{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/nc5s75741f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Nash, June C., The Changing International Division of Labor"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203277 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["The Changing International Division of Labor is a November 16, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring June Nash. June Nash discusses how industry seeks the cheapest labor possible.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. (accessibility)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Local Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["Lectures_AV203277"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["The Changing International Division of Labor. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Ark"]},"value":{"en":["https://n2t.net/ark:/87292/w9ng4gx2d"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1982-11-16"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["lectures","Sound"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Nash, June C., 1927- (speaker)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["1/4 inch audio cassette"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["Foreign trade and employment","International division of labor","Sexual division of labor"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Committee on Lectures records (RS 8/6/53) (physical collection)","Iowa State Lectures Series (digital collection)"]}}],"summary":{"en":["The Changing International Division of Labor is a November 16, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring June Nash. June Nash discusses how industry seeks the cheapest labor possible.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines."]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["Per request by the creator, access to this item is restricted to scholarly use only.","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Iowa State University"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/473/small/lecture.png?1608542124","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103473","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 2 - AV203277_a.mp3"]},"duration":2722.16816,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/473/small/lecture.png?1608542124","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103473/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103473/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/473/original/AV203277_a.mp3?1608542124","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":2722.16816,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103473","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103473/transcript/21232","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203277_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103473/transcript/21232/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Which are in this brochure. If you don't have one, you can get one at the door. At noon tomorrow in the Pioneer room, there will be two films about \"The Changing Lives of Arab Women.\" The first one is called the \"The Veiled Revolution,\" and the second one is \"The Price of Change.\" Then at three o'clock, our afternoon speaker Maurice Zeitlin will speak about \"People's Movements in Latin America,\" and that will also be in the Pioneer room. Then tomorrow night at eight, Nicki Keating will speak about \"Mass Movements in the Muslim World and Their Third World Problems of Women and workers in Burma, Bolivia, Guatemala, and Mexico.\" She has written many books and articles on \"Social Change in Latin America,\" and also has made a film about \"Bolivian Minors.\" At present, she is on leave from the Department of Anthropology at the City College of New York, and she is doing fieldwork in Massachusetts, on \"The Impact of De-industrialization.\" Her lecture tonight is on the \"Changing International Division of Labor.\" It is my privilege to present Dr. Jim Nash.\r\n\r\n- Thank you Pattie. I think the theme of \"Cooperation and Confrontation\" chosen for this conference reflects some of the tensions regarding world affairs. The growing integration of work production has indeed increased the opportunities for cooperation. At the same time, it is shocking the conflict between nations and among sectors within nations that share unequally in the rewards of production. A decade ago the model we were using if we're talking about the world system was that of dependency. The thesis was that the dependency of the so called third world countries, on first world countries, or some call it the periphery on the core industrial countries, for technology, capital and markets lead to political, social and cultural dependencies that undermine the autonomy of the third world countries, and perpetuated the cycle of unequal exchange. The model emphasize nations as the haves and have nots, class, conflict and gender were either ignored or treated with less concern. In the intervening decade, the integration of production on a world scale has changed the terms of the dialogue. As productive processes and whole industries have moved south of the border or to the Asian periphery, a new dialogue has commenced. The features of the economy associated with dependent third world or peripheral status are becoming endemic in core industrial centers. Unemployment, inflation, trade imbalances and high interest rates are as expect able in New York as in La Paz or Cairo. In the last 10 years, the U.S has lost its primacy in high technology industries, auto, steel, electronics, pockets of poverty have spread from the Ozarks and now upway cheer to the Northeast and Midwest, and are even beginning to show up in the high unemployment rates in Texas and California. Sectors of the labor force that are not competitive within a developed economy, such as those defined by gender, or ethnicity become competitive at the international level. Whereas trade unions which grew out of and reflected the imperialist structure of which they were apart, were able to limit entry into preferred occupations in the old industrial centers. They could not affect the allocation of jobs in the newly developing area. The secondary labor force, those who are temporarily employed in low skilled and low paid jobs, in the industrially advanced countries, is harder hit by international trade than the primary labor force. That is the skilled workers who are better paid, more secure in their employment, since they are in direct competition. Gerhard Fels and other participants in the conference on trade in 1973, recognized as far back as then, the need for a regional policy to help workers of poor peripheral regions of Germany and particularly female labor, which he said is less mobile, on an inter regional basis than men. And is therefore more affected by the adjustment prices resulting from increased imports from low wage, less developed countries in international competition. In the decade from the middle of the 60s, a major shift in investment policies took place, as developing countries move from industries that produce goods for internal consumption to industries providing components for export. The shift was provoked by changes in tariff laws encouraging the rapid expansion of industries that produce labor intensive assembly work, especially in government and electronic manufacturers for reshipment back to industrial center. These policies called import substitution and export diversification, the first and the second that is, are in fact complementary. And may well have been impossible to import or to introduce export diversification, unless the earliest stage in import substitution had taken place, and provided the infrastructure of managerial skills and in disciplined labor force. Two periods of expansion of direct investment overseas since world war two, have differed on their impact on the U.S labor force. This first expansion in 1946 into the European market, expanded opportunities in stimulated wage increases in the U.S. It was in an effort to get behind tariff barriers and not to take advantage of our wage differentials. After 1964, the expansion of investment overseas was quite different and into different areas. Went into Asia and Latin America, and even into the Philippines and other countries more recently. It was stimulated by changes in the tariff law, but it was in the quest of cheaper labor and the ultimate product was to go back to the core industrial countries since their call. It put first world labor in direct competition with low wages, and that's what I'm concerned with in the comparisons that I've been trying to make of the workers in Massachusetts with those that are looked at in Latin America. The offshore industries as they are called, higher female labor in the electronics and garments particularly, but now more recently, in secretarial functions of a rather mass . When a job is exported overseas, cheaper, unorganized female health can be recruited for the work done by experienced workers, often males in the industrial centers. Ethnic and racial groups that are barred from jobs in the old industrial centers are able to enter into such jobs overseas. But it wages far below what is earned in organized shops. The competition between more business abetted by technological change and this has been pointed out by Frevo, Harness and Cray, in their study of the International Division of Labor. The privileged position of the primary workforce is eroded without any gains going to the secondary labor force and service industries. At the same time, what can be called the tertiary workforce of government employees, who were drawn in greater proportions from female and black professionals in career calls is eroded with the loss of the tax base. So examine the impact of the global integration of production on the sociological or socio-economic processes in the United States, particularly in the northeast in the past decade, and then go on to make these comparisons with Latin America. The processes as I see them are as follows, first, the growing dependence of workers on jobs in a shrinking industrial base has reduced the effectiveness of trade unions and other traditional working class community organizations. Second, the shift from production to service employment that has been a long term trend in all major industrial countries, has made a decline in the proportion of the workforce organized. Since the trade unions failed to unionize the secondary labor force in the decades of prosperity, the increasing proportions employed in this sector of the labor force, weaken the position of organized labor. Thirdly, increasing numbers of women have been drawn into the labor force, first during periods of national mobilization, and then the secular trends of the past two decades have exacerbated the position of the family. There have been resulting shifts in the performance of nutrients functions within the families with a change in the division of labor. Fourth the segmentation of labor market has continued and altered its nature, traditionally offering differential work opportunities to different racial and ethnic groups. The segmentation of the labor market by sex has become more poignant, as the participation of women in the labor force has become more central for the economy at large, as well as for that of the family. Fifth is the result of these previously noted trends. Many functions previously performed in the home have become the domain of agencies and professionals in both the public and private sector. Most recently however, the new tax cutting political climate threatens the equation of many of these services in the public sector. Six the water or wet array of options available to industries as they become integrated at national and international levels, has reduced the need for corporations to respond to local interests. This has exacerbated the effects of the processes noted before, narrowing the tax base for local communities and restricting employments. So we see that the restructuring of industry in many of U.S communities has occurred within the memory of octogenarians born in the turn of the century. Local firms that were owned and often operated by inventors with a genius for organizing manufacturing establishments to produce the products they invented, and find a market for them would finance by the 19th century industrialization in textile and food processing. This was the history of at least three firms in the electrical machinery industry that I've looked at in Massachusetts. The first of these was a standard Corporation, which attracted the attention of General Electric, which was recently formed in 19 three pointed purchase Stanley Corporation. Similar performances by other electrical machinery industry, resulted in their incorporation in other larger plants. In a nearby town, near to that a Pittsfield, William Sprague's capacitor plant that he started in his backyard in Mostar in the 1920s, ruling to a mini multinational in its new headquarters in North Adams, where it moved in the 30s and eventually it became incorporated with general cable and more recently with Penn Central. It's opened up branches in the Philippines, as well as in Southern states and some Asian countries. The war in time clock in Ashland, started by an owner inventor, one of these geniuses who when he was given a task by his father at the age of 12 years of feeding the chickens in the morning, timed it so that he could electrically give them their feeding without getting out of bed. Formed his own company, a company that was later taken over by GE in the 1930s, and then had half of its production moved to Ireland, in the 60s, finally was sold to Timex in the 70s. So right in the periphery of about 60 miles, I can see the industrialization and the de-industrialization going on in my own backyard. These plans experienced the growth that came with government investments in both world wars. The families and communities were expected to be in most of the trauma of contraction and opposed to for years, without much assistance from the federal government until the 60s. The industrial unions that were organized during the 30s restricted their role, limiting organizational drives to this primary workforce, and their activities to wait till negotiations. Most of the contracts negotiated in the post World War Two period contain more restrictions on the union than claims on the industry. The no strike during contract pledge, for example, the definition of who was eligible for union membership, and even the issues that could be brought to a bargaining table were dictated by the company and written in a contract. Questions of the level of production to be maintained in the plan, the procedures and plant closing or contraction, the technological innovations and how they would affect employment levels. All these were issues were explicitly ruled out in the contracts themselves. Issues affecting the infrastructure of service in transportation childcare facilities for employed parents, or training of the internal labor force were never raised until very recently in the most recent contract negotiations this year. With the expansion of the industries into seven states with the right to work laws and overseas workers have often experienced a weakening of their labor market position and corresponding weakening of the trade union organization. With chronic unemployment plaguing the regional economy, the corporation's congread every thread for strike with that of removing operations to other states or overseas. In a recent strike this threat was challenged by the UEW shop that was organized there, United Electrical Workers, and the ML of the National Labor Relations Board settled in favor of the Union, which may become a precedent. Just as the trauma of change from a predominantly agricultural economy to an industrial society in the middle of the 19th century was worn by the family and community so is the current de-industrialization, being cast upon them. The diminishing support structures for these overburdened social units, is in marked contrast to some of the European market economies and the socialized economies. I shall briefly review some of the recent trends in unemployment, the decline of social welfare, and the breakdown of redistributive processes. First of all, employment and unemployment, which everybody's talking about where I come from in Massachusetts. Chronic high unemployment rates are endemic in the U.S economy. Even in the decades of high prosperity from 1950 to 1970, the unemployment rate in the U.S exceeded 4.5%, double that of other developed industrial countries in those decades. After the recession of 1976, the National rates rose to 8.5%, with 9% of non-white and 11% of the workforce under 16. The impact of Reagans economic policy has been to raise the overall rate to 10.4. And this morning's television said they envision an 11% rate as soon as they get all the figures in for the next reading. This rising chronic unemployment exercises a constant depressing effect on the employed workforce. In regions with a high endemic rate of unemployment, we can read the impact and the falling wage rates in New England as a whole manufacturing wages are 10% below national averages as of 1980. These low wage rates have attracted the kind of footloose garment and electronics industries that have been associated with offshore of production in Asia and Latin America. Typically, these companies remain only as long as the tax incentives that attracted them, and the wage subsidies in the form of SITA training programs are in effect, launched in the abandoned loss of textile factories that left the north in the early decades of the 20th century, these companies pull out abruptly without paying any penalties. We were told by one company that simply hanging a sign on their door, device and work is coming in to work on Monday morning that they had gone to Jamaica. The instability of the economy, vitiates any long range planning by the community or the individuals face with constant specter of unemployment. Brenner and more recently, Paul Raymond and Bluestone traced the fluctuations in the national economy, with changes in the rate of admissions in mental hospitals, in child abuse, and in other indices of breakdowns of family life. The segmentary nature of the U.S labor force with buffers for the primary workforce protecting them from the direct adverse effects of economic fluctuations, has in the past inhibited collective action. According to David Gordon, the increasing competition among the different sectors of the labor class has protected labor capital share from labor's demands. In the past, the existence of this secondary labor force has underwritten the preferred position of the primary labor force. Increasingly, women are going to work in the low paid unskilled jobs as men are being laid off from industrial plants. Most analysts of the segmented job market treat the primary and labor force, as though they were class groupings. In fact, members of the two segments often come home to dinner since the wife relegated to the secondary labor force is married to a member of the primary workforce and comes to cook his dinner. The fact that they complement each other's position in the job market with a man's higher wages, overcoming a sense of deprivation, that a wage earner in secondary labor force might otherwise feel. The woman's earnings a safety net during layoff tends to mitigate class consciousness. The wage differential supports patriarchy in the home just to set under rights in the workplace. When a woman's earnings are consistently lower than those of her husband, the gold standard is preserved. What I've seen break it down faster than anything, is when the women become active in trade unions or political action groups. During this striking green field that I mentioned, the electronic company plant several women who rose from the ranks become leaders in the strike actually left their husbands as they became aware of the burdensome nature of subordination in the home, when their husbands objected to their activities although they tolerated their workloads. The family is called upon not only to absorb the shock of unemployment, but also to deploy labor resources to manage the stress of the overall employment of key wage earners. If the principal wage earner is able to earn more he or she often paced on his second job to make up for the inflationary effects of the rising cost of living. The labor involved in social reproduction is then carried out by other members of the family, and this leaves the non-wage earning adult disadvantaged because of the lack of fringe benefits, particularly pensions associated with household tasks. In contrast to European practices in the U.S, they do not attach the responsibility for unemployment either to the firm or to the government, except for the limited duration of benefits. No due over half of unemployed workers, receive health care, unless they are attached to a job. 28 million markets or 45% surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics did not receive protection, and 40% did in the study done in 1981. The unemployed often have no access to medical care, whereas workers laid off in Europe and Japan feel a strong attachment to the job and most expect to and do get called back. In the U.S workers are often not recall. These practices have profound effects on workers attitudes toward and performance on jobs. The present recession has sharpened the dichotomy between the primary and secondary workforce, since blacks, women and youthful workers, have been the first tee laid off. At the same time the de-industrialization process itself is eliminating primary jobs in production. The senior worker in the primary workforce, will probably not be able to find another job, particularly after middle age. Whereas his wife or child still living at home may be able to pick up a temporary low paying jobs in the service sector or informal workforce. This is why the segmentation of the job market is shocking in this transition period, there are more and more people thrown into the secondary workforce. These changes may sharpen the class consciousness as a result, which has been played down. Because most of the workers in the Export Processing zones in Asia, the Mexican U.S border and Africa women, their counterparts in developed industrial countries are the first a few of the effects of overseas competition. The gender division of labor imposes, global competitive rates they're below minimal subsistence levels for the developing countries. This is also true in the competition of robots where women in the secondary labor force is more quickly affected than other sectors. The second point, the decline of social welfare has been brought along with unemployment and the competitive pressures lowering wages, resulting from the International integration of production. This is a result both of the shrinkage in the tax base as production moves abroad as well as an erosion of fiscal responsibilities, Footloose manufacturers demand escalating tax breaks to enter or remain in a locality. Communities buy with each other to attract firms that may stay only so long as they receive these tax rebates. In addition to the absolute loss of taxes with the movement of manufactures abroad, those firms which remain in the U.S are able to reduce their tax bills through accounting systems which defy the surveillance of the Internal Revenue Service. Ned Weinberger of the International Union of AUW airspace and agricultural implement workers America, scores the imaginative accounting and the manipulation of transfer prices that enable the multinational corporations to evade national taxes, control foreign exchanges and deceive governments and unions on profits and earnings. The United Nations committee on transnationals has recognized the need for uniform accounting practices enforced on an international level. But this year has not been able to establish such standards. Even before the Reagan administration accelerated the loss of tax revenues, programs with social welfare, we're hard hit by multinational corporation policies, the leading country in the export of capital, the United States has no national health insurance program, its social security system is constantly under threat of being reduced, public unemployment compensation is very low in comparison with other nations, and disability insurance is lacking except for the individual firms which have granted it. There are no national minimum vacation periods and employer participation schemes are nearly lacking. The technological lead which enabled U.S firms to maintain employee productivity at higher levels, and to justify wage increases has been lost, in part because of the lack of U.S policy on technology. As a result, the U.S has lost exports and suffers from a high imbalance of payments which contributes to the devaluation of the dollar and rising inflation. The current policies are concerned with the re-evaluation of the dollar and decreasing inflation at the expense of even some of these other social policies. Elizabeth Jaeger an economist AFL CIO berates the distortion of the U.S economy caused by these multinational selling technology at bargain basement prices. Far from attempting to overcome the distortions resulting from multinational investments abroad, the U.S government has fostered them through a tax policy which permits taxes paid to foreign governments to be credited against the federal tax payment, rather than being deducted as a cost of doing business. A tax deferral credit, which provides the taxes on profits earned abroad, may be put off until the parent of profits are returned to the U.S if ever, and is figured to have lost to the U.S Treasury 2.9 billion in 1966, 4.6 billion in 1970, and you see yet the figures aren't in full what was lost in 1980. Sybaris and others emphasize the importance of intercompany transfers in such tax evasion, with state taxes ranging from five to 50%, the transnational company can reduce its final tax bill in countries with the lowest tax rate. In 1968, the tax bill of multinational corporations was 3 billion world fund, with 2 billion going to foreign companies. Present losses with the tax benefits permitted by supply side in economics is incalculable. When U.S firms go abroad, they pose a threat to social welfare provisions in the highly developed economies of Europe and Scandinavia. Hans Gunther notes that enterprise corporatism developed by the multinationals to attend to the social welfare needs of its employees, has eroded national welfare policies in the European countries to which American firms have gone. These parallel structures are detrimental to the wider society since much of the population is left out of the agreements and the authority of the central government is weakened. Now just briefly, compare some of the trends that I've seen in the United States and in Latin America. First with Latin America. Industrialization there in the post World War Two period has gone through two phases. The first of these was import substitution from about 1950 to 1965, and this was an attempt to make at home products which were bought from overseas. It did increase opportunities particularly for men, and it did in the case of professionals provide entry into positions that were before then occupied by foreigners in the Latin American countries. However, there was an extremely high cost for doing production in this way. Frequently more had to be imported, even in raw materials to do the kind of production that these firms were undertaking. And so it increased the bound imbalances in payments between the U.S and Latin America, and in that sense increase their dependency. The export diversification reverse some of those patterns that began roughly after the tariff act was passed in 64, and continues to the present. Although much of the activity in that kind of production was conducted in Asia, as transportation costs increase. They were done in the border area of Mexico, twin firms often played a role, one in Texas, one across the border in Mexico. In stimulating this new industry, the industries which have recently been studied by Pat Fernandez, Kelly and others, employ 90% of the workforce is women. There is, as a result, a dramatic shift in the life specifications because the traditional role for women has in the past been devoted to the family. At the same time, unemployment for men has increased particularly on the border, where the entry of foreign Labor has become more and more stringently prohibited, and you have a very distorted relationship in the home and family as a result of some of these rapid shifts. The uneven economic multinational firms whose father might still be working on an old estate with some of the paternalistic relationships still established between that workforce, and the owner, and the wife might be dealing in petty commodity, production of craft goods for local or regional market. And so any kind of theory, which doesn't deal with the increasing complexity of these coexisting modes of production, isn't able to define some of the changes that are taking place in Latin America. As new industries, many of the larger firms are paying higher rates of pay than have been given in the past, and they can command the better or more educated workforce, at the same time, these industries can often forestall organization of trade unions, and they typically are not being organized in the new entry firms. The position of women at the same time that they are entering into productive work is threatened in the domestic settings. Women as well as men are often forced to enter into the migration streams to big cities in their own countries or across the border. While Mexicans may cross the border into the United States, the Colombians are going to Venezuela where there are wage differentials that will attract them in addition to a differential in the exchange rate of their money, so that low wages in Venezuela can be turned into higher earnings when they return home. The Haitians have moved not only into the Dominican Republic, where they are being used as very low paid workers in some of the industries that have moved out of Puerto Rico because the wage rate was getting too high. At the same time, those who are not able to fit into the islands have come in the boats to the United States in a desperate attempt to find employment or a way of life which avoids the repression of their own country. Reverse waves are occurring, Puerto Ricans are leaving New York at the same time that some of these new streams of newer migrants are entering. Migrant women who come into these alien situations occupy the lowest pay jobs in those countries into which they enter. Recent study by my colleague Berlin, which is her thesis for Columbia University is concerned with the Colombian women in Venezuelan garment trades, which not even Venezuelan women will enter because of the low pay and the kinds of conditions. Oftentimes these women leave the subsistence based rural economy, they lose the uncounted but often significant contributions they make to domestic income, in production of food, in the crafts that they carry on there, and even in the development of herbal remedies, a pharmacopeia that is shrinking as women are forced out of their native settings and loose the knowledge and the many gains that came from their controller for that kind of medicine. Garment industries and other marginalized industries are often unable to compete for capital. And so you have a reversal to cottage industries, that has been described for Mexico, where capital resources have been absorbed by some of the new companies coming in. The potential for maintaining these old declining garment firms or even textile firms is reduced. Jose Antonio Alonso pharmacopeia has done a thesis concerned with these declining areas which have turned into cottage industry as garment is farmed out to the women in their homes. The mobility of all the workforce in Latin America has been accelerated and along with it, the instability, anxiety and loss of security that's related to family and community ties. In North America the gap then between working people, North and South, maybe lessening even while the gap at higher levels of professions and in the elites has widened. There is the loss of production overseas, the consequent unemployment that I had stressed, every threat of a strike being met by a threat to leave, and as a result an erosion of the gains that had been made over the past century. The corporations have promoted the competition among the towns and the states, both to reduce taxes and inhibit unions, providing free services, and welfare for corporations. The particular firm that I have looked at which is General Electric, was integrated internationally already in the 20s when it went to Canada, and Latin America, the motives for those moves were principally to get behind any tariff barriers and was not concerned at that time with the attempt to get cheap labor, nor was the production shipped back to the United States. Sectors of the production, were also moved from the northeast, where the corporation made its impact originally to the south. The migration to other states within the United States of the workforce, which is currently being displaced in these industrial centers, has obscured the unemployment rates which in fact exist. General Electric dominated employment in the city that I'm working in, in Pittsfield, throughout the 20th century., prevented other firms from coming in because they didn't want to have competitive bids for labor, pushing up the wage rates there. As a result of the current attrition in production, there is no longer an attempt to prevent other corporations from coming in, but perhaps the day has passed when that sector of the country can make the kinds of appeals to industry. One of the things that I've noticed, particularly in the changes in the sectorial distinctions in the workforce, is a lessening of ethnicity, the importance of ethnicity both in defining the internal labor market as it's called, and a much greater emphasis on gender. One of the processes I mentioned at the beginning of this paper. In the 20s, it was very hard for an Italian to get a job in Pittsfield. In the 40s and particularly after World War Two, they did become a predominant force both in the unions and in the internal labor market, and control many of the distinct shops within General Electric. That is no longer the case. Frequent intermarriages between the different ethnic groups, Italian, French and polish has almost obliterated the particular distinctions that used to be made in work as well as in residential group. At the same time, the position of women in that labor market has been eroded because the kind of production that has been moved to the South earlier and overseas today, is precisely what was done by women assembly line workers. So they play out the process also indicated in the beginning of this day. The strength of community nonetheless, in Pittsfield is outstanding, it is in part based on this ethnic cohesiveness, and plays a role in the political and social efforts of the community. New industry in plastics is a matter of fact based on a strong Italian community which wished to remain in the city when that part of production was shut down in the corporation and they have succeeded in proliferating so that there are 20 or so viable and very strong plastic industries a very small scale. But, committed to staying in the community and to employing Pittsfield's young men. The growing and women because there is some assembly work. The growing industry in the area is tourism, and like many third world countries, they are trying to attract the dollars of well picked tourists from other parts of the United States or in end even the world. But these service jobs pay very little compared to heavy industry and infact they are only about one third of what industry pay just a little notch above the minimum wage. The problems are all here displayed in this community. There is uneven development and the coexistence of then work force making very different incomes and exasperating some of the conflicts that exist among the workforce. There is a declining union enrollment so that any evening up of these wage differentials is unlikely. In a recent strike in a garment company in town, there was no movement wherever after three months strike by the women workers on the part of the management. So as we look at some of these marginal farms roosting in the abandoned textile plants that they have rented we see women in the garment, in plastics industries, absorbing some of the newly released work force, and we an unemployed former preferred labor sector. Fearful everyday if they are employed that they will not see that tomorrow. The reliance on any of the remaining paternalism or favoritism that some of these marginal firms hair produce is very unlikely in the future. It does however serve to make them resist unions and workers are as afraid of the union organizers coming because the insecurity is too great at this point. The resistance on the part of these workers who have lost their security in the job too wealthier is an impressive feature in the community which seems to have very deep cultural roots and some of the changing wealthier needs are being addressed particularly at women centers which are trying to catch people as women as they leave what they call the displaced homemakers syndrome and avoid the implications for that population of becoming a wealthier recipient. In conclusion, I'd like to try to sum up the opposition of first and third world, so a center in periphery is inadequate to comprehend this changing sea. The stagnation and unemployment experienced in marginal areas of a developed center, rival that farm in the third world since the 60s. The distortion of the economy in the center as well as periphery has resulted in wrapping inflation combined with stagnation, rising in corporate profits and falling real wages. A kind of wealthier program for business through the tax route of deferrals, rebates and even government loans to start plans in third world countries. Supports overseas investments while social welfare programs within nations are in decline. The U.S military acts as a sales agent very often for the armements and the police force to prevent workers organization in those other countries. The gap between rich and poor segments of the population is widening along with the decline in redistribution programs. The concentration of resources technology and manpower in key farms, is reinforced in the 70s and in the 80s as trading on the free market has declined.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103473#t=0.0,2722.16816"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203277_b.mp3"]},"duration":1133.24408,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/474/small/lecture.png?1608542126","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/474/original/AV203277_b.mp3?1608542126","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1133.24408,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203277_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e While large firms recognize their independence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=5.63,8.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interdependence and common goals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=8.52,11.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers within and outside of the international firms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=11.73,14.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remain fragmented and dependent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=14.74,17.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A rather dismal view, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=19.0,21.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hopefully it's not as dim here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=22.68,25.195"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Midwest and you will clear up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=25.195,26.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of my misapprehensions about the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=26.64,29.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd cheers)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=32.078,34.661"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Will now answer your questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=44.509,45.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so if you can stand up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=45.77,47.277"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(technical noise drowns out speaker)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=47.277,51.891"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It seems that we, as a country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=51.891,54.875"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should really be asking some questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=54.875,56.872"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about multi-national corporations that are based here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=56.872,60.618"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I just wondered if you know of any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=60.618,64.438"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lobbying effort in Washington","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=64.438,66.399"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or any legislation to counteract some of the.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=66.399,70.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(background noise drowns out speakers)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=70.96,72.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shelters, the--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=72.68,73.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The CIO has partially addressed the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=75.29,79.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the bill that they now are trying to promote.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=79.41,83.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a cause for an established minimum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=83.01,88.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how many parts should be manufactured","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=88.7,92.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States in any car","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=92.36,94.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or major appliance that is sold in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=94.54,98.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's a very minimal kind of bill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=98.13,100.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not now tariff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=100.67,102.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've heard union people talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=102.71,104.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about whether they should promote tariffs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=104.59,107.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it does mean a departure from a free trade policy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=107.94,112.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was pretty well accepted by laboring corporations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=112.1,115.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the recent past, but I haven't seen very much activity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=115.73,120.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the part of unions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=122.57,123.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=126.58,127.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you think within of the northern hemisphere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=128.953,130.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly United States, wage earners","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=130.99,134.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will have the fuel and resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=134.74,138.492"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to assist women in development in other countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=138.492,143.492"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In form of being willing to pay more for textiles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=143.851,147.785"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and leather goods and plastics?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=147.785,150.368"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I see this is significantly affecting our lifestyle,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=151.335,154.268"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=154.268,155.257"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are making the things that we use has improved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=155.257,159.605"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I have a second question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=159.605,162.438"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Has there been any efforts on the part of the ILO,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=163.528,167.026"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International Labor Organization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=167.026,168.637"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to assist women or has that been, primarily been, into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=168.637,173.472"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(background noise drowns out speaker)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=173.472,175.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e In regard to the first one, the first question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=175.3,177.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about willingness to pay for the increase in prices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=177.86,182.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the labor costs go up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=182.67,184.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would imagine that those,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=185.649,187.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so long as there is competition in the prices for products,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=187.24,191.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't often think about what is behind the label,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=191.54,195.758"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the consciousness of the union label,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=195.758,198.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that used to be a very much a part of the '30s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=198.69,201.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seems to have diminished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=201.74,203.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a campaign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=203.52,204.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the International Ladies' Garment Workers' 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particular,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=216.1,217.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was an American flag and I said in the bottom,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=217.75,221.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Made in Korea\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=221.127,223.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that time, labor was cheap in Korea,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=224.44,225.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's gone up too much to have our American flags made there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=225.97,229.158"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we have to have them made in the Philippines now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=229.158,231.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=231.44,232.273"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in regard to the second question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=235.21,238.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you wanted to know, could you repeat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=240.61,242.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, what I'm wondering is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=244.223,247.045"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has anyone thought of developing the equivalent of the ILO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=247.045,251.178"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for (crosstalk drowns out speaker) around the world?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=251.178,253.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the ILO has done studies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=253.27,256.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, like the United Nations, of which is a part,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=256.35,260.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they seem to feel they've solved the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=260.45,262.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they have a conference and published a 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coined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=267.49,271.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for other conferences and more study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=271.2,273.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And much of this is very good, it is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=273.56,277.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially when it's picked up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=277.52,278.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by a really active organization like unions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=278.86,282.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the European countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=282.53,284.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are much more tuned in to what the ILO is doing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=284.24,287.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perhaps because it is in their midst,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=287.77,290.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they do publish a continuing journal now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=290.18,293.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on women in development,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=293.92,295.958"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has some very good 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England,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=356.92,361.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will refuse to ship parts or produce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=362.46,366.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when a factory in 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management.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=381.08,383.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is not at all visible in the horizon just now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=385.84,389.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's been talk of it 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Unions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=426.49,429.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Federation of Free Trade Unions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=429.87,433.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have had a rival relationship in the past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=433.46,437.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think that they are trying to overcome this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=437.62,440.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rivalry was based on different political 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today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=508.53,512.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the way it's looked at in Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=512.31,514.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And American, North American trade 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markets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=521.66,524.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=527.59,528.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I thought, I get the 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de-industrialized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=532.085,536.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the third world is becoming industrialized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=536.302,539.105"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(background noise drowns out 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valid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=544.382,545.845"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted you to talk about that a bit more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=545.845,548.225"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'Cause it seems to me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=548.225,549.084"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"despite the industrialization in the third world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=549.084,551.845"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their economies are still economies on the 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(mumbles)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=567.904,569.744"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and also their dependents on the first world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=569.744,571.985"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"industrialization is for an export to the first 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theory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=773.51,776.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very important in thinking about some of the things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=776.7,779.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were happening in Bolivia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=779.3,780.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly in the '60s and '70s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=780.16,783.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know whether it's going to be as useful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=783.22,785.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the '80s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=785.51,786.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm just trying to envision an emerging model","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=787.76,790.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to show the processes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=790.93,792.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=796.94,797.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=798.83,799.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you think could be done by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=800.683,802.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"federal government, as far as,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=802.92,804.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided to keep corporations in the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=805.43,807.39"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to keep their industry and the academy here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=807.39,810.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of in a lot of countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=810.38,813.262"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also something to reduce the competition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=813.262,814.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between towns in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=814.86,817.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the first thing I think I would do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=817.25,819.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is take away the tax incentives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=819.473,821.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that make the overseas investment more attractive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=821.97,824.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than investment at home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=824.99,826.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The U.S. government, ever since the early '70s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=826.76,830.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have, in fact, through the tax laws","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=830.62,833.213"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were made, I guess when Nixon was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=833.213,837.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have made it very attractive to have a shelter overseas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=837.8,841.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"either to pass your business through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=841.57,845.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and avoid some of the taxes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=845.54,848.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you would have in the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=848.34,849.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I would take away the subsidizing of overseas industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=849.41,853.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would also revert to some of the earlier tariff laws,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=853.063,857.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of making goods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=857.72,860.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this was the big change that occurred in the '60s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=860.78,863.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of making it possible to bring back goods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=863.47,867.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from your overseas plants","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=867.29,869.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and pay an import only on value added,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=869.69,873.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a figure which was based only on what the industry itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=873.06,877.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said was value added,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=877.36,879.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is tariff policy that I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=881.968,883.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be reversed to its earlier form.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=883.177,886.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that would make it less attractive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=886.53,889.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to put manufacturing processes in offshore industries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=889.42,894.413"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So just taking away the subsidies to overseas production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=895.84,899.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be an initial step.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=899.99,901.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that doesn't even mean that you're going out of your way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=901.59,904.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to protect industry, it's just.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=904.03,905.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, beyond that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=908.2,909.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we need and want, then let's tax robots.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=912.01,915.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there'll be like other worker and have to give.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=915.36,918.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In taxing robots,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=919.93,920.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that means taking some of the chunk out of the profits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=920.99,923.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they give over to management and owners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=923.92,928.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=932.55,933.383"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e If the subsidies were taken away","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=934.4,936.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for American firms overseas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=936.78,938.944"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would that then get us caught in a trap","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=938.944,942.224"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we're in right now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=942.224,943.809"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would have to pull back to the U.S.,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=943.809,945.468"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're U.S. produced goods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=945.468,946.301"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would not be competitive with foreign produced goods","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=946.301,949.184"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that get flooded into our market","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=949.184,950.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we get some kind of vicious circle of--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=951.78,955.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I think it has to be a two-pronged thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=955.73,959.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the organization of labor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=959.893,963.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in other areas of the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=963.17,964.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to proceed apace because otherwise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=964.49,967.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless wages rise,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=967.22,968.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're never going to be able to keep production here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=968.63,972.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so long as the mobility of capitalists is great,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=972.1,976.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it is currently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=976.09,977.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously, anybody concerned with profits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=977.89,980.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a balance sheet is going to produce where it's cheapest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=980.55,985.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, until labor is organized elsewhere,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=985.53,988.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even with rising transportation costs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=988.8,991.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's going to make the differential attractive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=991.12,994.062"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to investments and it would require terrible fits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=994.062,998.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or persuasion to keep it at home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=998.06,1000.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the initial stage of the investment overseas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1000.97,1003.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we did benefit because there was still a lingering retention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1003.58,1008.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of control over research and development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1008.3,1010.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We still have that, to some extent,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1010.54,1012.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of the higher professional jobs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1013.842,1016.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was the stage that Stephen Heimer really analyzed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1016.5,1020.762"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the late '60s and early '70s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1020.762,1025.762"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think we're past that stage,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1025.8,1027.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're losing some of those advantages","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1027.86,1030.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's inevitable that research and development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1030.88,1033.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will follow the production process itself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1033.73,1037.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and become an intrinsic part of the operations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1037.22,1042.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the form of third world areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1042.31,1044.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But, we can't hold on to the surface of production,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1044.4,1048.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unless we have some of the productive base, I don't think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1048.96,1051.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not reasonable to think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1051.49,1053.328"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can hold on to it forever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1053.328,1056.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think if some of the attempts by congressmen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1056.23,1061.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and senators to refurbish some of the industries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1061.29,1066.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and even subsidize workers who have taken over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1066.73,1070.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some parts of the industry were to go through,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1070.23,1072.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would an extremely helpful step.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1072.96,1075.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If they were subsidized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1075.89,1077.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the extent that some of the large corporations were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1077.2,1082.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many phases of their history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1082.12,1084.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would certainly not violate any of the premises","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1085.51,1090.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of free enterprise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1090.89,1092.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and still overcome some of the disastrous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1092.99,1096.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unemployment rates that we're getting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1096.63,1098.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Any other questions or comments?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1102.1,1104.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1112.459,1113.292"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd cheers)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=1114.164,1116.747"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21233/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/233/original/AV203277_b.vtt?1608542127","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/233/original/AV203277_b.vtt?1608542127"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21234","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203277_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474/transcript/21234/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- While large firms recognize their independence, interdependence and common goals, workers within and outside of the international firms remain fragmented and dependent. A rather dismal view, but hopefully it's not as dim here in the Midwest and you will clear up some of my misapprehensions about the future.\r\n\r\n- Will now answer your questions, so if you can stand up.\r\n\r\n- It seems that we, as a country, should really be asking some questions about multi-national corporations that are based here. And I just wondered if you know of any lobbying effort in Washington or any legislation to counteract some of the. Shelters, the--\r\n\r\n- The CIO has partially addressed the problem with the bill that they now are trying to promote. And a cause for an established minimum of how many parts should be manufactured in the United States in any car or major appliance that is sold in this country. But it's a very minimal kind of bill. It's not now tariff. I've heard union people talking about whether they should promote tariffs. And it does mean a departure from a free trade policy, which was pretty well accepted by laboring corporations in the recent past, but I haven't seen very much activity on the part of unions. Yes?\r\n\r\n- Do you think within of the northern hemisphere, particularly United States, wage earners will have the fuel and resources to assist women in development in other countries. In form of being willing to pay more for textiles and leather goods and plastics? I see this is significantly affecting our lifestyle, a lot of women who are making the things that we use has improved. And then I have a second question. Has there been any efforts on the part of the ILO, International Labor Organization, to assist women or has that been, primarily been, into\r\n\r\n- In regard to the first one, the first question about willingness to pay for the increase in prices if the labor costs go up. I would imagine that those, so long as there is competition in the prices for products, we don't often think about what is behind the label, the consciousness of the union label, that used to be a very much a part of the '30s seems to have diminished. There was a campaign by the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union in the '60s and early '70s. When government first started going over after the tariff laws were changed in '64. I remember one in particular, it was an American flag and I said in the bottom, \"Made in Korea\" At that time, labor was cheap in Korea, it's gone up too much to have our American flags made there, we have to have them made in the Philippines now. But, in regard to the second question, you wanted to know, could you repeat?\r\n\r\n- Yeah, what I'm wondering is, has anyone thought of developing the equivalent of the ILO for around the world?\r\n\r\n- Well, the ILO has done studies. I mean, like the United Nations, of which is a part, they seem to feel they've solved the problem if they have a conference and published a lot of very militant papers. And very often the papers end up coined for other conferences and more study. And much of this is very good, it is, especially when it's picked up by a really active organization like unions in the European countries, which are much more tuned in to what the ILO is doing, perhaps because it is in their midst, they do publish a continuing journal now on women in development, which has some very good reports. There are not any sustained, but sporadic efforts on the part of women's organizations to establish these networks and maintain assistance groups in cases. But I've never seen an effective sustained international action by unions. As yet, unions have not been able to overcome the information gap when they are engaged in any kind of a negotiation, they often can't even get the basic materials to bring out the legal side of their position. There have been, again, sporadic actions by unions and some of these, acting in response to information they get through the International Labor Organization office, rather, about what gains have been made in the same industry in other parts of the world, occasionally workers in a factory in, say, England, will refuse to ship parts or produce when a factory in Germany is carrying out a labor negotiation. But, none of this has resulted in sustained partnerships. So the internationalizing of labor has not kept apace with the internationalization of management. This is not at all visible in the horizon just now. There's been talk of it though. Any other questions? Yes.\r\n\r\n- Is it a necessity then to internationalize labor to keep up with management, or is it bring management back to ?\r\n\r\n- I think many different approaches might be taken by different interest groups. So I do think that the need for an internationalization of labor, at least in an effective information service, so that they can respond to some of the changes which they are only now feeling the impact of. The World Federation of Trade Unions and the Federation of Free Trade Unions have had a rival relationship in the past. But I think that they are trying to overcome this. The rivalry was based on different political orientation with the free trade unions having separated from the world trade unions on the score that they were to favorable to the socialized economies. And now, with the general weakness that the European trade community feels, particularly the labor in that sector feels, I think they're more willing to forget some of the political differences and try to reach some accord on basic standards of living. What has happened is that the socialized and communist trade unions have more political leverage within nation States and are less international than even the market oriented trade unions. And so in a kind of paradoxical situation, what used to be the more international unit based on past history at the turn of the century, that is the communist and the socialist parties tends to be more nationally oriented today. This is the way it's looked at in Europe. And American, North American trade unions have not joined, to any great extent, these are almost limited to the European trade markets. Yes?\r\n\r\n- I thought, I get the impression that you were saying that, the fact that first world is becoming de-industrialized and the third world is becoming industrialized. and traditional expansion on the central Korea no longer valid, I wanted you to talk about that a bit more. 'Cause it seems to me, despite the industrialization in the third world, their economies are still economies on the periphery and they're still a valid concept and their still dependent countries. Step they had to go into, in order to industrialize which now makes them dependent on institutions, such as IRR and and also their dependents on the first world industrialization is for an export to the first world, they're now dependent on the market conditions of the first world.\r\n\r\n- I think you made the point well. I think it's up the road ahead, perhaps, that they will lose the importance. They are an important, both dependency theory and unequal exchange are very important in seeing a stage in history, a stage that I envisioned as passing, is in the process of passing, but not yet passed. There is obviously greater wealth in the United States still more resources and we still enjoy a higher level of living. We are not faced with hunger yet. Perhaps some, I have seen some people begging for food in New York city but let's say it isn't the bulk of people and it doesn't nearly match the levels of poverty and mortality even, based on the poverty that you see in the third world, but I'm looking into the future and seeing that this model, the opposition of first world and third world is less important in seeing that transition process. We have to see the sectorial changes that are occurring within nations and also take those into account and make our comparisons on a number of different levels rather than just between nation levels. The dependency has shifted from the U.S. and the rest of the world to international agencies, such as the IMF. It's true that the power may still be exercised through the nation states, but it is in response to international corporations which no longer have any particular national base. A general motors, a general electric, the large corporations, even Gulf Western, all of the Seven Sisters, in fact, I would say, are not patriots in being U.S. firms, they are international firms. And they are looking to make their investments where the greatest profits can come. Not in order to shore up the U.S. economy, the objectives have shifted from the 1940s and 1950s investment policies when they were more clearly able to be labeled as U.S firms. They are gearing their production to the universal car and the universal robot. They have as many investments in Japan as they do in their own companies. So they don't lose, no matter whose car is being bought. And so you don't see this stress towards terror theory is coming from the U.S. industry because they would be putting barricades up to the floor of goods that they control indirectly by investments in other people's companies. It's just a different picture than it was when U.S. industry was a dominant force and could be more clearly labeled as such. I found it, dependency theory, very important in thinking about some of the things that were happening in Bolivia, particularly in the '60s and '70s. I don't know whether it's going to be as useful for the '80s. I'm just trying to envision an emerging model to show the processes. Any other? Yes.\r\n\r\n- What do you think could be done by federal government, as far as, decided to keep corporations in the United States to keep their industry and the academy here, instead of in a lot of countries but also something to reduce the competition between towns in the United States.\r\n\r\n- Well, the first thing I think I would do is take away the tax incentives that make the overseas investment more attractive than investment at home. The U.S. government, ever since the early '70s have, in fact, through the tax laws that were made, I guess when Nixon was in have made it very attractive to have a shelter overseas, either to pass your business through and avoid some of the taxes that you would have in the U.S. So I would take away the subsidizing of overseas industry, I would also revert to some of the earlier tariff laws, instead of making goods. And this was the big change that occurred in the '60s, instead of making it possible to bring back goods from your overseas plants and pay an import only on value added, a figure which was based only on what the industry itself said was value added, is tariff policy that I think should be reversed to its earlier form. And that would make it less attractive to put manufacturing processes in offshore industries. So just taking away the subsidies to overseas production would be an initial step. And that doesn't even mean that you're going out of your way to protect industry, it's just. But, beyond that, we need and want, then let's tax robots. So there'll be like other worker and have to give. In taxing robots, that means taking some of the chunk out of the profits that they give over to management and owners. Yes.\r\n\r\n- If the subsidies were taken away for American firms overseas, would that then get us caught in a trap where we're in right now, they would have to pull back to the U.S., they're U.S. produced goods would not be competitive with foreign produced goods that get flooded into our market and we get some kind of vicious circle of--\r\n\r\n- Well, I think it has to be a two-pronged thing that the organization of labor in other areas of the world has to proceed apace because otherwise, unless wages rise, you're never going to be able to keep production here, so long as the mobility of capitalists is great, as it is currently. Obviously, anybody concerned with profits and a balance sheet is going to produce where it's cheapest. And, until labor is organized elsewhere, even with rising transportation costs, it's going to make the differential attractive to investments and it would require terrible fits or persuasion to keep it at home. In the initial stage of the investment overseas, we did benefit because there was still a lingering retention of control over research and development. We still have that, to some extent, and some of the higher professional jobs, that was the stage that Stephen Heimer really analyzed in the late '60s and early '70s. But I think we're past that stage, we're losing some of those advantages and it's inevitable that research and development will follow the production process itself and become an intrinsic part of the operations in the form of third world areas. But, we can't hold on to the surface of production, unless we have some of the productive base, I don't think. It's not reasonable to think that we can hold on to it forever. I think if some of the attempts by congressmen and senators to refurbish some of the industries and even subsidize workers who have taken over some parts of the industry were to go through, that would an extremely helpful step. If they were subsidized to the extent that some of the large corporations were in many phases of their history, that would certainly not violate any of the premises of free enterprise and still overcome some of the disastrous unemployment rates that we're getting. Any other questions or comments? No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34611/file/103474#t=0.0,1133.24408"}]}]}]}