{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/kk94747f53/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Swaminathan, M. S., Hunger-Free World"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Hunger-Free World: The Final Milestone. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=466.96,468.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resistance to (indistinct) breakdown.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=471.45,474.118"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The multi-layered concept of 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(indistinct).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=486.12,489.424"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My good friend who's here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=489.424,491.241"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I was invited to do a 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pesticides,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1385.53,1387.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implements at affordable prices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1387.49,1390.138"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And also credit for the poor farmers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1390.138,1392.018"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most important thing is credit at the right time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1392.018,1395.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and right 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seeing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1396.97,1399.279"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nitpicking I'm digressing quite a bit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1399.279,1401.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I joined the university of Wisconsin in 1952","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1401.01,1404.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had an Indian watch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1404.097,1405.578"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was not 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repaired.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1407.578,1411.256"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The gentleman saw it and said no use repairing it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1411.256,1414.567"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to buy a new watch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1414.567,1415.685"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said I don't have money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1415.685,1416.734"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's my first few days of my 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ownership.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1452.624,1455.193"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's in the interim.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1455.193,1456.105"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Many parts of the world, including 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mean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1459.916,1462.584"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there are various aspects of tenure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=1462.584,1465.866"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they put out pricing 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Producers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2765.994,2768.499"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'll just go over what is your concerns?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2768.499,2771.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are the facts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2771.154,2771.987"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What are the fictions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2771.987,2772.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can we see a common ground?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2773.874,2775.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think the sooner we resolve it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2775.24,2777.892"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the greater the possibilities to bring closer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2777.892,2780.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these unplanned opportunities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2780.7,2782.342"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We talk about organic farming,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2782.342,2783.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunities because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2783.44,2784.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would be very unfortunate if you deny yourself","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2784.75,2787.557"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a part of this new science of genetics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2787.557,2789.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Negative and diversine environment at times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2790.914,2793.623"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no particular data but still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2793.623,2796.783"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it needs careful 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controlled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2802.301,2803.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451#t=2803.743,2804.576"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28531/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/531/original/AV204805_Hunger_Free_World_a.vtt?1622671765","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/531/original/AV204805_Hunger_Free_World_a.vtt?1622671765"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28532","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204805_Hunger_Free_World_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116451/transcript/28532/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Welcome back to, second Annual Norman Borlaug Lecture. I wanna thank especially, the sponsors for tonight's lecture. First of all, our committee of lectures, funded by the government of the student body, our students. And also The Miller Endowment, a program that provides funds to enrich the educational experiences for members of the university community. I wanna thank the people who've organized tonight's important lecture. The students, faculty and staff, of the Nutritional Sciences Council, here at Iowa State University, under the leadership of distinguished professor, Don Beitz. We're especially honored, to have in the audience tonight, the person from whom this lecture series is named, and for whom this lecture series honors. The person who started the World Food Prize, and the person whose name is first on the list of champions, in the worldwide struggle against hunger. Native Iowan, Nobel laureate, creator of the Green Revolution, Dr. Norman Borlaug. Dr. Borlaug. We welcome Dr. Borlaug in a different role tonight than last year. Last year he was our inaugural, Norman Borlaug lecturer. Tonight, he's just a distinguished member of our audience. Later we will ask Dr. Borlaug to assist us in the recognition of students for their outstanding work. We also welcome tonight the members of the United Nations Task Force on Hunger, who are here for the World Food Prize Week. And I'd like to ask those members of the, of the United Nations Task Force on Hunger to stand please and be recognized if you could. And we also have several past World Food Prize laureates, and members of the World Food Prize council of advisors. And if I could ask them to stand as well. Past laureates and members of the Council of Advisors. Iowa State University is very proud to be a partner with The World Food Prize Foundation. First of all, in this lecture series honoring Dr. Borlaug, but also in the World Food Prize Fund here in Iowa, with many activities on our campus, and the World Food Prize program itself, and especially, in its efforts to ensure that all people of the world have an adequate and nutritional food supplies. This work is central to our mission, as Iowa's land-grant university. And it's central, to our goal of excellence in fulfilling the land-grant mission by educating future leaders, and world citizens, by conducting research into the mysteries of our physical and natural world, and by putting that research to work, to better meet the needs of people all over the world. We commend and we thank Dr. Borlaug for his great work and also Kenneth Quinn, ambassador and executive director of the World Food Prize Foundation. John Rulan, all the foundation board members, contributors, sponsors, and volunteers, as well as the World Food Prize laureates, and the many people who have been nominated for this most prestigious award. All of you are indeed making an important difference in our world. It's now my distinct pleasure to introduce tonight's guest lecturer. As I mentioned Dr. Borlaug was our inaugural lecturer last year. That's gonna be a very difficult act to follow. But we believe we have exactly the right person. Another true champion, in the world's struggle to feed its people. Dr. M. Swaminathan is the very first World Food Prize laureate. The first to receive that award in 1987. Dr. Swaminathan is also an architect of a Green Revolution, first, in the second most populous nation on earth, his native India, and then spreading throughout South East Asia and far beyond. By introducing genetically improved wheat and rice varieties, Dr. Swaminathan led a transformation of India. Its crop yields doubled in just four years. And India went from what was once described as a begging bowl to a bread basket. The world has benefited from Dr. Swaminathan's scientific, humanitarian, and political leadership in countless ways. He has chaired several important international food conferences, including the landmark United Nations World Food Congress in Rome, in 1975. He served as director general of the International Rice Research Institute. His work has led to the creation of numerous organizations around the world, that bring scientists and nations together to address world food issues. And as a government administrator, he established programs that significantly improved conditions for subsistence farmers in rural India, and he improved ecological rehabilitation, rural development, and technology transfer in his native country. The topic of Dr. Swaminathan's lecture tonight is Hunger Free World, The Final Milestone. We're honored to have him on our campus and here in Iowa, as this year's Norman Borlaug lecturer, 1987 World Food Prize laureate, the UNESCO-Cousteau Chair in Eco technology, Dr. M. Swaminathan. Please join me in welcoming Dr. Swaminathan to the podium.\r\n\r\n- President Jeffrey, deans and directors, Dr. Norman Borlaug, members of the faculty, my dear friends from, very many friends here, old professors at university, and our lovely scholars, the young people who have put up these posters, lovely posters. Ladies and gentlemen, I really feel honored to have been invited to be the lecturer. Bearing the name of Norman Borlaug. I have known him for the past 50 years. First met him, I heard him really, not met him at the American School of Biological Science, in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1953. He had given a most interesting lecture on a new method of breeding for resistance to breakdown. The multi-layered concept of breeding. Which will retain its resistance much longer than normal. Incidentally, you can see over here, I listed also here names of your seminar. I was working on potatoes at that time . My good friend who's here. And I was invited to do a seminar. So both cases, met Norman Borlaug 50 years ago. Visited this university 50 years ago. So long association, and the last time I came here was when Ken Frey organized the first Crop Science Congress in this beautiful campus, a remarkable accomplice, you know. Continuing over the years what Ken Frey started in the Crop Science Congress. So, it brought back many wonderful memories and just gonna do one round, small round of this campus, many, many new developments, new buildings, architecture is beautiful. Also in harmony with the rest of the buildings here. It has a remarkable plan, the old and the new. And so thank you President Jeffrey, for asking me and also for your very kind words of welcome. I'm indeed most grateful. So the talk isn't one of Norman Borlaug. He's known to be the foremost among the hunger fighters in the world. So, I thought any topic which is appropriate is towards a hunger free world that has been his dream, his vision. His vision, his mission in life has been a hunger free world. And I put on the word final milestone to give you some believe optimism, some believe confidence. That we are not very far from achieving this goal, if only we want to try hard, and I will show why it is so. Briefly speaking, in the first millennium the population was very low, but still there was problems of hunger. Just to show it has been with us for a very long time. The Roman philosopher, Seneca said a hungry person listens not to reason, nor cares for justice, nor is bent by any prayers. Roman peers also had known a great wisdom apart from Seneca, who warned us against hunger was also a practical farmer, a borrow open farmer, a burrow, who said, agriculture is a science it teaches us where our crops should be planted in which kind of soil, and what operations are to be carried out in order that the land reproduced the highest yields in perpetuity. The land with the highest yields in perpetuity, better known what we call sustainable agriculture, or what I call a Green Revolution, something which is continuous. In the second millennium was also one of agony and ecstasy as we began the millennium there were hotspots and bright spots, famines and food scarcity were common. There was a radical drought which had influence in US history, as the great Irish famine, the potato famine as it's called. Caused by Phytophthora infestans which damaged it. In fact, many of you maybe here have a career, maybe interested the relationship between food, and also the ability to carry out a war. You can't war on a hungry stomach. In the Bavarian, there was a hundred years war in Europe. And one of the wars for the Bavarian's succession, 1978, '79, when both armies wound up and went home cause they had nothing to eat. The potato crop had been, had failed and nobody had food to consume. So it is a good thing, it's a good thing and they did not have enough supplies. The same last millennium saw the famous Thomas Malthus revolution. And when he wrote his essay in 1978 he said the period of a number of pins and bars and means of subsistence has long since arrived. The population in Thomas Malthus's time, the whole world population was 940 million and now it is over 6.2. My country, India, is alone over 1.1 billion. In other words, we have more than the whole world than when Malthus wrote his essay. So far, nothing has happened, and thanks to Dr. Borlaug, the Green Revolution, at least we have a breathing space, managing the population growth and food supply. You cannot warn forever, you cannot warn, testing nature forever. But now, at least, we have had great progress in the last 30 years. My elder brother who got married in 1947, the year we had our independence in India. I still recall there was a rule that not more than 30 persons, three-zero, can be given meals in a wedding. So there were policemen around counting number of plates. Today I've seen in India 30,000, 300,000 people being fed. So it's a really remarkable transformation in terms of what can be done. Norman Borlaug's success is also because he was not only a great breeder, pathologist, started forestry was his first introduction. But regardless he took a holistic view on agriculture and production. This other laureate, World Food Prize laureate who is not here, B.R. Barwale, an esteemed writer who, Mr. Barwale, we call him the Father of Seed Industry in India, Norman Borlaug realized breeding a variety is not adequate unless farmers have access to seeds. Therefore he encouraged seed production in all aspects, the whole cycle, pathology, agronomy, chemistry and nutrition. All of them, and that is why. And these two gentlemen nearby, Prof William comes to a six. I call them the heroes of Green Revolution. Now the seed farmers of Punjab, most of you are from India, they are at the forefront of adoption of technology. They are just, they were practical farmers, you know, modestly enthusiastic, whatever is good, they will adopt it. Again, for my young friends, it is not, time is not far away. About 35 years ago, when this kind of classification was to be done, it's called a triage analysis, some of you are familiar. It's usually done by our army and medical people, during a war when soldiers are wounded. They are classified into different groups, those who can wait for treatment to keep them wait, those automatically who will die, so there's no use in wasting medical time. The most urgent, most urgent people are those who can be saved, whose lives can be saved, they are attended to. Using the classification, the famous analyst, Pauli William Prada, put my country as can't be saved, in other words there was no use in worrying about the country. And that's what the president said, he said the begging bowl. But in almost the next year after that, Paul William Prada published a famous book for farming in 1975. The then Prime Minister in India, Indira Gandhi, was a good friend of Norman Borlaug, released a stat called the wheat revolution. What we knew about the stat showed us for so many purposes. But here she wanted particularly the introduction of science into farming. So, the library building, the library, of course, at the university, is always the seat of knowledge, the library building of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, where I used to work, was put on the stand. Why was it called a revolution, and not an evolutionary change? An evolutionary change is an incremental change, the production went up about five million tons, from 12 million to 17 million tons in two years. It was a quantum jump of larger magnitude, that is why the term Green Revolution was really coined by Mr William Gaud of the United States here. Because the same time, India got a wheat revolution, but soon there was also rice revolution, and all the heroes also with their pushes here. The Nobel Food Prize laureate. And so we started, gone start, Disappointed by the rice revolution, corn revolution, of course Iowa, the Corn State, corn revolution and also the wheat revolution. They call it the Green Revolution. Green is the color of chlorophyll. We all live in this world as guests of the green plants. Only animals can release secondary transmitters of energy. The primary converters are the green plants. So that is why the green color is always been an environmental color. The green plant here in general is the environmental color. Some people just think Green Revolution is a bad one environmentally. But the term was an appropriate one, of harvesting sunlight. The largest solar energy harvesting enterprise. We are well into the third millennium, the beginning of the third millennium, what do we see? We have great mountains and hungry billions, as the media projected, including my own country. A lot of grains are there, but still a lot of people go to bed hungry. And we now know the major cause of hunger apart from pockets where the conflicts are developing, the land use, apart from that the hunger is largely a function of poverty, inability to buy food. Even this country, for a long time food coupons, and other methods of social help have been given to people who cannot have adequate nutrition. Explosive scientific progress, progress in the last 20 years, in many areas of biotechnology, genomics, proteomics, and of course the information and communication technology, tremendous progress, one can never plan to this kind of thing will happen. And of course the nanotechnology and the nano-medicine. I think all the scholars here, 20, 25 year old, you're gonna at least live another 125 years or more, cause nanotechnology is going to extend your life and all of us. So you can look forward into 100 years of productive life, and one has to plan for it also, not exactly doing good. But at the same time on the negative side, we have a growing violence in the human heart, the September 11, post-September 11 era is an unfortunate era in recent human history. When we are all afraid of each other. People are afraid, one human being is afraid of other human beings, and all this expenditure in this so-called security. So, diversion of funds from development to internal and external security. This is not only in the case of every country, not only the United States, but poor countries also, enormous expenditure today. In 1990, when the Gorbachev phenomenon had come, when the former Soviet Union and the whole philosophy was crumbling, and the Berlin Wall had collapsed, and the Cold War had ended, there was a feeling that we might be able to have more money for fighting hunger, diversion of, from superior hardware and software, from defense to development. So I was asked to chair the commission called The International Commission for Peace and Food. That the poor must be eradicated and it was published by Zed Books. Zed Books called, I think that's the title of the page. Put a question mark, please give it another read, whether we're going to get it or not. Unfortunately, the question mark has proven to be prophetic, because it's not coming. The place development has not only not come but the expenditure has increased in these areas for security. Therefore, the kind of activities we thought would be taken in agriculture science, agriculture extension and development and hunger elimination, which we were already optimistic if you read the book and common opportunities. Like they put the title as common opportunities. For peace and equitable development, it is not there yet. But ladies and gentlemen, we can't go on this pathway. We can't go on this pathway. I'm not going to take much time, I also happen to be the present president of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. Pugwash Moment as you know was started by Einstein and Bertrand Russell essentially as an active nuclear moment. But they are now in larger and in general various aspects of human security. Human security in a larger sense, whether it is hunger, whether it is technology because it has become very important once again to re-emphasize the ethical dimensions of scientific work. The ethical obligations of a scientist, to ensure what Einstein called, that the products of our brain do good, not do bad to our fellow human beings. It has become exceedingly important because the power we got with modern science or the genetic engineering can be used to breed a new active crop. Or you can also breed a new viruletic pathogen, the science is the same. Therefore, the ethical responsibilities of scientists, to the consequences that work, is an area now which has become exceedingly important. Why do I say a milestone? And we are hoping that there is a political bill slowly generating. One milestone was the UN millennium development goals. Pedro Sanchez, another team who was here, are working hard and seeing how to eradicate poverty, what kind of strategy we can develop. So that at least substantial progress is done by 2015. If you see the first one of them is eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, Universal primary education, gender equity and justice, empowerment of women, reduction of child mortality, improvement of maternal health, and of course major disease like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and so on, tuberculosis, also created now diabetes, is also become an important one. An overall environmental sustainability. All these can be done only to coalitions of concern, coalitions of concern, partnerships in power, partnership collaboratively generated if you want to make progress. But you see all these are interrelated, you can't really get extreme eradication of poverty and hunger if the person is very weak, conflicted with HIV/AIDS and so on. So it is a sort of interrelated. If we can see, if we can say what is the course, we will certainly have launched human being on the last milestone for a hunger free world. All the experience with the agricultural progress, whichever country has made progress at least there have been three major components of progress. First is that most technology has been a prime mode of change. Technology is a trigger and many things follow. Technology can only be subjected to mathematics analysis. Is it economically sustainable? Economically viable? Is it ecologically sustainable? And is it equitable, general terms, is there discrimination? Victim seeds of gender discrimination. And today in many countries like mine, or China or Bangladesh, operation rich land but hungry countries. Employment is also very important. You need a job with great economic growth, not a job with less growth. As is happening in the industrialized countries where there's not quite a job economic growth. Now you can have a technology like you have a technology, but the technology is flawed. If seeds are sowed in high yield soil, it will not sprout. Therefore you require a substrate condition by which the seed can sprout, grow, and bare fruit. That means the farmers must have access to your whole seeds as it grows. Seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, implements at affordable prices. And also credit for the poor farmers, the most important thing is credit at the right time and right place. I think this, the very progress of this country I'm seeing, nitpicking I'm digressing quite a bit, when I joined the university of Wisconsin in 1952 I had an Indian watch. It was not running. So I went to a shop. And said I want to get this repaired. The gentleman saw it and said no use repairing it, to buy a new watch. I said I don't have money. It's my first few days of my staying. He said oh how much do you have? You give me two dollars to take it. And then that two dollars can offset with your watch and then the next 12 months you'll pay me two dollars each month. You see it was a new experience for me. Saw the recycling of money. I think it's an innate virtue in this country. Money has been recycled. I see now all of you are afraid of credit cards. So you know they are contagious. Well finally we have technology and services, one must have public policies, public policies and public action which can improve investment and infrastructure, upgrading reform, and land ownership. It's in the interim. Many parts of the world, including mine. Still govern out much of practical land, land ownership is skewed towards the mean. And there are various aspects of tenure. And they put out pricing policies. I showed them very good marketing and they were trade relationship. You all read about the negotiations. Agriculture was the dominant theme in the negotiation. And there was no particular agreement that was released by countries. Looking at the large progress in science, taking wheat and oil at the moment. The rediscovery of Mendel's laws of inheritance, at the beginning of the 20th century. You had super pedigree selection and inter varietal hybridization. Turned the wheat into spring wheat crosses, location breeding, annual plowing. The potato plants seers. That's very famous pathology world series of annual plowing monosomics plowing from the University of Missouri. Restructuring of the plant architectures of wheat, which is common in Oregon, built in Washington State Pilgrim. Shuttle breeding is another great contribution of Dr Boulaug, putting them in two completely different environments so that you can get rid of the focal sensitive character, and hybrid beets which is now emerging. If you put in a hybrid beet or hybrid corn, farmers can keep them own seeds of hybrids. And functional genome, ex-particle breeding and molecular marker based breeding. Once you have a good variety still you may not get high yield, one must have to make an analysis for further persuasion. Analysis, what is the potential yield, what is the attainable yield, and what is the actual yield. Controlling factors. Today if you see a yield and losing factors, apart from which diseases and pests. The late Dr Pattman from University of Minnesota used to collect of wheat pests and pathogens. And pollutants of various kinds, soil pollutants to which Rajen Carson, in her famous book Silent Spring first dramatically draw the world's attention in the pollution taking place. Natural disasters are all markets, markets today, markets advertised to provide gambling of markets. Those of you who are scholars who want to know all the steps which went into the wheat revolution of India, we have a dialogue at the expense of Norman Boulaug about ten years ago. Norman Boulaug said one of first, one in the 60's, eight, nine, something or the other, and our memories are refreshed. Let us recapitulate what we did in the 60's. Fortunately directives, including the minister Soobramoney who played an important part politically. All participated in the dialogue. I've registered your dean library a copy of this book. Some of the scholars will want to know the numerous steps which go into a meeting of a success. And we all can test freely. But we all know what the steps, which gave Boulaug success. And you should read this book. Thanks to University of Iowa maize, corn is the number one plant in the world. The reason why I put it in was the food security basket is getting narrower and narrower. There are four crops that are dominating the entire food security situation. If you read books like the Lost Crops of Incas and the Lost Crops of Africa. I got mine from the National Habitat of Scientists. You will see several hundred plants responsible for health and food security. Food security, medicinal plants and food security until a few centuries ago. They are actually today one play because maize, rice, wheat, potatoes, sugar, cassava, soya bean, half a dozen crops. This is unfortunate and one of the important requirements of food security now is to diversify the food basket. Do all we can to diversify food to rich food stalks and so on. The important thing to note is many of these millets minor millets as they are called and African crops, many of them, are very rich in micronutrients like iron. Like you see this, this is from a book I have of Lost Crops of Africa a lot of data has been given. So therefore today is important for one of the things which Pedro Sanchez in the book was examining is how to aid and revive underutilized crops. Sometimes called neglected crops, sometimes called orphan crops. But these underutilized crops, our goal is to revive them and make them more diversified, to also be one. And again I put it on because I know two of our Nobel Food Prize laureates, who worked for more than 30 years to make the opaque-2-maize, observed in the early 60's. Opaque-2-maize ionizing corn it used to be called. And through persistent and patient work, they were able to get high yielding hybrids and more composites with QPM, quality protein maize. High protein, high bison. It is now becoming a very important source of improved nutrition both to human beings, to infants, as and a support to industry. Both industry people like it very much. I refer to Rajen Carson and the need to look at environment issues. Course during the environment industry took time to read it. The script is here and the manuscript is also with the university here. What in early 1968 when I saw some formats for getting larger pesticides rather than fertilizer. I also warned them that they should be careful there must be a balanced fertilization, there must be scientific work. And also it is not advised in the role of saved and swain on larger areas. ability to pests and diseases. And therefore it is important to have a wide range. And the indirect requirement, because Green Revolution was being criticized by environmentalists and social scientists. Social scientists said Green Revolution enlarges the rich-poor divide because although the technology was scale neutral, scale neutral in terms of relevance to people who owning different sizes of building it was not a socially-neutral dividing post for outputs. Therefore they said the poor people can't buy their posts. The environmentalists felt too much of the society. In the case of vegan's pesticide. But in other cases like rice or cotton pesticides. So I said what we need is an evergreen revolution. Because Green Revolution was a term for productivity improvements. Improvement of production, not through area expansion but through productivity per unit of land, unit of water. And as the size of the crops are gone very small in most countries. China it is less than 0.06 hectares, in India it is 0.9 hectares. It's all the land which is available. It is important, we have no other pathway except productivity pathway. It will help increase production and productivity as we walk high from less and less land, available land, and less and less irrigation water. In other words, in the evergreen revolution took a while, means improvement in productivity, and perpetuity without associated ecological harm. Insightful paradigm shift is one is a commodity centered research, the other has to be raised, economy debated. Natural research is manifold and also some of the participating reading. Now we going based on the critic supplies from Howard. It is coming up from a couple week surprises. In his book called The Future Life, he described evergreen revolution in the following way, the problem before us is not to feed billions of new mouths over the next several decades and save the rest of life at the same time without being trapped in a forest and bombing that threatens freedom from security. The benefits must come from an evergreen revolution. The aim of this new trust is to lift food production. Whether down by evergreen, or the Green Revolution of the 1960's using technology and replicating policy more advanced and even safer than the government system. Using technology and rehabilitating policy. Mr president I know that you announced at the exhibition yeah we're looking at rehabilitating policy in terms of biotechnology, and becoming equal. I mentioned earlier that there must be food productivity. Unfortunately in many countries we have a Green Revolution in progress. The last 90's, in the 90's and the Summit for Peace and Liberation it was plateauing, what has been called by some as the fatigue of the green revolution, the fatigue of the green revolution. It is caused by a number of factors, not technological factors alone. It may be soil health factors, admission of soil faculty, over exploitation of land and water. Or it can be marketing conservation also, price and collabs people are not willing to put in this one. Because the cause for this can be restructure of farming. The science, farmer's decision making, and what she is going to invest he or she. And therefore when the cost of return is unfavorable then obviously they will weep. On the other hand the population is growing. That's why I said we needed a Green Revolution because we need productivity to take over. But productivity improvement without associated ecological are social harms. In India a prediction is if we are lucky it will improve 0.26 million in another 13 years, by 2015 with the millennium development goals, at that time. China is already at the support of that. China is over 1.25 billion and India will reach that stage in another 10 years or so. In other words then the land sizes will be way down. The other phenomenon is a large percentage of people are still in agriculture. Agriculture and using the word crop has been part of fishing and forestry. And other processes. Even now in India, the 2001 census has shown the urban population is 29% of the population. 71% of the population are still in rural India. And for a majority of them, their vocation is agriculture. Agriculture in the broad sense. And that is why agriculture advance is the best safety net, particularly agriculture advance based on productivity improvement, based on the diversification of farming systems, based upon manufacturing of primary products. That is the best safety net, that is hunger and poverty. In predominantly agricultural countries. Norman Borlaug has been quite in account to collect the fire to save agriculture. The productivity improvement has been one savior for us. Otherwise a lot of forests would have been converted for annual crops. In fact, after world war 2, large amounts of forests were diverted to agriculture. Whole plantation crops, plantations plants, they were like tea, coffee and oil palm and so on. And more array of crops. There was a false divide, a decline, as it is a shift to alternating uses. But fortunately the Green Revolution, our productivity has faced improvement. As you see the area has remained low but the production has gone up. In other words, beat in all India around 50 million acres has been saved between 1968 and now. As it has now a productivity pathway of improvement in agriculture. Now where can we go from here now? Instead, on the one hand they'll say that we must have more productivity per unit land, per unit of water. But then how will we record? There has been some science that has shown us the pathway. An early part of it, in India there's evidence, rice production has grown 10 000 years old. Although many botanists, those who study pollen they say rice production is 15 000 years old. And there are authorities that has recorded this as 10 000 years and then gradually it grows and it morphs and then hybrids, many of them want to push gestation. And now we have to the main stage where biotechnology or genetic modification, genetic engineering, the bio changing of the gene pool. As per the early 90's where developed the pyrimidine of genes from a wide range of varieties. Now the pyrimidine has to go across a section of barriers and get more and more genes involved in it. I want to illustrate to you from the work of my own colleagues, the enormous power that modern genetics has, the new genetics as we call them. As just a human being. We live, I live in a place called . It is called the coastal area, the place that I live is also a coastal base land of 3000 kilometers and there are nine groups of crops I've never seen, mangroves, what we call epiphytes. It's also one of the shattering coastal storms. When you have coastal storm, the mangroves protects you. And this mangroves grows in seawater. They are species as well of course that can tolerate fresh water. So what my colleagues did was they approached identified the genes responsible for salinity tolerance and using that productivity science method and so on have now created a number of plants which can withstand about 150 millimeters salt, a fairly high amount of salt. They took that and put in mustard, in legumes and in rice. Our rice has gone up now to the second stage from the greenhouse stage to the field stage. We have a mechanism. The first step is only to contain them. A containment. The second stage is calling that the day that we have of feeding and finally to farm seeds. Very promising times, very promising times. And of course they are being tested. Similarly the one which we have done for drought tolerance. They explained the salt tolerance is very important particularly it is where the sea levels rise. And there is a big possibility that sea levels will rise. Some here might have heard the statement by the president of Maldives. Maldives president always at the UN conferences says people are talking about endangered plants, endangered animals, the panda, the penguin, they don't talk about an endangered country. Might one day Maldives will go down to the sea. If there's gong to be sea level rise. And therefore sea level rise is a real possibility. And similarly drought problem, the water is becoming a key instrument during the day. So my colleagues have used technology from those who have not seen these plans will not be reply. You see Gandhi once said mother nature provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed. Now it's true, nature provides but it is hard to find validity. Anywhere you find plants which can rapidly grow in those conditions. Today the truth is, but today it's almost like child's play, child's play. You can transfer traits. But you have to have a problem. A friend in commercial and public research is the public research gives rise to national research and the national centers give rise to a choice of problem. So they can got in larger environments, or dry environments. It is also for farmers. And that is one of the presumptions in 30 days. One day salinity tolerance. But that's important in the United States. Not very important in many other places. So the choice of problem is also a very important one in modern science. Now there is a lot of worth today placed on values of life. The golden rice from and they are equally prominent. And in the case of iodine progenitor, it was an important problem. They don't have any development program, there is a zinc green program. I wrote a book of normal and provincial that they've been reading and for monetary gain. And determine of course is a success story. In terms of improvement and the quality of rice and also many other like quality of sweet potato and so on. Two of my friends in Delhi they have been able to transfer traits for potato to pollen in terms of protein quality from . Very rich and it plants into a potato. So there are large number of opportunities. Then what is the problem? If there are only endless opportunities. And so here now are the difficulties and concerns. Concerns are as I once said we have plenty of plans, we deemed the influx of new technology, biotechnology provide opportunities for your next point of need. But nevertheless there are public concern. At the road plus five, going foot side last year. There's always in these conferences concurrent There's an environment NGO agreement and also an official agreement. The official explanation said we are committed to study, share, facilitate the responsible use of biotechnology and to see development needs. While cynicism from the organization not far away. And they also had their declaration. They said genetically modified organisms represent the threat to family farmers. And other food producers. The integrity of genetic was socialists and human and environmental health. It will affect particularly the old and poor who cannot afford this costly alternate. Ladies and gentlemen this year at the University of Watson and Crick, but if you read the statement you find there are a number of concerns. One is science or course. And the other is open rolls of science. And overly access to science. In other words is something wrong with the science? Is something wrong with those who control the science? Is something wrong with those who have access to science? So there are means to disintegrate these problems. Very recently, very recently in Nature, September, 25, the UK government had a whole series of public debates. Public meetings all over the United Kingdom should there be a modification or not. Unfortunately more than half the participants who returned feedback from the debate said that they never wanted to see GM crops grown in Britain, according to the report released by the British government, the UK government on 24 September. But why did they say this? Why did majority of people. In Switzerland I also had a friend some years ago. The Swiss people said the research must go on although the application might wait. One of the reasons is there is now growing organic foods and GM foods are being put on two sides of a scale. Prince Charles website today, he said I'm an eater of organic food and I will not eat GM food. So in the public mind when you got to a shop I'm sure there must be an organic food section. Organic foods have come to be known as health foods. And the GM foods are something which are not so desirable for your health. And that idea is now seeping in to Europe. And so one of the things of organic culture, they say they are the largest body in the world. Organic agriculture includes all agriculture systems that promote the environmentally, socially and economically sound production of food and fibers. These systems pick global soil fortunately as a key to successful production. Maintenance of soil especially. GM varieties are extracted from organic farms. They specifically say. Although in one meeting I heard that somebody using 20 k's all GMO as his material for organic farming. But they didn't say that in the talk. But they did value that the trans gene material is excluded from this area. Well then how are we gonna make progress? We can't go on fighting. When I see not knowing here or not planting seed here. Of the fight between the whole question of genetic or non genetic. The socialists. The benefits sharing among the primary consumers and so on, media's issues were resolved in a keystone dialogue on tran-genetical genes all the state board is for them. Whether they are companies, they are NGOs, there are scientists. I found that I was cheering that for three years. And I found that process was very interesting. I'm trying to resolve conflicts. And such is a predicament upon, you should not discriminate the choice of participants. Because somebody holds an opposite view, you should not tell them to screw it. Everybody has to count. I die believing that I have stood for us. To have a serious dialogue between organic farmers and genetically modified. Genetic modification is only one part. There's always a modification of plants in a way. Not entirely in a way, it is an integration of molecular genes. Those of you who are interested we are going to hold a meeting next year in my center. Join before the International Federation of Organic Producers. We'll just go over what is your concerns? What are the facts? What are the fictions? Can we see a common ground? And I think the sooner we resolve it, the greater the possibilities to bring closer these unplanned opportunities. We talk about organic farming, opportunities because it would be very unfortunate if you deny yourself a part of this new science of genetics. Negative and diversine environment at times there's no particular data but still it needs careful monitoring. Release of organisms which have never existed in nature and they cannot be controlled. 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Iraq police, depending on the oil spills,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=5.869,8.577"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the oil has come into lakes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=8.577,10.827"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=10.827,13.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they call bioremediation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=14.929,17.313"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bioremediation techniques which are now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=17.313,19.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very common in terms of sequestration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=19.51,22.667"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It can be solved, if you come to Bangladesh","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=22.667,24.856"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have actually poison in the ground.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=24.856,28.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The only easy ways sequestration, by bioremediation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=30.327,34.76"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to absolve, the kind of...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=34.76,36.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there's an enormous opportunity here -","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=36.3,38.408"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There has been no real evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=38.408,40.55"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=40.55,42.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Has done anything wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=42.6,44.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pollution of a gene pool","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=44.58,45.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For development you want a really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=45.92,47.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high degree of diversity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=47.74,49.548"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you want to keep them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=49.548,50.79"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can have a catchment park","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=50.79,52.624"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Protected areas and sanctuaries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=52.624,54.812"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's common in every country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=54.812,56.195"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States has many National Parks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=56.195,58.592"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Protected areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=58.592,59.634"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One can define an area as a protected area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=59.634,62.003"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hydro or bio-diversity Sanctuary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=62.003,65.551"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I'm trying to say is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=65.551,67.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If there is a point, that is also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=67.154,70.127"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if there is a problem, there is also a solution","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=70.127,72.684"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which makes sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=72.684,73.805"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not a resolution for solution's sakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=73.805,76.196"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Denial of free choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=76.196,77.996"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a moment of a, telling the 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Thirteen tons, fifteen tons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1008.32,1010.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible) availability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1011.681,1012.514"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we must help with whatever can be 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(inaudible).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1168.747,1171.409"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1171.409,1173.54"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A book some of you might have read.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1173.54,1175.587"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A great leader, a spiritual leader, he once said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1175.587,1179.228"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his life was short, varieties of the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1179.228,1181.918"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1181.918,1183.457"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they alone heal or live for others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1183.457,1186.489"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The rest are more dead than alive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1186.489,1187.533"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here is one who lives for others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1188.77,1191.337"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said earlier,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1191.337,1192.468"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you are not going to live close to a hundred years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1192.468,1195.118"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my good friend Patti Kane,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1195.118,1196.306"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and those scholars who work with us,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1196.306,1199.306"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so first sentence is wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1200.25,1202.31"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You are told that life is short,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1202.31,1204.097"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but life is going to be long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1204.097,1206.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The vanities of the world are transient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1206.177,1209.954"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And they alone who live are those who live for others","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1209.954,1212.869"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the rest are more dead than alive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1212.869,1214.818"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much ladies and gentlemen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1214.818,1216.858"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1216.858,1219.108"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much Dr Swaminathan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1251.258,1254.29"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"given the hour, I think we will forgo the formal questions,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1254.29,1258.797"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Dr Swaminathan will be available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1258.797,1262.418"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if anybody wishes to come forward afterwards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1262.418,1266.217"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr Swaminathan, we do have a special token","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1266.217,1269.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to present you with,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1269.92,1271.418"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hopefully it will help you remember your lecture here today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1271.418,1275.613"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a beautiful crystal replica","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1279.9,1284.1"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engraved inside using modern laser engraving techniques.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1284.1,1288.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a replica of a Corn Lester statue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1288.61,1292.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was painted here on the Iowa State University campus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1292.27,1295.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Christian Petersen, who was an artist in residence,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1295.07,1298.777"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the original is now in the Smithsonian museum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1298.777,1302.672"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Washington DC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1302.672,1303.505"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1303.505,1305.494"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=1305.494,1307.827"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28533/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/533/original/AV204805_Hunger_Free_World_b.vtt?1622671770","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/533/original/AV204805_Hunger_Free_World_b.vtt?1622671770"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28534","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204805_Hunger_Free_World_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452/transcript/28534/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- ... Iraq police, depending on the oil spills, and the oil has come into lakes what they call bioremediation. Bioremediation techniques which are now very common in terms of sequestration. It can be solved, if you come to Bangladesh you have actually poison in the ground. The only easy ways sequestration, by bioremediation to absolve, the kind of... So there's an enormous opportunity here - There has been no real evidence Has done anything wrong. Pollution of a gene pool For development you want a really high degree of diversity if you want to keep them, you can have a catchment park Protected areas and sanctuaries. It's common in every country, the United States has many National Parks. Protected areas. One can define an area as a protected area hydro or bio-diversity Sanctuary. What I'm trying to say is, If there is a point, that is also, if there is a problem, there is also a solution which makes sense. Not a resolution for solution's sakes. Denial of free choice. It was a moment of a, telling the farmers. Labeling violation of farmers fundamental property rights. Their fuel and they have an international treaty on planter resources. That specifically provide a provision, both the governmental and biological diversity and they fuel a treaty on bountiful resources. I have provisions for recognizing and rewarding the contributions of local indigenous communities and local communities for generating resources conservation and enhancement. That requisites that each are compatible with the principles of sustainable agriculture. Again we look at we can have a large number of varieties. Some of them can be developed in participation really. Unacceptable threats to human health. There is certain properties that are important. They are being screened, to rid the whole society the latest report of London There are certain concerns. Allogenic properties and the various allogenic reactions. But really they can be tested. And also there are new kind of technologies, the clean green technologies, so we can also overcome some of these problems. Ban GMOs in all agriculture. You know, some people some people say I'm thinking bad. They experimented with a ban, it was mice and poison in the Soviet Union, with disastrous consequences, disastrous consequences to Soviet agriculture. In Science what is important is to understand. And it's not about talking about the ethical responsibility of the scientist, but the consequence of their work is important. Now, you can integrate and if you want to obtain it, diversity and efficiency is the best way to work with farmers. For example, what we will do in my center, once we have all of the clearances for the selling of rice or the rice. Then we will view the local farmer's association then get crops with the local variety from the point of your operation, from the point of your quality, and so on, and so that we can have a large number of varieties. Finally, coming back to the problem of hunger. It has three dimensions, availability of food, the function of production there is no time to relax on the production front. Just because today, the world is awash with plague, we can't take it for granted. Environmental parameters, as I said, population is growing, land is shaking. Therefore we have to increase production. Even the surplus, in my country for example, the so-called surplus is only because nearly two hundred million people are under nourished. If they eat, well, the surplus wouldn't be there. There's no such surplus. If everybody eats. Therefore we should not be blinded into complacency. Access has become the most important. Income and sustainable life productions. This way of globalization has to be pro-jobs, what they said, but it should be pro-nature, pro-jobs and pro-women. They are there, there we will find, and pro-poor. If these four conditions, pro-nature, pro-poor, pro-women and pro-jobs. If these four can be put in a matrix, and then let technology assist them. Food access is a problem. And absorption, the body, the utilization, the body is a function of safe drinking water and non-nutritional factors like environmental hygiene, vital healthcare and primary education. So if you really want to have a healthy and happy society, one must have an inter-related attention to availability of access and utilization of absorption. We have done a very detailed exercise in India, every part of India, there are two matrices now they are three matrices we have produced. One on food insecurity in rural India, one on urban India, one point on here I want to make clear, those of you who can see the map, the green color at the top - this is our bread basket. Like the North of India, Punjab and Haryana, they are the leaders of the green revolution. Today they are the most food secure, because as I've said with the green revolution came prosperity. Poverty has been practically eliminated, and is mostly prosperous. But over twenty years there has been great difficulty this is the sustainability of food security access. The one in Punjab and Haryana are on the verge of total insecurity because the ground water has been mined, ground water is going down, salinization has spread. Crop rotation, legume has disappeared from the rotation. Formerly there used to be Trifolium alexandrinum or Egyptian clover or Berseem. That has been left out. Rice, wheat, rice, wheat. That has become a land of rock mining and the forests have disappeared. So then, as scientists we have the responsibility to the generations yet to be born. What do we call this? We'll call it inter-generational equity, equity is a time bank machine of infinite inter-generational equity. In other words, natural resources, it is our duty normally to conserve them, but to enhance them. See - better. Although Africa is always in the news because in African countries, there have been famines and so on, and also there have been conflicts, you know, there have been signs of conflict, but the real hot spot of poverty and hunger is South Asia. The South Asian situation. Because there's large number of people, poor people there, heavy population density, and therefore it is important. The rural-urban divide is increasing. Even a country like China, China is one where attention was given. From on-farm to non-farm, what they call the rural township enterprise, it was the leader of the Chinese agricultural revolution. And thanks to him, China was enormously prosperous. And also, he had the wisdom to know there is not land for everybody. So they said they would take home hundred million people in the next seven to eight years from farm to non-farm occupation. What they call the rural township enterprise. In spite of the rural-urban, although the rural areas are much better off, than the urban. Thailand has been, we must always learn from successes, where there's too much of defeat it is important to have some success stories, Thailand, China have been success stories. The hunger rate in children in Thailand has dropped down very dramatically in a period of ten to fifteen years. According to Thailand's new efficient security compact, the compact consists of Vitamin and mild protein and anti-malnutrition. According to the growth of preschool children and provide food supplements and mainstream nutrition and health education. Agricultural policies, incorrect breastfeeding, WHO says, at least for six months the mother's milk should be available to the child, promote home gardening, integrated food safety line, and the more important thing was, they mobilized the community and not just the government program, the community identified one volunteer. In every street, one volunteer handles fifteen households, continuous kind of relationship, and so on... There's no problem at all. It's a question of organization and mobilization. The other important aspect of this, is to look at the whole family, the whole life cycle in nutrition. Because, those who agree, during pregnancy, the worst part, from the future apparently is low birth weight children, less than 2.2 kilograms because it can start fragmented development increase risk of a lot of chronic diseases, high mortality rate and so on. After which, impaired mental development is a very serious one. It is the knowledge age, the age of knowledge, the age of information, the era of knowledge, it would be very unfortunate. So we must make that a priority, maternal and fetal nutrition and malnutrition. That has to go at very high in priority, in terms because we are deciding priorities, I believe that we must give one priority to pregnant women. Particularly, fetal nutrition and malnutrition Today education, we can lead from education. Just as a green revolution, there is an information revolution. I think the world has Four billion out of six billion watched currently statistics. In other words, If anything happens anywhere in the world today. In Baghdad something happens, the whole world will know. The same time, in other words, concurrently. It's a remarkable world. Although we call it the global village. It is only through information and communication technology it is just given meaning and content to the term global village. We know everywhere what happens. For example, in a little hamlet on the coast of Pondicherry, there are known for some of the The village called Ariyankuppam, it is on the coast. There are very poor families, there are fisher people. The husbands work and artisanal fisheries. They go out on mechanized boats, they all at the end of the day for the US Naval Oceanography Office database they download information on their device and they can go around and then they put their speakers, you see, it's all their own invention, they put these loudspeakers they will broadcast information all over. So before, the husbands location will go out to the sea they know exactly, from the shoreline, a thousand meters from here what will be that. And there's also thermal mapping of the oceans, which will give also an idea of shores. We have, at my center, a virtual academy. My center is rated to harnessing the best in modern science, the best in technologies, modern technology. Rated in informational wisdom. What we call eco-technology. My designation is called, the chair of eco-technology. Eco-technology involves ecology, economics, equity and in general terms, employment and energy, It's five E's. That's what we call eco-technology. And better water, energy, health - Health information. We have a program called \"Cataract Free Zone\". The whole area is free of cataracts. Because, all these cataracts, how you identify them hospital. Which is where they perform the surgery. Credit, as I mentioned earlier, fortunately a lot of India has a credit card. For Poor farmers now have credit cards. Many don't know their entitlements, for so it's very important that we have an entitlement database, in which every farmer or farm woman, or anybody else they have a pass book in which all their entitlements are listed. They know, what is their entitlement how to access it, what is their interest and so on. Utilization. Credit card insurance is exceedingly important for the very poor farmers. There I told you about earlier, what about this women who has conserved so many varieties of rice, she is the prime case, one of the primary centers for the diversity of rice. And she always pays her value added taxonomy, they have a meaning, each one, this is drought tolerant, this is taller than this one, this is medicinal rice and so on. So the value of her taxonomy is a value added taxonomy, but the main thing indicates the purpose and the use. The Suri who are very poor, living under poor conditions. She is doing so much good for the world, by conserving so many varieties of strain. This is where we see farmer's rights being and also for benefit sharing. In India, it is the first country which has an act for protection of plant varieties and farmer's rights. We have linked the rights of farmers and breeders as an integrated right. Because farmers and breeders, there is no need for a breeder if there is no farmer. Therefore they are aligned in the same movement. Their rights should not be looked at frivolously. They must be mutually reinforced. This group won last year, the Equator Innovation award at Johannesburg for the field gene bank, see the one for conservation, a seed bank so that they don't lose a seed if there is drought, a water bank and a grain bank. It is a very interesting one. Today we have two kinds of intellectual property rights, active rights and also benefit sharing. One is a community right, collective right, the other is an individual right. This is the structure of our virtual academy, there are four kinds of linkages, lab to lab, in other words, all of those are information sources. Lab to land, the culmination of the academy know-how and the freedom to do-how joining the house in the formulation. Then, Land to Lab and Land to Land, there is natural learning among farmers, they use the satellite, both celestial as well as sea. And we put it all together, in what we call a Bio-village. A Bio-village is by all means living, it is a human center of development based on Marcel Proust famous saying, \"the real voyage of discovery does not consist of seeking new landscapes, but having new eyes\". And only the eyes, the mindset as we call it, the eyes create the mindset, For example in India, seventy five million women are involved in producing eighty five million tons of milk. Ladies and gentlemen, in United States, used to be number one in production, today India is number one. About ten million tons behind us, but the only difference is, in the United States seventy five million tons of milk are producible by two hundred thousand people. In my country, seventy five million women produce eighty five million tons of milk. All in all, production in masses, in contrast to mass production technology. What we have today, is space for both of them, otherwise great banks are very useful. They can reach isolated areas. What we call a hunger hot spot, due to drought, crime and hunger. last two years ago when New York Times, and the Harvard Review, Barry Barrack politicized the game by supporting now Pakistan, he said, \"Sons are being sold for bags of wheat.\" It carries a lot of - and he wrote later on that he - so much money came to retrieve the sons from those who bought them. People from US but then at that time, the moment India announced, we have a million tons of wheat from Afghanistan, and he suggested the government put a thousand food banks, two hundred tons each, in all the remote areas, where this kind of problem comes. You know usually, food, but food at the base and if your transportation is difficult, so I said, for every problem there is also an affordable solution. In honor of Catherine Bartini who is receiving this years award, the World Food Prize award, remarkable lady, what exactly the world food program does concern only with emergencies. Like drought, ethnic conflict, hunger. Ethiopian famine of the eighties and so on, but she invited a new concept of food for development, food for sustainable development. I think we can take it to the next step now. And now an international bank for nutrition for all, from which you can give small amounts, like small grants for, you see, many of the donor agencies, they have also a small grants program. What the world needs to rid hunger spots is small amounts. Thirteen tons, fifteen tons, availability. So we must help with whatever can be done. So to conclude then, we have the final milestone. We must define food security in operational terms, as physical, economic, socially and ecological access to sustainability. To balanced diets and safe drinking water. Around the whole life cycle approach, as I said earlier, bridge the main gap between protection and actual use. Promote farmer participatory research and knowledge system. It is a quite extensional system. Using the modern technology, internet the cable TV, the radio, the community radio has been used very effectively in the United States and the local newspaper as an integrated system. An integrated approach to on-farm and non-farm employment. And a paradigm shift amongst those who spill oil. Community centered food security systems and also gene security systems. Then, conservation of seed and so on. Nutritional and non-nutritional factors like education, health care and facilitate trade in farm communities. Properly free trade and fair trade. Above all, the role of women as core producers and hunger elimination leaders has to be recognized so long as it's not recognized hunger will persist. Strengthen the world food program and finally, form a global virtual academy for food security. Also the bane of my very close colleague, President of the US National Academy, science, as he says, he's always talking about linking scientists to scientists, but the time has come for us to link the scientists to the poorest of the poor. Reaching the unreached, or including the excluded, today. We can reach the unreached. So, I started with the quotation from and I've reached a point where W.H. Audan which I quoted got the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 in an article, \"Hunger allows no choice to the citizen or the police, we must love one another or die. It is very true today. Defenseless under the knife, our world in stupor lies, yet dotted everywhere, ironic points of light, flash out wherever the Just exchange their messages. May I, composed like them, of Eros and of dust, beleaguered by the same negation and despair show an affirming flame.\" We are in our midst of one of the brightest of burning flames, we have a saying by . A book some of you might have read. A great leader, a spiritual leader, he once said, his life was short, varieties of the world but they alone heal or live for others. The rest are more dead than alive, here is one who lives for others. I said earlier, you are not going to live close to a hundred years, my good friend Patti Kane, and those scholars who work with us, so first sentence is wrong. You are told that life is short, but life is going to be long. The vanities of the world are transient. And they alone who live are those who live for others and the rest are more dead than alive. Thank you very much ladies and gentlemen.\r\n\r\n- Thank you very much Dr Swaminathan, given the hour, I think we will forgo the formal questions, but Dr Swaminathan will be available if anybody wishes to come forward afterwards. Dr Swaminathan, we do have a special token to present you with, hopefully it will help you remember your lecture here today. We have a beautiful crystal replica engraved inside using modern laser engraving techniques. It is a replica of a Corn Lester statue which was painted here on the Iowa State University campus by Christian Petersen, who was an artist in residence, and the original is now in the Smithsonian museum in Washington DC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43489/file/116452#t=0.0,1327.92"}]}]}]}