas that are common so one can wheel the thread. We do acknowledge the multiplicity of ideas. But at the same time, there are some underlying affinities which we look for. Now, of course, Africa, as it is today is a creation of the West. I mean they divided up all the continent into little pockets, Ghana and Nigeria and so on. Well, these are all recent creations since 1885. And of course what we have done is to accept these boundaries as divinely given and guard them, you know, with guns and so on. And passport is more difficult to cross from one from Nigeria to Ghana than it is to go, throughout the whole of Europe, but all the same there is this underlying threat beyond that of course there has always been a Western view which thinks that all Africans think alike, well, you know, people think alike, even in one society you may find differences in thinking, But it is part of the Western thinkings all Africans think alike. I remember when I came to America, I went somewhere to speak and I was introduced as somebody from Africa. Then a woman said,\" Is this how short all Africans are?\" I said,\" Madam,\" you know but She was ready once she had seen one she had seen them all.\r\n\r\n- I want to thank the minority students affairs office for the support. The department of religious studies, African studies and the campus and the committee on lecturers, actually, a lot of the work in getting Dr.Opuku here was done by Partmila of the committee of lectures, we are very, very grateful. And I want to thank all of you on the behalf of all present. I want to thank Dr.Opuku for making it to Ayowa I don't want you to join me to give him a hand of applause. Thank you. We have listened to Dr.Opuku We have some things waiting for us at Lowa. And I invite everybody to come and spend some time there. I hope you can all make it there. So why don't we go there now? Thank you.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/43256/file/116087#t=0.0,2223.768"}]}]}]}