{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/m901z42d70/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Mancy, Khalil Hasny, Global Water Resources"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["RS008-006-053 (call number)","AV203283 (UID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Global Water Resources is a November 15, 1982 event in the Iowa State University Lecture Series featuring Khalil Mancy. Khalil Mancy discusses the availability and use of water.","This item was captioned by Rev.com in conformance with WCAG 2.1 AA accessibility guidelines. 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Health.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=8.107,12.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He earned his Bachelor's Degree from The Cairo University","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=14.75,19.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Chemistry and Geology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=19.78,21.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Got his Diploma of Public Health and Water Resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=21.43,24.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Cairo he earned his masters and PhD in Environmental","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=24.18,29.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Health Sciences at Chapel Hill North Carolina","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=29.43,33.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and did postdoctoral work at Harvard University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=33.21,36.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he's currently a consultant on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=36.81,40.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a environmental impact study on the Nile river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=40.02,42.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And he's going to speak on global world resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=43.88,47.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"please welcome Khalil Nancy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=48.29,50.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applauding)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=51.571,53.988"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Testing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=65.55,67.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well ladies and gentlemen I'm indeed honored to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=67.01,71.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I was yesterday a guest at one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=72.67,77.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my colleagues Dr. Robert Bauman and I told him that one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=77.47,82.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first universities that I tried to get to enroll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=83.05,86.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in was in Iowa here Iowa State University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=86.06,90.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately at that time they didn't respond fast enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=90.78,95.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or destiny took me to North Carolina but it's a great honor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=95.31,100.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and privilege to have this opportunity to talk to you today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=100.95,104.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In my presentation I shall try to give you an overview","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=104.77,109.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the problem of water resources in the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=109.21,114.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with increasing population but I'm not the type that I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=114.85,119.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can speak about things without a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=119.83,124.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of specificity in them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=124.5,126.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I'm gonna give you a very specific points.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=128.78,131.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'll start my presentation by giving you an indication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=133.69,137.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how much the population of the world is increasing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=137.42,140.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then what are the problems with resources?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=141.58,145.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you hear me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=148.69,149.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what are the problems with resources in on the earth and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=151.23,156.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's available in terms of water and what's the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=160.47,164.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of water quality and how different nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=164.37,167.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are approaching that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=167.33,168.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I'm gonna give you a very specific example about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=170.11,174.108"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the river Nile in Egypt and I have been fortunate enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=174.108,179.108"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to conduct a seven year study sponsored by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=179.13,183.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Ford foundation and some other agencies to study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=183.19,186.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the management and the impact of hydraulic controls of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=186.91,191.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the river Nile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=191.84,192.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I'll conclude it with some views my personal views","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=194.07,199.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the whole thing in 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countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=205.65,208.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no doubt that the world's population is increasing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=210.45,213.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a very fast rate exponential rate as a matter of 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know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=222.37,224.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The curve shows that the word population is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=224.94,227.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an exponential phase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=227.13,228.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are increasing at a large at a large rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=229.74,234.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now anybody who has some biological background","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=236.37,240.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and count bacteria find that this after a while this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=240.21,244.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will tapers off and then something will happen that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=244.3,248.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole population will start decreasing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=248.31,250.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We haven't reached that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=250.77,252.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no doubt that this is causing strain a strain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=253.13,257.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on resources what are these resources?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=257.97,260.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The water resources in terms of availability and quality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=260.617,265.617"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atmospheric resources in terms of the quality of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=268.2,270.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the air hydrometeorology air quality et cetera et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=270.65,275.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And forestry energy resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=277.07,280.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today I'm going only talk about water resources per se.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=281.8,285.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And if we consider water we find that water is probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=286.59,290.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most abundant species of any chemical in the biosphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=290.43,295.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The biosphere is the is that portion of the earth that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=297.04,301.886"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is inhabited by biological species where life exists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=301.886,306.886"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a water exists in the form of a solid ice liquid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=309.49,314.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liquid water or gas like vapor and it circulates around.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=314.75,319.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leonardo da Vinci said that water is the machine of nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=319.5,324.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's the driving force of nature water evaporates goes up in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=324.83,328.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the air precipitates dissolve minerals goes back to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=328.86,333.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ocean and so on this very efficient hydraulic machine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=333.04,336.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"propels life on earth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=336.87,339.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem comes with the distribution of water as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=341.03,345.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a function of population density.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=345.48,347.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are certain areas of the earth that have populations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=347.91,352.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with very little water in certain areas have populations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=352.01,355.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with large water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=355.29,357.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's start with the slide projection please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=357.13,359.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And everybody sees that or you want it up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=367.461,370.878"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e a little bit maybe?\nYeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=372.17,373.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Then you raise it up a little bit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=374.98,376.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay on the axis I have the years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=378.03,381.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And on the ordinance the population in millions and you see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=386.56,391.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about nine actually 1975 the world's population was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=392.23,397.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 4 billion and by 2000 we would be about 6 billion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=397.06,402.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is what I meant by the exponential growth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=404.0,406.883"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=409.87,410.813"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct chatter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=413.963,417.046"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway let me continue while the screen is turned on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=432.54,437.226"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As you see here oh I'm taping I better talk to that thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=437.226,442.226"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The water evaporates from the surface of the ocean which is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=446.13,451.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 75% of 97% of the total water evaporation comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=451.42,456.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the ocean and then the evaporation some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=459.915,464.915"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it precipitated back on the ocean some of it is transported","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=465.92,470.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to earth where it forms rain and the rain falls on earth and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=470.17,475.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goes back to the ocean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=475.26,476.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these numbers are the amounts in terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=476.8,479.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of 1000 kilometers per year that means 412,000 kilometers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=479.997,484.997"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cubic kilometers of water per year on a global scale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=488.702,493.702"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what I meant by this machine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=498.4,501.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this evaporation condensation and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=501.14,504.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=504.4,505.423"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is a map of the world and those if you look at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=508.56,512.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the index at the lower left hand side you'll find that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=512.72,517.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the areas with the minimum precipitation those indicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=520.66,525.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by dashes are the deserts the Sahara desert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=527.48,532.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Kalahari desert in Southern Africa the major portion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=532.03,537.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Australia and central part of the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=538.05,542.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some parts of South Southern America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=542.15,544.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so there's a distribution of rainfall 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=941.21,942.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this slide is a little bit too much information but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=944.587,948.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you look at the lower part of the slide you'll 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look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=960.8,965.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the percentage of total population served and this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=969.0,974.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is distributed urban rural and total.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=976.01,981.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's take the total figure in the lower part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=981.87,984.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the lower table.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=984.74,986.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We find that in 1970 was 27 1975 it was 33 and the 1980","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=986.14,991.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it went back to 25 and the message I want to give in 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1023.58,1024.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On a global scale the water available or in use actually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1029.5,1034.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For agriculture domestic and industrial purposes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1041.08,1045.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and mining et cetera estimated in 1967 and projected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1045.42,1050.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for 2000 is shown in this figure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1052.96,1057.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And now I'd like to go to the right hand column and look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1058.39,1061.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at percent only this probably would be much 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3%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1080.38,1084.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for like livestock 1% for rural domestic purposes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1084.817,1089.817"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and four for the urban domestic purposes 22","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1090.49,1094.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for industry and mining.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1094.48,1095.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the year 2000 the estimates are 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there's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1139.56,1143.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no doubt about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1143.27,1144.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand the only salvation is that we 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1159.77,1160.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now this is my message about the quantity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1164.21,1168.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fresh water 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countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1176.49,1181.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and less developed countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1181.11,1182.673"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we are facing another question about water 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affluence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1201.308,1206.308"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or effluents from sewage and domestic water use or effluent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1208.07,1212.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from industries as well as erosion goes 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globe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1270.32,1273.763"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1276.24,1277.203"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are some of the typical substances associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1280.04,1282.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with contaminants in water?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1282.82,1287.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you look at this table we find they can be 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chemicals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1301.03,1304.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pesticides metals they can form such chemicals like nitrates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1304.85,1309.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"phosphates et cetera.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1310.724,1312.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From industrial origin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1313.81,1316.863"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you focus that please a little bit or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1317.97,1319.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not seeing it right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1319.8,1321.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a very wide range of organic substances that 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constantly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1339.21,1341.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we are reusing our water even not on a global scale on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1343.87,1348.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a national 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four","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1355.81,1360.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be used at least.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1361.16,1363.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so water use is essentially going on that 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is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1371.43,1373.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same kind of water that during Cleopatra","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1373.92,1378.292"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or whatever has been going around it's just evaporates goes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1378.292,1382.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up the back to the sea and evaporates go out some of it in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1382.29,1385.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the river that we use.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1385.77,1387.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the concept of water use and the quality the material","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1387.65,1391.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in it is the point that I'd like to make now that water use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1391.18,1396.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a common practice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1398.43,1400.453"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1401.52,1402.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of these chemicals that we introduce in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1406.04,1408.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the aquatic environment tend to accumulate in a manner 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1468.88,1469.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other main source of water available to us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1474.18,1477.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is groundwater we don't get all our water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1477.86,1480.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from surface origin like lakes or reservoir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1480.61,1485.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And areas of heavy precipitation allows water to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1485.42,1490.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go into aquifer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1490.4,1491.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Aquifer are more permeable strutter surrounded by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1492.63,1497.447"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less permeable regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1498.43,1501.103"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then you can get these wells they come under 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aquifer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1512.88,1515.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1517.03,1518.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they say that the water there 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1548.77,1549.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in this slide I'm illustrating the sources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1553.61,1556.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of contamination in underground water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1556.18,1558.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the source of contamination can be when you spread","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1561.93,1565.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the land fertilizers are pesticides they can 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not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1580.83,1585.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only land surface irrigation or agricultural practices","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1587.33,1592.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also landfill sanitary landfills and Hazardous 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chemicals?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1605.72,1607.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've dumped them in the ground right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1608.16,1611.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We I mean there are certain places in some parts of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1611.07,1616.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States where drums of chemicals have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1616.71,1619.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buried and they corrode and the chemical leaches out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1619.28,1624.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sips and then gets in the ground water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1624.15,1626.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and people downstream and this aquifer get the 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waste","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1633.38,1637.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a waste product from chemical industry primarily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1637.87,1640.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1643.07,1643.903"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oh this is just a list of some of these chemicals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1646.66,1648.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1648.96,1649.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the for this reason there has been a major program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1653.86,1658.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States for control of hazardous waste and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1658.35,1661.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the management of groundwater resources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1661.76,1666.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The fresh ground water use in the United 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controlling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1815.41,1820.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the environment that's the middle compartment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1820.22,1825.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or controlling the 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air.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1880.98,1882.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's a lot of lead in air you know that in each gallon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1883.96,1886.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of gasoline we have about two grams of lead and that 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gallon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1894.31,1898.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to about 0.3 that's the leaded gas of course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1898.1,1903.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the unleaded gas is only phenomenon the United 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1911.496,1912.853"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In international concept we find that the environment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1915.35,1920.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is certainly one environment as far as earth is concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1921.24,1926.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And national pollution control strategies should","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=1927.81,1932.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be coordinated with the neighboring country should 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it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2201.81,2206.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Brazil and Paraguay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2206.42,2207.833"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2216.61,2220.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was just there about six weeks ago and that is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2220.48,2223.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Paraná River at the test frontier which is the frontier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2223.66,2228.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Argentina Brazil and Paraguay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2231.16,2235.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide it's a magnificent river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2236.38,2238.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the bridge between Paraguay and Brazil it's called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2239.78,2244.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Friendship Bridge North of Iguaçu Falls.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2245.677,2249.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2249.87,2250.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's the diversion of the 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mountain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2262.32,2267.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of concrete they are blocking the river and I've never seen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2267.26,2271.807"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2273.63,2275.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's about 100 million kilowatt hour per year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2275.0,2278.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's like what the whole state of Michigan utilizes annually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2278.41,2282.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for power that's after it develops.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2282.16,2285.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2285.7,2286.733"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a picture of the reservoir just before filling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2288.13,2291.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2291.48,2292.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This show the size of the tunnels that bring water to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2296.5,2300.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the power station and people that look like small insects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2300.13,2305.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2307.17,2308.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there are huge man-made interventions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2308.77,2312.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for hydropower generation in Itaipu the time magazine came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2312.54,2316.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with an article last week I think showing that Itaipu","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2316.36,2319.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start filling and what happened exactly is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2319.02,2321.95"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Brazilian just blocked the river.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2321.95,2323.923"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for 12 days to fill the reservoir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2326.4,2330.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now there are tremendous ecological ramifications for that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2330.72,2335.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2338.61,2339.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My example that I'd like to speak be more specific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2341.27,2345.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about is the River Nile which is backward.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2345.42,2348.962"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2348.962,2350.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you rotate the slide?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2350.82,2353.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Don't turn upside down just rotate it please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2353.5,2355.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the Nile is the longest river in the world it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2361.16,2365.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 6,800 kilometers it originates from...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2365.0,2369.717"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The ancient Egyptians thought it originates from heaven","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2370.76,2374.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know for any Egyptian that is a very logic origin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2374.26,2378.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Nile because it is the life of Egypt the juggler vein","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2378.01,2383.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2383.14,2383.973"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct 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Nile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2431.14,2432.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Burundi and Rwanda these two little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2432.49,2435.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small countries this Lake Victoria actually the origin of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2435.25,2440.25"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Nile has been identified by...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2443.09,2445.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct 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swamp","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2456.09,2461.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which loses about half of it's water by evaporation but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2462.53,2466.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it goes North into the White Nile and joins the blue 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together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2475.31,2477.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they formed the main Nile and the main travels North into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2477.86,2482.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the desert the Sahara Desert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2483.07,2486.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only river that goes through three climatic regions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2486.12,2490.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The tropical subtropical and desert environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2490.74,2495.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are three or more countries that share the Nile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2500.042,2503.263"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tanzania Rwanda Burundi Kenya Democratic Congo Republic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2506.414,2511.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ethiopia and it's only Sudan and Egypt that that are the net","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2511.19,2516.19"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"users of water the rest of these countries that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2517.94,2522.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've mentioned have a lot of rainfall these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2522.31,2525.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are watershed areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2525.08,2526.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now in context of there's a lot of projects here that have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2528.81,2533.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been conducted on the Nile the most...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2538.63,2541.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do I have the how much time do I have?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2543.36,2545.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(indistinct chatter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2548.689,2552.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now the British in the 1800 when they were in charge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2552.34,2557.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Egypt or they occupied Egypt they were very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2562.16,2565.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much concerned about the safety of Egypt as the main route","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2565.97,2570.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to India accordingly they were very much concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2570.1,2574.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the Nile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2574.26,2576.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they start moving from Egypt South they occupied Sudan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2576.62,2580.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and from Sudan South they occupied well they gone down sown.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2580.38,2584.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they used very good they conducted very good studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2585.53,2590.22"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the hydrology of the Nile and that's our main source","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2590.22,2593.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of information about the hydrology of the Nile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2593.26,2596.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before that history tells us that some pharaohs or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2596.26,2600.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some ancient Egyptians constructed dams but the record is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2600.0,2603.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not very clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2603.7,2605.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most continuous record is about maybe from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2605.68,2610.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early 1800 or from Napoleon's trip to Egypt and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2611.41,2616.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Description de L'Egypt where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2617.52,2619.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he accumulated this information.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2619.59,2621.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the British did construct a lot of dams on the Nile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2624.22,2627.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to regulate the river flow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2627.31,2628.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2633.05,2634.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in this we can see the two branches of the Nile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2635.87,2640.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all sources of Nile the White Nile and the Blue Nile.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2643.97,2648.221"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the White Nile if you look from the beginning and see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2648.221,2653.221"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Kagera River Lake Victoria Lake Albert then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2655.27,2658.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the White Nile and then you can see the elevation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2658.48,2661.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Lake Tana in Ethiopia and then the blue Nile and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2661.7,2665.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they join into Khartoum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2665.08,2667.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So these are elevations and these are distances and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2667.84,2671.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Nile goes downhill by gravity all the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2671.66,2675.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Mediterranean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2675.57,2677.478"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is the Mediterranean this part here is Egypt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2677.478,2682.015"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that part here Sudan and Ethiopia up to here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2682.015,2687.015"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2687.847,2689.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that is one high dam which I'll talk about in a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2689.83,2694.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=2694.38,2695.563"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21247/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/247/original/AV203283_Global_Water_Resources_a.vtt?1608542159","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/247/original/AV203283_Global_Water_Resources_a.vtt?1608542159"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21248","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203283_Global_Water_Resources_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481/transcript/21248/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- [Announcer] University of Michigan he's a Environmental Chemist at the School of Public Health. He earned his Bachelor's Degree from The Cairo University in Chemistry and Geology. Got his Diploma of Public Health and Water Resources at Cairo he earned his masters and PhD in Environmental and Health Sciences at Chapel Hill North Carolina and did postdoctoral work at Harvard University. And he's currently a consultant on a environmental impact study on the Nile river. And he's going to speak on global world resources please welcome Khalil Nancy.\r\n\r\n- Testing. Well ladies and gentlemen I'm indeed honored to be here. And I was yesterday a guest at one of my colleagues Dr. Robert Bauman and I told him that one of the first universities that I tried to get to enroll in was in Iowa here Iowa State University. Unfortunately at that time they didn't respond fast enough or destiny took me to North Carolina but it's a great honor and privilege to have this opportunity to talk to you today. In my presentation I shall try to give you an overview of the problem of water resources in the world with increasing population but I'm not the type that I can speak about things without a little bit of specificity in them. So I'm gonna give you a very specific points. I'll start my presentation by giving you an indication of how much the population of the world is increasing. Then what are the problems with resources? Can you hear me? And what are the problems with resources in on the earth and what's available in terms of water and what's the problem of water quality and how different nations are approaching that. Then I'm gonna give you a very specific example about the river Nile in Egypt and I have been fortunate enough to conduct a seven year study sponsored by the Ford foundation and some other agencies to study the management and the impact of hydraulic controls of the river Nile. And then I'll conclude it with some views my personal views about the whole thing in context of North South confrontation meaningly I guess, developed vis-à-vis less developed countries. There's no doubt that the world's population is increasing at a very fast rate exponential rate as a matter of fact and I'll show you a curve that if you notice that I just don't want to turn the projector on and off you know? The curve shows that the word population is an exponential phase. We are increasing at a large at a large rate. Now anybody who has some biological background and count bacteria find that this after a while this will tapers off and then something will happen that the whole population will start decreasing. We haven't reached that. There's no doubt that this is causing strain a strain on resources what are these resources? The water resources in terms of availability and quality. Atmospheric resources in terms of the quality of the air hydrometeorology air quality et cetera et cetera. And forestry energy resources. Today I'm going only talk about water resources per se. And if we consider water we find that water is probably the most abundant species of any chemical in the biosphere. The biosphere is the is that portion of the earth that is inhabited by biological species where life exists. It's a water exists in the form of a solid ice liquid, liquid water or gas like vapor and it circulates around. Leonardo da Vinci said that water is the machine of nature. It's the driving force of nature water evaporates goes up in the air precipitates dissolve minerals goes back to the ocean and so on this very efficient hydraulic machine, propels life on earth. The problem comes with the distribution of water as a function of population density. There are certain areas of the earth that have populations with very little water in certain areas have populations with large water. Let's start with the slide projection please. And everybody sees that or you want it up a little bit maybe?\r\n\r\n- Yeah.\r\n\r\n- Then you raise it up a little bit. Okay on the axis I have the years. And on the ordinance the population in millions and you see about nine actually 1975 the world's population was about 4 billion and by 2000 we would be about 6 billion. So this is what I meant by the exponential growth. Next slide please. Anyway let me continue while the screen is turned on. As you see here oh I'm taping I better talk to that thing. The water evaporates from the surface of the ocean which is about 75% of 97% of the total water evaporation comes from the ocean and then the evaporation some of it precipitated back on the ocean some of it is transported to earth where it forms rain and the rain falls on earth and goes back to the ocean. And these numbers are the amounts in terms of 1000 kilometers per year that means 412,000 kilometers, cubic kilometers of water per year on a global scale. That's what I meant by this machine this evaporation condensation and so on. Next slide please. Now this is a map of the world and those if you look at the index at the lower left hand side you'll find that the areas with the minimum precipitation those indicated by dashes are the deserts the Sahara desert the Kalahari desert in Southern Africa the major portion of Australia and central part of the United States and some parts of South Southern America. And so there's a distribution of rainfall anyway and the message that I'd like to give that the distribution of water fresh water is very varies all over the place. How much fresh water we have? We have about four multiplied by 10 to the 15 cubic meter of fresh water all over the globe. 75% of that is found in the polar ice caps and glaciers. 75% of the fresh water available on earth is found in the ice caps and glaciers about 25% of fresh water is in the ground we call it groundwater some of it is closer by nearby Some of it way deep. Lakes fresh water lakes form 0.3% of the total and the moisture in soil is about 0.06%. And the atmosphere is about 0.03%. And the major rivers and streams on the earth constitute a meager portion of about 0.03%. That gives you an idea of the distribution of freshwater we have on earth. Fresh water is an essential ingredient of life. And you'll find just by looking at the map where there is a lot of rain and adequate temperature for biological production. We have massive forestry and massive biological Production. And this is indicated next slide please. On this slide I have a distribution of some of the countries that utilize different portions of their water resources. Countries using less than 5% of the total quantity of water available for particular countries include Albania or Austria Finland and so on. Countries using between five to 10% are some European countries including UK and USSR countries using between 10 to 20 she goes to the France Greece and so on. Countries using over 20% and that's very strenuous level. Bulgaria Cyprus East Germany Hungry and Malta. Next slide please. Now the larger the amount of precipitation at temperatures where there is possibility of biological life the larger the intensity and the magnitude of that biological life. In this table I'm just showing an illustration of the distribution of productivity. Primary productivity is the formation of of plant the fixation of carbon dioxide and formation of plant, plant production if you'd like to call it. And the zones indicated are the desert side of the Sahel zone is the Sahel zone is a band in the just North of Equatorial Africa very arid part of the world. And this has been studied and you find that where the annual rain precipitation if it increases the primary productivity or plant production also increases. Not only that the number of cattle per unit area also increases very elementary I agree everybody knows it but at least there is a direct proportionality between availability of fresh water and life density and quantity of biological life. Next slide please. Now water fresh water is used for different purposes from domestic water supply for household as well as municipal use to irrigation hydro-power generation navigation recreation et cetera et cetera. And a distribution of the kind of different uses categorized in municipal rural water supply agriculture water use and industrial water use for different countries is indicated in this table. Now for the table indicates the total use in cubic meter per capita the country like India for example use 600 cubic meter per capita United States use 2300 cubic meter of fresh water per capita. Remember that's for all uses. The distribution is also interesting look at the column that indicates municipal versus misspelled domestic use versus agriculture and industry. In India for example for municipal and other use it's 3% of that water is used for municipal industrial use 96% for agriculture and 1% for industry contrast this with the United States 10% for municipal use 42% for agriculture and 48 for industry. This give us a contrast between a developing country like India and the pattern of water use vis-à-vis water use in a more developed country like the United States. In between full different countries as indicated in this table. Next slide please. Now this slide is a little bit too much information but if you look at the lower part of the slide you'll find that the estimated service coverage for sanitation in developing countries between 1970 and 1980 look at the percentage of total population served and this is distributed urban rural and total. Let's take the total figure in the lower part of the lower table. We find that in 1970 was 27 1975 it was 33 and the 1980 it went back to 25 and the message I want to give in that that as we go along we find that the developing countries things are not really improving as a matter of fact with the population increase the availability of water for sanitation is getting less. And that table shows that. The population pressure in developing countries is making it less making water for sanitation purposes. Next slide please. On a global scale the water available or in use actually. For agriculture domestic and industrial purposes and mining et cetera estimated in 1967 and projected for 2000 is shown in this figure. And now I'd like to go to the right hand column and look at percent only this probably would be much easier. 1967 70% of water for agriculture 70% of total water available was used for irrigation purposes 3% for like livestock 1% for rural domestic purposes and four for the urban domestic purposes 22 for industry and mining. In the year 2000 the estimates are different for irrigation purposes it went from 70 to 51 livestock from three to two and the other variation industry and mining went from 22 to 41. We have to realize that the main water fresh water use nowadays is for irrigation purposes on a global scale. And if we would like to think that based on current practices we're going to be able to provide more agriculture expansion more food for increasing population. Then availability of fresh water will be limiting there's no doubt about it. On the other hand the only salvation is that we have more efficient technology of agricultural production that utilizes less water than existing technology which requires that huge amount of fresh water. Next slide please. Now this is my message about the quantity of fresh water available. We have seen where it's distributed on earth some of the typical uses contrasted between developed countries and less developed countries. Now we are facing another question about water quality and this is more intense of a problem in more industrialized nations of the world. And this diagram here shows the cycle of matter and energy in an aquatic system agricultural pro affluence or effluents from sewage and domestic water use or effluent from industries as well as erosion goes into the aquatic system as inputs on the left side of the screen. This input mass of runoff whatever will go into solution some of it will settle at the bottom of that water body call it a lake or a reservoir and then it will be consumed in part by plants and fishes. And some of the birds will feed in it. Now this input will change the quality of the water and we may find that the water quality we have fresh water but in other quality that's not suitable for a specific use. Accordingly the question of water quality has become very important in the last four or five decades and it became limiting in certain situations in the globe. Next slide please. What are some of the typical substances associated with contaminants in water? If you look at this table we find they can be classified as dissolved or suspended for from domestic origin can be organic waste detergent pharmaceuticals chemicals pesticides metals they can form such chemicals like nitrates phosphates et cetera. From industrial origin. Can you focus that please a little bit or I'm not seeing it right? There's a very wide range of organic substances that gets into the aquatic system and certainly from agriculture product products. Now I would like you to know that the water available on earth is being reused constantly. And we are reusing our water even not on a global scale on a national scale. If you look at any river like the Ohio river by the time the Ohio river reaches Cincinnati one glass of water in four would be used at least. And so water use is essentially going on that means the water is used and goes back to the river. And certainly all the water that we are using now is the same kind of water that during Cleopatra or whatever has been going around it's just evaporates goes up the back to the sea and evaporates go out some of it in the river that we use. So the concept of water use and the quality the material in it is the point that I'd like to make now that water use is a common practice. Next slide please. Some of these chemicals that we introduce in the aquatic environment tend to accumulate in a manner that we call it bio accumulation one of these chemicals that has become very famous it's called PCB. And this shows the level and sea water less than 0.01 microgram per kilogram. And this level increases as you go up in the biological scale. So we find that more chemicals are found in the plankton more chemicals are found in fishes and more chemicals are found in birds and ultimately the birds will die. And that's the demise of the bald Eagle or some of the bird population in some parts of the world. Next slide please. The other main source of water available to us is groundwater we don't get all our water from surface origin like lakes or reservoir. And areas of heavy precipitation allows water to go into aquifer. Aquifer are more permeable strutter surrounded by less permeable regions. And then you can get these wells they come under pressure they are called artesian wells. A lot of irrigation is done from underground sources and so on. Another Sahara desert of Egypt is one of the oldest aquifer in the world. And they say that the water there is about 5,000 10,000 years old you know so it's fossil water if I may say. Now even that resource underground water that you may think it's a safe from pollution has become a source of concern recently. And nowadays we have a very intensive program to look into pollution of groundwater. Next slide please. So in this slide I'm illustrating the sources of contamination in underground water. And the source of contamination can be when you spread on the land fertilizers are pesticides they can percolate. Either insipid or cracks or conceived through and ultimately find a way into the artesian aquifer this not only land surface irrigation or agricultural practices but also landfill sanitary landfills and Hazardous waste that has become a nightmare in the United States where we put these chemicals? We've dumped them in the ground right? We I mean there are certain places in some parts of the United States where drums of chemicals have been buried and they corrode and the chemical leaches out and sips and then gets in the ground water and people downstream and this aquifer get the water and they get sick right? And this is the problem of some of the hazardous waste which is a waste product from chemical industry primarily. Next slide. Oh this is just a list of some of these chemicals. Next slide please. Now the for this reason there has been a major program in the United States for control of hazardous waste and the management of groundwater resources. The fresh ground water use in the United States is illustrated in this table. And we see that we really depend a great deal on ground water for use either public supplies, rural supplies irrigation or industry. And this table shows from 1950 to 1970 control cost and of course as you increase the pollution abatement percent the cost will be very expensive. The control cost at a 100% the control cost is very high 100% pollution abatement. At 0% pollution abatement the control cost is very low nothing and the idea here is try to balance the damage cost versus the control cost and find a point in the middle indicated by X where you can have a trade-off between damage cost and control cost. Next slide please. Water sources management programs is a very extensive type of an operation that requires people of different kinds. It took why as the water resource engineers who plans utilization and they takes charge of the construction and manage the works. The choirs the hydrologist who supplies data concerning resources forecast the effects of planned intervention. A planned intervention is like constructing a dam on the river. Those up an operational forecast it requires the environmentalist who is concerned and checks to see that no undesirable change will be made to the environment and that's probably the most difficult and unquantitative task relatively speaking these days. Next slide please. I just wanted to illustrate here that our controls nowadays are based on controlling the source which would be on the left-hand side of this slide controlling the environment that's the middle compartment or controlling the target. And the target can be the human being and forest and lake or whatever. How we control the source and pollution abatement technology to control the emission of contaminants from the source. That's how we have emission controls on automobiles are from stacks from industry and so on. Controlling the environment we say that the ambient the concentration of air quality should not be of a given contaminant in there should not be higher than a certain level or the concentration of a contaminant the water we drink should not be higher at a given level and that's the control of the environment. The control of the target is how much led you consume by breathing air. There's a lot of lead in air you know that in each gallon of gasoline we have about two grams of lead and that lead is omitted in the atmosphere. EPA now is trying to decrease it from two grams per gallon to about 0.3 that's the leaded gas of course. And the unleaded gas is only phenomenon the United States the rest of the world uses leaded gasoline. Next slide please. In international concept we find that the environment is certainly one environment as far as earth is concerned. And national pollution control strategies should be coordinated with the neighboring country should be either regional or global in the sense. Which is very difficult and more idealistic in most cases. And this frame here is something about the national pollution cycle in terms of that let's say we have air pollution water pollution and some of these pollutants go into a sink as can be the bottom of the lake or soil. So there is a mission and goes into the air and the water and back to the sink. But there's something coming from outside the country, air mass is moving from outside the country are bringing contaminants. Rivers originating from outside the country are bringing contaminants and so on. And this country this frame here is also exporting contaminants to it downstream country. Downstream in terms of air mass movement or river movement. Very few countries in the world have been able to collaborate in environmental quality control programs. However, a number of countries have coordinated their efforts for river management and schemes like the Danube in spite that the Danube cuts between East and West Europe you know? Like the Grind River. These are two examples of riparian countries that develop joint commissions to control and manage the river resources the Danube and the Grind in Europe. Next slide please. Some of the major water sources management schemes of the world is the for example what's happening in the West here. The solid lines reflect canals that have been dug to bring water from the... And this brings a lot of masses of water from the Colorado River and from the San Joaquin River and from region in the third aqueduct here in the middle. Next slide please. In India there are huge water management schemes. And India has a very strange situation because availability of water is dependent on the monsoon and the monsoon rain situation varies dramatically from one year to another next slide please. Next slide please. Now this is South America and South America is a continent endowed with huge amount of water. The two main river basin in the Amazon River and the Paraná River basin. And the Paraná that river that starts in Southern Brazil goes into Paraguay Uruguay and Argentina has been subject to major man-made interventions recently. For the purpose of no more than hydro-power generation a country like Brazil doesn't have oil. So where are they gonna get their energy from? They develop procedures to get gasohol you know? Gasohol is a procedure of fermenting plants and get sort of alcohol we have it here in this country. They have done that but one clean source is to generate hydro power by erecting dams. And one of the largest dams in the world have just been erected and filling up it's called Itaipu and it's between Brazil and Paraguay. And next slide please. I was just there about six weeks ago and that is the Paraná River at the test frontier which is the frontier between Argentina Brazil and Paraguay. Next slide it's a magnificent river. This is the bridge between Paraguay and Brazil it's called the Friendship Bridge North of Iguaçu Falls. Next slide. And that's the diversion of the river. This dike is manmade dike next slide. And that is a mountain of concrete literally a mountain of concrete they are blocking the river and I've never seen anything like that. It's about 100 million kilowatt hour per year. It's like what the whole state of Michigan utilizes annually for power that's after it develops. Next slide please. This is a picture of the reservoir just before filling. Next slide. This show the size of the tunnels that bring water to the power station and people that look like small insects things like that. So there are huge man-made interventions for hydropower generation in Itaipu the time magazine came with an article last week I think showing that Itaipu start filling and what happened exactly is that the Brazilian just blocked the river. And for 12 days to fill the reservoir. Now there are tremendous ecological ramifications for that Next slide please. My example that I'd like to speak be more specific about is the River Nile which is backward.\r\n\r\n- Can you rotate the slide? Don't turn upside down just rotate it please. Now the Nile is the longest river in the world it's about 6,800 kilometers it originates from... The ancient Egyptians thought it originates from heaven you know for any Egyptian that is a very logic origin of the Nile because it is the life of Egypt the juggler vein of the country. Okay now the Nile originates here that's the source of the Nile. And Burundi and Rwanda these two little small countries this Lake Victoria actually the origin of the Nile has been identified by...\r\n\r\n- The Nile goes into a very long trip by the time it goes into this area it cuts your swamp called the Sudd swamp which loses about half of it's water by evaporation but it goes North into the White Nile and joins the blue Nile which originates in this Eastern Ethiopian plateau very heavy water shed area and together they formed the main Nile and the main travels North into the desert the Sahara Desert. The only river that goes through three climatic regions. The tropical subtropical and desert environment. There are three or more countries that share the Nile. Tanzania Rwanda Burundi Kenya Democratic Congo Republic, Ethiopia and it's only Sudan and Egypt that that are the net users of water the rest of these countries that I've mentioned have a lot of rainfall these are watershed areas. Now in context of there's a lot of projects here that have been conducted on the Nile the most... Do I have the how much time do I have? Now the British in the 1800 when they were in charge of Egypt or they occupied Egypt they were very much concerned about the safety of Egypt as the main route to India accordingly they were very much concerned about the Nile. So they start moving from Egypt South they occupied Sudan and from Sudan South they occupied well they gone down sown. And they used very good they conducted very good studies about the hydrology of the Nile and that's our main source of information about the hydrology of the Nile. Before that history tells us that some pharaohs or some ancient Egyptians constructed dams but the record is not very clear. The most continuous record is about maybe from the early 1800 or from Napoleon's trip to Egypt and the Description de L'Egypt where he accumulated this information. So the British did construct a lot of dams on the Nile to regulate the river flow. Next slide please. And in this we can see the two branches of the Nile all sources of Nile the White Nile and the Blue Nile. And the White Nile if you look from the beginning and see the Kagera River Lake Victoria Lake Albert then the White Nile and then you can see the elevation of Lake Tana in Ethiopia and then the blue Nile and they join into Khartoum. So these are elevations and these are distances and the Nile goes downhill by gravity all the way to the Mediterranean. And that is the Mediterranean this part here is Egypt that part here Sudan and Ethiopia up to here something like that. And that is one high dam which I'll talk about in a minute. Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103481#t=0.0,2701.06122"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV203283_Global_Water_Resources_b.mp3"]},"duration":1454.94204,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/103/482/small/lecture.png?1608542162","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/103/482/original/AV203283_Global_Water_Resources_b.mp3?1608542162","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1454.94204,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203283_Global_Water_Resources_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Now take a country like Egypt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=7.31,9.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is 90% desert, 3% cultivated land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=9.21,14.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a remote sensing picture of Egypt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=17.0,19.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The red indicates cultivable land","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=19.68,23.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the rest is barren desert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=23.44,25.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And 95% of the people of Egypt now, 42 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=27.53,32.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the total population of Egypt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=33.03,35.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"95% of that live on that 3% of Greenland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=35.27,40.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why the distribution here is very unique.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=43.76,48.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And what is the limiting factor in this distribution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=49.19,52.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is freshwater.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=52.54,53.373"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Egypt essentially is a riverine oasis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=55.04,58.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Sahara desert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=58.88,60.083"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And throughout history,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=60.92,62.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can record that all the way through ages.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=63.61,68.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We find that the river has been the main influencing factor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=68.15,73.15"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all aspects of life in Egypt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=74.15,76.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Availability of water meant prosperity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=76.26,79.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lack of water meant famine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=79.43,81.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Too much water meant destruction of properties and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=81.8,85.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was very important for Egypt in the recent recent years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=88.12,92.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the turn of the century to look more seriously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=93.55,96.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for controlling its water resources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=96.2,98.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to have a more stable economy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=98.06,100.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=103.49,104.503"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the total area of Egypt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=106.09,108.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 1 million square kilometer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=108.51,110.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The cultivable land is about 2.8%.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=110.4,112.493"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The desert is about 97%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=113.54,116.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and inland water is 0.7%. approximately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=116.65,120.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=120.29,121.233"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Desert environment, one source of water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=124.4,128.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And interestingly enough,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=129.35,130.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that water comes from outside the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=130.86,133.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that water also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=135.34,137.14"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Egypt is located at the most downstream 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strip","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=162.74,165.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of cultivated land and the Sahara desert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=165.1,169.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the farmers who just cultivate this narrow 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dramatically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=180.7,183.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and trying to stop the movement of the sand dunes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=184.74,189.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's a struggle between the 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=197.72,198.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a picture of an urban area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=200.4,203.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And again, the very sharp line that divides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=203.9,207.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on one side would be the Greenland on the other side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=208.89,211.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the desert is very clear here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=211.26,213.403"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=214.26,215.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What's unique about the river Nile?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=217.41,219.163"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The river Nile more than any other river in the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=221.46,224.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a very unpredictable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=224.0,226.023"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the abscissas of this curve,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=227.15,228.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had the months of the year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=228.66,230.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the ordinate is the discharge per day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=230.94,234.747"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of millions cubic meters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=238.32,240.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And two main points I'd like to bring to your attention now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=244.64,248.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That it varies from one year to another dramatically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=249.84,253.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Look at 1972 and 1878, for example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=254.44,259.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1878 was a devastating flood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=261.51,264.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1972, if the Aswan Dam was not there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=264.77,269.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it could have been a very droughty year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=269.27,272.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there have been a lot of starvation in Egypt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=272.27,274.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another point is that 80% of the amount of water comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=277.84,282.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right here, in two months or three months period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=284.92,287.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In two months, period, that's the flood period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=291.91,295.133"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And once this huge amount of water that comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=296.17,299.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the flood period comes down the river,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=299.97,302.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all gates are open of dams","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=302.81,305.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the water gushes all the way through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=306.39,308.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and finally reaches the Mediterranean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=308.91,310.943"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Egyptian just sit there and see this nice, valuable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=313.13,316.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fresh water going into the Mediterranean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=316.76,318.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=319.8,320.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So they build Aswan High Dam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=322.3,324.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"More than any dam in the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=324.55,326.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the construction of the Aswan High Dam has been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=326.21,328.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very controversial for several reasons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=328.71,331.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First, the timing that it was built.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=333.42,337.053"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a time when there had been a lot of strain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=339.09,342.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political situation in the middle East","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=342.74,344.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Egypt and Israel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=344.75,346.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the pressure between East and West,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=346.66,349.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, USSR vis-a-vis the United 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dam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=358.47,360.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's Aswan High Dam at the site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=360.92,363.34"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it was, the feasibility study was actually funded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=363.34,367.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the United States and Britain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=367.42,369.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And because of the politics in the middle East,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=369.63,374.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as the confrontation between the East and West","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=374.46,377.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that time, ultimately the dam was built by the Russians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=377.88,382.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that time, the movement of environmental protection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=384.44,389.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the start of the awareness of the quality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=389.55,393.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the environment was just picking up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=393.61,396.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These days we used to call them Earth days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=396.16,398.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know how many people here remember Earth days,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=398.29,401.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about maybe 15 years ago, where sit-ins and sod.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=401.8,406.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the Aswan High Dam became a symbol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=406.49,410.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of man-made interventions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=410.5,412.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was picked upon as a real ecological disaster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=412.75,416.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, whether it is an ecological disaster or not,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=423.66,426.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is an outstanding engineering achievement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=426.45,428.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It just happened that the Russians can build good dams","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=428.96,433.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they have been doing that consistently in Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=433.13,436.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=437.92,438.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(student coughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=440.052,442.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then this slide I'm just showing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=442.21,443.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the structure of the dam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=443.54,444.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=444.5,445.463"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A huge amount of water flowing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=447.33,449.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the hydro-power station.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=449.21,450.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=450.76,451.593"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the Aswan reservoir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=453.33,455.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's about 5,000 square kilometers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=455.29,457.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it looks like Lake Powell here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=458.72,462.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Lake Mead and the same sandstone formation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=462.83,467.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the Navajo sandstone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=467.5,469.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=469.33,470.363"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These are some of the wildlife associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=472.84,475.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the reservoir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=475.7,476.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=476.72,477.553"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is the monument that was erected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=479.52,481.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the site of the construction of that dam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=483.02,486.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=486.09,487.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, if we developed such super dam, there are some gains","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=489.05,494.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are some trade-off for these gains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=496.65,501.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These will be damages in terms of river use alterations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=501.42,506.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ecosystem alterations or human implications.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=509.7,513.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in the next few minutes, I'd like to review","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=513.85,517.0"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with you the gains and the losses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=517.0,519.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and try to come up with a balance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=519.65,521.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on how we can assess both of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=521.81,526.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of the general economic development of the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=527.27,530.843"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=532.81,533.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The construction of the dam is basically new technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=537.881,542.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the hydro-power generation required.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=543.82,546.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The development of an electrification network.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=548.29,553.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Water storage is a new technology by itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=554.32,557.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"River flow control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=557.57,559.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=559.8,560.633"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The availability of these resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=564.53,566.663"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"power, hydro-power and fresh water were the main ingredients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=568.79,573.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for creation of industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=574.14,576.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Industry like fertilizer industry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=576.58,578.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aluminum industry and the main ingredients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=578.61,581.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for agricultural expansion programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=581.81,585.253"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's why Egypt did construct","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=586.95,589.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Aswan High Dam to get more water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=589.88,592.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to expand the agricultural land,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=592.3,595.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to relieve the population pressure from the Delta,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=595.48,599.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=599.12,599.953"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=599.953,600.786"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there has been also the flood protection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=604.35,607.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the drought 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Brazil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=624.12,628.09"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at least in Egypt it provides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=628.09,630.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 60% of the total country's electrical 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existing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=863.33,868.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There also some nomads and fishermen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=870.77,872.993"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these Nubians were told that they have to 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=928.27,930.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the salvation of that temple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=930.31,932.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where it's 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slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=942.36,943.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a typical Nubian in this government housing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=944.72,948.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they have to be relocated 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slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=956.17,957.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the reservoir itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=958.7,961.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=961.28,962.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The sedimentation in the reservoir was a point of concern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=964.4,968.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on the lower part of the figure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=969.85,973.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm just showing that sedimentation occurs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=973.37,976.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Southern most portion of the reservoir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=976.03,979.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the lifespan of a reservoir is governed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=979.56,982.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by how long it will take to fill it up with 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satellite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=996.05,1000.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And you can see the red marks show vegetation on the shores.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1000.24,1005.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The green, these are algae and aquatic weeds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1007.82,1011.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the black is clean surface of the water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1011.88,1015.73"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1015.73,1016.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The river downstream is not as beautiful as it used to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1019.67,1024.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the perception of a lot of 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1081.8,1082.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the Nile at Aswan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1084.51,1086.433"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next 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please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1099.73,1100.823"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is the Nile at Cairo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1101.89,1104.194"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(student 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possibility.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1216.06,1218.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1220.68,1221.513"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Land reclamation is a long and very expensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1223.61,1227.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sometimes very sophisticated technology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1227.08,1230.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But as you see,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1230.23,1231.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the desert started getting some cultivation there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1231.4,1234.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's the first sign of green plant production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1234.42,1239.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in desert communities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1241.46,1242.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you ask me, so what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1245.09,1247.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You told us now about the benefits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1247.93,1250.93"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and something about the damages caused","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1250.93,1253.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the Aswan High Dam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1253.4,1254.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what is the conclusion?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1255.77,1257.653"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The conclusion is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1258.73,1260.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if Egypt is faced with the same decision","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1260.97,1263.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether to build Aswan High Dam or not now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1263.26,1266.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no alternative but to build it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1266.45,1268.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In spite of all these damages.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1268.98,1272.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because in certain situations like Egypt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1272.58,1277.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the survival of the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1277.8,1280.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and economic development of the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1280.59,1282.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is dependent on the manipulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1282.37,1286.18"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a main resource like the river in this case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1286.18,1289.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Without it there'd be no other way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1289.89,1293.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to further growth of that particular country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1293.43,1297.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So my judgment and my conclusion is that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1297.83,1300.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the overall investment in Aswan High Dam has paid returns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1300.65,1305.267"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over and over again in protection of flood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1306.61,1309.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and availability of more water and more hydro-power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1309.9,1313.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And these ecological environmental impacts that do exist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1313.26,1318.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we have studied for very extensively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1318.12,1321.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the trade-offs that exists everywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1321.55,1325.893"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the case of the Aswan High Dam essentially was a case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1328.63,1332.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a developing country exporting technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1332.3,1335.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the West or from the East,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1335.23,1337.793"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Egypt being under different regimes, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1338.99,1343.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SADAD brought in the Russians, no, excuse me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1344.78,1346.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NASA brought in the Russians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1346.77,1348.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and SADAD kicked the Russians out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1348.4,1350.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And anyway, the political situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1350.21,1353.78"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of USSR influenced the middle East","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1353.78,1356.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the USA influenced the middle East accentuated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1356.8,1361.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and made Aswan High Dam a political issue,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1361.37,1366.173"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because essentially it was something that the country needed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1369.82,1374.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there was a condition put on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1375.44,1379.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, it's very clear to us now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1379.04,1381.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the reason that the United States did not assist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1381.82,1384.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the construction of the Aswan High Dam","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1384.68,1386.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the policy of NASA was not pro USA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1386.53,1391.53"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"On the other hand,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1395.535,1396.368"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when NASA brought in the Russians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1396.368,1397.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to construct the Aswan High Dam after a while,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1397.94,1400.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realized that their association","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1400.33,1402.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Russia was not beneficial anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1402.33,1406.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So such huge hydraulic engineering construction projects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1406.5,1411.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can take social and economical implications as illustrated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1411.7,1416.38"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the Aswan High Dam.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1416.38,1417.583"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1418.64,1419.992"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(students clapping)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1419.992,1422.992"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we've got time for one or two quick questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1427.253,1429.543"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If anybody has them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=1429.543,1431.21"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21249/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/249/original/AV203283_Global_Water_Resources_b.vtt?1608542164","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/021/249/original/AV203283_Global_Water_Resources_b.vtt?1608542164"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21250","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV203283_Global_Water_Resources_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482/transcript/21250/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Now take a country like Egypt, which is 90% desert, 3% cultivated land. This is a remote sensing picture of Egypt. The red indicates cultivable land and the rest is barren desert. And 95% of the people of Egypt now, 42 million that's the total population of Egypt, 95% of that live on that 3% of Greenland. That's why the distribution here is very unique. And what is the limiting factor in this distribution is freshwater. So Egypt essentially is a riverine oasis in the Sahara desert. And throughout history, we can record that all the way through ages. We find that the river has been the main influencing factor in all aspects of life in Egypt. Availability of water meant prosperity, lack of water meant famine. Too much water meant destruction of properties and so on. It was very important for Egypt in the recent recent years at the turn of the century to look more seriously for controlling its water resources in order to have a more stable economy. Next slide, please. This is the total area of Egypt, about 1 million square kilometer. The cultivable land is about 2.8%. The desert is about 97% and inland water is 0.7%. approximately. Next slide please. Desert environment, one source of water. And interestingly enough, that water comes from outside the country. And that water also, in Egypt is located at the most downstream site. So the sources of the water are found in other countries, upstream countries. Next slide, please. If you'd like to see the extent of this dichotomy or this contrast, this is the very narrow strip of cultivated land and the Sahara desert. Now, the farmers who just cultivate this narrow strip of land have been always trying to live with a river that fluctuates dramatically and trying to stop the movement of the sand dunes. So it's a struggle between the movement of the sand from the desert and the availability of water. Next slide, please. This is a picture of an urban area. And again, the very sharp line that divides on one side would be the Greenland on the other side is the desert is very clear here. Next slide, please. What's unique about the river Nile? The river Nile more than any other river in the world is a very unpredictable. On the abscissas of this curve, I had the months of the year, and the ordinate is the discharge per day in terms of millions cubic meters. And two main points I'd like to bring to your attention now. That it varies from one year to another dramatically. Look at 1972 and 1878, for example. 1878 was a devastating flood. In 1972, if the Aswan Dam was not there, it could have been a very droughty year and there have been a lot of starvation in Egypt. Another point is that 80% of the amount of water comes right here, in two months or three months period In two months, period, that's the flood period. And once this huge amount of water that comes into the flood period comes down the river, all gates are open of dams and then the water gushes all the way through and finally reaches the Mediterranean. And Egyptian just sit there and see this nice, valuable fresh water going into the Mediterranean. Next slide please. So they build Aswan High Dam. More than any dam in the world, the construction of the Aswan High Dam has been very controversial for several reasons. First, the timing that it was built. It was a time when there had been a lot of strain, political situation in the middle East between Egypt and Israel and the pressure between East and West, I mean, USSR vis-a-vis the United States. Egypt started by a study funded the World Bank to construct the dam. That's Aswan High Dam at the site. And it was, the feasibility study was actually funded by the United States and Britain. And because of the politics in the middle East, as well as the confrontation between the East and West at that time, ultimately the dam was built by the Russians. At that time, the movement of environmental protection and the start of the awareness of the quality of the environment was just picking up. These days we used to call them Earth days. I don't know how many people here remember Earth days, about maybe 15 years ago, where sit-ins and sod. And the Aswan High Dam became a symbol of man-made interventions, and it was picked upon as a real ecological disaster. However, whether it is an ecological disaster or not, it is an outstanding engineering achievement. It just happened that the Russians can build good dams and they have been doing that consistently in Russia. So, then this slide I'm just showing the structure of the dam. Next slide, please. A huge amount of water flowing through the hydro-power station. Next slide. This is the Aswan reservoir. It's about 5,000 square kilometers and it looks like Lake Powell here or Lake Mead and the same sandstone formation like the Navajo sandstone. Next slide, please. These are some of the wildlife associated with the reservoir. Next slide. And this is the monument that was erected at the site of the construction of that dam. Next slide, please. Now, if we developed such super dam, there are some gains and there are some trade-off for these gains. These will be damages in terms of river use alterations, ecosystem alterations or human implications. So in the next few minutes, I'd like to review with you the gains and the losses, and try to come up with a balance on how we can assess both of these in terms of the general economic development of the country. Next slide, please. The construction of the dam is basically new technology and the hydro-power generation required. The development of an electrification network. Water storage is a new technology by itself. River flow control. Next slide. The availability of these resources, power, hydro-power and fresh water were the main ingredients for creation of industry. Industry like fertilizer industry, aluminum industry and the main ingredients for agricultural expansion programs. That's why Egypt did construct the Aswan High Dam to get more water to expand the agricultural land, to relieve the population pressure from the Delta, and so on. Next slide, please. So there has been also the flood protection and the drought protection and the socioeconomic development. These are some of the main advantages and benefits from the dam. Next slide. The size of this hydropower station is not really that magnificent or as big as Itaipu in Brazil but at least in Egypt it provides about 60% of the total country's electrical use. So as far as Egypt is concerned, it's certainly quite valuable input. And that relieves the pressure on using fossil fuel, et cetera. Next slide, please. The environmental and ecological impacts associated with Aswan High Dam can be categorized into these geographical areas. The reservoir, the river and the Mediterranean. The reservoir, when you construct a dam on a river, actually you impounding the water. You are transforming that river into a reservoir or a lake and that will cause a series of physical, chemical and biological transformations. First thing, the suspended sediment will settle at the bottom of the reservoir, will not be carried through. Second thing, as the reservoir develops a large surface area, evaporation losses will increase. And certainly in a climate like Aswan, very arid climate, there's a lot of evaporation losses. And by the time then Nile goes through the reservoir, it loses about 10% of its annual discharge. There are certain changes in water quality too. And the area around the reservoir also will develop a microclimate. A microclimate means that a unique climate, different from the regional climate. The temperature is lower, the relative humidity is higher and plants can grow on the shores of the reservoir. And if you go just a little bit further away from the reservoir, you come to the desert. The changes in the river, is the river erosion problems. Also some water quality problems and the elevation of the water table and the fisheries resources in the river has been affected. Now, in contrast here, the fisheries resources of the reservoir has increased. Then the Mediterranean, as the river reaches the Mediterranean, the flood used to bring to the Mediterranean a lot of nutrients. And once the reservoir started, the dam was erected, the Mediterranean was deprived of this amount of nutrients. And I did work with Jacques Cousteau for some time. And he used to say that the Mediterranean is like a flower, and the Nile is like a stem for that flower. And when the Aswan High Dam was built, somebody cut that stem. That's a lot of interesting talk but not really that dramatic, you know. The Mediterranean, however, East Mediterranean have suffered from the lack of nutrient input from the Nile river. Now all these things happened except how much of it and the rate of change is the issue. And when you list these things, I mean, anybody can list these things, any dam really will project these impacts. But the issue here is to know how much of it and to try to weigh these damages, vis-a-vis the gains. Next slide, please. If you look at the human implication aspects of the construction of the Aswan High Dam, about a hundred thousand Nubians used to live in the area where the reservoir now is existing. There also some nomads and fishermen. And these Nubians were told that they have to leave. And they have to be displaced and relocated and government housing provided with water and sewage et cetera. There's also some archeological sites that will be inundated by the reservoir. So they have to be salvaged. And there's also a problem of public health water-related diseases like schistosomiasis, water supply and river pollution issues. And these are some of the impacts associated with the construction of the dam as illustrated in Egypt. Let's take them one by one. Next slide, please. This is the inundation of one of the temples, Temple Philae near Aswan. Next slide, please. This is the salvation of that temple, where it's dismantled, next slide and putting it on higher grounds. Abu Simbel is a good example of such an effort. Next slide. This is a typical Nubian in this government housing, and they have to be relocated back on the shores of the reservoir. Next slide. This is the reservoir itself. Next slide. The sedimentation in the reservoir was a point of concern and on the lower part of the figure, I'm just showing that sedimentation occurs in the Southern most portion of the reservoir. And the lifespan of a reservoir is governed by how long it will take to fill it up with sediments. We have calculated about 400 years for the Aswan High Dam. Next slide. This is a remote sensing picture to show the distribution of plants and the reservoir from the satellite. And you can see the red marks show vegetation on the shores. The green, these are algae and aquatic weeds and the black is clean surface of the water. Next slide, please. The river downstream is not as beautiful as it used to, in the perception of a lot of Egyptians because the impact of pollution is more dramatized now in the absence of the annual flood. Navigation however, is more intense because there is no flood. The Nile has been the main highway in the country. There are more intense irrigation practices. The fisher sources of the river are little limited and recreation is more intense but it's a point of controversy in Egypt. The Aswan High Dam and its impacts on the river. Next slide, please. This is showing the flow of the river in 1961 vis-a-vis 1968. 1961 would be before the dam, 1968 would be after the dam. And that shows the control of the flow. Next slide, please. This is the Nile at Aswan. Next slide. This is a good picture of the Nile at Aswan. I usually sneak some of these pictures. It's my favorite anyway. Next slide, please. This is the Nile at Cairo. Next slide. If you are in Cairo, you should see the pyramids. Next slide. Now, if we go North in Egypt you'll find that the rivers slows down and pollution problems start picking up. And that is an effluent from a factory and it just discharge in the river like that. Next slide. And downstream from that, are people are using the river in the villages in a way that this industrial plant may cause damage to them more than what they anticipated. And this is for example, they wash the animals, they wash their cloth and they can probably bring water for their household use. Next slide, please. That's just the closer picture of the same thing. Next slide. Now, perhaps the most dramatic and ambitious program that Egypt is conducting these days, is to take the available water that the Aswan High Dam created and conduct expansion of its agricultural schemes. And that is an example of this. This canal there, that goes from the Eastern branch of the Nile Delta carries fresh water underneath the Suez Canal into Sinai. And the plan is to cultivate the Eastern Delta and the Western Sinai, and take people from the Delta and let them reside in a otherwise unpopulated part of Egypt. This project is a very extensive project but without the Aswan High Dam, it would have never been a possibility. Next slide. Land reclamation is a long and very expensive and sometimes very sophisticated technology. But as you see, the desert started getting some cultivation there and that's the first sign of green plant production in desert communities. If you ask me, so what? You told us now about the benefits and something about the damages caused by the Aswan High Dam. So what is the conclusion? The conclusion is that, if Egypt is faced with the same decision whether to build Aswan High Dam or not now, there's no alternative but to build it. In spite of all these damages. Because in certain situations like Egypt, the survival of the country and economic development of the country is dependent on the manipulation of a main resource like the river in this case. Without it there'd be no other way to further growth of that particular country. So my judgment and my conclusion is that, the overall investment in Aswan High Dam has paid returns over and over again in protection of flood and availability of more water and more hydro-power. And these ecological environmental impacts that do exist, which we have studied for very extensively are the trade-offs that exists everywhere. And the case of the Aswan High Dam essentially was a case of a developing country exporting technology from the West or from the East, but Egypt being under different regimes, for example, SADAD brought in the Russians, no, excuse me NASA brought in the Russians and SADAD kicked the Russians out. And anyway, the political situation of USSR influenced the middle East or the USA influenced the middle East accentuated and made Aswan High Dam a political issue, because essentially it was something that the country needed and there was a condition put on it. For example, it's very clear to us now that the reason that the United States did not assist in the construction of the Aswan High Dam that the policy of NASA was not pro USA. On the other hand, when NASA brought in the Russians to construct the Aswan High Dam after a while, realized that their association with Russia was not beneficial anyway. So such huge hydraulic engineering construction projects can take social and economical implications as illustrated by the Aswan High Dam. Thank you very much. And we've got time for one or two quick questions. If anybody has them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2486/collection_resources/34615/file/103482#t=0.0,1454.94204"}]}]}]}