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tonight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=15.49,18.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the illness of the introducer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=18.09,21.375"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, we'll remind you that the meeting tonight is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=21.375,26.375"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to celebrate the 91st anniversary of the founding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=30.47,35.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the World Health Organization in 1948.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=36.68,41.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"George will tell you a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=45.01,46.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the World Health 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Is this working? 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state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=522.21,524.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in which he and she were originally placed by nature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=524.78,529.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seems to have proven to them a prolific source of diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=530.29,534.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There will be two important quotations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=534.87,537.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that will appear tonight. And this is one of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=537.15,541.293"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemic disease basically began some Oh, what Oh, no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=542.24,547.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemic disease basically began some 10,000 years 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decimated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=565.37,568.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"urban populations, has conquered armies,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=568.28,572.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has disrupted society and has changed the course of history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=572.46,577.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemics have ridden the four horses of the apocalypse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=577.18,580.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have flowed like a lava","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=580.96,582.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the midst of natural disasters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=582.88,585.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They have been the bitter harvest of famines and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=585.74,588.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have reached the ultimate disruption upon instability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=588.74,593.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so we begin with the age","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=595.56,598.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of mystery and in the mystery of history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=598.0,602.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"humanity has ever struggled to break out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=602.93,606.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this cycle and into the age of mastery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=606.55,611.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And my thesis is that the world health organization 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instability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=664.23,669.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the cause of disease. Today, more than 2000 years later","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=669.24,674.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we realize that he had at least half of the truth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=677.63,682.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And among the persons who lived here in Athens is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=682.21,687.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the greatest galaxy of imperishable names","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=689.38,692.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are present in our history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=692.89,695.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of the intellect of Athens was concentrated here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=695.41,700.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the Acropolis and here in two generations, democracy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=701.02,706.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and philosophy and art and architecture and tragedy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=709.86,714.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and comedy all came into being at least two 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population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=726.06,731.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Acropolis in its earliest days, this beautiful statue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=732.34,737.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Athena stood and the Acropolis remains in ruins today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=737.8,742.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as one of the great structures of history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=745.87,749.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The countryside around Athens was also well-developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=756.6,761.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Athens ruled the entire region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=762.09,765.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Far to the South was Sparta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=769.4,772.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It had been only 50 years since Leonidas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=773.48,778.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was defeated at the Thermopylae.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=778.04,779.693"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And just the word Spartan was to invoke a feeling of courage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=780.62,785.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the recognition that they did not accept defeat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=788.08,792.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 430 BC Sparta began a siege,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=793.648,797.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm sorry, something I don't understand what's wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=804.16,807.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think I'm going to have to just take a moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=807.79,810.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here to get this slide into the right. (instinctive)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=810.61,815.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the Acropolis as it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=816.81,820.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the Acropolis as the model","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=820.41,822.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of it stood and what someone just touch the forward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=822.72,827.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on that projector that's on right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=831.65,834.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And give me the next slide. No, it's the middle one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=834.19,837.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just touch the forward button on it. Yes. All right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=837.35,842.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you. I apologize for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=842.16,843.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sparta began the war on the countryside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=845.13,850.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a 40 day siege, in 430 BC. I think the uniforms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=850.52,855.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they wore were absolutely incredible and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=857.21,859.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have no concept of what would happen to wore today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=865.13,869.465"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=869.465,870.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People wore uniforms like this. The people, however, fled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=870.37,875.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Spartans and they fled into Athens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=879.64,882.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(crowd 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empty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=895.78,900.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were about 300,000 people in Athens at this point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=901.06,906.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as the people daily poured 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children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=913.76,915.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the evening was changed by the humming of mosquitoes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=915.33,920.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, across the Mediterranean sea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=920.92,925.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Northern part of Egypt came disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=926.99,931.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A terrible plague from North Africa into Athens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=932.33,937.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thucydides is the great historian, was in Athens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=940.99,944.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at this time. He became ill, but he recovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=944.72,948.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he left us the record of this great plague.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=948.97,953.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He did described the great disorder that took place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=953.9,956.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the city, during what we call the plague of Athens,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=956.89,961.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people died in the temples, in their homes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=962.3,967.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the public fountains where they dragged themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=968.6,971.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to crunch their thirst. The dead lying everywhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=971.52,976.107"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the dying lying on top of the dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=977.56,980.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no one to bury them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=981.0,982.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very bloody battles were fought for a funeral pyres.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=983.818,988.818"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Disease attacked with equal impartiality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=992.1,995.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the high and the mighty, the geniuses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=995.07,998.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the low and the humble.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=998.81,1000.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a great disregard for all standards","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1001.95,1006.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of life and conduct became the reality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1006.35,1010.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between 430 and 427 BC Thucydides said there was no fear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1011.44,1016.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the gods or of the laws of men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1020.56,1023.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was no one to restrain them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1023.31,1025.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And every kind of lecentiousness attacked the 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Parapluies, the great","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1035.55,1040.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leader of the Athenians saw the destruction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1040.42,1044.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of his city, and he set out to try to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1044.42,1048.042"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to stop the Spartans and plague, accompanied him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1048.042,1053.042"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and killed many more of his men than did the Spartans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1056.21,1061.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Navy too went out, but half of its sailors were killed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1061.85,1065.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the disease and they came back. And Lysander.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1065.5,1070.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the leader of the spar, of the Spartans sailed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1070.22,1073.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the Harbor of Piraeus in 427 BC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1073.58,1078.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to the Merry tunes of their flutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1078.607,1081.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they tore down the great walls of spar of, of Athens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1081.01,1085.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to the lamentations and wailing of the Athenians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1087.79,1092.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why did they not get the plague?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1092.49,1094.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why did they not all die as well as the Athenians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1094.4,1098.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were not stressed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1099.81,1101.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the Athenians in the great cities that were stressed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1101.58,1105.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Spartans were on the edge of the epidemic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1105.42,1108.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And though undoubtedly many died","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1108.61,1111.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it never destroyed the Spartan cities or the Spartan 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The identity of the disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1121.69,1126.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hinges on what Thucydides said.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=1128.53,1130.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Greek scholars say that it is unclear when he 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Attempts to halt rabies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2586.62,2591.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the developing countries of the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2591.16,2593.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by restraining the dogs so that they don't come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2593.13,2596.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in contact with each other sounds so simple to us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2596.27,2600.32"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it has not worked in the developing countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2600.32,2603.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the world where the dogs could not be restrained.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2603.14,2607.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the remove of those dogs that are not restrained means","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2607.02,2611.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that dogs have to be restrained.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2611.08,2613.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if dogs are not restrained","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2613.02,2614.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then what are you going to remove, everything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2614.41,2618.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it has not worked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2618.0,2619.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It has in the West, but it has not worked here. And attempt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2620.53,2624.349"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go out in the pre-dawn hours and throw out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2624.349,2627.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baits of Strick nun to dogs to poison them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2627.61,2631.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the streets and to rush away before the people wake","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2631.67,2634.749"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up and start shooting at you, have not worked either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2634.749,2639.749"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's not easy to get a picture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2641.8,2643.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the pre-dawn hours as the bait is being thrown out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2643.69,2647.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you are trying to get out of the way in a hurry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2647.78,2650.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I have no good picture but vaccination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2650.08,2654.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been difficult though it has worked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2654.61,2657.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is difficult when people do not have the money to pay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2658.36,2662.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for it when there is no collar on the dog to attach a tag.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2662.31,2666.803"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so I look to the world health organization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2668.86,2673.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which has moved into rabies control in a different way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2674.37,2678.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By beginning with ecological study of the dogs themselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2678.91,2683.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and why the dogs are at the population they are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2684.4,2689.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what is the interaction of the dogs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2689.67,2692.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what is their interaction with people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2692.29,2695.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they have sent out people in three pilot projects.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2695.34,2699.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one in Ecuador, one in Tunisia, and one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2699.8,2703.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Sri Lanka to study the dogs and how they maintain rabies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2703.23,2708.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the dogs are basically there because there is garbage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2709.68,2713.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for those dogs to eat and the dogs eat that garbage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2713.68,2718.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there's no one else to dispose of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2719.25,2721.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the dogs also are there because there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2722.91,2727.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"harborage where they can have their puppies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2727.4,2730.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this has been learned by interviewing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2731.06,2735.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout the cities in the high class","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2735.27,2737.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for rabies is principally an urban disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2737.95,2741.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the developing countries and the lower classes as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2741.0,2745.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For it is necessary to reach the dogs wherever they are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2745.93,2750.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and vaccination on a house to house basis provided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2750.29,2755.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by government and something new in vaccination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2755.12,2760.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is the capturing of those dogs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2760.667,2763.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there is no one to hold and to vaccinate them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2763.5,2768.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then to release them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=2768.21,2769.913"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25288/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/288/original/AV203833_Disease_and_Destiny_Mystery_and_Mastery_a.vtt?1620124096","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/288/original/AV203833_Disease_and_Destiny_Mystery_and_Mastery_a.vtt?1620124096"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25289","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203833_Disease_and_Destiny_Mystery_and_Mastery_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179/transcript/25289/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- If that suits your Fancy, why I don't see why you can't do it. I have been called in as a substitute tonight because of the illness of the introducer. And, we'll remind you that the meeting tonight is to celebrate the 91st anniversary of the founding of the World Health Organization in 1948. George will tell you a lot about the World Health Organization, but just a few introductory remarks. It's headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It operates on about a $296 million budget. There are 166 member countries. And it is the specialized and autonomous agency for health in the United Nations Organization, and reports to the United Nations Organization through the Economic and Social Council. To begin the program tonight, we will make an award of the United Nations Association and Jan Baron will make that award.\r\n\r\n- We are very pleased to have with us Karen Augustine. Karen is a first prize winner in the United Nations Association AIMS chapter, high school essay contest. She wrote an essay which was around this situation. She was just elected, I think president of the general assembly of the United Nations. And she was to give the address that the president of the United Nations Association would give. She wrote her address. She entered the contest. She is the first prize winner in AIMS. Her name will be forwarded to the National United Nations Association and hopefully she will win first prize there. Last year she was one of the 10 finalists. So I think she's going for the top this year. congratulation Karen.\r\n\r\n- As you know our speaker tonight is Doctor George W. Baron Professor of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine. His educational background was he has DVM degree from Iowa State University, his PhD degree from the University of Kansas. And he's been awarded a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Silliman University in the Philippines. His career in disease prevention and control began with the U.S Public Health Service. Then over a 13 year period, he was professor of microbiology at Silliman University and director of the health laboratory of Negros Oriental Province in the Philippines. Since 1973, he has been at Iowa state university where he teaches epidemiology, disease prevention, public health, world food issues and the history of veterinary medicine. Since 1971, he has been a consultant to the World Health Organization of the United Nations Organization. Having served 24 consultantships in 15 countries, he is a member of the expert panel on zoonosis of the World Health Organization. He's been very active in the Aims chapter of the United Nations Association and is a past president. It is my pleasure then to introduce doctor George W. Baron to present the program tonight.\r\n\r\n- I thank you very much Weldon, ladies and gentlemen I'm terribly sorry about the, about the space. I, I don't know what, what I or anyone else can do about it. If well, That may be one of the finest things. It will permit those who were planning to sleep to go into the hall to sleep instead of occupying a chair. And it will, I don't know, a short of short of epidemic disease or threat of epidemic disease which would cause everyone to head for the nearest door. I don't know what else to do. Oops I didn't really mean that to go on immediately. There. Disease is ancient, this They, the old skeletons were animated for just a moment in time. Again, after 60 million years, suddenly they became alive again. This flop on its sideasaurus. And this jump on topasaurus Appeared to be skeletons because it appears they ate each other up. The bones of the dinosaurs show that they suffered from disease. When mammals made their appearance upon this earth, infectious agents of disease were waiting for them. And the mammoths that have been frozen in the far North of Siberia show a population of bacteria in their digestive tract and respiratory systems that are almost identical to the mammals of today. They had acid-fast Basilli characteristic of tuberculosis. They had other bacteria in the intestine that looked like the ones of today. I'm hearing myself not as I wish to be heard. Is this working? Is this working? Okay. Am I too loud for you? All right. There's a lot of people you'll absorb a lot of sound And when, and when people came upon the scene infectious diseases were waiting for them and this ancient picture or a wax, a facsimile shows one of them they're wearing a horns of, of elk as though he were attempting to, to ward off the disease that was a part of their life, but but epidemic disease is relatively new. It required the concentration of peoples and it required instability and generous quotation almost 200 years ago is a very important quote. The deviation of man from and I would use of women as well from the state in which he and she were originally placed by nature seems to have proven to them a prolific source of diseases. There will be two important quotations that will appear tonight. And this is one of them. Epidemic disease basically began some Oh, what Oh, no. Epidemic disease basically began some 10,000 years ago as agriculture began and people began to concentrate. Epidemic disease has decimated urban populations, has conquered armies, has disrupted society and has changed the course of history. Epidemics have ridden the four horses of the apocalypse. They have flowed like a lava into the midst of natural disasters. They have been the bitter harvest of famines and they have reached the ultimate disruption upon instability. And so we begin with the age of mystery and in the mystery of history humanity has ever struggled to break out of this cycle and into the age of mastery. And my thesis is that the world health organization has a primary responsibility in achieving the age of mastery. On a Hill in Athens, Greece stands the story of greatness. Here the age of mystery began to have its breakdown for this is the home of Hippocrates, the father of medicine who saw in instability the cause of disease. Today, more than 2000 years later we realize that he had at least half of the truth. And among the persons who lived here in Athens is the greatest galaxy of imperishable names that are present in our history. All of the intellect of Athens was concentrated here at the Acropolis and here in two generations, democracy and philosophy and art and architecture and tragedy and comedy all came into being at least two grades above left that we can boast today. Only genius stood about the general level of the population in the Acropolis in its earliest days, this beautiful statue of Athena stood and the Acropolis remains in ruins today as one of the great structures of history. The countryside around Athens was also well-developed and Athens ruled the entire region. Far to the South was Sparta. It had been only 50 years since Leonidas was defeated at the Thermopylae. And just the word Spartan was to invoke a feeling of courage and the recognition that they did not accept defeat. In 430 BC Sparta began a siege, I'm sorry, something I don't understand what's wrong. I think I'm going to have to just take a moment here to get this slide into the right. This is the Acropolis as it. This is the Acropolis as the model of it stood and what someone just touch the forward on that projector that's on right now. And give me the next slide. No, it's the middle one. Just touch the forward button on it. Yes. All right. Thank you. I apologize for that. Sparta began the war on the countryside with a 40 day siege, in 430 BC. I think the uniforms that they wore were absolutely incredible and I have no concept of what would happen to wore today. People wore uniforms like this. The people, however, fled from the Spartans and they fled into Athens. The summer was hot and humid and the crowding indescribable and they left the country side empty. There were about 300,000 people in Athens at this point. And as the people daily poured in, the simplest of sanitation became impossible. And the singing of the children in the evening was changed by the humming of mosquitoes. And then, across the Mediterranean sea from the Northern part of Egypt came disease. A terrible plague from North Africa into Athens. Thucydides is the great historian, was in Athens. at this time. He became ill, but he recovered and he left us the record of this great plague. He did described the great disorder that took place in the city, during what we call the plague of Athens, people died in the temples, in their homes, at the public fountains where they dragged themselves to crunch their thirst. The dead lying everywhere and the dying lying on top of the dead. There was no one to bury them. Very bloody battles were fought for a funeral pyres. The Disease attacked with equal impartiality the high and the mighty, the geniuses the low and the humble. And a great disregard for all standards of life and conduct became the reality between 430 and 427 BC Thucydides said there was no fear of the gods or of the laws of men. There was no one to restrain them. And every kind of lecentiousness attacked the population. And Thucydides ruefully recorded that there was no one to stop them. Parapluies, the great leader of the Athenians saw the destruction of his city, and he set out to try to, to stop the Spartans and plague, accompanied him and killed many more of his men than did the Spartans. The Navy too went out, but half of its sailors were killed by the disease and they came back. And Lysander. the leader of the spar, of the Spartans sailed into the Harbor of Piraeus in 427 BC and to the Merry tunes of their flutes they tore down the great walls of spar of, of Athens and to the lamentations and wailing of the Athenians. Why did they not get the plague? Why did they not all die as well as the Athenians? They were not stressed. It was the Athenians in the great cities that were stressed and the Spartans were on the edge of the epidemic. And though undoubtedly many died it never destroyed the Spartan cities or the Spartan army, but Athens lay in the dust, never to rise again in 2200 years. The identity of the disease hinges on what Thucydides said. And the Greek scholars say that it is unclear when he said the people died like sheep whether he meant that they died as sheep die quietly and without a murmur or whether they died as the sheep also died. And this came forth again in 1977, when, again out of the headwaters of the Nile came into Egypt the disease Rift Valley Fever, and over a million people were infected in 1977 and 1978 in Egypt alone, with a 3% mortality rate. And that isn't very long ago. If the plague of Athens was Rift Valley Fever, this is one of the zoonosis, a disease that affects both animals and people. The black death plague had raged in Asia for centuries. And then, in 1032 BC it came out of Asia into the Middle East the very right edge of the slide, as you see it there. And the greatest description of this is in the book of second Samuel in the Bible where it describes the tumors and the mice and how they people of Israel made models of the tumors and of the mice to stop the advance of this disease. And this picture here is the artist's conception of what was taking place at Ashdod in 1032 BC. It just has to be that this was the plague. And then in 1347, it was carried to Messina by a Jenawi's ship to the Northern coast of Sicily. In 1347, the city was almost depopulated but it did not stop here within a year it spread across Sicily and Italy into France and everywhere, the scenes of disaster were repeated three-fourths to 90% of the people died. The greatest record of this is by Gui de Chauliac, personal physician of the great Pope Clement the sixth who described it vividly both in terms of the bubonic plague with its tumors. And in terms of the pneumonic plague with it's pneumonia and his quote here refers to the pneumonic plague which spreads from one person to another without the involvement of the rats. In Florence at least 60,000 people died in Venice. A hundred thousand did cross Germany and Holland and into London, at least a hundred thousand died in most of these cities that represented 90% of the people. And we see the scenes of what was happening as people fled from London during this period. The scenes of terror were repeated everywhere. Burning cities were left behind as the only way to mercifully dispose of the bodies of those who died. The early chroniclers Chronicle, the gluttony, the immorality, and the gambling but they also Chronicle, the acceptance of people ring around the rosy pocket full of Posey. The poses in the pocket, removed from your nose, the smell of the dead bodies that are all around. Ashes ashes, we all fall down. The plague physicians wore masks that they put flowers into the beak in an attempt to keep them from smelling the dead bodies, but the physicians were of no help and they died with all the rest. And the church was powerless to halt it, try as they did. The priests died and their processions and their relics did not stop the plague. And the pious hope was expressed. That when this would end, that people would be filled with love and charity toward each other. And there was great love in the midst of the terror. San Sebastian is one example a man who recovered from the plague but the people did not accept him because he had recovered and he was sentenced to be killed with arrows. And he was shot quietly while accepting it but he recovered and he gave the rest of his life then to helping those who had the disease. But the hopes that people would be filled with love and charity toward each other, when it was over, did not happen. And when it was over just exactly the opposite people were fewer. And by hereditary succession, they were richer and much litigation took place on lawyers appeared for the first time in large numbers and unquestionably the disease was the plague. It was wrapped associated then and the plate stands ready to come back again. After five and a half centuries of being in control it is not yet gone. And Vietnam proved that to us. Influenza has caused periodic epidemics, as long as history could record. It was well described by the Egyptian temple physician, And for those of our nation, that it was important at the end of the first world war. The greatest epidemic of influenza took place in the last months of world war one. And it was carried by the soldiers all around the world. And the waves of influenza covered the entire world reminiscent of the black death. The pandemic of 1918, 1919 struck at least a billion people over one half of the world's population. In India at least 12 and a half million people died. And over the world, at least 21.6 The US Was less affected in terms of numbers of people that died than was true of most parts of the world. In Europe, just recovering from the war, the death rate was horrendous but even for the United States, at least 10 times as many people died in this pandemic as died during the war. Newsboys wore masks, mask gatherings in schools were abandoned, theaters were closed, attempts to halt by spraying disinfectant, and the person's just a little bit cut off there but he is wearing a mask, but it didn't help anyway. So there's no use in seeing it and it went on Without any ability to stop it. An interesting sidelight, took place at the Cedar Rapids National Swine Breeders Show on September 30, 1918. When Dr. Cohen Fort Dodge recognized a disease in swine that had not been seen before. And the virus that caused this disease in swine could not be differentiated from the human virus that caused the 1918, 1919 influenza. And so in 1976, once again we attempted to vaccinate the population of the United States because of a fear of swine flu. And I noticed yesterday that they new vaccine for next year for influenza for people will once again, contain the swine flu virus. Just an interesting little side light. But you see, attempts to carry on society while they made, while they made cartoons in the newspapers did not stop the influenza. My mother taught me that rhyme. During the time when her family had the influenza only her father didn't get it and was able to take care of the rest of the family. Boy Scouts took food to the, those who are ill, cart was held in open air But none of these stopped the disruption that was taking place because Of this disease. You see this soldier here wearing a mask and guarding a palace where a peace was being discussed. You see this disrupted the orderly development of peace at the end of the first world war. And as a nation we don't realize the extent to which the influenza in Europe and in this country disrupted the orderly development of peace after the first world war. Those who are old enough to remember when Wilson sailed to Versailles amid the plaudits of the world and then changed so drastically following his thrombosis and left side paralysis. But the role of flu is not mentioned in all of this, but in actuality, it was flu that caused that disruption at that very critical time and was one of the things that Paved the way for the end of peace and the entrance of the second world war. Our only hope is to Change the role of disease through international action. The World health action at the beginning of 1967 in about its 20th year opened one window into the age of mastery and out of the age of mystery. The greatest changes in the course of disease have come when they have come internationally. Our hope is in our one global organization the World Health Organization. On may eight, 1980, Dr Al-Awadi, signing the document. And Dr. Halfdan Mahler, the Secretary General of the World Health Organization signed the document that smallpox had been eradicated from the world. A story that we have got to take a look at. The last case of smallpox was on October 19, October, 1977. It had been an endemic disease present continually in the Eastern Hemisphere. It had into the, it had come into Europe probably in one 64, AD with the returning armies of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and was called the Antonine Plague and 16 years later, Marcus Aurelius himself died of it. But advertisements in the old newspapers and journals said that for persons to work in the homes said that they would hire only if you had the scars of smallpox. And until they get over smallpox parents do not count children as their own. Pandemic across the European and Asian continents. It was epidemic in the rim of Asia and this Japanese drawing, Japanese artwork shows the warrior warding off the demon of smallpox. This We must remember is still the age of mystery. But when the Europeans invaded this country, we must also realize that it was smallpox that preceded them and killed far more of the American Indians. Didn't it. Then did the Cowboys or any of the American soldiers are any other guns for that matter, despite what the movies have indicated to us. And then in 1796, Edward Jenner recognized that people that had cowpox did not get smallpox and in an incredible field trial that would never be permitted today he vaccinated his son. Taking material from the cowpox of a milk made, he inoculated his son and it worked. His son developed the single pox and his son went on to show through his life that he was immune and the system worked and vaccination with pustules began to become the order of the day. And the letter to Edward Jenner said that, future nations will know by history only that the loathsome smallpox has existed and by you has been extirpated letter to Edward Jenner, 18 six. And then they collected the cowpox virus also from calves, and they use that as the vaccine and the term vaccinia comes or the word vaccine from this word vaccinia which comes from vacca, meaning cow. And there was opposition as well as acceptance to it. And there were those who were afraid that cows would grow out on the points where the vaccination was given. And this cartoon shows exactly that, going back into that early day. And then in 1967, the Soviet Union proposed to the World Health Assembly that smallpox eradication be undertaken. There were four countries in which it remained endemic Ethiopia, where this child is being vaccinated, Somalia, India and Bangladesh, and it was undertaken. And most of the money for this campaign approximately $98 million came from our country. And I don't think we realize the importance of that. And when the Jeeps got stuck, then people walked and they went by whatever means they could to where the people were to vaccinate and among those who were, oops. And among those who were on the teams that carried the vaccine where a man who lives here in Aims and works at, at Lula and social services at Rupert. And it was a truly international effort. Over a period of just about a decade, about $98 million were spent about 70% of it through were of World Health Organization, about half of the money was matched by funds from the member countries where the program was taking place. And the return on the investment was about 1250%. And the last case was in October, 1977, when Ali Maalin a 23 year old cook in Somalia, suffered smallpox and did not die. There's Edwin Kurt. It would have worked to vaccinate the Camel also. For camels also have pox, that's very closely related. The virus today remains at two centers one in the Soviet Union in Moscow, and the other one at the Centers for Disease Control in United States. And approximately 250 million doses of vaccine are in storage for use. Should they ever be necessary. Of all diseases, rabies strikes terror. It is ever present yet it is ever a hidden but it is ever emerging. In 1885 BC not AD, this record in the Sumerian code. It is one of the earliest well-described diseases. And it was present in the wild long before it was present in dogs. It struck terror to the Romans, however brave where their soldiers, it struck terror in the middle ages and there was much superstition associated with it. And the first effective means of control was by cauterizing the wound of a rabid dog where they red hot iron. And some of the iron's that were used are in the upper part of the picture. And one of them is in the flames there. And that man with that kind of stoicism accepting a red hot iron against his leg is an absolute source of amazement to me. But when you consider the alternatives perhaps stoicism is possible. And it was in rabies that human and animal medicine came together, not through a physician and not through a veterinarian, but through a chemist Louis Pasteur who developed the first vaccine against rabies. And though the vaccine has been modified in the year since the principal has not. And it is a vaccine that has worked and has made it possible in this country, Canada and Europe to essentially remove the scourge of rabies from dogs. But rabies is present in other animals as well. In Europe it is principally in the Fox. That rabies is a serious problem. And it has been through the work of the world health organization that a vaccine to protect foxes by oral immunization where they a bait dropped from a helicopter or many helicopters has worked. And today we are at the threshold of a vaccine that is going to be field tried in the very near future for vaccinating raccoons orally. Raccoons are the principle animals that host rabies in the Eastern part of the United States. Perhaps the day will come that we will also have a vaccine to vaccinate skunks. They are the principles, the hosts of rabies in this part of the United States, but it is not yet. And then the meantime about 50,000 people die of rabies each year. One of the most horrible deaths to have to die from. I have watched 18 people die of rabies, and I would put it at the bottom of the list, but for most of the world it is the dog that remains the source of rabies for people. And it is the dog that strikes terror for most people of the world. And all of the areas shown in black there is area in which rabies is present in dogs, And efforts have been made on a world basis to stop rabies in dogs for, for decades. And they have attempted to use the methods that work in the Western part part of the world. And they have not worked. Attempts to halt rabies in the developing countries of the world by restraining the dogs so that they don't come in contact with each other sounds so simple to us but it has not worked in the developing countries of the world where the dogs could not be restrained. And the remove of those dogs that are not restrained means that dogs have to be restrained. And if dogs are not restrained then what are you going to remove, everything? And it has not worked. It has in the West, but it has not worked here. And attempt to go out in the pre-dawn hours and throw out baits of Strick nun to dogs to poison them in the streets and to rush away before the people wake up and start shooting at you, have not worked either. It's not easy to get a picture in the pre-dawn hours as the bait is being thrown out. And you are trying to get out of the way in a hurry. So I have no good picture but vaccination has been difficult though it has worked. It is difficult when people do not have the money to pay for it when there is no collar on the dog to attach a tag. And so I look to the world health organization which has moved into rabies control in a different way. By beginning with ecological study of the dogs themselves and why the dogs are at the population they are. And what is the interaction of the dogs and what is their interaction with people. And they have sent out people in three pilot projects. one in Ecuador, one in Tunisia, and one in Sri Lanka to study the dogs and how they maintain rabies. And the dogs are basically there because there is garbage for those dogs to eat and the dogs eat that garbage because there's no one else to dispose of it. And the dogs also are there because there is harborage where they can have their puppies. And this has been learned by interviewing throughout the cities in the high class for rabies is principally an urban disease in the developing countries and the lower classes as well. For it is necessary to reach the dogs wherever they are and vaccination on a house to house basis provided by government and something new in vaccination. And that is the capturing of those dogs that there is no one to hold and to vaccinate them and then to release them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112179#t=0.0,2775.04"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - 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[Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Relation of the dogs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=5.09,6.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a lesson that humanity has not learned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=6.9,10.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we are learning it in the care of dogs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=10.29,14.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the new vision of rabies control","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=14.19,17.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the presence of dogs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=17.76,19.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the absence of rabies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=20.64,23.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A very minimal change in the social structure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=23.29,27.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but a terribly important one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=27.02,29.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And one that I believe we must also learn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=29.58,33.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=40.59,42.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=42.25,43.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the shadow on our world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=45.7,48.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Newly recognized,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=48.18,50.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first diagnosed in 1981 in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=50.38,54.64"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is very serious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=54.64,56.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it threatens to disrupt society once again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=56.68,60.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the world sits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=61.6,63.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a wall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=64.04,65.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teetering on the brink of a great fall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=65.33,68.063"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The AIDS virus is one of a family of viruses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=76.534,80.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the retroviruses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=80.1,82.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First recognized in Denmark in 1980 in 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centers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=775.53,777.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are seven,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=777.38,778.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the main headquarters on your left there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=778.96,781.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is in Geneva, Switzerland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=781.4,783.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the branch office,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=783.31,785.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the regional office in Washington, DC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=785.21,788.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the five regional offices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=788.38,791.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and time does not permit me to describe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=791.49,793.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the immunization program of World Health Organization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=793.87,797.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for immunizing children against the important diseases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=797.48,801.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which saves at least a million lives a year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=801.53,805.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The decade of safe water,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=805.1,807.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the seeking that everyone should have safe water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=807.13,810.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the year 2000, the program in primary health care.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=810.49,815.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"All of these are a part of the emphasis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=815.75,820.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and goals of the World Health Organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=820.59,823.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=831.961,833.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=833.053,836.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I thank you very much for coming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=852.193,853.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Especially for those who steward, believe me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=853.6,856.333"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know how you feel because I also stand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=856.333,859.471"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=859.471,862.195"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=875.73,877.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know that you recognize numerous of the art works","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=877.63,881.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I included.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=881.66,882.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Really glad you could come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=885.429,887.635"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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daughter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=895.219,896.886"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, so nice, I'm so glad you'd be coming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=897.799,901.339"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So glad you'd coming again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=901.339,902.948"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=902.948,905.108"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Charles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=905.108,905.941"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, hi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=905.941,906.774"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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I'm going to keep this stuff together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=912.2,915.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience murmuring)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=916.352,919.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Are you gonna be at the meeting in the morning?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=919.44,921.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I could be there tomorrow before the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=921.853,925.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have so much teaching right now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=925.33,927.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is not gonna be really possible for me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=927.25,929.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be there in the morning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=929.713,930.546"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll be there probably tomorrow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=930.546,931.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll be there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=931.52,932.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=932.353,933.186"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Good. Excellent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=933.186,934.019"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience murmuring)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=934.948,938.031"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yeah, yeah. And the answer is yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=962.326,966.153"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience murmuring)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=966.153,969.236"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Once again, have a stare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=1015.115,1017.365"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25290/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/290/original/AV203833_Disease_and_Destiny_Mystery_and_Mastery_b.vtt?1620124100","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/025/290/original/AV203833_Disease_and_Destiny_Mystery_and_Mastery_b.vtt?1620124100"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25291","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203833_Disease_and_Destiny_Mystery_and_Mastery_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180/transcript/25291/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Relation of the dogs. This is a lesson that humanity has not learned, but we are learning it in the care of dogs. And the new vision of rabies control is the presence of dogs but the absence of rabies. A very minimal change in the social structure, but a terribly important one. And one that I believe we must also learn. Today, AIDS is the shadow on our world. Newly recognized, first diagnosed in 1981 in the United States. It is very serious and it threatens to disrupt society once again. And the world sits on a wall teetering on the brink of a great fall. The AIDS virus is one of a family of viruses called the retroviruses. First recognized in Denmark in 1980 in poultry. The first of the human retroviruses was identified in 1980. The AIDS virus was recognized in 1983. The most recent recognition has been the retrovirus of cats in 1987. The virus attacks the immune system. The group of cells of the immune system called the T lymphocytes, which are important in cell-mediated immunity and it reduces also our circulating antibody immunity and without the immune system, we are unable to cope with the infections that surround us. The African monkey was recognized in 1982 to have a virus that is very similar to the AIDS virus and a AIDS virus called HIV too, has been recognized more recently, that is almost identical to the virus in monkeys. 30 to 70% of the green monkeys of Africa are infected with this, doing them essentially no harm, but let it get into the Asian monkeys or the monkeys of South America. And they die of disease that is almost identical to AIDS in people. The source of the AIDS virus must be Africa, and it must have been in the African monkeys. sometime, long, long ago before it got into people. But today it is in people and the African monkeys are not a threat to us. Probably we are a greater threat to them. On a world basis, there are approximately 250,000 recorded cases of AIDS in the United States. About 66,500, on a world basis between five and 10 million people infected with AIDS, in the United States about one and a half million people infected with AIDS. We expect in the next five years, at least a million additional cases in the world, at least 30,000 additional cases in the United States. And we expect that all 160 countries in the World Health Organization will be reporting AIDS in the next five years. On the world map, the countries where AIDS has been most recognized so far are shown in red. But it masks a great deal for in the central part of Africa, reporting is only beginning and we don't have a darker red for that area, which has got to come. In the United States, we are grateful to see that Iowa falls into the yellow category of States with the lowest occurrence of AIDS, at least so far. AIDS antibodies are recognized in blood. Started in Zaire, as long as since 1959. In many areas of central Africa in the urban areas, 15 to 20% of the adults have antibodies against AIDS. And that includes Uganda, Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zaire and Zambia. The incubation period is from less than one to 15 years, average eight to nine years. Thus from the time that young people become sexually active, they are going to be essentially out of college before AIDS would strike them. And as a very brilliant speaker said here one evening, fairly recently, when you go back to your fifth year anniversary, that will be the time that you will have a moment of silence for those who have died of AIDS. It principally attacks young males. In the categories of cases, by far the largest group are homosexual and bisexual men. I hope that no one is offended by this picture because it shows it as it is. And the second group are intravenous drug users rising rapidly in many areas of the developing country. 66 or more percent of the prostitutes are infected with AIDS. The haemophiliacs are a very tragic group. This man, a very well publicized family was a hemophiliac. And he got AIDS from blood transfusion before the time when, when tests were done, he infected his wife by natural intercourse. She infected the infant during natural childbirth and of that family, only the girl looking at her father is still living today. And perinatal infection of the innocent infants is a total tragedy. And we read that 6% of babies born in New York city today are infected. And in many areas of central Africa, that figure is greater than 25% of the infants that are born. Iowa has had a little over 122 cases now. This was as of the first of the year, and it shows that at least half of the counties have them. All of us should be very close to knowing someone who has or has died of AIDS. In the absence of the immune system, the body becomes susceptible to a very wide variety of diseases that would not cause us any harm and to a variety of types of cancers. And the first signs and symptoms are tiredness, loss of appetite, loss of weight, fever, chronic diarrhea, enlargement of the lymph nodes and becoming very thin. And then other conditions attack. And the campus is sarcoma, a blood filled tumor is one of these and is so frequent in persons who suffer from AIDS. And the quilt that has been put on display in Washington and in New York with 33,000 names of those who have died of AIDS on it. About one half of the total number of U.S cases. But it is in Africa that the great numbers of funerals are going to be taking place far more than the case here in the United States. And this father in Somalia is weeping at the grave of the seventh son that has died of AIDS in his family. And World Health Organization is entering into this disease control where they global program against AIDS. A worldwide effort will stop it. And indeed, that is the only thing that is going to stop it. Education is their principle emphasis at the present time and the recognition that it is indeed safe to visit those in the hospital with AIDS. That it will not be transmitted by this type of contact. In spite of pictures that we see like this suited up in Hong Kong to remove the body of a person who had died of AIDS. It is going to be a little game to us in the West. If we control AIDS, if the rest of the world is destabilized by it, it costs us presently about 50 to $60,000 per patient who dies of AIDS in this country. And in Kinshasa, Zaire with a fourth of the hospital beds, holding patients with AIDS, there is no way that that kind of money can be found. And if these countries are destabilized by AIDS, we are not going to have stability either. AIDS kills. And this publicity of the World Health Organization vividly identifies this. On the World Health Organization program, well emphasized prevention, care for the infected and coordination among the countries and the building of laboratories to test blood for the presence of antibodies as this one here in the Zambia. And perhaps the second most important quote that I have put up is that we learn in a time of pestilence, that there are more things to admire in man and I would say and in women than to despise. In 41 years, the World Health Organization has worked to achieve this goal and to recognize this. If only the nations of the world could take 10% of their money that they put into arms this year and put it into the World Health Organization, the additional stability and the additional control of the disease would add far more than 20% to the removal of disease. And if that were done year after year, until we reached zero in arms and 100% of that great budget going to World Health Organization, this cause of instability and death is one of the things that we dare to predict could be removed. And so at the end of looking at all of the things that World Health Organization is doing, we really should look at its headquarters, its nerve centers. There are seven, the main headquarters on your left there is in Geneva, Switzerland. This is the branch office, the regional office in Washington, DC. One of the five regional offices and time does not permit me to describe the immunization program of World Health Organization for immunizing children against the important diseases, which saves at least a million lives a year. The decade of safe water, the seeking that everyone should have safe water by the year 2000, the program in primary health care. All of these are a part of the emphasis and goals of the World Health Organization. I thank you. I thank you very much for coming. Especially for those who steward, believe me. I know how you feel because I also stand.\r\n\r\n- I'm so glad you are here. Just so glad you are here. I know that you recognize numerous of the art works that I included. Really glad you could come.\r\n\r\n- Thank you so much for coming.\r\n\r\n- And that daughter.\r\n\r\n- Oh, so nice, I'm so glad you'd be coming. So glad you'd coming again. Thank you very much.\r\n\r\n- Charles.\r\n\r\n- Oh, hi.\r\n\r\n- Anytime, anytime. I'm going to keep this stuff together.\r\n\r\n- Are you gonna be at the meeting in the morning?\r\n\r\n- I could be there tomorrow before the... I have so much teaching right now that is not gonna be really possible for me to be there in the morning. I'll be there probably tomorrow, you'll be there?\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Good. Excellent.\r\n\r\n- Oh yeah, yeah. And the answer is yes.\r\n\r\n- Once again, have a stare.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/40520/file/112180#t=0.0,1028.0751"}]}]}]}