{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/jw86h4dc4k/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Whiteford, Michael B., Sigma Xi Lecture"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/004/original/ISULogo.png?1601681107","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Preferred Citation"]},"value":{"en":["Sigma Xi Lecture. Iowa State University Lecture Series (RS 8/6/53). Special Collections and University Archives, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa."]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["Iowa State University. Special Collections and University Archives"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["There are no restrictions on access. (access)","This item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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Engineering,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=20.115,22.065"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that also includes the social sciences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=22.065,25.066"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the Phi Beta Kappa of science.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=25.066,28.101"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, you could be nominated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=28.101,31.084"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you do a certain amount of 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Scientist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=51.909,54.982"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which carries a lot of interesting articles that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=54.982,57.322"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are registered depending on parameters of 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society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=67.059,69.512"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we run a lectures program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=69.512,71.616"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we also administer awards,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=71.616,74.731"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Paris award for the social sciences,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=74.731,78.104"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Sacramento award for the hard sciences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=78.104,81.937"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the end of the academic year and honor those people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=82.939,87.705"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then through this also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=87.705,90.216"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna turn this program over to Dr. Jain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=90.216,93.907"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Who is president elect of the sigma Xi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=93.907,97.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chaplain who will introduce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=99.212,101.102"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and run the program this evening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=101.102,103.243"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"End of the program he will up to answer questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=103.243,106.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would just pick one mic here and go for a while","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=106.157,110.074"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"till we actually break","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=111.299,113.676"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience 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out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=118.37,120.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(audience laughing)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=120.21,122.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leave some cookies from me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=122.16,124.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Welcome to the Sigma Xi screen lecture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=135.758,139.091"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and with great pleasure I introduce today's 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place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=763.87,765.27"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The purpose of this evening's talk is to describe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=766.4,768.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aspects of the variations in popular medical values,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=768.62,772.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to place this information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=772.89,774.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into some larger cultural framework","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=774.43,777.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ethical medical beliefs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=777.16,779.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But let me begin by introducing you to Wahaka","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=779.94,783.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a number of you in this room have been there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=783.13,784.85"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the slides that without shame","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=784.85,788.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I show you because I get paid by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=788.28,790.03"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Mexican Ministry of Tourism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=790.03,792.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you should be just enough to wet your appetite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=792.33,794.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a visit there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=794.44,796.97"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Particularly when we look out and see what surrounds us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=796.97,800.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in this day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=800.33,801.56"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It is a gorgeous city,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=801.56,802.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and let me just kinda run us through a few of these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=802.77,807.723"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For those of you whose eyesight is better than mine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=809.75,814.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anyway, is that reasonably clear?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=816.87,818.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, Wahaka one of the two southernmost states of Mexico,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=818.92,823.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and interesting, state and Ricardo's Salvador's home state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=826.589,831.547"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So in a moment or two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=832.8,833.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm gonna pass the microphone to him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=833.9,835.63"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he will take over and talk about the city of Wahaka.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=835.63,839.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In any event lets see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=839.6,844.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the state of Wahaka and like many Mexican cities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=845.39,849.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the state and the capital","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=849.26,851.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the state go by the same name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=851.43,853.82"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What is particularly interesting about Wahaka there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=853.82,856.61"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are a number of things is that urban life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=856.61,859.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the valley of Wahaka has existed for almost 2500 years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=859.24,864.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And for more than a millennium,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=864.27,867.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Paramount city of the region was Monte Alban,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=867.51,870.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which at its zenith probably had somewhere between 25","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=870.33,873.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 50,000 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deities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=881.18,883.367"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a complex social organization that extended its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=883.367,887.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influence well beyond the borders of the entire region.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=887.13,890.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is ballpark a slide I took many many years ago,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=890.4,895.4"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but the city of Wahaka is behind 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Wahaka.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=905.987,909.223"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortez arrived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=909.223,912.96"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the region of where the city Wahaka is today,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=912.96,916.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he encountered a whole region where cities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=916.06,919.48"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their accompanying complex systems of 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more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=926.05,929.04"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than wattle and daub villages.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=929.04,931.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Today, the areas dominated by the city of Wahaka","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=931.86,936.86"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home to more than 300,000 inhabitants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=937.7,941.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And as I 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country,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=945.21,948.92"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reside in Wahaka.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=948.92,950.157"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it is also one of the nation's poorest 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health.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2628.05,2630.42"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Often avenues for seeking cures are based","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2630.42,2633.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on simple pragmatic decisions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2633.69,2636.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is this something that is serious?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2636.26,2638.49"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is this an illness that will is felt to respond","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2638.49,2640.81"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Western medicine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2640.81,2642.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is this something that might require","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2643.62,2645.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the imbalance be corrected?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2645.36,2647.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After all, once it makes sure that the balance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2647.59,2650.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in life takes place in always in diet and behavior?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2650.07,2654.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In all things life after for all depends on maintaining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2654.72,2658.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the state of a dynamic and healthy equilibrium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2658.46,2661.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=2661.9,2662.9"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28710/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/710/original/AV204841_Sigma_Xi_Lecture_a.vtt?1622826440","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/710/original/AV204841_Sigma_Xi_Lecture_a.vtt?1622826440"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28711","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204841_Sigma_Xi_Lecture_a.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628/transcript/28711/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- Came here before me\r\n\r\n- I'm Murray Kaplan. I'm at present the president of Sigma Xi, and I just wanna say a few words about what Sigma Xi is. Sigma Xi is the National Honorary Society for Science and Engineering, and that also includes the social sciences with the Phi Beta Kappa of science. So, you could be nominated if you do a certain amount of research as an undergraduate or graduate and meet criteria for membership or have to be nominated into the society. That award goes onto your transcript if you so desire, and one is a member for life. And just of course, it is an honorary society. With membership, of course, one gets a subscription to American Scientist, which carries a lot of interesting articles that are registered depending on parameters of science. That's what I wanted to say about the Sigma Xi, who we are as a national society, and we run a lectures program and we also administer awards, the Paris award for the social sciences, and the Sacramento award for the hard sciences at the end of the academic year and honor those people and then through this also. I'm gonna turn this program over to Dr. Jain Who is president elect of the sigma Xi. Chaplain who will introduce and run the program this evening. End of the program he will up to answer questions would just pick one mic here and go for a while till we actually break And I know we have a lot of students here soon as the refreshments come out leave some cookies from me.\r\n\r\n- Welcome to the Sigma Xi screen lecture and with great pleasure I introduce today's speaker Dr. Michael Whiteword, Dr. Whiteword is a professor in anthropology and intern Dean for the college of the Liberal Art in the science, I was trying to say LAS okay so, I am glad to see we have this couple of scientist coming at this cold evening and so we are all here looking forward to exciting talk. And so Dr. Whiteword is the working alternative procuring practices and health care decision making process. And so he has been all over central and South America including Columbia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico. And so his research is in medical anthropology and I just learned during dinner time, that almost the whole family of Doctor Whiteword is in anthropology. So he's edited together with his brother and his son is also a PhD in anthropology. So I think this must run in the family. So today's The title, its a long title, I wanna make sure that I get it through right. Medical Proliferans intra-cultural differences, illnesses, etiology and the prevalence of medical choices in southern Mexico City. Some perspective, observations, lets welcome Dr. Whiteword\r\n\r\n- Believe me, let me get wired up real quickly. I am delighted to be here for the screen meeting. who would have done? And I apologize for such a long title I must have been feeling particularly energetic that day. In fact the title probably has more than I'll say. So I'll start to take questions right now. What I wanna do tonight is actually tell you a couple of stories and to try to weave this into sort of a long ethnographic narrative. And then break through refreshments, and take a few questions. in the cool of the early morning, Maria Van Danevro shakes off the morning chill and she chats with her neighbors. A couple of roosters are engaged in a dueling contest and the crowing prompts a brain response from Antonio Pidi Moore's aging donkey that otherwise is hobbled and patiently waiting for his master to unload ham sacks of charcoal that they've just brought down from the hills. Maria is waiting for the bus that will take her from her home in a working class neighborhood on the north side of the city of Wahaka. To the large Abasto Market. One of Maria's children is not feeling well and Senora van Danevro is going to visit a an herbalist who operates a stall in the market to get a botanical remedy for her daughter's raspy throat. She suspects that she will be told to prepare a tea from Yerba Buena or mantinea materials that she can get in the market and remedies which have produced successful results in the past. But she will refer to the herbalist good judgment. The tisetera will know. Maria does not think the illness is serious but knows that of her daughter is not better in a couple of days She will take the child to the ministry of health hospital in the center of town. She does not realize this prospect has to wait so long, and the treatment is frequently handled in a Curt brusque and impersonal fashion. In another area of the neighborhood, Fransica Harnadess is checking on her sleeping toddler Jose. The coffee had the previous day seems to have gone and the child is sleeping soundly. Francisca notes that later in the day, she will need to stop by one of the pharmacies in town to pick up a disposable syringe and another vial of penicillin. Like the type her neighbor, Mangia Kaiseriro had recommended. Dongemojia is known throughout the Bargio as a very knowledgeable cure. She is a specialist in giving injections and administrating of various kinds. From carefully studied the irises. She has diagnosed Jose's particular type of and recommended the injectable remedy. Two visits to Doniamonsha would be all that's necessary. While all of this is going on, sounds like Ame is in the winter. Ignacio Gonzalez is gingerly getting out of bed several days before he had trip down some stairs at work and had wretched his right ankle thinking he only had a sprain. Ignacio has gone three times to a someone who cures through massage for treatment, the ankle does not seem to be getting much better. And Senora Gonzalez is now convinced he had better see a physician at the city's large social security hospital. Through his employer Ignacio is eligible for this type of medical treatment. Ignacio however, is not pleased at going to an and allopathic physician that he's never seen before. Elsewhere in the Palonia Sesino has just finished her breakfast and now facing the small altar in their living room. She likes a votive candle in front of a glass frame, color drawing of the Virgin of Guadalupe and whispers a prayer of supplication because it is Tuesday and auspicious day for curing and healing. She can plan on spending about two hours that afternoon at sister Amanda. Sister Imelda is a spiritualist and Polonia actually has for almost every Tuesday for the past year and a half will go for a curing and a cleansing session in an effort to relieve the chronic rheumatism she's had in her shoulders. For years prior to seeing history Imelda she has seen a number of physicians without getting much relief. She feels her current treatment is quite satisfactory. And finally, this has been a difficult time for Rosalina Samboni. A woman in her late 30s. She has recently moved to the Bargio with two of her teenage children and her three year old son Fransisco they have come from East an indigenous apotek community in the Siako. While her children speak good Spanish Rosalina is very uncomfortable with the language. And although they are stained with relatives from east Tepehe, she is overwhelmed by the move to the city. But our biggest concern is with Fransisco who has not been feeling well for the past few days, and has had vomiting and continual diarrhea. Rosalina sister in law, Aroliana with whom she is staying, thinks the children has the evil eye, and both women suspect they know the neighbor who was responsible. They both know that this type of illness is not recognized by physicians in the city. And that evil eye is a malady that will not respond to Western medicine. Fortunately, Aroliana has the name of a , a traditional healer or cure who has an office in the city, and they will visit him that day. The casual observer trying to understand the medical worldview for many working class Latin Americans would be dazzled not only at the plethora of factors that enter into notions of disease causation, but also at the set of criteria used in determining which patterns of medical resort people eventually implement. For the outsider who might believe that the primary causes of most illness can be explained by rubric involving terms like bacteria, or viruses, this would paint a picture that would be incomplete and inaccurate. Many of the residents in this Bargio associate concepts regarded as part of a Western medical paradigm, as existing side by side with beliefs. The illnesses are also caused by such things as our fright or which causes the soul to separate from the body, and hence results in an illness as the body tries to regain its balance by calling back the soul. Or illnesses that are caused by an imbalance in the metaphorical not to be confused with the thermal, hot and cold qualities associated with most foods, drugs, or medicines, or qualities associated with emotional state and physical activities. Come back to that in a minute. Furthermore, it is not unusual for illnesses to be brought about by such things as problems of interpersonal relationships, the purposeful and unsavory actions of others, or the intersection in one way or another by supernatural forces. Although on the one hand populations such as the residents of this Bargio might have what seems to be an almost unwieldy, complex medical worldview. On the other hand, there is an orderliness, and symmetry, to much of what takes place. The purpose of this evening's talk is to describe aspects of the variations in popular medical values, and to place this information into some larger cultural framework of ethical medical beliefs. But let me begin by introducing you to Wahaka a number of you in this room have been there. And so the slides that without shame I show you because I get paid by the Mexican Ministry of Tourism, you should be just enough to wet your appetite for a visit there. Particularly when we look out and see what surrounds us in this day. It is a gorgeous city, and let me just kinda run us through a few of these things. For those of you whose eyesight is better than mine. Anyway, is that reasonably clear? Okay, Wahaka one of the two southernmost states of Mexico, and interesting, state and Ricardo's Salvador's home state. So in a moment or two, I'm gonna pass the microphone to him and he will take over and talk about the city of Wahaka. In any event lets see the state of Wahaka and like many Mexican cities, the state and the capital of the state go by the same name. What is particularly interesting about Wahaka there are a number of things is that urban life in the valley of Wahaka has existed for almost 2500 years. And for more than a millennium, the Paramount city of the region was Monte Alban, which at its zenith probably had somewhere between 25 and 50,000 inhabitants. It also possessed an elaborate religious hierarchy with the pantheon of deities and a complex social organization that extended its influence well beyond the borders of the entire region. This is ballpark a slide I took many many years ago, but the city of Wahaka is behind it. It is a wonderful example of pre classic and classic archaeology in the southern part of Mexico, and here to see the city of Wahaka. When the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortez arrived in the region of where the city Wahaka is today, he encountered a whole region where cities and their accompanying complex systems of social organization had existed at a time when most of the Iberian Peninsula boasted of nothing more than wattle and daub villages. Today, the areas dominated by the city of Wahaka home to more than 300,000 inhabitants. And as I said, the capital of the state by the same name, one of the largest indigenous populations in the country, reside in Wahaka. And it is also one of the nation's poorest states. If you think about the combination of those two things first. Wahaka is a fascinating and gorgeous city, in many, many respects, plays a very important and very proud role in the history of southern Mexico. And for much of Mexico's history, this gorgeous colonial city has felt neglected. In fact, at one point, during the strife for the Mexican Revolution in the 20th century, the state declared independence from Mexico, in activity that wasn't really recognized in Mexico City, and after some period of time, when nobody really did anything they say well. Okay, that was not a very good move, and sort of declared that they were back in the system. For those of you who have been to Wahaka you know that it is essentially an agricultural state. Although, today, the city of Wahaka is known internationally for its woven goods. It's painted animal and dragon lacquer figures in black pottery, and it's many fascinating archaeological sites 20 or 30, inside the church 20 or 30 years ago Wahaka the first time visitor to Wahaka probably was almost overwhelmed at the Baroque architecture and the colonial and stately sort of presence of the churches and the public buildings, particularly in the center of town, and extremely picturesque colonial appearance reminded people who have traveled around of such urban areas Bonaparte Kirito Mexico, or Popayan Columbia, or Antigua Guatemala cities of adobe walls and carefully sculpted stone fronts of churches where the tile roofs and the floor combinations of flaming red and purple bougainvilleas help to convey an impression of cities where time stood still. This is no longer the case. Of course in Wahaka the flood of tourists, mainly Mexican but with ever increasing numbers of North Americans and Europeans have changed the tenor of the heart of the city. No longer is the central plaza. Basically, we are taking this shot, and here you see it, the central plaza or Zocalo, as it is known in Mexico, a quiet area where families ambled slowly around the perimeter of the plaza while the state orchestra played strolling music, or where people enjoy a quiet evening meal join in the center of the city. It is a bustling and booming place right now. And the city has grown in leaps and bounds. It is today a city of migrants with residents coming primarily from rural parts of the state. And for that matter, the state to its immediate South the state of Chiapas. It is within this context, that we're gonna talk a little bit about medical anthropology, and disease. quickly run through a couple of these slides have gotten ahead of myself. This is one of the things, people have in the countryside do is when they come in, they spend time dealing with the purchase of items that they can't get in their real communities and disposal of items that they have raised, made grown for the market they also do things like go to movies handle business in the state capitol and the like. It is also a place as I tell my students if you spent an awful lot of time in a rural community and particularly 20 or 30 years ago, before satellite TV, and cell telephones they were pretty quiet places and one looked at going to the metropolitan areas of time for some entertainment. Again, this is a little bit light but this is sort of a legal scribe in this stage of the market. These fellows probably now have computers with laser printers, but this is taken a couple of years ago when you had a or official looking paper and you will have decrees and declarations typed up, they would be signed in with flourish and stamps and various other things that would allow you then to embark on all kinds of important legal or paralegal activities. This is one of tisatera an herbalists, one of the kind of fancy shops in the market, you can buy all kinds of things to cure you think we have a picture of some birds, feathers, they're also Chinese herbs and so forth that have been brought in for cures. But much of the actual herbs and spices and other medical things are sold in small stands like this one, this is actually a woman from the community of Yalalag. A community that used to be known for raising all kinds of chilli peppers and a little bit darker here you've seen the the variation from the range of colors, or one of my acquaintances who simply picked these fruit from trees in his yard and came in when they were sold and got on a bus to go home. A little more familiar type of seeing of herbs and other types of medicinal remedies that you would walk up and explain what's going on to this woman and she would make certain types of recommendations. And as someone who was interested in the deuce Ace of the sweets of Latin America where one's sweet tooth, confining dissatisfied, the cakes and cookies, and sweets of one type or another to be sold. A young anthropologist, I was also in really good shape, a lot of running. But there's my shameless quick set of slides as a faster version from what we're gonna talk about. But let me get backwards for a moment to help frame the discussion for the rest of the evening here and talk a little bit about anthropologies interest in and fascination with Latin American traditional medicine or ethno medicine. This interest goes back well over half a century. And for most of the second half of the 20th century. Every ethnography that you picked up every community study that anthropologist wrote, had a chapter on curing, sometimes it was stuck between the chapter on agriculture and the chapter on religion, because all of these things sort of intersected in a very holistic in a very logical and natural fashion. So all of us as young anthropologists, in one way or another were became interested as part of our anthropological training, in the role that curing plays in worldview, the way curing plays in interpersonal relationships, as well as how religion and curing fit together very nicely. So these set of themes would weave their way through descriptions of everything from agricultural practices, to food preparation, to consumption patterns, and certainly to such things as social organization. Similarly, examine any examination of religious practices and beliefs were imbued with how the supernatural could be lifted, or inlisted as it were, to keep the body and soul healthy. By the early 1960s, several distinct avenues of ethno medical inquiry began to take shape. And perhaps no single traditional medical anthropology subject has produced as many articles and as much discussion as the study of humoral medicine often referred to as the heart cold syndrome. To understanding humoral medicine, one needs to appreciate the fact that in many rural areas in Latin America, the classification of foods were put into metaphorical qualities, of hot or cold or sometimes neutral. And the origins of this belief system are said to date back to the time of per cuties but its basic tenants are similar to concepts found in Indian Ayurvedic medicine in traditional Confucian medicines from China. And the concepts that are in play in much of rural Latin America certainly have their origin in the medical systems that were brought over by the Spanish and the Portuguese in the 15th and the 16th century, but it's really important to know is that the concept, of hot and cold, have not remained static. But they have been very, very good at incorporating new illnesses, hence as well as new remedies, so that over the counter remedies, pharmaceutical drugs that most of us feel we need to get a prescription to have, have all worked their way into the system of hot and cold beliefs. In a nutshell, the system or humoral medicine works through the principle of opposites. As I said, all foods are felt to have innate metaphorical qualities, properties that individuals learn as part of their cultural experience. And the idea is that people strive to obtain some sort of balance between hot and cold items in their diet. I've talked to my students and I see Betsy here, as we've talked about, in the United States, when people talk about balanced diet, and I realized that there maybe is no such thing as a balanced diet. I heard about the Atkins diet tonight. One of my sons for a while was eating peanut butter and tuna fish and maintained that this was a wonderful diet until his mother finally said enough of this. But if we somewhere in the back of our mind have this notion that a well balanced diet should consist of leafy green vegetables and assortment of other things and the food population or the food pyramid. In much of rural Latin America, the idea is that a good diet is one that is balanced, it consists of foods that are felt to have hot qualities and foods that are to have cold qualities. And as I said, these are metaphorical qualities that may or may not be related to the actual thermal qualities. So the underlying philosophy is predicated on the belief that good health is something that depends on maintaining a dynamic equilibrium in terms of consumption of ingested items, as well as maintaining a balance in many other aspects of livelihood. Emotional and physical activities also have their hot or cold properties. Similarly, when illnesses are assigned a quality as their anecdotes are as well, including, as I mentioned many over the counter remedies, as well as more powerful spectrum drugs such as penicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin and the like. Once the properties of the illness had been defined, the rule of the principle of opposites applies, regardless of whether you use botanical or pharmaceutically derived remedies. That's when somebody in Margarita Lopez's family has indigestion or in the English word I've been told is surfit raise your hand if about surfit one of the not terribly commonly used terms. But Ricardo can you tell us what is?\r\n\r\n- Basically you mean there is something like a stupor\r\n\r\n- You mean yourself into a stupor yeah, it is the bloating indigested remember the days of the commercials and they said I have eaten so much I can't take another step or you feel like how can I get someone put me on that. And the idea is literally a lot of food has become stuck to your insides. Okay, this has a very is felt to have a very hot quality in fact it has hot quality. So, medical anthropology quiz 101 if the illness has a hot quality, what should the remedy be?\r\n\r\n- Cold\r\n\r\n- Okay, you've all passed, the quiz for the day is now over, pick up your sip and get an A on the way out. Yes, the treatment therefore should draw upon herbal remedies that are felt to have cold or cooling qualities. And over the counter remedies that are felt to possess cold qualities will work too one of these favorites is Alka Seltzer. And so it is always with a bit of amusement that in restaurants in many Latin American cities right next to the cash register next to the mints, there are dispensers of these small envelopes of Alka Seltzer never leave home without it. But another anthropological focus of ethno medicine has looked at practitioners, because historically, the population studied by anthropologists often had views about disease causation that were somewhere at variance with the more urban based and cosmopolitan belief systems or because these populations did not have direct or easy access to Western allopathic medical history facilities and institutions, anthropologists have tended to focus their attention on more traditional or local level providers of health care. And who are these practitioners that we could do a little bit of a list in everybody's past the 101 quiz, we'll look at some of the things. Similar to probably what occurred in this country a generation or two ago, many families have their own very savvy diagnosticians. Often this is a female, as in many parts of the world, they are the ones who, for one reason or another, tend to take health and health care a little more seriously than males. But many ailments are treated with homegrown medicinal plants. The backyard is the drugstore. Whether things come from the garden or are found in their feral state, people walk out and they are able to identify not only things that they have planted, and sometimes planted in little planters that hang on the window ledges, but also walk with some of these knowledgeable women as they go through just down the side of the road. And they'll point out things and say, this root is very good for that so try the flower of this in a tea. Use these leaves after you soak them as a compress for one thing or another. So many families have ready access to healing plants that are growing and are acknowledged to have very important medicinal properties. So teas or policies are easily prepared for internal or any type of topical problem. treatment will often and simultaneously involve petitions to the supernatural through prayer, the lighting of altar candles, or through other efforts to engage the supernatural, to begin to use at least two or three things at time simultaneously to deal with illness. When the situation requires consultation outside of the family, rarely does one have to go very far. Every community seems to have people knowledgeable in diagnosing illnesses and prescribing remedies. They might range from the elderly woman next door, who from years of observing and practice possesses almost unsurpassed knowledge of the local botanical pharmacopoeia. Or it might be the person down the street, who for a small fee will give injections of antibiotics without necessarily having any practical training in the use and dispensation of these medicines. In addition to non specialists, there is a range of full and part time medical practitioners. These are individuals acknowledged as possessing more than normal expertise in power in identifying causes of illness, and how to bring about cures. Sometimes they operate literally and figuratively, out of a room in their homes, for others might have offices that resemble small clinics. As a generic group, they may be referred to as put on dead rows or cures. Although often they specialize such as or herbalist who really specialize in colds and respiratory ailments stomach disorders, by using botanical cures, or bone setters who deal with fractures, and dislocations of limbs and joints. I've never seen a leg set by but I've watched shoulders and ankles be put back into their sockets with incredible skill. And very strong hands I might add or who can cure through massage. a Spiritist or spiritualists invoke the supernatural to assist in a wide range of cures from chronic ailments to broken hearts. The common denominator is the belief that all of these individuals in addition to being able to cure many garden variety, illnesses and ailments often are felt to have the ability to cure individuals from maladies that are not recognized by Western medical practitioners as even existing illnesses felt not to respond to biomedical treatments are likely to include such things as the evil eye an illness where a child becomes ill as a result of the covetous or envious glances or staring by another person or that I mentioned a while ago where it is felt that a severe fright literally causes the soul to separate from the body and to wander off and the cure there is often one that results in having family and friends stand around and to call the soul back into reattach to the body, or anyone have a number of types of witchcraft that might cause asymptomatic illnesses, or more likely things like canker sores that simply refuse to heal. This is not to suggest that these practitioners are adverse to using over the counter or more powerful pharmaceuticals. These are employed, often solely or in conjunction with other remedies. They're important because they can cure the symptoms, if not the malady itself. There's a second group of practitioners that are the formal representatives of the Western biomedical School of training. These include allopathic physicians, and in much of Latin America, the term that we use for MDs would be allopathic physicians, allopathic physicians, nurses, and exellery health care providers, all of whom share a common medical worldview. And as representatives of the dominant, and official conveyors of health care, they are almost always recognized as carriers of considerable knowledge, as well as individuals who have access to a wide range of very important tools and techniques for curing. These individuals and what they represent actually fit very nicely in the range of options for curing that most feel are available to them. A final word about practitioners who seem to straddle both sides of the world. In contrast to their US counterparts, Latin American physicians have considerable latitude in what they sell, and what they can do without a physician's approval. And as a result, many pharmacists are very, very highly regarded and enjoy a robust following. In my work in Colombia, as well as in Mexico, and talking to people about curing, you can find very quickly which drugstores and which pharmacists have very knowledgeable individuals. And you go in and you'll see down at one side, a huge gaggle of people waiting to see Don Fransisco or whoever the pharmacist is that enjoys this high range of regard. These individuals excuse me are, as I said, highly regarded because they are able to, in many ways straddle Western medicine by their dispensation of both over the counter as well as description based drugs, as well as an understanding of very often folk medical beliefs. Homeopathic physicians in Mexico, at least go through the same medical school training as their allopathic colleagues. Instead of specializing, for example, in internal medicine, those individuals receive special training in homeopathy, a form of treatment developed by the German physician, Samwell Hanuman, and one that is based on the notion that the natural defenses of the body can be stimulated by treatments that produce the same symptoms as the malady itself. As part of the diagnosis and the treatment. The practitioner uses a substance that, if ingested in large quantities, would cause symptoms similar to those the complaintant is experiencing. In order to reverse or to reduce the severity of the reaction homeopathic healers reduce the dosage of the substance to extremely small, almost microscopic portions. One of the principles of homeopathy is the belief that an individual's health is regulated by a vital force or energy flow. In a healthy person. This vital force exists in a state of dynamic equilibrium. When the balance is upset, the individual becomes sick. Acupuncturists are a relatively new addition to the system of cures in much of Latin America. But acupuncture is similar to what is taking place in the United States are enjoying a considerable growth in popularity in many parts of Latin America. Based on the explanatory model, that vital energy or ch'i flows through invisible pathways or meridians in the body. The holistic and equilibrium aspect of this approach is increasingly attractive to many, particularly those seeking relief from chronic illnesses. So we begin to see a bit of a theme that emerges in terms of maintaining a balance or an equilibrium and chiropractic medicine, proponents of naturalistic medicine iridology this Study of health through the study of the iris of the eye, and many other options are regularly available to country and city dwellers alike. Several years ago, we simply did an inventory. visiting with people and asking them bring of a list of types of cures that were available in the city of Wahaka. And it was really incredible the number of options that people regularly used. In Latin America, and in particularly in rural Latin America. The Western medical paradigm based in large measure on a scientific model, that is not necessarily accepted without qualification, and was never accepted with the same level of unwavering adherence, or conviction as found in much of the United States. Perhaps in response to rising costs of health care or the belief that allopathic medicine. In spite of impressive accomplishes. Accomplishments, the eradication of smallpox comes to mind, leaves much to be desired in the minds of many. This has left many people somewhat disenchanted with the dominant model for explain what causes illnesses, and what courses of action exist for curing for many Latin Americans in particularly in the rural sectors, exploring various strategies for curing alternatives simultaneously, more options than one, suspenders and belt at the same time, makes perfectly good sense. Friend of mine, who was a medical anthropologist and worked in a children's hospital, know that one of his greatest accomplishments was to convince hospital officials to allow cures in the community to work within the confines of that hospital. The cures would arrive and have a discussion and dialogue with their Western trained physicians about issues related to such things as Susto or the evil eye. In some cases, family would arrive with children who are severely dehydrated suffering from life threatening diarrhea, and vomiting. These families were absolutely convinced that their child might be suffering from evil eye, and knew that they would not be able to convince the attending physician, that that was the root cause of the problem. So when you go in and the physician says, What's wrong with you, you can't say I think my child has evil eye is you will be shown to the door. And what Carlos was able to do was to bring in local respected cures, who are able to do deal with the root cause of the evil eye before turning the case over to the physician who would then address the accompanying symptoms. In formal short courses to young physicians, and in Colombia, Mexico, that I've participated in has been very important in having these individuals who are getting set to spend their year of real service in communities whose cultural practices are very, very different from the urban based ones that they have grown up with. We will just spend time saying do many ethnographies understand how the local medical system works and get some understanding about how local notions of hot and cold work, understand how people diagnose illnesses so that when somebody shows up, and they say, I have a stomach problem, then you say, what do you think you might have? And they give you an answer, don't respond by providing them with a medical alternative, that would have the same quality as the illness they described. If you've got options, pick one of those other options and say, \"oh what a great idea\" is tend work fairly well. Medical pluralism involves a lot of things and ultimately focuses on the strategies one employs for maintaining one's health. Often avenues for seeking cures are based on simple pragmatic decisions. Is this something that is serious? Is this an illness that will is felt to respond to Western medicine? Is this something that might require that the imbalance be corrected? After all, once it makes sure that the balance in life takes place in always in diet and behavior? In all things life after for all depends on maintaining the state of a dynamic and healthy equilibrium. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116628#t=0.0,2678.64"}]}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 2 - AV204841_Sigma_Xi_Lecture_b.mp3"]},"duration":944.064,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/116/629/small/lecture.png?1622826443","type":"Image","format":"image/png"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/content/2/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iastate.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/116/629/original/AV204841_Sigma_Xi_Lecture_b.mp3?1622826443","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":944.064,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204841_Sigma_Xi_Lecture_b.vtt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e (inaudible speaking)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=5.131,8.381"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then the other one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=10.731,13.006"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=13.006,15.339"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e You know when I was young, little and I heard this back in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=20.892,25.892"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taiwan and in China,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=26.98,29.557"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so how do you explain this, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=29.557,33.137"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is the source of this concept?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=33.137,36.054"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Not Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=37.141,38.283"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=38.283,41.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Uh, I'm not quite sure whether medical anthropologists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=41.043,43.72"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I would defer to my colleagues and Jones is teaching a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=43.72,46.771"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course right now, know if there is a single source","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=46.771,50.592"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or there are multiple sources","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=50.592,52.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly if you take a look at the spread","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=52.87,56.952"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of medical beliefs out of the certain Mediterranean area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=56.952,61.952"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including ideas about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=62.206,65.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hot and cold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=65.16,66.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including ideas about the, about the power of, of the eye.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=66.05,70.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Evil eye is something that is found, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=70.13,72.43"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout much of southern Africa, in Latin America,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=73.68,78.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"notions about hot and cold and maintain balances,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=78.5,82.17"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, are found again in the Ayurvedic medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=82.17,85.46"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I'm sure Indian Scholars would say, \"I went from India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=85.46,89.8"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Mediterranean\" instead of vice-versa or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=89.8,93.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, the medical system in traditional Chinese medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=93.69,98.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think the notions of life as a balance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=99.473,103.47"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not an unusual thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=103.47,105.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we feel out of sorts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=105.87,107.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we can use some of the linguistic terms to talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=107.23,111.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about when you are feeling imbalanced or out of balance and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=111.13,114.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so there's something that I think is probably very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=114.44,117.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"logical and very natural too, if somebody says, well that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=117.33,120.59"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you needed to be whether it's physically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=120.59,124.07"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, adjusted or spiritually adjusted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=124.07,127.33"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or something that we can't see, the \"Qi\",","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=127.33,130.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or the notion that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=130.66,135.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one is to take,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=135.41,136.753"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make efforts in order to keep a balance, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=136.753,140.353"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not gonna say it's panhuman,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=140.353,142.051"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's found in surprisingly large number of areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=142.051,145.323"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I have a question, on the concept of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=149.762,153.712"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Turn it off","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=153.712,155.483"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, it doesn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=155.483,156.563"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=156.563,157.713"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e On the concept of the Evil eye, you know the concept of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=157.713,161.393"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those have of course are influenced a lot by Moroccan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=161.393,164.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you know the African culture and they brought 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pre-Colombian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=178.785,181.085"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or it comes with a conquistador?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=182.015,183.865"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Uh","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=183.865,184.956"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e From mexico?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=184.956,186.123"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e It has certainly been around for a fairly long time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=187.647,190.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it well might be something that was introduced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=190.01,193.2"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the Europeans and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=193.2,195.24"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're right,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=198.176,199.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this notion of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=199.16,200.625"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=200.625,202.958"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, often the clenched fist that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=204.194,206.99"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when the force of the eye, and you wear them around,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=206.99,210.039"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you wear this amulet around your wrist,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=210.039,213.06"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Betsy has seen me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=213.06,214.588"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I brought them into my classes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=214.588,216.5"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and don't steal these things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=216.5,218.319"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I need them for my kids, now my granddaughter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=218.319,221.018"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=221.018,221.851"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The force of the eye gets diverted and it hits this amulet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=221.851,224.68"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing and breaks it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=224.68,226.986"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, you know, this is proof positive that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=226.986,229.089"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well in Middle East it's an open hand with an eye in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=229.089,231.839"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle of the hand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=231.839,232.672"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=232.672,233.58"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e And to do this, achieve the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=233.58,235.214"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e I have another question, at what point in their illnesses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=235.214,237.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do these people accept Allopathic medicine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=237.66,241.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have physicians in Mexico who are trained and,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=241.84,244.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean how sick do they have to be to accept Allopathic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=244.683,249.143"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine and seek that out as their way of feeling?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=249.143,251.443"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're sort of lured to it but at what point do they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=252.612,255.324"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually then turn to that rather than set fulcrum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=255.324,258.471"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because you know a lot of think well fulcrum is you have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=258.471,261.274"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cold, you know mix some stuff, you know we all think it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=261.274,264.234"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"works and most of it probably doesn't so at what point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=264.234,267.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do they turn to...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=267.154,268.314"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh I don't want to give the impression that its an either","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=268.314,271.354"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or thing because Allopathic medicine is looked upon as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=271.354,274.16"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being very, very powerful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=274.16,276.11"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, so it's not a question of you checking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=276.11,279.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out until at some point you need both people mix and match","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=279.154,284.154"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sort of depending on their past experience, depending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=284.72,288.043"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on advice that they get from others,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=288.043,291.44"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's not necessarily a question","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=291.44,293.01"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of how safe do I have to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=293.01,294.67"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before I go see a physician.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=294.67,297.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=297.28,298.113"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good to have a 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regulation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=303.26,305.84"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for any of these 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lawyers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=309.141,313.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as they come up in this type of environment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=313.05,315.044"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=315.044,316.775"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or and to stem off of that is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=316.775,319.029"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do these homeopathic, whoever they may be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=319.029,321.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the joint studies that they have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=321.91,323.89"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain things or regulation litigation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=323.89,325.83"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and do they sometimes use instead","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=325.83,328.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the ground up teeth and penicillin or fiber for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=328.69,331.855"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain defense or so they're really using real stuff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=331.855,335.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because, they all, anybody can get anything from Mexico","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=335.36,339.12"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from what I 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Right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=341.448,342.281"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Is there litigation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=342.281,344.175"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably not like we know it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=344.175,346.175"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is there a malpractice, probably not like we know it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=346.175,348.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it actually turns out that the Association of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=348.87,352.472"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Homeopathic Physicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=352.472,354.913"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regulates itself in the sense that there's an association","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=354.913,357.873"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are probably some on the fringe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=357.873,360.714"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that aren't members of it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=360.714,361.927"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in this particular case, there is an association.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=361.927,366.05"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't know whether they throw people out or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=366.05,368.6"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if they misbehave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=368.6,369.45"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in terms of some of the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=370.85,375.08"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"local cures,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=376.55,377.523"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's a kind of an attractive and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=379.08,380.773"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting question I've never heard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=380.773,383.431"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but of an association 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expect,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=393.38,395.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on almost every activity of life we find in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=396.857,401.607"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We shouldn't reject the herbal medicine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=403.566,406.9"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who for many, well are now considered traditional drugs here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=406.9,410.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the US and actually regionally neurotic full of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=410.77,413.177"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=413.177,414.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is a whole area called Medical Botany, that are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=414.35,417.703"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"digitized for example originally derived from plant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=418.985,422.056"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"materials, hortatory morphine, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=422.056,424.385"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=424.385,425.785"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and is certainly the, some of the antibiotics that are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=425.785,429.225"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"derived from fungi to probably, you know what I mean so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=429.225,432.766"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so then, and we do know that many of the times, and I'll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=432.766,436.426"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be your investigator here on this campus, that actually have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=436.426,440.115"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a medicinal quality to the endurance of them, so they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=440.115,442.975"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably argue with some real stuff, with those herbs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=442.975,446.933"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh absolutely, and when we talk about folk medicine and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=446.933,451.608"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at least in Anthropology we try to make it very clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=451.608,456.108"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we respect and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=458.681,460.251"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we appreciate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=460.251,461.751"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the curative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=463.302,464.732"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"value of many of these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=464.732,466.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it is not, you know, you're not gonna find any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=466.88,469.75"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of us saying this is just sort of a waste of time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=469.75,472.662"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and after a while, people will cure themselves and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=472.662,476.171"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I think that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=476.171,477.588"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most curers will truly believe that there's some level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=479.331,484.261"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of evidence that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=484.261,486.537"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they are are prescribing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=487.704,489.88"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and some of its hocus-pocus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=489.88,491.785"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but generally speaking does have the type of guy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=491.785,494.66"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've mentioned has been demonstrated from clinical trials","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=494.66,498.312"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other things so,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=498.312,499.704"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there really is a very important and very positive value to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=499.704,504.621"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of this, well beyond you know the social components.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=505.734,510.401"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peter!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=511.889,512.722"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Mike I'd like to remind you of a trip that you led 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ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=518.043,520.875"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=520.875,522.394"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and one of the problems then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=522.394,524.724"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e A problem? (laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=524.724,526.646"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well was a problem then in the lower community,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=526.646,529.624"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that mothers who had children with diarrhea tended 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them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=537.04,538.87"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there was quite a campaign if I remember correctly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=538.87,541.57"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towards re-hydration therapy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=542.87,545.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How has that campaign gone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=545.41,547.65"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e The uh, that was the one that in Honduras was in 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stores,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=667.56,669.21"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, next to the cash registers very often","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=669.21,671.37"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are are small envelopes that 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spoonfuls","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=694.01,697.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I, my wife has done that with our kids, you know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=697.7,702.3"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every so often and say, get this into the 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know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=715.16,718.52"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to watch from sort of the periphery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=718.52,720.473"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yeah","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=722.51,723.343"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Any other 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these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=727.32,728.302"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(inaudible)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=728.302,729.51"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of them are paid I mean, they practice setting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=729.51,733.7"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showing girlfriend her lawyer her fee or, or any of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=733.7,737.894"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get sponsored for example?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=737.894,739.775"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, first on the fees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=739.775,741.942"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The, it is really kind of 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when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=820.22,822.13"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we would say 'Oh you know can't do that here\",","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=822.13,824.62"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no, no other 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Buchanan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=830.446,834.545"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what the Mexican ministry of health has done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=834.545,838.74"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with some success in some areas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=838.74,841.504"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been to, you know, allow for some understanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=841.504,845.71"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the way the local midwives operate at work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=845.71,849.77"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then say, okay, if we're going to intervene and provide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=849.77,853.35"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with some, some good ideas, what would be the primary thing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=853.35,857.98"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it usually is to make sure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=857.98,861.436"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the cutting instrument for snipping off the umbilical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=861.436,865.23"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cord is sterilized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=865.23,867.015"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So you sort of decide,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=867.015,867.848"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what kind of battle do we want to fight and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=867.848,871.036"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's step is right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=871.036,872.02"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so the notion of how do you,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=872.02,875.26"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how do you sterilize the umbilical stump,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=875.26,878.145"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and avoid infection?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=878.145,880.36"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the energy gets spent spent on saying,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=880.36,883.009"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you do a really good job,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=883.009,885.28"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's talk about this one other thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=885.28,886.94"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And, you know, if kids ever die as a result of an infection,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=886.94,891.91"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=891.91,892.743"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"okay how can we deal with that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=892.743,894.41"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, here's some ideas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=894.41,895.69"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e Any other questions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=899.516,901.349"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=902.489,904.739"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Applause)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=906.275,908.525"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003e -:\u003c/strong\u003e We had a very well mannered audience today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=910.676,915.048"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=915.048,917.683"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have some refreshments, now please help yourselves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=917.683,921.566"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we will continue this discussion over a glass of punch","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=921.566,926.435"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or over cookies and we'll all pass the cookies and now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=926.435,931.092"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can quiz Dr.Whiteberg which cookie is hot and which...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=931.092,935.134"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(laughter)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=935.134,937.384"},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thank you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=938.545,939.378"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28712/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/712/original/AV204841_Sigma_Xi_Lecture_b.vtt?1622826444","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/028/712/original/AV204841_Sigma_Xi_Lecture_b.vtt?1622826444"}]},{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28713","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["AV204841_Sigma_Xi_Lecture_b.txt [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629/transcript/28713/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"- And then the other one\r\n\r\n- You know when I was young, little and I heard this back in Taiwan and in China, so how do you explain this, you know what is the source of this concept?\r\n\r\n- Not Iowa,\r\n\r\n- Uh, I'm not quite sure whether medical anthropologists and I would defer to my colleagues and Jones is teaching a course right now, know if there is a single source or there are multiple sources certainly if you take a look at the spread of medical beliefs out of the certain Mediterranean area including ideas about hot and cold including ideas about the, about the power of, of the eye. Evil eye is something that is found, you know, throughout much of southern Africa, in Latin America, notions about hot and cold and maintain balances, you know, are found again in the Ayurvedic medicine and I'm sure Indian Scholars would say, \"I went from India to the Mediterranean\" instead of vice-versa or you know, the medical system in traditional Chinese medicine I think the notions of life as a balance is not an unusual thing, we feel out of sorts And we can use some of the linguistic terms to talk about when you are feeling imbalanced or out of balance and so there's something that I think is probably very logical and very natural too, if somebody says, well that's because you needed to be whether it's physically, you know, adjusted or spiritually adjusted or something that we can't see, the \"Qi\", or the notion that one is to take, make efforts in order to keep a balance, you know, I'm not gonna say it's panhuman, but it's found in surprisingly large number of areas.\r\n\r\n- I have a question, on the concept of the\r\n\r\n- Turn it off\r\n\r\n- Oh, it doesn't\r\n\r\n- On the concept of the Evil eye, you know the concept of those have of course are influenced a lot by Moroccan and you know the African culture and they brought that and the evil eye is very big in the Middle East, and they even have a, both the Arabs and Jews have a symbol to ward off the evil eye which is a hand with an eye in it. So you think that is the concept pre-Colombian or it comes with a conquistador?\r\n\r\n- Uh\r\n\r\n- From mexico?\r\n\r\n- It has certainly been around for a fairly long time and it well might be something that was introduced by the Europeans and you're right, this notion of, you know, often the clenched fist that when the force of the eye, and you wear them around, you wear this amulet around your wrist, and Betsy has seen me because I brought them into my classes, and don't steal these things I need them for my kids, now my granddaughter. The force of the eye gets diverted and it hits this amulet thing and breaks it. So, you know, this is proof positive that,\r\n\r\n- Well in Middle East it's an open hand with an eye in the middle of the hand\r\n\r\n- Yeah\r\n\r\n- And to do this, achieve the same thing.\r\n\r\n- I have another question, at what point in their illnesses do these people accept Allopathic medicine? you have physicians in Mexico who are trained and, I mean how sick do they have to be to accept Allopathic medicine and seek that out as their way of feeling? They're sort of lured to it but at what point do they actually then turn to that rather than set fulcrum? Because you know a lot of think well fulcrum is you have a cold, you know mix some stuff, you know we all think it works and most of it probably doesn't so at what point do they turn to...\r\n\r\n- Oh I don't want to give the impression that its an either or thing because Allopathic medicine is looked upon as being very, very powerful. And, so it's not a question of you checking out until at some point you need both people mix and match and sort of depending on their past experience, depending on advice that they get from others, So it's not necessarily a question of how safe do I have to get before I go see a physician. Yeah, good to have a physician.\r\n\r\n- Are there things like regulation for any of these multiple practitioners in the issue of litigation lawyers as they come up in this type of environment, or and to stem off of that is do these homeopathic, whoever they may be, the joint studies that they have certain things or regulation litigation, and do they sometimes use instead of the ground up teeth and penicillin or fiber for certain defense or so they're really using real stuff because, they all, anybody can get anything from Mexico from what I understand.\r\n\r\n- Sure\r\n\r\n- Right?\r\n\r\n- Yes. Is there litigation? Probably not like we know it, is there a malpractice, probably not like we know it, it actually turns out that the Association of Homeopathic Physicians regulates itself in the sense that there's an association and there are probably some on the fringe that aren't members of it but in this particular case, there is an association. I don't know whether they throw people out or if they misbehave in terms of some of the other local cures, that's a kind of an attractive and interesting question I've never heard but of an association of Curanderos, It somehow wins the prize we have, if things like that would exist but but not the type of regulation that we would expect, on almost every activity of life we find in this country.\r\n\r\n- We shouldn't reject the herbal medicine, who for many, well are now considered traditional drugs here in the US and actually regionally neurotic full of and is a whole area called Medical Botany, that are digitized for example originally derived from plant materials, hortatory morphine, you know and is certainly the, some of the antibiotics that are derived from fungi to probably, you know what I mean so, so then, and we do know that many of the times, and I'll be your investigator here on this campus, that actually have a medicinal quality to the endurance of them, so they probably argue with some real stuff, with those herbs.\r\n\r\n- Oh absolutely, and when we talk about folk medicine and at least in Anthropology we try to make it very clear that we respect and that we appreciate the curative value of many of these things. So it is not, you know, you're not gonna find any of us saying this is just sort of a waste of time, and after a while, people will cure themselves and that I think that most curers will truly believe that there's some level of evidence that what they are are prescribing, and some of its hocus-pocus, but generally speaking does have the type of guy you've mentioned has been demonstrated from clinical trials and other things so, there really is a very important and very positive value to all of this, well beyond you know the social components. Peter!\r\n\r\n- Mike I'd like to remind you of a trip that you led to Moroceli and Honduras 23 years ago and one of the problems then,\r\n\r\n- A problem?\r\n\r\n- Well was a problem then in the lower community, in that mothers who had children with diarrhea tended to give them nothing to drink to try to stop the diarrhea versus dehydrating them, and there was quite a campaign if I remember correctly towards re-hydration therapy. How has that campaign gone?\r\n\r\n- The uh, that was the one that in Honduras was in fact a very successful public health campaign the ministry of health in Honduras embarked on on a program to really combat infant diarrhea, and I mean, we might chuckle about that but it is in fact a serious medical problem with much of the developing world and you're right, kids can die very quickly in fact, most Swastik kid as a result of the prodigious diarrhea and so when the ministry of health was doing an all those many years ago was establishing several things in, in little clinics and in small stores and anywhere you want to go, in real Honduras, they had posters with, not photographs, but with very clear diagrams. You know, when we're talking about these big big posters they're about four scenes in them, and they showed a litre of Coke bottle, so everybody knew, recognized the Coke bottle, same sign with Coke on it, and the idea was, you fill this Coke bottle with water there were far less concerned about the quality of water, that's the interesting thing, and they explained it how much sugar and how much salt, so it was in fact, the solution that would be done to reestablish the electrolyte balance and then sort of shut off some of the cycle of vomiting, and it was in fact, regarded by by the Pan-American Health Organization as a fairly successful undertaking enterprise. They felt that, in fact that this was successful enough, so that sort of another set of occasions you could deal with the issues pathogens found in the water but at that particular idea was you know, you can you can do this and bring about the desired result. Now, if you go into places all over well all over the Latin America, that I'm familiar with, in pharmacies and in stores, again, next to the cash registers very often there are are small envelopes that are are sealed in kind of plastic and, and so forth that have the combination of sugars and salts already put together. So again, get a liter of, get a liter bottle pour this in, shake it up, and it will show a picture on the side of a mother giving spoonfuls And I, my wife has done that with our kids, you know every so often and say, get this into the system. And I see Neil is nodding her head as a as a knowledgeable person who's seen this in action. That was in fact and really interesting experiment that we were fortunate enough to, you know to watch from sort of the periphery. Yeah\r\n\r\n- Any other questions?\r\n\r\n- All these Most of them are paid I mean, they practice setting showing girlfriend her lawyer her fee or, or any of them get sponsored for example?\r\n\r\n- Well, first on the fees. The, it is really kind of amazing that some of the very knowledgeable curers charge what an allopathic physician would charge So the notion, well smoke medicine is going to be cheap is true some of the time but not all the time. So that's one of the things and the notion about sort of government intervention and regulation, as opposed to you're earlier question on who's watching the shop. The midwives are one very interesting group of local practitioners that in again in Southern Mexico, had been engaged in series of workshops that have been sponsored by the Mexican Ministry of Health working with epidemiologists, physicians and medical anthropologists and very often these are exceedingly knowledgeable women who have learned their skill by watching their mother watching their aunts and so forth, and so by themselves they often have very good track records, you know I've listen to testimony of women who talked about having shoulder, you know, rotated who are going to be breached first well past the time when when we would say 'Oh you know can't do that here\", there's no, no other option on your, you know, you're not going a cesarean and in some rural community in outside of Buchanan. But what the Mexican ministry of health has done with some success in some areas, has been to, you know, allow for some understanding of the way the local midwives operate at work and then say, okay, if we're going to intervene and provide with some, some good ideas, what would be the primary thing? And it usually is to make sure that the cutting instrument for snipping off the umbilical cord is sterilized. So you sort of decide, what kind of battle do we want to fight and it's step is right and so the notion of how do you, how do you sterilize the umbilical stump, and avoid infection? So the energy gets spent spent on saying, you do a really good job, let's talk about this one other thing. And, you know, if kids ever die as a result of an infection, yes, okay how can we deal with that? Well, here's some ideas.\r\n\r\n- Any other questions?\r\n\r\n- We had a very well mannered audience today We have some refreshments, now please help yourselves and we will continue this discussion over a glass of punch or over cookies and we'll all pass the cookies and now you can quiz Dr.Whiteberg which cookie is hot and which... Thank you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iastate.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1150/collection_resources/43598/file/116629#t=0.0,944.064"}]}]}]}