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Mike","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=428.04,429.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I might say on behalf of Pioneer Hi Breed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=429.42,433.259"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're delighted to be able to help with the 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Research,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=493.85,495.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is NISER in Ibadan Nigeria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=495.68,499.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Mike didn't mention, but Iowa State has a formal 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prior","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=513.7,515.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to becoming Director General of NISER.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=515.36,518.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was a former Director of Research 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Nigeria,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=522.12,524.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visiting professor at Princeton and Michigan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=524.69,528.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he has published extensively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=528.01,529.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on rural development and planning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=529.97,532.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, with that help me welcome Dr. Phillips.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=532.29,535.076"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=535.076,538.076"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Mr. Chairman, distinguished ladies and gentlemen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=543.11,547.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to talk really about the policies you talk of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=549.97,554.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My presence here, the major focus of my being 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Iowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=575.117,580.117"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Looking at the outfit that he has been able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=582.791,587.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to put together during the past two 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that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=600.69,602.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You may have a record, you know on your hands","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=603.39,606.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the time Mike has finished with this 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indigenous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=628.73,631.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=632.387,634.138"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know when I was in the university","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=634.138,637.438"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were two words I could never spell.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=637.438,639.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of them was indigenous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=640.799,642.999"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second one was the location.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=642.999,644.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember my professor used to really hammer me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=645.99,649.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for those two words.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=649.44,650.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I still don't know how to spell location, up till 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indigenous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=657.17,660.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I even know how to pronounce it very well now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=660.97,663.437"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thanks to what Mike had started,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=664.317,667.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, some two years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=667.95,671.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sure with what has been done so far","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=671.51,674.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is nothing but success in front of that program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=675.758,678.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am hoping that the authorities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=679.47,682.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this university will give CIKARD","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=682.56,687.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the appropriate institutional recognition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=687.45,690.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Right now it's only existing along corridor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=691.69,696.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With about what, three or four rooms,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=696.82,699.677"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you can see that the contacts that you have made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=699.677,703.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the rest of the world is far in excess","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=703.32,706.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of what that narrow corridor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=706.47,707.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, would tend to convey to you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=708.932,710.787"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hope that by the time this particular program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=711.93,715.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"settles down we'll have some mighty building","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=715.26,718.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it were and all the things that go with the center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=718.693,723.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of such international standing would actually come along.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=725.14,730.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At my Institute we also have started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=731.705,735.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something similar to this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=735.24,737.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=737.07,739.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our intention is in fact not to restrict","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=739.043,742.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our study of indigenous knowledge systems to agriculture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=742.6,746.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and rural development, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=746.54,748.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are going to adopt a much more comprehensive coverage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=748.57,753.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that we'll be able to cover","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=753.4,754.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just agriculture and rural development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=755.824,757.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going to look at economics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=757.13,758.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going to look at all sorts of things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=758.803,760.424"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those things that we put together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=760.424,762.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that by the time our outfit is really operational","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=762.47,767.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we will be able to use it as a springboard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=767.853,770.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know to affect the rest of Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=770.59,774.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as identifying, collecting, documenting, storing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=774.14,778.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and adapting indigenous knowledge systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=781.451,784.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, for general development where it's concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=784.75,787.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I want to particularly wish Mike very well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=788.72,792.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this exercise, that's my bigger purpose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=792.42,795.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now having said all of that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=795.58,797.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what do you want me to talk about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=797.05,799.651"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You still want me to talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=799.651,800.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indigenous knowledge systems, I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=800.663,804.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll tell you how I came into this particular matter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=805.14,809.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basically I am an economist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=809.13,811.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and an economist of the (mumbles) variety.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=811.283,814.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, the type that have a lot of money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=816.47,819.298"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, in the box.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=819.298,822.146"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You know, they open the box, they count the money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=822.146,824.389"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Their sure the money is still there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=824.389,826.287"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they put it back in the box and they sit beside the box.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=826.287,829.509"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They don't want to spend the money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=829.509,830.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only way they look at any particular issue any matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=830.74,833.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this world is through the prism of finance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=833.96,837.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I happened to belong to that school","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=837.73,840.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and finance people are terrible people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=840.43,843.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They never want to really achieve too many 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concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1084.56,1087.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That unless a people can feed itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1088.07,1091.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is absolutely no way in which the people there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1091.8,1095.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can claim to be self-reliant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1095.6,1097.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in my part of Nigeria where I come from,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1097.43,1101.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is a saying and I'll say it in Yoruba.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1101.32,1105.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(speaks in Yoruba)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1106.243,1109.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In other words, when hunger has been removed from poverty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1111.58,1116.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poverty has lost it's edge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1121.28,1123.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think during the seminar that we had this afternoon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1125.46,1128.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody, I think it was a lady, the linguist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1128.18,1131.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, whose trying to study some proverbs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1131.56,1134.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to find out, I've just given you one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1134.44,1137.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I will come and collect my royalty later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1138.76,1141.379"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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poverty,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1148.883,1152.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poverty has lost its edge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1152.15,1154.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My country is a very poor country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1154.86,1156.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nevermind what the rest of the world says.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1156.64,1158.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the country is going to be self-reliant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1160.09,1161.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it had better start first of all by feeding itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1161.99,1165.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but then it didn't stop at 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Nigeria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1186.37,1190.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comprising of yam and cassava and beans and mince,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1190.017,1195.017"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but you're growing this with imported knowledge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1196.02,1199.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowledge that has been developed on the farms of Iowa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1199.67,1204.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the experimental stations of London","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1205.75,1208.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or something like that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1208.36,1209.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then of course you could not possibly be self-reliant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1209.9,1212.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which means that we still have to go further out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1214.97,1217.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There is still something else about self-reliance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1217.85,1220.442"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is still missing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1220.442,1222.192"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is that true self-reliance has to start 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food","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1236.79,1240.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then true self-reliance can really begin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1241.97,1244.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you start from there you can then 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successfully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1262.063,1264.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, within the (mumbles) of government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1264.62,1266.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that true self-reliance 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food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1324.04,1325.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food produced by whose knowledge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1325.74,1327.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It must be your own knowledge buy on 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self-reliance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1333.795,1335.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then of course, when we talk about food,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1336.52,1338.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is not all 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year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1389.74,1394.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arising out of deficient post harvest processing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1395.93,1399.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comprising of either shelling or fumigation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1401.02,1405.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some sort of chemical treatment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1405.63,1407.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"storage and so on like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1407.84,1409.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Which meant that in the short term,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1410.96,1414.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within a period of one year to two years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1414.58,1417.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you wanted to be self-reliant in the proper way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1418.8,1423.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as far as food was concerned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1423.154,1425.542"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your first protocol had to be grain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1425.542,1428.542"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I then called some of the officials in my Institute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1429.92,1434.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of them is here, Dr. Titilola","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1435.49,1438.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I posed them that question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1438.23,1439.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That look, I am not an agriculturist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1439.82,1442.685"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am not even an agricultural economist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1442.685,1445.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am just a plain, simple economist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1445.263,1446.467"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I now have a question for you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1447.767,1449.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Are there indigenous knowledge systems in grain storage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1450.76,1455.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can quickly mobilize in order to achieve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1458.64,1463.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"significant self-reliance in food in the short term?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1463.34,1467.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I posed that question to him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1471.01,1473.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to one of his colleagues, Dr. Adeniyi","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1473.054,1476.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I said look, let us go to town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1476.93,1479.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let us go and find out if we have in this country now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1479.323,1483.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain indigenous grain storage techniques","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1484.63,1488.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that can be quickly identified and mobilized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1490.02,1493.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to reduce that wastage of 30 to 40%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1494.51,1499.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of grains that we lose every year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=1499.31,1502.073"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to ensure that the 40% component of our 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base,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2711.04,2713.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all our studies now feasibility studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2714.62,2716.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now that have to do with agriculture,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2716.53,2719.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we start, first of all, going to that place and finding out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2719.32,2723.477"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You may find then, discover that you don't need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2723.477,2725.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do any additional work there after","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2725.93,2728.626"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that has already happened","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2728.626,2731.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with our study of the tobacco.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2731.26,2733.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The tobacco culture, you know, in Nigeria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2733.96,2736.535"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We need to grow at least large scale, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2736.535,2740.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in producing tobacco.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2740.21,2741.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just simply use this small farmer on his location","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2741.61,2745.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inside his village.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2745.09,2746.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If he requires any additional help from you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2747.48,2749.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let him be the one to come to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2749.16,2751.568"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just tell him you are ready to help him,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2751.568,2754.489"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not (mumbles) but in terms of his production systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2754.489,2757.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of his processes systems,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2757.777,2759.455"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of his storage systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2759.455,2760.854"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If he requires, let him come to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2760.854,2763.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If he does not come to you, no problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2763.397,2766.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You may in fact, like the Nigerian Tobacco Company","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2766.03,2768.796"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had discovered that farmers themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2768.796,2772.159"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had in fact been doing some cross-breeding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2772.159,2774.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by trial and error","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2774.48,2777.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they didn't know it was cross-breeding,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2777.12,2779.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but has been mixing things together one way or the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2779.34,2782.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were getting out strains of tobacco leaf,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2782.57,2785.708"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, that was much more suitable for their area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2785.708,2789.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So every study that has to be done, that ought to be done,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2789.24,2793.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should then start, first of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2793.65,2795.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study every agricultural facility that has to be done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=2795.2,2799.18"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25272/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/272/original/AV203829_Indigenous_Nigerian_Agricultural_Knowledge_a.vtt?1620124056","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/272/original/AV203829_Indigenous_Nigerian_Agricultural_Knowledge_a.vtt?1620124056"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25273","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203829_Indigenous_Nigerian_Agricultural_Knowledge_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171/transcript/25273/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And I'm currently the director of CIKARD the new Center for Indigenous Knowledge, for Agriculture and Rural Development, which was established here in Iowa state, formally October, 1987. We, all of them up here and the next newsletters should be coming out in a couple of weeks. The newsletters generated a tremendous amount of interest in the role of indigenous knowledge and decision-making and rural development. There've been news notes in a variety of international journals about CIKARD and we now have a network of more than 1,200 institutions, agencies, individuals in more than a hundred countries on our mailing list and we are receiving, I think, close to 500 documents from all over the world in the last four or five months and we're in the process of cataloging and indexing these. One of the things we are trying to do is provide an international network that will facilitate the recording of indigenous knowledge systems to facilitate agricultural development in particular and we're doing that in part through formal linkages that Iowa state has set up. One of who is with the Institute of Cultural and Social Studies in University of Leiden and then we have Dr. Slikkerveer here and his wife. He'll be giving the lecture tomorrow night. We have our speaker tonight, Professor Adedotun Phillips who is the Director General of the Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research. It's the research Institute in Nigeria. Falls directly under the President's office for the country. So there's an awful lot of activity. Professor Adedotun managed to fit us in, flew 30 hours from Lagos to get here by 11 o'clock last night. He leaves to fly back to Lagos tomorrow. So we have to take advantage of him while we've got him. CIKARD now has, I think we're up to eight research associates with graduate students from a variety of disciplines. International Development studies, Agricultural Education, Sociology, Anthropology, and working on a variety of rather exciting topics. We have quite a number of faculty on this campus tied in with us again from a variety of disciplines, Agronomy, Sociology, Economic, Agricultural Education, et cetera. We're fortunate to have secured some initial support for our activities and we want to thank the GTE foundation for providing us the resources to bring in our international guests. Paul Richards has come in from the University of London. I saw you're familiar with his books and he will be lecturing Friday evening. In addition to the GTE foundation, we've had support from the Iowa State University Luxuries committee for graduate college CIKARD of the Iowa State University Chapter of the Society for International Development and support from the ISU Nigeria and the Dutch and British students associations. To date our most important benefactor has been Pioneer Hi Bred International and some months ago I was meeting with Donald Duvick, one of the Executive Vice Presidents and telling him about some of our activities and he encouraged us to send some of the materials. So, I sent those and it wasn't too long before we got a call from Ken Mishra the Director of Plant Breeding and he's in charge, Jeff has told me, of plant breeding operations in third world nations and he in fact is out in Nigeria right now with meetings at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. He was very interested in what we were trying to do and he and Jeff Behrens who works with him as Director of Administration in plant breeding division gave us what saves us a very large sum of money and we've spent it real fast on some fancy computer equipment that will help us document all of these documents coming in and tonight he's come to help us introduce our distinguished visitor. I might also mention in the back of the room, some of you will recognize former Lieutenant Governor Bob Anderson who just returned from Nigeria, been out there for three weeks moving from one end of the country to the other and hopefully things work out. Given our link with NISER in Ibadan and university of Iowa's link with the University of Ibadan over time we hope that we'll be able to achieve a sister state link with Oyo states in Nigeria. Bob was able to find out that out of all 50 States in the United States only Ohio has a link with any country in Africa and that's within Oyo State in Nigeria and given all of our ties here on campus, it makes a lot of sense. We are also fortunate to be able to bring in Dr. Onibokun with the help of Dr. Shin and his colleagues and Regional Planning. He's another colleague of Dr. Titilola is over here. He's on sabbatical for NISER with us. Dr. Onibokun is from NISER and he's on sabbatical at the University of Illinois. There still are some staff working with you in Ibadan I think. What I'd like to do now is turn the floor over to our chairperson for this first lecture. Mr. Jeff Behrens who's been very supportive of this from Pioneer HI Breed. He's the Director of Administration for the Plant Breeding Division.\r\n\r\n- Thanks very much, Mike and I might say on behalf of Pioneer Hi Breed we're delighted to be able to help with the sponsoring of a CIKARD and some of the events here tonight. I think the mission of CIKARD with gathering indigenous knowledge and helping organizations establish coming to countries is very consistent with our mission as an agribusiness which is we believe to help the world's farmers and extend our particular seed technology. We're in the process of doing that. Pioneer has in the last 10 years expanded its operations into a little over 30 countries and so we need all the help we can get and it's organizations like CIKARD that assist us or facilitate our entry into a lot of countries for which we don't have a lot of knowledge. So we're delighted to be able to help with that. Just to get on with the show. I'd like to introduce Dr. Adedotun Philips, who is the Director General at Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, which is NISER in Ibadan Nigeria and Mike didn't mention, but Iowa State has a formal linkage with NISER since the 1986, I believe. Dr. Phillips was Professor of Economics and the Head of the department of Economics and Dean of Social Sciences University of Ibadan prior to becoming Director General of NISER. He was a former Director of Research at the National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies in Nigeria, visiting professor at Princeton and Michigan and he has published extensively on rural development and planning. So, with that help me welcome Dr. Phillips.\r\n\r\n- Mr. Chairman, distinguished ladies and gentlemen. I don't want to talk really about the policies you talk of. My presence here, the major focus of my being here is really to register my own personal support and the very strong support of my institute for the experiment where the heartbreaking breaking activities that Mike, you know, has started here in Iowa. Looking at the outfit that he has been able to put together during the past two years, I can see that he has already made very procedural progress. I also find that nobody else in the United States is doing something like that. You may have a record, you know on your hands by the time Mike has finished with this activity and I want it to be particularly associated with that idea and I can assure Mike that he's already succeeding considerably, from what I've seen and he has already succeeded in doing at least one thing, I now know how to spell indigenous. You know when I was in the university there were two words I could never spell. One of them was indigenous. The second one was the location. I remember my professor used to really hammer me for those two words. I still don't know how to spell location, up till now. I don't know whether it is double C or double S or, you know, but now I can spell indigenous. I even know how to pronounce it very well now. Thanks to what Mike had started, you know, some two years ago. I'm sure with what has been done so far there is nothing but success in front of that program. I am hoping that the authorities of this university will give CIKARD the appropriate institutional recognition. Right now it's only existing along corridor. With about what, three or four rooms, but you can see that the contacts that you have made with the rest of the world is far in excess of what that narrow corridor, you know, would tend to convey to you and I hope that by the time this particular program settles down we'll have some mighty building as it were and all the things that go with the center of such international standing would actually come along. At my Institute we also have started something similar to this Our intention is in fact not to restrict our study of indigenous knowledge systems to agriculture and rural development, you know. We are going to adopt a much more comprehensive coverage. So that we'll be able to cover not just agriculture and rural development, we're going to look at economics, we're going to look at all sorts of things, those things that we put together. So that by the time our outfit is really operational we will be able to use it as a springboard you know to affect the rest of Africa as far as identifying, collecting, documenting, storing and adapting indigenous knowledge systems you know, for general development where it's concerned. So, I want to particularly wish Mike very well in this exercise, that's my bigger purpose. Now having said all of that what do you want me to talk about? You still want me to talk about indigenous knowledge systems, I don't know. I'll tell you how I came into this particular matter. Basically I am an economist and an economist of the variety. You know, the type that have a lot of money you know, in the box. You know, they open the box, they count the money. Their sure the money is still there and they put it back in the box and they sit beside the box. They don't want to spend the money. The only way they look at any particular issue any matter in this world is through the prism of finance. I happened to belong to that school and finance people are terrible people. They never want to really achieve too many things in real quantities. Everything has to be denominated in financial matters. But just before I assumed my current position two things, of course, happened to me. I spent some time being the chairman of the Nigerian Investment Development Bank and during the time I was there, you know in that bank, it coincided with the period when Nigeria was facing very horrendous economic problems. Arising principally from the very serious shortage of foreign exchange. So we then had to start looking internally for how we can become considerably self-reliant. Having regard to the fact that the production system that we have on the ground has an import dependent ratio of about 70% around 1983, 84, 85, 86. Now when Nigeria of course was enjoying we were adding so much dollars that all that was important was to set up the factory and to assume that the components, the inputs, the spare parts, the everything, you know, would come from abroad and all you need that to do was to just simply finish up, you know, the manufacturing process and then get things sold. Now that was all right from the 70's up to the middle slightly late 70's and then of course when the crunch then came our manufacturing industry started of course, to operate at lower and lower capacity utilization and the basic question then came up, that look, if we were going to continue to operate these enterprises then we had better start to source the raw materials and the inputs from within the territory of Nigeria itself. So, the name of the game became self-reliance. Now, when the World Bank and the IMF started to do their own thing, you know in Nigeria and they said we should adopt a structural adjustment program. We then said, yes we are going to adopt a structural adjustment program, but for what purpose? What was going to be the overriding preoccupation, you know of that program? And a lot of debate went on. There was a general consensus that the overriding preoccupation has to be self-reliance, but many of course then asked the question, self-reliance in what? Most people tended to answer that question by saying self-reliance in terms of local sourcing of raw materials. In other words, the enterprises, the manufacturing facilities that we already have in hand, if we can succeed to source them locally from the raw materials, the agricultural produce, the minerals and all of that, then of course, the structural adjustment program would have achieved it's purpose. A few of us departed from that answer. We did not believe that self-reliance really should start from there. In fact some of us believed that there was a hierarchy of self-reliance and that unless one followed that hierarchy properly, and you go it stage by stage, you know, putting it in rather simple terms true self-reliance can really not be achieved. So, we then said look, first of all we have been self-reliant as far as feeding ourselves are concerned. That unless a people can feed itself there is absolutely no way in which the people there can claim to be self-reliant and in my part of Nigeria where I come from, there is a saying and I'll say it in Yoruba. In other words, when hunger has been removed from poverty poverty has lost it's edge. I think during the seminar that we had this afternoon, somebody, I think it was a lady, the linguist, you know, whose trying to study some proverbs, to find out, I've just given you one. I will come and collect my royalty later. So, I picked on that particular saying, that once you take hunger out of poverty, poverty has lost its edge. My country is a very poor country. Nevermind what the rest of the world says. If the country is going to be self-reliant, it had better start first of all by feeding itself, but then it didn't stop at that. If the people succeed in feeding themselves, but they are feeding themselves with other people's knowledge, then of course they cannot claim to be self-reliant. If you are growing your food, growing your staple food in a place like Nigeria comprising of yam and cassava and beans and mince, but you're growing this with imported knowledge, knowledge that has been developed on the farms of Iowa or the experimental stations of London or something like that, then of course you could not possibly be self-reliant. Which means that we still have to go further out. There is still something else about self-reliance that is still missing and that is that true self-reliance has to start with self-reliance in knowledge. You can then move, you can apply your own knowledge, your own local knowledge to the production of food and then true self-reliance can really begin. Once you start from there you can then advance. Get out your own technology to be able to process your own locally available resources In order to produce the inputs and the components for your factory. So we then came up with that hierarchy, and argued it successfully you know, within the of government that true self-reliance starts with self-reliance in knowledge and then of course it goes on like that. There is no chalk here. Anyway, I think I've described what that means. So, true self-reliance then starts with self-reliance in knowledge. Some of us then asked the question, If we must start by feeding ourselves with our own knowledge, are there certain indigenous knowledge systems that are now available, that we can regulate up and apply these to food production so that the self-reliance process can be properly started and put on the track. So that was how I got involved in this matter. Structural adjustment program, self-reliance. Self-reliance in what? Started with food. Food produced by whose knowledge? It must be your own knowledge buy on that and that way you can then really be sure that you are achieving true self-reliance. Then of course, when we talk about food, it is not all food. We have to start at some particular level and we did an analysis of the structure of Nigerian food and then discovered on the basis of studies that have been done that about 40% of the food that Nigerians eat consists of grains. The remaining 60% are picked up by root crops, by protein and by other food items, but the largest single component of the food basket consisted of grain. We also found on the basis of empirical studies that had been done that about 30 to 40% of Nigeria's output of grain was lost every year. Arising out of deficient post harvest processing comprising of either shelling or fumigation, some sort of chemical treatment, storage and so on like that. Which meant that in the short term, within a period of one year to two years, if you wanted to be self-reliant in the proper way as far as food was concerned, your first protocol had to be grain. So, I then called some of the officials in my Institute. One of them is here, Dr. Titilola and I posed them that question. That look, I am not an agriculturist, I am not even an agricultural economist. I am just a plain, simple economist, but I now have a question for you. Are there indigenous knowledge systems in grain storage that we can quickly mobilize in order to achieve significant self-reliance in food in the short term? I posed that question to him and to one of his colleagues, Dr. Adeniyi and I said look, let us go to town. Let us go and find out if we have in this country now certain indigenous grain storage techniques that can be quickly identified and mobilized in order to reduce that wastage of 30 to 40% of grains that we lose every year, in order to ensure that the 40% component of our food that is made of cereal is actually available. If we can in fact cover that 40% wastage we would have increased the food supply by almost 25%. So, very simple question there. Indigenous grain storage techniques. So, that is how I then got my colleagues to start at looking at that particular issue which was the proposal. We had to properly fund it and the work has only just started and I can begin to see the future. At the end of that project the sort of things that are likely, you know, to come out. In all the preliminary results that have come out, we selected for pretesting purposes three states in that year. Anambra State, Oyo State and Kano State. From each of those three States we selected two local governments and from the local governments we selected 40 farmers. Each of them, the farmers, all of this of course was done with random sampling techniques and then right now we are testing the questionnaires as well as observing, as well as using that sociological methodology, participation observation. You know, getting one or two of our researchers to actually live, you know, with the farmer and watch him. How he processes the grain, what he does as far as storing the grain is concerned. Whether he uses any traditional irrigation methods. What are his own wastage ratios? To what extent are these techniques efficient and effective. Efficient in terms of cost, effective in terms of the totality, you know, of the grain that can be stored and after storage, what happens as far as dryness is concerned. What happens as as far as germination is concerned and so on like that. All of these things, we'll have researched. Some of the results are coming out now at the preliminary level, you know like I said and some of them are very exciting. In one of the local governments, for example that we looked at, virtually all the farmers there use the technique of storing their grain over the fireplace. On platforms built a little bit over the fireplace. They keep their corn inside the leaves, not just leaving the corn on the cob they leave the corn right inside the leaves and they put it on that platform and they are able to store that way you know, for about six months. The farmers explained that the smoke from the fire acts like a fumigating agent to keep out pests and that they can succeed in keeping out the pests for upwards of three to four months. They do not keep or they do not store in this particular manner for more than six months or nine months. We also discovered that as we move towards the north of Nigeria, the local farmer had in fact developed his own silo. It is called the rhombus and that rhombus is constructed with very simple materials that are available locally and it's conically shaped. They make the material with a mixture of mud and grass and the secretion of some particular trees in the locality. On the inside of the rhombus, it is very cool and dry. They erect the rhombus on stilts. They do something to these stilts. What it is, we don't know yet that makes it impossible for rats and reptiles to climb up and get inside the rhombus. The rhombus itself could store about two bags of grain. You know normally the farmer would build it just up to his own height. In other words, the taller the farmer, they taller the rhombus and it's very easy for him to access whatever it is that is stored there and there, they are able to keep the grain when it is harvested, if it is harvested during the dry season for a course of about nine months, you know from the results that we are getting there. In some parts of Anambra State, they came up with a very ingenious method of not in fact storing at all. They store the grain right in the field. Right inside the plant. In other words all that they do is to refuse to harvest and leave the grain in the field until the hammer time season. They then go to harvest. They are able to store in the field for about three months that way at virtually no cost except in the cost of nature, which is zero, you know. So some of these results, you know are coming out and every day I'm getting more and more excited. I've already applied to government, you know, to let me acquire a piece of land. Maybe I'm going to become a farmer at the end of the day. You know, grain farmer or something like that. I have just given you these examples to show that all of these things are there. We have always ignored them. Even the farmer himself, like Paul Richards and Chambers and Mike here have been saying in so many of their publications, even the farmer himself is so very diffident about the technique that is available to him. He doesn't want you to talk about it. He does not feel proud about it. He feels that it is like they call them in the north or when you go in the south that he brings something that is superior. Until you then begin to explain to him that look, your major problem is volume. Virtually everything that you are doing here is appropriate for your purpose. Your major bottleneck, the threshold that you must cross, has to deal with volume. The farmers whose questionnaires that we have looked at now and we have interviewed and observed, many of them, particularly the two southern states of Nigeria, have said look, we are ready for the volume, but you see all of these containers are warehouses. We build them with materials at our backyard. We also build them with our own, give a little possibly one or two of the songs you know we assist, commercialized production of these native warehouses has not been done at all. Now one of the questions that we hope to answer is whether it is in fact possible to commercialize, to produce on the large scale. Is it possible for example, for you to have a mobile factory that will move from village to village and construct these things for them and do so in such a way as to have the higher volume? One of the things we also found out was that like the the Nigerian stock to the Institute not too far away from , They tried the usual fumigation method, model fumigation method in terms of the application of chemicals. You know, you spray the grain with some sort of chemical, I don't know what the chemicals are and we found that on a typical Ifedako farm, Ifedako is one of the local where we have these farmers and laboratory, the grain that was sprayed with the same chemical kept for almost twice as long as the one in the laboratory. Now, of course this has to be checked. We were not the one because my own Institute does not perform experimental research, but as far as this is concerned, they themselves were the ones that told us that look, if you let the farmer keeping his grain inside the rhombus and you sprayed it, It will keep for just as long, not twice sorry, it will keep for just as long as the grain that is stored in a proper aluminum constructed silo. So really the only difference there was the volume. Could we we then get volume into the rural areas? Volume in such a way as we continue to use their local materials. Now of course from my own personal objective in getting involved in this exercise which was to solve the problem or at least make presentations to government as to how we can solve this problem over one to two years I can begin to see that it may not be quite as easy as I have thought. That if you problem was that of volume, We, in fact, we need more than one year to be able to create the volume. Volume either in terms of multiplying the number of rhombus or multiplying the number of platforms on the fireplace in such a way as to catch that 30 to 40% that is wasted on the small farm, you know, arising out of poor indigenous storing techniques. We have started, like I said earlier on a very exciting exercise And I can see the scenarios in front of me. The way things are likely to work out. I will be the first one to claim that what we're doing is not profound. It's not even unique. It does not deserve somebody shouting eureka all over the place because you see and this is the point that all those who are studying indigenous knowledge systems have been trying to dramatize, you see the knowledge has always been there. It has been there in an experimental sense. It has been there arising out of trial and error. It has always served it's purpose to the farmer. All that is required is to go and identify it. Study it, document it and possibly be able to replicate it you know, somewhere else. That is all that is required. A lot of our colleagues in Nigeria have looked at grain. They have looked at grain storage, but they have looked at it only at the periphery. As a tangential matter. We are now looking at it as a central matter. As a core matter arising from the fact, like I said earlier, grain in fact constitutes the largest single component you know of, you know, the food basket, you know, in my country. Now on the basis of what we have done so far it is quite clear to me that something in a structural sense has to be done with the mobilization of indigenous knowledge techniques and one of the ideas that I got arose from from a study of the grasshopper, you know, that was done back at my university by Professor Toye, Professor, there are three or four of them. They play around with insects a lot, you know. What do they call them? Entomologists or something like that, that's it. They studied the grasshopper and they did something that was good, which was that before they commenced on their study of the grasshopper, they decided to conduct at the same time an ethno-scientific investigation also of the grasshopper and they saw some things that ethno-scientific investigation was coming up with was in fact collaborating what they were finding out on the basis of the structured you know, scientific study. They were surprised for example that the local farmers in the area where they studied knew everything about the behavior of the grasshopper. They knew that the grasshopper always moved in and out with the rain. They knew about the geography, you know, of the egg-laying area. They knew about the behavior of the grasshopper when they wanted to go about egg-laying. They also knew how to undo the egg-laying area in terms of total excavation of the place and where they disposed of it. So, by the time the scientists have done their own study and they put out their recommendations, they found that exactly those things that they were recommending where the things that the farmers had always been doing. So, what was the whole purpose at the end of the day? Now of course, they were then by the time government decided to pick up the results of their study. It was very easy to get the farmer to adopt In fact the farmer stone jumps to tell them that look, what you are asking us to do we have always been doing here. Those of them that were literate enough were able to draw the shape, the inside typography, you know, of the egg-laying area so that if you then wanted to fumigate or to put insecticides inside the egg-laying area before you excavate, you know, you had to direct the sprays from some particular angles in order to be able to reach. They had been doing it through smoking fumigation. All that they did, was to dig a hole straight down on the side of the egg laying area. They have some leaves, you know, dried, in Angola this term of Nigerians you know, I can hardly remember some of these native names. Anyway it's a root. You put a root down that hole and you fire it and the smoke from there would enter inside, you know, the catacombs, you know, the egg-laying area and everything simply collapse and you excavate it and that's the end of the matter. Until the next season. Now, 'cause scientists couldn't come up with that. They were thinking of chemicals that were prepared by ICI and and the rest of them. You know, wanting us to import again, but those things have always been there. Without waiting for the results of our work, we are already running, trying to get not only in Rural Research Institute, but also government to do a number of things. As far as research methodology is concerned, we have recommended to government if they are the ones willing to finance the research or they are the one who's going to take a loan from the world bank, the IFAD or whatever that organization. If they are of course going to take the loan then he must insist that before the study is done there must first of all be an ethno-scientific investigation of that matter. Whatever it is that is to be studied, the first protocol, go and meet the people first. Ask them, watch them, study them. How have they been solving that problem? Have they been doing so effectively and efficiently? Document it. It is only after that would the normal, the formal structured research then begin. Secondly, if government wants to set up an agricultural facility, it could be either a storage, aha, that was another thing that we found out. You know Nigeria has has strategic storage reserves all over the country and in selecting those storage sites government treated the distribution, the geographical distribution as if it was an amenity. You know, you put a silo in a state and all you needed to do was to go to the governor of that state to allocate a piece of land. Now, some of these States of course, allocated pieces of land, that were unsuitable for the modern silos. Unsuitable either in terms of the morphology of the are unsuitable either in terms of the ecology of the area unsuitable in terms of the humidity of the area, unsuitable in terms of the presence of certain pests or insects in the area. So the result was that recently when government decided that it wanted to open up, you know, some of these storage facilities they found that the grains that have been stored in them or that even some of the buildings and the structures were already in a decrepit state arising from the fact that they probably erected the thing on the clay sub-structure, the top off which held some water and of course the building was already humid before it was ready to be used for the storage of whatever. Where else by the time you drove only two or three kilometers from that spot there were already farmers who already had their own storage facilities and they did not have these problems of soil, of humidity and that sort of thing. So, arising from that, communication was then putout that whenever any facility was going to be put up, whether it is a storage facility, whether it is an agricultural station, whether it is farm, and extensions station, first of all, go ask the people in that area, how do they normally do that activity that you now want to bring up in a modern dimension in that area. Learn from them first of all. You may then decide. In other words, an Institute like mine where what we do is really very comprehensive. We can go from studying an iron and steel plant to studying a very small village farmer, how he grinds. I mean that is how the broad spectrum of the work that my Institute does and we can of do this sort of thing not only for government, but also for private enterprise. We are now saying that back at base, all our studies now feasibility studies now that have to do with agriculture, we start, first of all, going to that place and finding out. You may find then, discover that you don't need to do any additional work there after and that has already happened with our study of the tobacco. The tobacco culture, you know, in Nigeria. We need to grow at least large scale, you know, in producing tobacco. Just simply use this small farmer on his location inside his village. If he requires any additional help from you, let him be the one to come to you. Just tell him you are ready to help him, not but in terms of his production systems, in terms of his processes systems, in terms of his storage systems. If he requires, let him come to you. If he does not come to you, no problem. You may in fact, like the Nigerian Tobacco Company had discovered that farmers themselves had in fact been doing some cross-breeding by trial and error and they didn't know it was cross-breeding, but has been mixing things together one way or the other and they were getting out strains of tobacco leaf, you know, that was much more suitable for their area. So every study that has to be done, that ought to be done, should then start, first of all, study every agricultural facility that has to be done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112171#t=0.0,2803.72245"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203829_Indigenous_Nigerian_Agricultural_Knowledge_b.mp3"]},"duration":1140.21878,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/112/172/small/lecture.png?1620124059","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/112/172/original/AV203829_Indigenous_Nigerian_Agricultural_Knowledge_b.mp3?1620124059","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1140.21878,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203829_Indigenous_Nigerian_Agricultural_Knowledge_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The bottom line,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=7.09,8.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be that you should use the local people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=8.68,13.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Use the local people as the bar of your research team.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=13.63,16.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ensure that it is the local man","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=16.9,18.688"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is the coordinator of the research team.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=18.688,21.756"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then you can bring in outside experts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=21.756,23.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be part of the team.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=23.59,25.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Or like it used to be the case when the outsider","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=26.853,28.917"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the head of the team.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=28.917,30.872"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now let local man be the.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=30.872,32.882"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if it is possible for you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=32.882,35.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to identify","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=35.01,35.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the leader of the team","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=37.39,39.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from that area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=40.068,41.318"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then use him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=42.451,43.534"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I was an agronomist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=44.527,46.129"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I happened to be working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=46.129,47.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Kano State of Nigeria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=47.07,48.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there is a research project that is going on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=48.83,50.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my own State of Oyo or whatever it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=50.35,53.595"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then let me go there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=53.595,54.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I already am familiar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=54.93,58.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with language of the people in that area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=58.13,62.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I am likely to be much more productive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=62.88,65.327"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much more sympathetic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=65.327,66.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much more 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today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=827.102,829.639"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the very delicate situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=829.639,831.324"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of food supply in Nigeria today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=831.324,833.968"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you think that Nigeria is prepared to waive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=833.968,837.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because from your, from this talk,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=837.8,841.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I can gather is that this technique","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=841.31,845.018"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you are talking about is not only that it is early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=845.018,847.525"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it is a matter of just going there now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=847.525,849.404"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and doing more course immediately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=849.404,850.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you think this situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=850.98,853.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(faintly 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use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=871.23,873.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to expand and to push into the longterm,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=875.29,879.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something you want to use on a permanent basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=879.6,882.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As I said in Yoruba that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=884.04,886.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, the gravy that is going to be very 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awful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=898.866,901.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said there, that I started first of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=902.393,905.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being a lay man on this subject.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=905.13,907.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm learning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=907.32,908.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a brand new area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=908.82,910.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not even my major field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=910.17,911.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thought that there were 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use.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=916.81,918.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was how I started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=918.363,920.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I had a gestation period of one to two 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involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=927.47,930.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The basics are already there for the volume.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=933.01,936.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Even simply getting the farmer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=936.11,938.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to multiply the number of (indistinct) itself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=938.4,941.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a one year affair.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=941.833,944.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So after the (indistinct) has been constructed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=944.17,947.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is allowed to (indistinct) for some particular period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=947.06,949.985"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They probably won't be able to use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=949.985,951.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the multiplied number until about 1991.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=951.57,954.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think after they have crossed that bridge,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=956.22,959.603"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the sky is the limit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=960.76,962.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is that sky,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=962.8,963.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I believe that indigenous knowledge 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them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=968.13,972.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within a modern setting, that is it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=972.72,975.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can then sustain their usability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=975.57,978.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well well into the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=978.43,980.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rather than the flash in the palm,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=980.53,982.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, in the short term.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=982.463,983.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Time for about one more question here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=984.69,986.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gentleman in the back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=986.74,988.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e To what extent does your institute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=988.06,989.914"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walk with the local extension services?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=989.914,993.539"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And my reason for asking that question is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=993.539,996.397"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with your research looking at the way of incorporating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=996.397,1000.696"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"improvement that tend to bridge the gap","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1000.696,1003.176"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the local indigenous knowledge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1003.176,1006.647"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the future use of structure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1006.647,1009.314"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, my Institute doesn't have contracts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1010.51,1012.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with extension 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mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1024.1,1026.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The moment we moved into the area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1026.73,1029.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of assessment of effectiveness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1029.72,1031.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we have to rely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1032.8,1034.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the input of scientists in other stations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1034.87,1038.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not within Bio Institute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1038.77,1041.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could do an assessment of the efficiency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1041.22,1044.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the cost benefit analysis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1044.18,1046.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how much more green can you store by units of money?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1046.5,1050.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so now over the unit of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1050.28,1052.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1052.25,1053.729"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the moment the matter begins to move","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1053.729,1055.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into pure science or experimental activity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1055.56,1059.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we have to rely, you know on...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1059.36,1061.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we don't have contracts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1061.97,1063.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We don't use them, extension officers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1063.12,1065.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are not basically an agricultural body.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1065.54,1068.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it would be very useful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1070.499,1072.336"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to begin to include them rather than--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1072.336,1074.684"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, we have already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1074.684,1076.341"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have an agronomist on the team now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1076.341,1078.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though what were doing now is to simply assess,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1079.96,1082.322"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have an agronomist now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1082.322,1084.317"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And like I said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1084.317,1085.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the moment we move to assessment of effectiveness,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1085.3,1089.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then a lot more of people like this agronomist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1089.32,1092.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will then comes into the team.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1092.163,1093.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e That's about all we have time for tonight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1096.236,1097.485"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A few of you might wanna stay a few minutes afterwards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1097.485,1100.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and talk to Dr. Phillips,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1100.94,1102.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but help me thank him again for his--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1102.18,1104.126"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1104.126,1106.876"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1111.693,1112.526"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you have anything else Mike?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1112.526,1114.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1114.48,1115.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Testing one two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=1134.073,1135.03"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25274/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/274/original/AV203829_Indigenous_Nigerian_Agricultural_Knowledge_b.vtt?1620124060","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/274/original/AV203829_Indigenous_Nigerian_Agricultural_Knowledge_b.vtt?1620124060"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25275","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203829_Indigenous_Nigerian_Agricultural_Knowledge_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172/transcript/25275/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- The bottom line, should be that you should use the local people. Use the local people as the bar of your research team. Ensure that it is the local man that is the coordinator of the research team. Then you can bring in outside experts to be part of the team. Or like it used to be the case when the outsider was the head of the team. Now let local man be the. And if it is possible for you to identify the leader of the team from that area, then use him. If I was an agronomist and I happened to be working in Kano State of Nigeria. And there is a research project that is going on in my own State of Oyo or whatever it is. Then let me go there, because I already am familiar with language of the people in that area. I am likely to be much more productive, much more sympathetic, much more enthusiastic much more committed. And I'm likely to use a lot more of my reserve knowledge of that area, you know, to back off, to duplicate, you know as it were, you know the study. is considering some of this as part of preliminary recommendations. I hope something will come out of it. If something really really comes out of it, I may not be wearing a suit for a long time now. I will just yank off this tie, this tie here and I will be coming a farmer thereafter\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much Dr. Phillips for an enlightening view of indigenous knowledge in Nigeria. We've got a few minutes left here. I thought we might open it up for questions and see if there's anything that people would like to ask Dr. Phillips. So, anything at all?\r\n\r\n- Do you find the international organizations and the international research institutes IITA and in particular receptive and actually utilizing indigenous knowledge in there work?\r\n\r\n- Well, IITA for quite a number of years. When they came to Nigeria, they behaved like a proper You know, not only did they create, you know, their own particular atmosphere. The source of research they were doing also was particularly in touch, you know, from the locality. Even though they were looking at the local crops they their finger on cassava, they on yam, they on maize. Their first 8 to 10 years there was virtually wasted. Some of them recognize it. Now, of course, they are beginning to become much more irrelevant. Once they have completed their laboratory work, rather moving it from the laboratory now to the test bed just across, they use not only the test bed, they also now use a lot more on farm research. You are familiar now with what they do. If you have come to IITA, you know, some 8 years ago you would have... they were succeeding. Very much.\r\n\r\n- Just what am asking is, do they seek NRCRI's help collaboration in incorporating indigenous knowledge into their work?\r\n\r\n- Well, this is what I mean. You see the moment they started using much more on-farm research, it was a natural step for them to start learning about the indigenous knowledge systems, which we got to adapt, like they wanted to go and do in the village. I know for example, that 1 or 2 villages that were adopted by the university Ibarapa and... I can't remember the second one\r\n\r\n- Badeku.\r\n\r\n- And exactly, IITA, you know, also goes there. Now they have adopted those villages. So they themselves indirectly, and this is it, not directly. They themselves indirectly are now beginning to amass indigenous knowledge systems in some of those areas. And they have launched quite a lot now about cassava, the indigenous knowledge techniques as far as cassava is concerned. And the strains they are producing are the types of cassava that we would have wanted earlier. The earlier set that they produced nobody was going to buy that type of garri anyway. Because the garri that they produced out of it, you could neither drink it nor could you make it into eba. At the end of the day that thing was not... It was virtually the industrial variety of cassava. Now they are beginning to produce on the basis of their contact with indigenous knowledge, not only in production, but also in the processing of cassava. They're now beginning to produce the type of cassava that is more amenable to both consumers as well as industrial users. So they are doing it, but indirectly. It is not part of their terms of reference. This is what you ought to remember. It is not part of their terms of reference. Their terms of reference is modern agriculture.\r\n\r\n- Well, I asked the question because I remember this last summer that, I knew that you were coming to station one night for dinner. I was leaving shortly thereafter. So I was just, you know, curious as to whether that you were or they were seeking any collaboration with NRCRI.\r\n\r\n- Yeah. The current director general, you know, the two institutes, are getting closer. And luckily also we are also closer in terms of... My boundary is also the boundary of IITA. You know, they might as well behave very quickly.\r\n\r\n- Could you comment on the possibility of using indigenous knowledge politically.\r\n\r\n- With the political system?\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- You see, Nigeria is a very heterogeneous society. In the Northern part of the country, you know, where they have a highly developed, let me call it monarchical system. Virtually the whole of the North is under one paramount ruler, and that is the Sultan. Every other traditional Chief there is a representative, you know, of the Sultan. So he is able, you know, as it were to impose the authority of the Monarch, as well as ensure a lot of stability in the area. And he has in fact been one of the major agents of the perpetration of indigenous knowledge, as far as millet cultivation and storage is concerned. Millet in particular or any corn. But the moment you move away from the North and you move to the Western part of Nigeria, this vision becomes a lot more confused. I mean, in the Western part of Nigeria, we have institution that is very similar to the Italian State, you know, of the 16th, 17th, to some extent 18th century before Em batu dynasty became a... So every little town has its own Chief. And every Chief, you know, protects his own territory. So that is it, that super authority as it were. So, in that area, I'm not too sure now that indigenous knowledge would be particularly useful because if we applied it then I would become a little King in my own backyard.\r\n\r\n- Another question.\r\n\r\n- Yes.\r\n\r\n- Woman in the back.\r\n\r\n- I want to extend the Christine's specimen, how receptive is the Civil Service? For example in agriculture, maybe the typical situation is--\r\n\r\n- I'm happy you... Somebody asked that question, I've also missed it out. You know, one of my researchers who was working in the Eastern part of Nigeria, encountered a Chief Produce Officer who was ignorant of some of these things that I mentioned on earlier. And he was supposed to be the Chief Civil Servant in charge of grain in that particular area. In fact, arising out of our contact with him, he has now started to send his own men to the field, to go and find out how the farmers were doing this thing in the first place. So if I don't know too much about our Ministries of Agriculture. But if I could use that as just example maybe not to represent it but let us generalize on that basis. I don't think they're particularly receptive. In fact, that is one of the problems about indigenous knowledge systems. The bureaucracy is not particularly receptive. They believe for example, that it is the modern... I mean, the modern techniques are much more glamorous to them. And in terms of their understanding the systems. They also believe that they understand the modern systems better than the indigenous farmer. To some extent, they may have a point, because in one or two of the questionnaires, you know, that were completed by our responders, some of the farmers mentioned a number of things that rarely people like you and me would be doing, you know, like appeal to the spirits, you know, and magic and that sort of thing to keep it raining. Particular periods of the month that you must handle the grain or you shouldn't handle the grain, and that sort of thing because of the spiritual world. Okay, am not saying it doesn't happen. Yes, but this is the sort of thing. And bureaucrats generally are inpatient, you know, of that sort of thing. So as it were, now find two negative components of the triangle. The bureaucracy from the sympathetic, the farmer himself, labor and inferiority complex. And then you have the government itself that rarely wants to get what government thinks is modern, you know, on almost everything.\r\n\r\n- Right here.\r\n\r\n- I wanted to extend the Christine's question a little bit more, this time into the the private sector and maybe ask Mr. Beard, how Pioneer's research, marketing and production has been affected in Nigeria by Nigerian indigenous knowledge or Mr. Beard perceives that it will be affected.\r\n\r\n- For pioneer to... we've entered a lot of third world countries and, and our success has been mixed. But I would say that we count on utilizing the indigenous knowledge systems in countries where we can. To that extent we, we typically try to, as we look at a country, try to hire a researcher or a breeder that's from that country. Say in Nigeria, we would look for a Nigeria breeder or somebody, an agronomist that already had a familiarity with the country. We would not necessarily bring in somebody from the outside and we would start small. We would start with usually small-scale testing. And we try as much as possible to work with organizations like IPA and others that may exist within the country, to understand some of the cultural things and indigenous knowledge factors that are inherent within the country. And then to try to apply that. We are usually trying to do some testing and adapting different types of germplasm in that country to see what might be possible. And at the same time, understand what they have used because we find that the farmers have quite a collection of knowledge in and of itself. And if we're able, if we're successful, we're able to combine those factors. And as we were able to develop, say a variety or a hybrid in that country that might be marketable. Then we work with the farmers slowly and through organizations like IITA to, to help extend the technologies. Perhaps modify the techniques that they've been using into something that may be more adaptable. So we, we have in our efforts so far thought small, moved in slowly, size up the market, done some learning, and then expanded. We haven't been rushed to try to make an immediate profit in a, in a country. So that's really been the things I can think of that how we've tried to apply it. Question in the back.\r\n\r\n- I'm the firm believe that eager to support your statement. For giving the situation in Nigeria today, the very delicate situation in terms of food supply in Nigeria today. Do you think that Nigeria is prepared to waive? Because from your, from this talk, what I can gather is that this technique that you are talking about is not only that it is early but it is a matter of just going there now and doing more course immediately. Do you think this situation\r\n\r\n- I don't think the problem is that of waiting. What I believe is important is that once you look at any indigenous knowledge system as something that you want to use to expand and to push into the longterm, something you want to use on a permanent basis. As I said in Yoruba that, you know, the gravy that is going to be very tasty, takes a lot of time to cook. If you've only too much, putting in all the ingredients together, the gravy is going to taste very awful. I said there, that I started first of all, being a lay man on this subject. I'm learning, this is a brand new area. It's not even my major field. I thought that there were certain indigenous knowledge systems in great storage that we could quickly use. That was how I started. And I had a gestation period of one to two years. It is now quite clear to me that not one to two years. Like I mentioned a major bottleneck is involved. The basics are already there for the volume. Even simply getting the farmer to multiply the number of itself, is a one year affair. So after the has been constructed, it is allowed to for some particular period. They probably won't be able to use the multiplied number until about 1991. But I think after they have crossed that bridge, then the sky is the limit. And it is that sky, that I believe that indigenous knowledge systems should be aiming for. In other situation in which once you start now using them within a modern setting, that is it. You can then sustain their usability well well into the future. Rather than the flash in the palm, you know, in the short term.\r\n\r\n- Time for about one more question here, Gentleman in the back.\r\n\r\n- To what extent does your institute walk with the local extension services? And my reason for asking that question is that, with your research looking at the way of incorporating improvement that tend to bridge the gap between the local indigenous knowledge and the future use of structure.\r\n\r\n- Right, my Institute doesn't have contracts with extension services. Like I said, we are not an experimental Institute. We are a practical policy research Institute. for example, in this study that I have just mentioned. The moment we moved into the area of assessment of effectiveness, then we have to rely on the input of scientists in other stations, not within Bio Institute. We could do an assessment of the efficiency in terms of the cost benefit analysis, how much more green can you store by units of money? And so now over the unit of time. We could do that. But the moment the matter begins to move into pure science or experimental activity, then we have to rely, you know on... So we don't have contracts. We don't use them, extension officers. We are not basically an agricultural body.\r\n\r\n- I think it would be very useful to begin to include them rather than--\r\n\r\n- Yeah, we have already. We have an agronomist on the team now, even though what were doing now is to simply assess, we have an agronomist now. And like I said, the moment we move to assessment of effectiveness, then a lot more of people like this agronomist, will then comes into the team.\r\n\r\n- That's about all we have time for tonight. A few of you might wanna stay a few minutes afterwards and talk to Dr. Phillips, but help me thank him again for his-- That's all. Do you have anything else Mike? Thank you very much. Testing one two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40516/file/112172#t=0.0,1140.21878"}]}]}]}